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Xiao D, Kou H, Gui S, Ji Z, Guo Y, Wu Y, Wang H. Age-Characteristic Changes of Glucose Metabolism, Pancreatic Morphology and Function in Male Offspring Rats Induced by Prenatal Ethanol Exposure. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:34. [PMID: 30778335 PMCID: PMC6369175 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restricted offspring suffer from abnormal glucose homeostasis and β cell dysfunction. In this study, we observed the dynamic changes of glucose metabolic phenotype, pancreatic morphology, and insulin synthesis in prenatal ethanol exposure (PEE) male offspring rats, and to explore the potential intrauterine programming mechanism of the glucocorticoid-insulin-like growth factor 1 (GC-IGF1) axis. Ethanol (4 g/kg·d) was administered through oral gavage during gestational day (GD) 9-20. Serum glucose and insulin levels, pancreatic β cell mass, and expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), IGF1 and insulin were determined on GD20, postnatal week (PW) 6, PW12 with/without chronic stress (CS), and PW24, respectively. Both intraperitoneal glucose and insulin tolerance tests were conducted at PW12 and PW24. Results showed that the serum glucose and insulin levels as well as pancreatic β cell mass were reduced on GD20 in PEE males compared with the controls, while pancreatic GR expression was enhanced but IGF1 and INS1/2 expression were suppressed. After birth, compared with the controls, β cell mass in the PEE males was initially decreased at PW6 and gradually recovered from PW12 to PW24, which was accompanied by increased serum glucose/insulin levels and insulin resistance index (IRI) at PW6 and decreased serum glucose contents at PW12, as well as unchanged serum glucose/insulin concentrations at PW24. In addition, both improved glucose tolerance and impaired insulin sensitivity of the PEE males at PW12 were inversed at PW24. Moreover, at PW6 and PW12, pancreatic GR expression in the PEE group was decreased, while IGF1 expression was reversely increased, resulting in a compensatory increase of insulin expression. Moreover, CS induced pancreatic GR activation and inhibited IGF1 expression, resulting in impaired insulin biosynthesis. Conclusively, the above changes were associated with age and the intrauterine programming alteration of GC-IGF1 axis may be involved in prenatal and postnatal pancreatic dysplasia and impaired insulin biosynthesis in PEE male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Kou
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuxia Gui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenyu Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Wang
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Finken MJJ, van der Steen M, Smeets CCJ, Walenkamp MJE, de Bruin C, Hokken-Koelega ACS, Wit JM. Children Born Small for Gestational Age: Differential Diagnosis, Molecular Genetic Evaluation, and Implications. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:851-894. [PMID: 29982551 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Children born small for gestational age (SGA), defined as a birth weight and/or length below -2 SD score (SDS), comprise a heterogeneous group. The causes of SGA are multifactorial and include maternal lifestyle and obstetric factors, placental dysfunction, and numerous fetal (epi)genetic abnormalities. Short-term consequences of SGA include increased risks of hypothermia, polycythemia, and hypoglycemia. Although most SGA infants show catch-up growth by 2 years of age, ∼10% remain short. Short children born SGA are amenable to GH treatment, which increases their adult height by on average 1.25 SD. Add-on treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist may be considered in early pubertal children with an expected adult height below -2.5 SDS. A small birth size increases the risk of later neurodevelopmental problems and cardiometabolic diseases. GH treatment does not pose an additional risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn J J Finken
- Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, MB Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manouk van der Steen
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center/Sophia Children's Hospital, CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carolina C J Smeets
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center/Sophia Children's Hospital, CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marie J E Walenkamp
- Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, MB Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christiaan de Bruin
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anita C S Hokken-Koelega
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center/Sophia Children's Hospital, CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan M Wit
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, RC Leiden, Netherlands
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53
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Schroeder M, Jakovcevski M, Polacheck T, Drori Y, Ben-Dor S, Röh S, Chen A. Sex dependent impact of gestational stress on predisposition to eating disorders and metabolic disease. Mol Metab 2018; 17:1-16. [PMID: 30174229 PMCID: PMC6197785 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vulnerability to eating disorders (EDs) is broadly assumed to be associated with early life stress. However, a careful examination of the literature shows that susceptibility to EDs may depend on the type, severity and timing of the stressor and the sex of the individual. We aimed at exploring the link between chronic prenatal stress and predisposition to EDs and metabolic disease. METHODS We used a chronic variable stress protocol during gestation to explore the metabolic response of male and female offspring to food restriction (FR), activity-based anorexia (ABA), binge eating (BE) and exposure to high fat (HF) diet. RESULTS Contrary to controls, prenatally stressed (PNS) female offspring showed resistance to ABA and BE and displayed a lower metabolic rate leading to hyperadiposity and obesity on HF diet. Male PNS offspring showed healthy responses to FR and ABA, increased propensity to binge and improved coping with HF compared to controls. We found that long-lasting abnormal responses to metabolic challenge are linked to fetal programming and adult hypothalamic dysregulation in PNS females, resulting from sexually dimorphic adaptations in placental methylation and gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that maternal stress may have variable and even opposing effects on ED risk, depending on the ED and the sex of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Schroeder
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel; Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, 80804, Germany.
