51
|
Radwan SM, Ghoneim D, Salem M, Saeed M, Saleh Y, Elhamy M, Wael K, Shokair O, Wahdan SA. Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Protect Against Amiodarone-Induced Lung Injury in Rats. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 191:1027-1041. [PMID: 31950448 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive and irreversible lung disease, characterized by poor prognosis with limited treatment options. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multi-potent cells having the ability to self-renew and differentiate into multiple tissues, thus considered a novel treatment option. The present study aimed to investigate the possible antifibrotic effect of undifferentiated adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell (AD-MSC) therapy on PF experimentally induced in rats using amiodarone (AMD). AMD (30 mg/kg) was given orally, once daily for 12 consecutive weeks to induce lung fibrosis. Following the confirmation of lung damage with histopathological examination, AD-MSCs (2 × 106 and 4 × 106 undifferentiated MSCs) were injected once intravenously, followed by 2 months for treatment. AMD induced focal fibroblastic cells proliferation in the peribronchiolar tissue, as well as in between the collapsed emphysematous alveoli. Also, AMD significantly increased serum and lung homogenate fibroblast growth factor-7 (FGF7), Clara cell protein-16 (CC16), and cytokeratin -19 (CK19) levels, as well as the expression of both iNOS and NFкB in the lung alveoli. Moreover, AMD caused excessive collagen deposition and increased alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression. All findings significantly regressed on stem cell therapy in both doses, with superior effect of the high dose, providing evidence that adipose tissue-derived MSCs could be a promising approach for the treatment of PF. Graphical Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Radwan
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia Ghoneim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Manar Salem
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Menna Saeed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yara Saleh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Kholoud Wael
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omnia Shokair
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara A Wahdan
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Udi S, Hinden L, Ahmad M, Drori A, Iyer MR, Cinar R, Herman-Edelstein M, Tam J. Dual inhibition of cannabinoid CB 1 receptor and inducible NOS attenuates obesity-induced chronic kidney disease. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 177:110-127. [PMID: 31454063 PMCID: PMC6976880 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Obesity, an important risk factor for developing chronic kidney disease (CKD), affects the kidneys by two main molecular signalling pathways: the endocannabinoid/CB1 receptor system, whose activation in obesity promotes renal inflammation, fibrosis, and injury, and the inducible NOS (iNOS), which generates ROS resulting in oxidative stress. Hence, a compound that inhibits both peripheral CB1 receptors and iNOS may serve as an effective therapeutic agent against obesity‐induced CKD. Experimental Approach Here, we describe the effect of a novel peripherally restricted, orally bioavailable dual CB1 receptor/iNOS antagonist, MRI‐1867 (3 mg·kg−1), in ameliorating obesity‐induced CKD, and compared its metabolic and renal efficacies to a stand‐alone peripheral CB1 receptor antagonist (JD5037; 3 mg·kg−1), iNOS antagonist (1400W; 10 mg·kg−1), and pair feeding. Mice with high‐fat diet‐induced obesity were treated orally with these compounds or vehicle (Veh) for 28 days. Standard diet‐fed mice treated with Veh served as controls. Key Results Enhanced expression of CB1 receptors and iNOS in renal tubules was found in human kidney patients with obesity and other CKDs. The hybrid inhibitor ameliorated obesity‐induced kidney morphological and functional changes via decreasing kidney inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and renal injury. Some of these features were independent of the improved metabolic profile mediated via inhibition of CB1 receptors. An additional interesting finding is that these beneficial effects on the kidney were partially associated with modulating renal adiponectin signalling. Conclusions and Implications Collectively, our results highlight the therapeutic relevance of blocking CB1 receptors and iNOS in ameliorating obesity‐induced CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiran Udi
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liad Hinden
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Majdoleen Ahmad
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Drori
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Malliga R Iyer
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Resat Cinar
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michal Herman-Edelstein
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Bozkurt TE. Endocannabinoid System in the Airways. Molecules 2019; 24:E4626. [PMID: 31861200 PMCID: PMC6943521 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids and the mammalian endocannabinoid system is an important research area of interest and attracted many researchers because of their widespread biological effects. The significant immune-modulatory role of cannabinoids has suggested their therapeutic use in several inflammatory conditions. Airways are prone to environmental irritants and stimulants, and increased inflammation is an important process in most of the respiratory diseases. Therefore, the main strategies for treating airway diseases are suppression of inflammation and producing bronchodilation. The ability of cannabinoids to induce bronchodilation and modify inflammation indicates their importance for airway physiology and pathologies. In this review, the contribution of cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system in the airways are discussed, and the existing data for their therapeutic use in airway diseases are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Turgut Emrah Bozkurt
