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Bravo-Nuevo A, Sugimoto H, Iyer S, Fallon Z, Lucas JM, Kazerounian S, Prendergast GC, Kalluri R, Shapiro NI, Benjamin LE. RhoB loss prevents streptozotocin-induced diabetes and ameliorates diabetic complications in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 178:245-52. [PMID: 21224061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RhoB is an early-response gene whose expression is elevated by multiple cellular stresses; this gene plays an important role in cancer, macrophage motility, and apoptosis. These factors are essential for the onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus and related complications. This study explores the role of RhoB in β-cell depletion and hyperglycemia-associated complications and tests whether the pleiotropic effect of statins on glycemic control is RhoB dependent. We induced β-cell depletion in RhoB(+/+), RhoB(+/-), and RhoB(-/-) mice with streptozotocin (STZ). Diabetic status was assessed by glucose tolerance and pancreatic islet loss. RhoB(-/-) mice showed a significant reduction in the severity of STZ-induced diabetes; only 13% of the STZ-treated RhoB-null animals became hyperglycemic, as opposed to 61% of the wild-type controls. Diabetes-related complications, such as wound healing rate and onset of nephropathy, were also assessed. Hyperglycemic RhoB(-/-) mice had fewer signs of nephropathy and showed faster wound healing than RhoB(+/+) animals. After assessing the diabetic status of mice treated simultaneously with STZ and simvastatin, we conclude that the effect of statins in improving glycemic control is RhoB independent. We propose that RhoB is a modifier of diabetes, important for the induction of β-cell loss. Suppression of RhoB expression may have potential application in the treatment of diabetes and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Bravo-Nuevo
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center-Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Marlow LA, D'Innocenzi J, Zhang Y, Rohl SD, Cooper SJ, Sebo T, Grant C, McIver B, Kasperbauer JL, Wadsworth JT, Casler JD, Kennedy PW, Highsmith WE, Clark O, Milosevic D, Netzel B, Cradic K, Arora S, Beaudry C, Grebe SK, Silverberg ML, Azorsa DO, Smallridge RC, Copland JA. Detailed molecular fingerprinting of four new anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell lines and their use for verification of RhoB as a molecular therapeutic target. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:5338-47. [PMID: 20810568 PMCID: PMC2999968 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a highly aggressive carcinoma in need of therapeutic options. One critical component of drug discovery is the availability of well-characterized cell lines for identification of molecular mechanisms related to tumor biology and drug responsiveness. Up to 42% of human thyroid cancer cell lines are redundant or not of correct tissue origin, and a comprehensive analysis is currently nonexistent. Mechanistically, RhoB has been identified as a novel molecular target for ATC therapy. OBJECTIVE The aim was to develop four ATC cell lines detailing genetic, molecular, and phenotypic characteristics and to test five classes of drugs on the cell lines to determine whether they inhibited cell proliferation in a RhoB-dependent fashion. DESIGN Four cell lines were derived from ATC tumors. Short tandem DNA repeat and mutational status of the originating tumors and cell lines were performed along with molecular and phenotypic characterizations. Compounds were tested for growth inhibition and ability to up-regulate RhoB. RESULTS Cell line authenticity was confirmed by DNA short tandem repeat analysis. Each proved unique regarding expression of thyroid markers, oncogene status, amplified and deleted genes, and proliferative growth rates. FTI-277, GGTI-286, lovastatin, romidepsin, and UCN-01 up-regulated RhoB and inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-responsive fashion with only romidepsin and FTI-277 being RhoB dependent. CONCLUSIONS Molecular descriptions of thyroid lines were matched to the originating tumors, setting a new standard for cell line characterization. Furthermore, suppressed RhoB is implicated as a molecular target for therapy against ATC because five classes of drugs up-regulate RhoB and inhibit growth dose-responsively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Marlow
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Cancer Biology, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
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Kim BK, Kim HM, Chung KS, Kim DM, Park SK, Song A, Won KJ, Lee K, Oh YK, Lee K, Song KB, Simon JA, Han G, Won M. Upregulation of RhoB via c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling induces apoptosis of the human gastric carcinoma NUGC-3 cells treated with NSC12618. Carcinogenesis 2010; 32:254-61. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Smallridge RC, Copland JA. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: pathogenesis and emerging therapies. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2010; 22:486-97. [PMID: 20418080 PMCID: PMC3905320 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma ranges from 1.3 to 9.8% of all thyroid cancers globally. Mutations, amplifications, activation of oncogenes and silencing of tumour suppressor genes contribute to its aggressive behaviour, and recent studies (e.g. microarrays, microRNAs) have provided further insights into its complex molecular dysregulation. Preclinical studies have identified numerous proteins over- or underexpressed that affect critical cellular processes, including transcription, signalling, mitosis, proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and adhesion, and a variety of agents that effectively inhibit these processes and tumour growth. In clinical studies of 1771 patients, 64% were women, the median survival was 5 months, and 1-year survival was 20%. The variables associated with survival in some series included age, tumour size, extent of surgery, higher dose radiotherapy, absence of distant metastases at presentation, co-existence of differentiated thyroid cancer and multimodality therapy. However, considerable bias exists in these non-randomised studies. Although more aggressive radiotherapy has reduced locoregional recurrences, the median overall survival has not improved in over 50 years. Newer systemic therapies are being tried, and more effective combinations are needed to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Smallridge
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA.