| | - Mira Jakovcevski
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, 80804, Germany
| | - Tamar Polacheck
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Yonat Drori
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Shifra Ben-Dor
- Bioinformatics and Biological Computing Unit, Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Simone Röh
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, 80804, Germany
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel; Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, 80804, Germany.
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54
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Oyeyipo IP, Adeyemi DH, Abe TR. Testosterone and testicular changes in F1 offspring of Wistar rats maternally exposed to nicotine during gestation. JBRA Assist Reprod 2018; 22:162-166. [PMID: 29782138 PMCID: PMC6106628 DOI: 10.5935/1518-0557.20180031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the effect of intrauterine exposure to nicotine in the first fourteen days of gestation on the testicular function of male Wistar rats. METHODS Pups of both control and nicotine-treated groups were selected and sacrificed on day 60 after birth. Birth weight, weight of reproductive organs, hormonal profile, and histopathology were determined in the first filial (F1) generation. RESULTS Significant decreases in birth weight and litter size were found in the pups treated with nicotine when compared with the animals in the control group. Significant decreases were also observed in the testicular weight of nicotine-treated rats, but not in epididymal weight, when compared to controls. Testosterone levels were significantly decreased, atrophy was observed in the genital epithelial cells, and distortions were noted in the testes of nicotine-treated F1 males. CONCLUSION These results suggest that nicotine exposure during pregnancy may cause endocrine disruption, and thus produce deleterious effects on offspring reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibukun P Oyeyipo
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Osun
State University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Damilare H Adeyemi
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Osun
State University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Temilade R Abe
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Osun
State University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
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Cantuaria ML, Usemann J, Proietti E, Blanes-Vidal V, Dick B, Flück CE, Rüedi S, Héritier H, Wunderli JM, Latzin P, Frey U, Röösli M, Vienneau D. Glucocorticoid metabolites in newborns: A marker for traffic noise related stress? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 117:319-326. [PMID: 29778832 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traffic noise has been associated with an increased risk for several non-auditory health effects, which may be explained by a noise-induced release of stress hormones (e.g. glucocorticoids). Although several studies in children and adults have indicated an increased secretion of glucocorticoids after exposure to noise, information regarding newborns is scarce. OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between residential exposure to road traffic noise and postnatal stress response, as assessed by the concentration of glucocorticoids at five weeks of age. METHODS Residential noise exposure was estimated for each infant based on spatially detailed modeled data. Adjusted multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate the association between noise exposure and the concentration of nine glucocorticoid metabolites measured in urine of 165 infants from a prospective birth cohort in Bern, Switzerland. Noise exposure (Lden, dB) was categorized into tertiles: low (reference), medium and high. RESULTS Indications of a positive association were found between high road traffic noise and cortisol (% change relative to the reference: 12.1% [95% confidence interval: -10.3, 40.1%]) and cortisone (22.6% [-1.8, 53.0%]), but just the latter was borderline significant. Borderline significant associations were also found between downstream metabolites and higher road traffic noise levels; associations were found to be both positive (i.e. for β-cortolone (51.5% [-0.9, 131.5%])) and negative (i.e. for α-cortolone (-18.3% [-33.6, 0.6%]) and tetrahydrocortisol (-23.7% [-42.8, 1.9%])). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a potential association between exposure to higher road traffic noise levels and changes in glucocorticoid metabolism in early postnatal life. A possible physiological relevance and associations with short- and long-term adverse health effects in a larger study population need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuella Lech Cantuaria
- The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, Faculty of Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jakob Usemann
- University Children's Hospital Basel (UKBB), University of Basel, Switzerland; Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elena Proietti
- University Children's Hospital Basel (UKBB), University of Basel, Switzerland; Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Victoria Blanes-Vidal
- The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, Faculty of Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bernhard Dick
- Nephrology & Hypertension, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Bern University Children's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone Rüedi
- University Children's Hospital Basel (UKBB), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Harris Héritier