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Sun Y, Liu J, Zhang X, Li X, Zhou B, Lv Z. Mechanisms involved in inflammatory pulmonary fibrosis induced by lunar dust simulant in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:131-140. [PMID: 30496634 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lunar dust is one of the biggest risk factors in the future manned exploration mission. Much is not known about the pulmonary toxicity of lunar dust. The aim of this study was to evaluate the lung inflammation and oxidative stress induced by subacute exposure to lunar dust stimulant (LDS) in rats. Wistar rats were intratracheally administered LDS, twice a week for 3 weeks. Inflammatory cell counting and cytokine assays using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were performed. Lung tissues were processed for histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and genes and proteins related to inflammation and fibrosis in lung tissue were also determined. The neutrophil count in the BALF of LDS-exposed groups was higher than that in controls (P < .05). LDS caused a significant increase in some of biochemical indicators and proinflammatory factors levels in BALF compared with control group. The normal balance between oxidation and antioxidation was broken by LDS. Pathological characteristics of lung tissue and immunohistochemical results for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) indicated that inflammatory response was an extremely important passage to pulmonary fibrosis. Real-time PCR analysis showed elevated levels of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) mRNA in the lungs (P < .05). Western blotting results were consistent with immunohistochemistry and qPCR results. These results indicate that inhalation of lunar dust may cause inflammatory pulmonary fibrosis. NOX4 may be a key potential therapeutic target for inflammatory injury and fibrosis in the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
- Lunar and Planetary Science Laboratory, MUST-Partner Laboratory of Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, CAS, Macau, China
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Lunar and Planetary Science Laboratory, MUST-Partner Laboratory of Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, CAS, Macau, China
- Lunar and Planetary Science Laboratory, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Xiongyao Li
- Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Baichu Zhou
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Zengjing Lv
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Wawryk-Gawda E, Chłapek K, Zarobkiewicz MK, Lis-Sochocka M, Chylińska-Wrzos P, Boguszewska-Czubara A, Sławiński MA, Franczak A, Jodłowska-Jędrych B, Biała G. CB2R agonist prevents nicotine induced lung fibrosis. Exp Lung Res 2019; 44:344-351. [DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2018.1543368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Wawryk-Gawda
- Chair and Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University in Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Chłapek
- Department of Financial Accounting, Cracow University of Economics, Poland
| | - Michał K. Zarobkiewicz
- Chair and Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University in Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Lis-Sochocka
- Chair and Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University in Lublin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Chylińska-Wrzos
- Chair and Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University in Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Mirosław A. Sławiński
- Chair and Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University in Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Barbara Jodłowska-Jędrych
- Chair and Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University in Lublin, Poland
| | - Grażyna Biała
- Chair and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University in Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Tung CW, Ho C, Hsu YC, Huang SC, Shih YH, Lin CL. MicroRNA-29a Attenuates Diabetic Glomerular Injury through Modulating Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Signaling. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020264. [PMID: 30642005 PMCID: PMC6359641 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy often leads to end-stage renal disease and life-threatening morbidities. Simple control of risk factors is insufficient to prevent the progression of diabetic nephropathy, hence the need for discovering new treatments is of paramount importance. Recently, the dysregulation of microRNAs or the cannabinoid signaling pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various renal tubulointerstitial fibrotic damages and thus novel therapeutic targets for chronic kidney diseases have emerged; however, the role of microRNAs or cannabinoid receptors on diabetes-induced glomerular injuries remains to be elucidated. In high-glucose-stressed renal mesangial cells, transfection of a miR-29a precursor sufficiently suppressed the mRNA and protein expressions of cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R). Our data also revealed upregulated CB1R, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, c-Jun, and type 4 collagen in the glomeruli of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice, whereas the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) was decreased. Importantly, using gain-of-function transgenic mice, we demonstrated that miR-29a acts as a negative regulator of CB1R, blocks the expressions of these proinflammatory and profibrogenic mediators, and attenuates renal hypertrophy. We also showed that overexpression of miR-29a restored PPAR-γ signaling in the renal glomeruli of diabetic animals. Collectively, our findings indicate that the interaction between miR-29a, CB1R, and PPAR-γ may play an important role in protecting diabetic renal glomeruli from fibrotic injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wu Tung
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan.
- Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng Ho
- Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Chien Hsu
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan.
- Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan.
| | - Shun-Chen Huang
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Hsueh Shih
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan.
- Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Liang Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan.
- Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan.
- 10507, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Zhou L, Zhou S, Yang P, Tian Y, Feng Z, Xie XQ, Liu Y. Targeted inhibition of the type 2 cannabinoid receptor is a novel approach to reduce renal fibrosis. Kidney Int 2018; 94:756-772. [PMID: 30093080 PMCID: PMC6151282 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) is a G protein-coupled seven transmembrane receptor that transmits endogenous cannabinoid signaling. The role of CB2 in the pathogenesis of kidney injury and fibrosis remains poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that CB2 was induced, predominantly in kidney tubular epithelium, in various models of kidney disease induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction, adriamycin or ischemia/reperfusion injury. In vitro, forced expression of CB2 or treatment with a CB2 agonist was sufficient to trigger matrix gene expression, whereas knockdown of CB2 by siRNA abolished transforming growth factor-β1-induced signaling and fibrogenic responses in kidney tubular cells. CB2 also mediated fibroblasts and macrophage activation in vitro. Mice with genetic ablation of CB2 were protected against kidney injury after ureteral obstruction, validating a pathogenic role of CB2 in renal fibrosis in vivo. By using in silico screening and medicinal chemistry modifications, we discovered a novel compound, XL-001, that bound to CB2 with high affinity and selectivity and acted as an inverse agonist. Incubation with XL-001 inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion the fibrogenic response induced by CB2 overexpression, CB2 agonist or transforming growth factor-β1. In vivo, intraperitoneal injections of XL-001 ameliorated kidney injury, fibrosis and inflammation in both the obstruction and ischemia/reperfusion models. Delayed administration of XL-001 was also effective in ameliorating kidney fibrosis and inflammation. Thus, CB2 is a pathogenic mediator in kidney fibrosis and targeted inhibition with the novel inverse agonist XL-001 may provide a strategy in the fight against fibrotic kidney diseases.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Discovery
- Epithelium
- Extracellular Matrix/genetics
- Fibroblasts
- Fibrosis
- Gene Expression
- Gene Silencing
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/prevention & control
- Kidney Tubules/metabolism
- Kidney Tubules/pathology
- Macrophages
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/etiology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/genetics
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/prevention & control
- Reperfusion Injury/complications
- Signal Transduction
- Sulfonamides/chemistry
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
- Ureteral Obstruction/complications
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhiwei Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiang-Qun Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Computational Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Youhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Wellman TJ, Mondoñedo JR, Davis GS, Bates JHT, Suki B. Topographic distribution of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a hybrid physics- and agent-based model. Physiol Meas 2018; 39:064007. [PMID: 29870400 PMCID: PMC6057779 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/aaca86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal disease characterized by excessive deposition of collagen and associated stiffening of lung tissue. While it is known that inflammation and dysfunction of fibroblasts are involved in disease development, it remains poorly understood how cells and their microenvironment interact to produce a characteristic subpleural pattern of high and low tissue density variations, called honeycombing, on CT images of patients with IPF. Since the pleura is stiffer than the parenchyma, we hypothesized that local stiffness of the underlying extracellular matrix can influence fibroblast activation and consequently the deposition of collagen, which in turn influences tissue stiffness in a positive feedback loop. APPROACH We tested this hypothesis by developing a hybrid physics-based/agent-based computational model in which aberrant fibroblast activation is induced when cells migrate on stiff tissue. This activation then feeds back on itself via the altered mechanical environment that it creates by depositing collagen. MAIN RESULTS The model produces power law distributions of both low- and high-attenuation area clusters and predicts the development of honeycombing only when mechanical rupture is allowed to take place in highly strained normal tissue surrounded by stiff fibrotic tissue. These predictions compare well with histologic data computed from CT images of patients with IPF. SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that the clinical manifestation of subpleural honeycombing in IPF may result from fibroblasts entering into a positive feedback loop induced by the abnormally high tissue stiffness near the pleura.