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Bergamaschi A, David A, Le Rouzic E, Nisole S, Barré-Sinoussi F, Pancino G. The CDK inhibitor p21Cip1/WAF1 is induced by FcgammaR activation and restricts the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and related primate lentiviruses in human macrophages. J Virol 2009; 83:12253-65. [PMID: 19759136 PMCID: PMC2786717 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01395-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are major targets of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We have previously shown that aggregation of activating immunoglobulin G Fc receptors (FcgammaR) by immune complexes inhibits reverse transcript accumulation and integration of HIV-1 and related lentiviruses in monocyte-derived macrophages. Here, we show that FcgammaR-mediated restriction of HIV-1 is not due to enhanced degradation of incoming viral proteins or cDNA and is associated to the induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(Cip1/WAF1) (p21). Small interfering RNA-mediated p21 knockdown rescued viral replication in FcgammaR-activated macrophages and enhanced HIV-1 infection in unstimulated macrophages by increasing reverse transcript and integrated DNA levels. p21 induction by other stimuli, such as phorbol myristate acetate and the histone deacetylase inhibitor MS-275, was also associated with preintegrative blocks of HIV-1 replication in macrophages. Binding of p21 to reverse transcription/preintegration complex-associated HIV-1 proteins was not detected in yeast two-hybrid, pulldown, or coimmunoprecipitation assays, suggesting that p21 may affect viral replication independently of a specific interaction with an HIV-1 component. Consistently, p21 silencing rescued viral replication from the FcgammaR-mediated restriction also in simian immunodeficiency virus SIV(mac)- and HIV-2-infected macrophages. Our results point to a role of p21 as an inhibitory factor of lentiviral infection in macrophages and to its implication in FcgammaR-mediated restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bergamaschi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Paris, France, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France, INSERM, U567, 27 Rue du Faubourg St. Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Annie David
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Paris, France, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France, INSERM, U567, 27 Rue du Faubourg St. Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Erwann Le Rouzic
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Paris, France, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France, INSERM, U567, 27 Rue du Faubourg St. Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Paris, France, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France, INSERM, U567, 27 Rue du Faubourg St. Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Paris, France, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France, INSERM, U567, 27 Rue du Faubourg St. Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Gianfranco Pancino
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Paris, France, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France, INSERM, U567, 27 Rue du Faubourg St. Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review recent progress at defining molecular markers that predict the biological behavior of thyroid cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Thyroid cancer behavior is defined by the effects of the initiating oncogene as well as secondary events in tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment that are both genetic and epigenetic. Over the past several years, there has been intense focus on identifying molecular markers to better predict the aggressiveness of thyroid cancers and also to define therapeutic targets. The results of recent articles in this area of work are summarized with a focus of differentiated follicular-cell-derived forms of thyroid cancer. SUMMARY Clinical staging predicts tumor behavior in many cases, but does not allow true 'personalization' of initial therapy or identify potential therapeutic targets for patients with progressive disease that does not respond to standard therapies. Recent data point to several new opportunities to refine thyroid cancer treatment based on molecular information. Several highlighted articles have begun to apply this information with clinical intent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Ringel
- Divisions of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism and Oncology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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