51
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The genetic landscape of familial congenital hydrocephalus. Ann Neurol 2017; 81:890-897. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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52
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Ohata S, Alvarez-Buylla A. Planar Organization of Multiciliated Ependymal (E1) Cells in the Brain Ventricular Epithelium. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:543-551. [PMID: 27311928 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) continuously flows through the cerebral ventricles, a process essential for brain homeostasis. Multiciliated ependymal (E1) cells line the walls of the ventricles and contribute importantly to CSF flow through ciliary beating. Key to this function is the rotational and translational planar cell polarity (PCP) of E1 cells. Defects in the PCP of E1 cells can result in abnormal CSF accumulation and hydrocephalus. Here, we integrate recent data on the roles of early CSF flow in the embryonic ventricles, PCP regulators (e.g., Vangl2 and Dishevelled), and cytoskeletal networks in the establishment, refinement, and maintenance of E1 cells' PCP. The planar organization mechanisms of E1 cells could explain how CSF flow contributes to brain function and may help in the diagnosis and prevention of hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ohata
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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53
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Abstract
Studies of syndromic hydrocephalus have led to the identification of >100 causative genes. Even though this work has illuminated numerous pathways associated with hydrocephalus, it has also highlighted the fact that the genetics underlying this phenotype are more complex than anticipated originally. Mendelian forms of hydrocephalus account for a small fraction of the genetic burden, with clear evidence of background-dependent effects of alleles on penetrance and expressivity of driver mutations in key developmental and homeostatic pathways. Here, we synthesize the currently implicated genes and inheritance paradigms underlying hydrocephalus, grouping causal loci into functional modules that affect discrete, albeit partially overlapping, cellular processes. These in turn have the potential to both inform pathomechanism and assist in the rational molecular classification of a clinically heterogeneous phenotype. Finally, we discuss conceptual methods that can lead to enhanced gene identification and dissection of disease basis, knowledge that will potentially form a foundation for the design of future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kousi
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27701;
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27701;
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54
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Ge C, Wu S, Wang W, Liu Z, Zhang J, Wang Z, Li R, Zhang Z, Li Z, Dong S, Wang Y, Xue Y, Yang J, Tan Q, Wang Z, Song X. miR-942 promotes cancer stem cell-like traits in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. Oncotarget 2016; 6:10964-77. [PMID: 25844602 PMCID: PMC4484432 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway is known to play a vital role in the maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are reported to be the origine of malignant cancers, and result in poor prognosis of multiple kinds of cancer. Therefore, it is of great importance to illuminate the mechanism by which the Wnt/β-catenin pathway regulates the cancer stem cell-like traits in cancers. Here, we report that miR-942 is significantly upregulated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and miR-942 levels are associated with poor prognosis in ESCC patients. Overexpression of miR-942 promotes, whereas inhibition of miR-942 decreases, the tumor sphere formation, the CD90+ subpopulation cells and the expression of pluripotency associated markers. Moreover, in vivo assay shows that miR-942 overexpressing cells form larger tumors and display higher tumourigenesis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that miR-942 upregulates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity via directly targeting sFRP4, GSK3β and TLE1, which are multiple level negative regulators of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade. In addition, our results indicate that c-myc directly binds to the miR-942 promoter and promotes its expression. Taken together, our findings establish an oncogenic role of miR-942 in ESCC and indicate that miR-942 might be an effective therapeutic target for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Ge
- Department of Cancer Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shikai Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Liu
- Department of Cancer Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruilei Li
- Department of Cancer Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Cancer Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Suwei Dong
- Department of Cancer Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Cancer Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanbo Xue
- Department of Cancer Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyan Yang
- Department of Cancer Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Tan
- Department of Cancer Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziping Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Song
- Department of Cancer Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
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55
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Abstract
Hydrocephalus is a common disorder of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) physiology resulting in abnormal expansion of the cerebral ventricles. Infants commonly present with progressive macrocephaly whereas children older than 2 years generally present with signs and symptoms of intracranial hypertension. The classic understanding of hydrocephalus as the result of obstruction to bulk flow of CSF is evolving to models that incorporate dysfunctional cerebral pulsations, brain compliance, and newly characterised water-transport mechanisms. Hydrocephalus has many causes. Congenital hydrocephalus, most commonly involving aqueduct stenosis, has been linked to genes that regulate brain growth and development. Hydrocephalus can also be acquired, mostly from pathological processes that affect ventricular outflow, subarachnoid space function, or cerebral venous compliance. Treatment options include shunt and endoscopic approaches, which should be individualised to the child. The long-term outcome for children that have received treatment for hydrocephalus varies. Advances in brain imaging, technology, and understanding of the pathophysiology should ultimately lead to improved treatment of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abhaya V Kulkarni
- Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David D Limbrick
- Division of Neurosurgery, St Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Benjamin C Warf
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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56
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Filipova D, Walter AM, Gaspar JA, Brunn A, Linde NF, Ardestani MA, Deckert M, Hescheler J, Pfitzer G, Sachinidis A, Papadopoulos S. Gene profiling of embryonic skeletal muscle lacking type I ryanodine receptor Ca(2+) release channel. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20050. [PMID: 26831464 PMCID: PMC4735524 DOI: 10.1038/srep20050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In mature skeletal muscle, the intracellular Ca2+ concentration rises dramatically upon membrane depolarization, constituting the link between excitation and contraction. This process requires Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RYR1). However, RYR1’s potential roles in muscle development remain obscure. We used an established RyR1- null mouse model, dyspedic, to investigate the effects of the absence of a functional RYR1 and, consequently, the lack of RyR1-mediated Ca2+ signaling, during embryogenesis. Homozygous dyspedic mice die after birth and display small limbs and abnormal skeletal muscle organization. Skeletal muscles from front and hind limbs of dyspedic fetuses (day E18.5) were subjected to microarray analyses, revealing 318 differentially expressed genes. We observed altered expression of multiple transcription factors and members of key signaling pathways. Differential regulation was also observed for genes encoding contractile as well as muscle-specific structural proteins. Additional qRT-PCR analysis revealed altered mRNA levels of the canonical muscle regulatory factors Six1, Six4, Pax7, MyoD, MyoG and MRF4 in mutant muscle, which is in line with the severe developmental retardation seen in dyspedic muscle histology analyses. Taken together, these findings suggest an important non-contractile role of RyR1 or RYR1-mediated Ca2+ signaling during muscle organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilyana Filipova
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Anna M Walter
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - John A Gaspar
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Anna Brunn
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nina F Linde
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Mostafa A Ardestani
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Martina Deckert
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Gabriele Pfitzer
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Symeon Papadopoulos
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, Cologne 50931, Germany
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57
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Ducro BJ, Schurink A, Bastiaansen JWM, Boegheim IJM, van Steenbeek FG, Vos-Loohuis M, Nijman IJ, Monroe GR, Hellinga I, Dibbits BW, Back W, Leegwater PAJ. A nonsense mutation in B3GALNT2 is concordant with hydrocephalus in Friesian horses. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:761. [PMID: 26452345 PMCID: PMC4600337 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1936-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hydrocephalus in Friesian horses is a developmental disorder that often results in stillbirth of affected foals and dystocia in dams. The occurrence is probably related to a founder effect and inbreeding in the population. The aim of our study was to find genomic associations, to investigate the mode of inheritance, to allow a DNA test for hydrocephalus in Friesian horses to be developed. In case of a monogenic inheritance we aimed to identify the causal mutation. Results A genome-wide association study of hydrocephalus in 13 cases and 69 controls using 29,720 SNPs indicated the involvement of a region on ECA1 (P <1.68 × 10−6). Next generation DNA sequence analysis of 4 cases and 6 controls of gene exons within the region revealed a mutation in β-1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (B3GALNT2) as the likely cause of hydrocephalus in Friesian horses. The nonsense mutation XM_001491545 c.1423C>T corresponding to XP_001491595 p.Gln475* was identical to a B3GALNT2 mutation identified in a human case of muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with hydrocephalus. All 16 available cases and none of the controls were homozygous for the mutation, and all 17 obligate carriers (= dams of cases) were heterozygous. A random sample of the Friesian horse population (n = 865) was tested for the mutation in a commercial laboratory. One-hundred and forty-seven horses were carrier and 718 horses were homozygous for the normal allele; the estimated allele frequency in the Friesian horse population is 0.085. Conclusions Hydrocephalus in Friesian horses has an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. A nonsense mutation XM_001491545 c.1423C>T corresponding to XP_001491595 p.Gln475* in B3GALNT2 (1:75,859,296–75,909,376) is concordant with hydrocephalus in Friesian horses. Application of a DNA test in the breeding programme will reduce the losses caused by hydrocephalus in the Friesian horse population. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1936-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart J Ducro
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anouk Schurink
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - John W M Bastiaansen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Iris J M Boegheim
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80154, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank G van Steenbeek
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80154, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Manon Vos-Loohuis
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80154, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Isaac J Nijman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85090, 3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Glen R Monroe
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85090, 3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ids Hellinga
- Koninklijke Vereniging "Het Friesch Paarden-Stamboek", PO Box 624, 9200 AP, Drachten, The Netherlands.