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Philipp Latzin
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urs Frey
- University Children's Hospital Basel (UKBB), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Röösli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Vienneau
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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56
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Franko KL, Forhead AJ, Fowden AL. Effects of stress during pregnancy on hepatic glucogenic capacity in rat dams and their fetuses. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/11/e13293. [PMID: 28611150 PMCID: PMC5471435 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress during pregnancy is associated with metabolic dysfunction in the adult offspring in human and other animals. However, little is known about the metabolic effects of pregnancy stress on the mothers and fetuses during pregnancy itself. This study aimed to determine the consequences of the common experimental procedures of injection and single housing in pregnant rats on fetal and maternal hepatic glucogenic capacities. On day (D) 20 of pregnancy, feto‐placental weights and the glycogen content and activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose‐6‐phosphatase (G6Pase) of fetal and maternal liver were measured in rats pair or single housed from D1 with or without saline injection from D15 to D19. Housing and saline injection both affected hepatic glucogenic capacity. In maternal liver, saline injection but not housing reduced glycogen content and raised G6Pase activity, whereas housing but not treatment increased PEPCK activity. In fetuses, housing and injection interacted in regulating PEPCK activity and reducing hepatic glycogen content and placental weight. Body weight was decreased and hepatic G6Pase increased by injection but not housing in the fetuses. Single‐housed dams ate less than those pair‐housed near term while saline injection elevated maternal plasma corticosterone concentrations. Thus, single housing and saline injection are both stresses during rat pregnancy that alter feto‐placental weight and hepatic glucogenic capacity of the fetuses and dams near term. Routine experimental procedures per se may, therefore, have consequences for offspring hepatic phenotype as well as modifying the outcomes of dietary and other environmental challenges during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Franko
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alison J Forhead
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail L Fowden
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Chadio S, Kotsampasi B, Taka S, Liandris E, Papadopoulos N, Plakokefalos E. Epigenetic changes of hepatic glucocorticoid receptor in sheep male offspring undernourished in utero. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:1995-2004. [PMID: 28076749 DOI: 10.1071/rd16276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterise the effects of maternal undernutrition during gestation on hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme gene expression and to determine whether such effects are mediated through epigenetic changes in the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Pregnant ewes were fed a 50% nutrient-restricted diet from Day 0 to 30 (R1) or from Day 31 to 100 of gestation (R2) or a 100% diet throughout gestation (Control). After parturition lambs were fed to appetite. At 10 months of age offspring were euthanised and livers were removed. Maternal undernutrition did not affect offspring bodyweight at birth or at 10 months of age. However, liver weight of males of the R2 group was lower (P<0.05) in relation to other groups. A significant (P<0.05) hypomethylation of the hepatic GR promoter was revealed in males of the R2 group and a tendency towards the same in the R1 group, along with increased (P<0.001) GR gene expression in both restricted groups. A significant increase (P<0.05) in hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene expression was found in male lambs of both undernourished groups, accompanied by increased (P<0.01) protein levels, while no differences were detected for glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) mRNA abundance and protein levels. In female lambs, no differences between groups were observed for any parameter studied. These data represent potential mechanisms by which insults in early life may lead to persistent physiological changes in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Chadio
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, PO Box 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Basiliki Kotsampasi
- Research Institute of Animal Science, Directorate General of Agricultural Research, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation 'DEMETER', Paralimni, PO Box 58100, Giannitsa, Greece
| | - Stylliani Taka
- Allergy Department, Second Paediatric Clinic, University of Athens, 41 Fidippidou, PO Box 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Liandris
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, PO Box 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papadopoulos
- Allergy Department, Second Paediatric Clinic, University of Athens, 41 Fidippidou, PO Box 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Elias Plakokefalos
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, PO Box 11855, Athens, Greece