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Wellman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Iyer MR, Cinar R, Coffey NJ, Kunos G. Synthesis of 13 C 6 -labeled, dual-target inhibitor of cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB 1 R) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:773-779. [PMID: 29790591 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1 R) antagonists/inverse agonists have great potential in the treatment of metabolic disorders like dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Cannabinoid-1 receptor inverse agonists have also been reported to be effective in mitigating fibrotic disorders in murine models. Inducible nitric oxide synthase is another promising target implicated in fibrotic and inflammatory disorders. We have disclosed MRI-1867 as a potent and selective, peripherally acting dual-target inhibitor of the CB1 R and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Herein, we report the synthesis of [13 C6 ]-MRI-1867 as a racemate from commercially available chlorobenzene-13 C6 as the starting, stable-isotope label reagent. The racemic [13 C6 ]-MRI-1867 was further processed to the stable-isotope-labeled enantiopure compounds using chiral chromatography. Both racemic [13 C6 ]-MRI-1867 and S-13 C6 -MRI-1867 will be used to quantitate unlabeled S-MRI-1867 during clinical drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics studies and will be used as a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry bioanalytical standard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malliga R Iyer
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Resat Cinar
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathan J Coffey
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - George Kunos
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Jourdan T, Park JK, Varga ZV, Pálóczi J, Coffey NJ, Rosenberg AZ, Godlewski G, Cinar R, Mackie K, Pacher P, Kunos G. Cannabinoid-1 receptor deletion in podocytes mitigates both glomerular and tubular dysfunction in a mouse model of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:698-708. [PMID: 29106063 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the specific role of podocyte-expressed cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1 R) in the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN), relative to CB1 R in other renal cell types. MATERIAL AND METHODS We developed a mouse model with a podocyte-specific deletion of CB1 R (pCB1Rko) and challenged this model with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type-1 DN. We also assessed the podocyte response to high glucose in vitro and its effects on CB1 R activation. RESULTS High glucose exposure for 48 hours led to an increase in CB1 R gene expression (CNR1) and endocannabinoid production in cultured human podocytes. This was associated with podocyte injury, reflected by decreased podocin and nephrin expression. These changes could be prevented by Cnr1-silencing, thus identifying CB1R as a key player in podocyte injury. After 12 weeks of chronic hyperglycaemia, STZ-treated pCB1Rko mice showed elevated blood glucose similar to that of their wild-type littermates. However, they displayed less albuminuria and less podocyte loss than STZ-treated wild-type mice. Unexpectedly, pCB1Rko mice also have milder tubular dysfunction, fibrosis and reduction of cortical microcirculation compared to wild-type controls, which is mediated, in part, by podocyte-derived endocannabinoids acting via CB1 R on proximal tubular cells. CONCLUSIONS Activation of CB1 R in podocytes contributes to both glomerular and tubular dysfunction in type-1 DN, which highlights the therapeutic potential of peripheral CB1 R blockade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Jourdan
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joshua K Park
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zoltán V Varga
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, NIH/NIAAA, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - János Pálóczi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, NIH/NIAAA, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nathan J Coffey
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Avi Z Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Kidney Diseases Section, National Institute on Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Grzegorz Godlewski
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Resat Cinar
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Pal Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, NIH/NIAAA, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - George Kunos
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|