| | - Bert W Dibbits
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Willem Back
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112-114, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Peter A J Leegwater
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80154, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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58
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Aznar N, Midde KK, Dunkel Y, Lopez-Sanchez I, Pavlova Y, Marivin A, Barbazán J, Murray F, Nitsche U, Janssen KP, Willert K, Goel A, Abal M, Garcia-Marcos M, Ghosh P. Daple is a novel non-receptor GEF required for trimeric G protein activation in Wnt signaling. eLife 2015; 4:e07091. [PMID: 26126266 PMCID: PMC4484057 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is essential for tissue homeostasis and its dysregulation causes cancer. Wnt ligands trigger signaling by activating Frizzled receptors (FZDRs), which belong to the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily. However, the mechanisms of G protein activation in Wnt signaling remain controversial. In this study, we demonstrate that FZDRs activate G proteins and trigger non-canonical Wnt signaling via the Dishevelled-binding protein, Daple. Daple contains a Gα-binding and activating (GBA) motif, which activates Gαi proteins and an adjacent domain that directly binds FZDRs, thereby linking Wnt stimulation to G protein activation. This triggers non-canonical Wnt responses, that is, suppresses the β-catenin/TCF/LEF pathway and tumorigenesis, but enhances PI3K-Akt and Rac1 signals and tumor cell invasiveness. In colorectal cancers, Daple is suppressed during adenoma-to-carcinoma transformation and expressed later in metastasized tumor cells. Thus, Daple activates Gαi and enhances non-canonical Wnt signaling by FZDRs, and its dysregulation can impact both tumor initiation and progression to metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Aznar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Krishna K Midde
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Ying Dunkel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | | | - Yelena Pavlova
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Arthur Marivin
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Jorge Barbazán
- Translational Medical Oncology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago, Servizo Galego de Saúde, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fiona Murray
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Ulrich Nitsche
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl Willert
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Ajay Goel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and Charles A Sammons Cancer Center and Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Miguel Abal
- Translational Medical Oncology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago, Servizo Galego de Saúde, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mikel Garcia-Marcos
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
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59
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Tully HM, Dobyns WB. Infantile hydrocephalus: a review of epidemiology, classification and causes. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:359-68. [PMID: 24932902 PMCID: PMC4334358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is a common but complex condition caused by physical or functional obstruction of CSF flow that leads to progressive ventricular dilatation. Though hydrocephalus was recently estimated to affect 1.1 in 1000 infants, there have been few systematic assessments of the causes of hydrocephalus in this age group, which makes it a challenging condition to approach as a scientist or as a clinician. Here, we review contemporary literature on the epidemiology, classification and pathogenesis of infantile hydrocephalus. We describe the major environmental and genetic causes of hydrocephalus, with the goal of providing a framework to assess infants with hydrocephalus and guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Tully
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - William B Dobyns
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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60
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Finn R, Evans CC, Lee L. Strain-dependent brain defects in mouse models of primary ciliary dyskinesia with mutations in Pcdp1 and Spef2. Neuroscience 2014; 277:552-67. [PMID: 25073043 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is caused by the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the cerebral ventricular system which results in an enlargement of the cranium due to increased intraventricular pressure. The increase in pressure within the brain typically results in sloughing of ciliated ependymal cells, loss of cortical gray matter, and increased gliosis. Congenital hydrocephalus is associated with several syndromes including primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a rare, genetically heterogeneous, pediatric syndrome that results from defects in motile cilia and flagella. We have examined the morphological and physiological defects in the brains of two mouse models of PCD, nm1054 and bgh, which have mutations in Pcdp1 (also known as Cfap221) and Spef2, respectively. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses of mice with these mutations on the C57BL/6J and 129S6/SvEvTac genetic backgrounds demonstrate strain-dependent morphological brain damage. Alterations in astrocytosis, microglial activation, myelination, and the neuronal population were identified and are generally more severe on the C57BL/6J background. Analysis of ependymal ciliary clearance ex vivo and CSF flow in vivo demonstrate a physiological defect in nm1054 and bgh mice on both genetic backgrounds, indicating that abnormal cilia-driven flow is not the sole determinant of the severity of hydrocephalus in these models. These results suggest that genetic modifiers play an important role in susceptibility to severe PCD-associated hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Finn
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA.
| | - C C Evans
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA.
| | - L Lee
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA.
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61
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Tsoi H, Yu ACS, Chen ZS, Ng NKN, Chan AYY, Yuen LYP, Abrigo JM, Tsang SY, Tsui SKW, Tong TMF, Lo IFM, Lam STS, Mok VCT, Wong LKS, Ngo JCK, Lau KF, Chan TF, Chan HYE. A novel missense mutation in CCDC88C activates the JNK pathway and causes a dominant form of spinocerebellar ataxia. J Med Genet 2014; 51:590-5. [PMID: 25062847 PMCID: PMC4145425 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a group of clinically and genetically diverse and autosomal-dominant disorders characterised by neurological deficits in the cerebellum. At present, there is no cure for SCAs. Of the different distinct subtypes of autosomal-dominant SCAs identified to date, causative genes for only a fraction of them are currently known. In this study, we investigated the cause of an autosomal-dominant SCA phenotype in a family that exhibits cerebellar ataxia and pontocerebellar atrophy along with a global reduction in brain volume. Methods and results Whole-exome analysis revealed a missense mutation c.G1391A (p.R464H) in the coding region of the coiled-coil domain containing 88C (CCDC88C) gene in all affected individuals. Functional studies showed that the mutant form of CCDC88C activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, induces caspase 3 cleavage and triggers apoptosis. Conclusions This study expands our understanding of the cause of autosomal-dominant SCAs, a group of heterogeneous congenital neurological conditions in humans, and unveils a link between the JNK stress pathway and cerebellar atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Tsoi
- Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Drosophila Research, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Faculty of Science, Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Allen C S Yu
- Faculty of Science, Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Zhefan S Chen
- Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Drosophila Research, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Faculty of Science, Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Nelson K N Ng
- Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Drosophila Research, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Faculty of Science, Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Anne Y Y Chan
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Liz Y P Yuen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jill M Abrigo
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Suk Ying Tsang
- Faculty of Science, Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Stephen K W Tsui
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tony M F Tong
- Clinical Genetic Service, Department of Health, The Government of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ivan F M Lo
- Clinical Genetic Service, Department of Health, The Government of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Stephen T S Lam
- Clinical Genetic Service, Department of Health, The Government of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Vincent C T Mok
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lawrence K S Wong
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jacky C K Ngo
- Faculty of Science, Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok-Fai Lau
- Faculty of Science, Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ting-Fung Chan
- Faculty of Science, Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - H Y Edwin Chan
- Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Drosophila Research, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Faculty of Science, Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Ohata S, Nakatani J, Herranz-Pérez V, Cheng J, Belinson H, Inubushi T, Snider WD, García-Verdugo JM, Wynshaw-Boris A, Alvarez-Buylla A. Loss of Dishevelleds disrupts planar polarity in ependymal motile cilia and results in hydrocephalus. Neuron 2014; 83:558-71. [PMID: 25043421 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Defects in ependymal (E) cells, which line the ventricle and generate cerebrospinal fluid flow through ciliary beating, can cause hydrocephalus. Dishevelled genes (Dvls) are essential for Wnt signaling, and Dvl2 has been shown to localize to the rootlet of motile cilia. Using the hGFAP-Cre;Dvl1(-/-);2(flox/flox);3(+/-) mouse, we show that compound genetic ablation of Dvls causes hydrocephalus. In hGFAP-Cre;Dvl1(-/-);2(flox/flox);3(+/-) mutants, E cells differentiated normally, but the intracellular and intercellular rotational alignments of ependymal motile cilia were disrupted. As a consequence, the fluid flow generated by the hGFAP-Cre;Dvl1(-/-);2(flox/flox);3(+/-) E cells was significantly slower than that observed in control mice. Dvls were also required for the proper positioning of motile cilia on the apical surface. Tamoxifen-induced conditional removal of Dvls in adult mice also resulted in defects in intracellular rotational alignment and positioning of ependymal motile cilia. These results suggest that Dvls are continuously required for E cell planar polarity and may prevent hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ohata
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jin Nakatani
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, School of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Science Unit, Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ohtsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Vicente Herranz-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, 46980 Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neurorregeneración, IIS Hospital La Fe, 46013 Valencia, Spain
| | - JrGang Cheng
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Haim Belinson
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, School of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Toshiro Inubushi
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Science Unit, Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ohtsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - William D Snider
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jose Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, 46980 Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neurorregeneración, IIS Hospital La Fe, 46013 Valencia, Spain
| | - Anthony Wynshaw-Boris
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, School of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Svala E, Thorfve AI, Ley C, Henriksson HKB, Synnergren JM, Lindahl AH, Ekman S, Skiöldebrand ESR. Effects of interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β on expression of growth differentiation factor-5 and Wnt signaling pathway genes in equine chondrocytes. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:132-40. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.2.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Akawi NA, Al-Jasmi F, Al-Shamsi AM, Ali BR, Al-Gazali L. LINS, a modulator of the WNT signaling pathway, is involved in human cognition. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:87. [PMID: 23773660 PMCID: PMC3847167 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inherited intellectual disability (ID) conditions are a group of genetically heterogeneous disorders that lead to variable degrees of cognition deficits. It has been shown that inherited ID can be caused by mutations in over 100 different genes and there is evidence for the presence of as yet unidentified genes in a significant proportion of patients. We aimed at identifying the defective gene underlying an autosomal recessive ID in two sibs of an Emirati family. METHODS A combined approach involving homozygosity mapping and whole-exome sequencing was used to identify the causative mutation. RNA analysis was performed to gain further insight into the pathogenic effect of the detected mutation. RESULTS We have identified a homozygous splicing mutation (c.1219_1222+1delAAAGG) in the LINS gene in the affected children. LINS is the human homologue of the Drosophila segment polarity gene lin that encodes an essential regulator of the wingless/Wnt signaling. The identified mutation alters the first consensus nucleotide of the 5' donor splice junction of intron 5 and the 3' end of exon 5. Transcript analysis revealed that this change leads to an exon skipping event resulting in direct splicing of exon 4 to exon 6. Another mutation in LINS has been described very briefly in an Iranian family with autosomal recessive ID and microcephaly. CONCLUSION Our study confirms that LINS, a modulator of the WNT pathway, is an indispensable gene to human cognition and this finding sheds further light on the importance of WNT signaling in human brain development and/or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia A Akawi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences United Arab Emirates University, P,O, Box 17666, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Lee L. Riding the wave of ependymal cilia: genetic susceptibility to hydrocephalus in primary ciliary dyskinesia. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:1117-32. [PMID: 23686703 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Congenital hydrocephalus is a relatively common and debilitating birth defect with several known physiological causes. Dysfunction of motile cilia on the ependymal cells that line the ventricular surface of the brain can result in hydrocephalus by hindering the proper flow of cerebrospinal fluid. As a result, hydrocephalus can be associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia, a rare pediatric syndrome resulting from defects in ciliary and flagellar motility. Although the prevalence of hydrocephalus in primary ciliary dyskinesia patients is low, it is a common hallmark of the disease in mouse models, suggesting that distinct genetic mechanisms underlie the differences in the development and physiology of human and mouse brains. Mouse models of primary ciliary dyskinesia reveal strain-specific differences in the appearance and severity of hydrocephalus, indicating the presence of genetic modifiers segregating in inbred strains. These models may provide valuable insight into the genetic mechanisms that regulate susceptibility to hydrocephalus under the conditions of ependymal ciliary dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Lee
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research USD, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA.
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Stark Z, Pangrazio A, McGillivray G, Fink AM. Association of severe autosomal recessive osteopetrosis and structural brain abnormalities: a case report and review of the literature. Eur J Med Genet 2012; 56:36-8. [PMID: 23085203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We describe a fetus with severe osteopetrosis diagnosed on post-mortem radiographs following termination of pregnancy at 29 weeks for major brain malformations detected on ultrasound. SNP microarray confirmed loss of heterozygosity in 5% of the genome, consistent with parental consanguinity. Sequencing of the genes known to cause severe recessive osteopetrosis, TCIRG1, CLCN7, OSTM1 and SNX10, was negative. Brain malformations are not typically considered part of the phenotypic spectrum of osteopetrosis. We review the literature, and propose that this may represent a novel autosomal recessive variant of osteopetrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zornitza Stark
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Service, Melbourne, Australia.
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