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Motta K, Gomes PRL, Sulis PM, Bordin S, Rafacho A. Dexamethasone Administration During Late Gestation Has No Major Impact on Lipid Metabolism, but Reduces Newborn Survival Rate in Wistar Rats. Front Physiol 2018; 9:783. [PMID: 30018561 PMCID: PMC6038799 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A rise in plasma triacylglycerol levels is a common physiological occurrence during late gestation and excess of glucocorticoids (GCs) has been shown to impair lipid metabolism. Based on those observations, we investigated whether the administration of dexamethasone during the late gestational period could exacerbate this pregnancy associated hypertriacylglycerolemia in rats. For this, female Wistar rats were treated with dexamethasone (0.2 mg/kg of body mass in the drinking water on days 14-19 of pregnancy; DP group) or equivalent days in the virgin rats (DV group). Untreated pregnant rats (control pregnant group) and age-matched virgin rats (control virgin group) were used as controls. Functional, biochemical, and molecular analyses were carried out after treatment with GC and in the control groups. Euthanasia was performed on day 20 of pregnancy. The metabolic parameters of the mothers (dams) at the time of weaning and 6 months later, as well as newborn survival, were evaluated. We observed that neither dexamethasone nor pregnancy affected blood glucose or glucose tolerance. Hypertriacylglycerolemia associated with lipid intolerance or reduced hepatic triacylglycerol clearance was observed during the late gestational period. GC treatment caused a further increase in basal plasma triacylglycerol levels, but did not have a significant effect on lipid tolerance and hepatic triacylglycerol clearance in pregnant rats. GC, but not pregnancy, caused few significant changes in mRNA expression of proteins involved in lipid metabolism. Dexamethasone during pregnancy had no impact on lipid metabolism later in the dams' life; however, it led to intra-uterine growth restriction and reduced pup survival rate. In conclusion, GC exposure during the late gestational period in rats has no major impact on maternal lipid homeostasis, soon after parturition at weaning, or later in the dams' life, but GC exposure is deleterious to the newborn when high doses are administered at late gestation. These data highlight the importance of performing an individualized and rigorous control of a GC treatment during late pregnancy considering its harmful impact on the fetuses' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Motta
- Multicenter Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Patricia R L Gomes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paola M Sulis
- Multicenter Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Silvana Bordin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alex Rafacho
- Multicenter Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Increased H3K27ac level of ACE mediates the intergenerational effect of low peak bone mass induced by prenatal dexamethasone exposure in male offspring rats. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:638. [PMID: 29844424 PMCID: PMC5974192 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0701-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal dexamethasone exposure (PDE) induces developmental toxicities of multiple organs in offspring. Here, we verified the intergenerational effect of low peak bone mass induced by PDE and investigated its intrauterine programming mechanism. Pregnant rats were injected subcutaneously with 0.2 mg/kg/d dexamethasone from gestation day (GD) 9 to 20. Some pregnant rats were killed for the fetuses on GD20, and the rest went on to spontaneous labor to produce the first-generation (F1) offspring. The adult F1 male offspring were mated with normal females to produce the F2 offspring. In vivo, PDE leads to low peak bone mass in F1 male offspring rats at postnatal week (PW) 28. Furthermore, PDE reduced the bone mass in F1 male offspring from GD20 to PW12. Meanwhile, the osteogenic differentiation was suppressed and the local renin–angiotensin system (RAS) was activated continuously by PDE. Moreover, the histone 3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac) level in angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) promoter region was increased by PDE from GD20 to PW12. Likewise, PDE induced the low peak bone mass and the activated local RAS in F2 male offspring. Meaningfully, the H3K27ac level of ACE was increased by PDE in the F2 offspring. In vitro, dexamethasone inhibited bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) osteogenic differentiation and promoted RAS activation. Furthermore, dexamethasone recruited CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α and p300 into the BMSCs nucleus by activating glucocorticoid receptor, which cooperatively increased the H3K27ac level in the ACE promoter region. In conclusion, PDE induced the low peak bone mass and its intergenerational effect, which was mediated by sustained activation of RAS via increasing H3K27ac level of ACE.
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60
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St-Cyr S, Abuaish S, Welch KC, McGowan PO. Maternal predator odour exposure programs metabolic responses in adult offspring. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8077. [PMID: 29799024 PMCID: PMC5967341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26462-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A cardinal feature of the reaction to stress is the promotion of energy mobilization, enabling appropriate behavioural responses. Predator odours are naturalistic and ecologically relevant stressors present over evolutionary timescales. In this study, we asked whether maternal predator odour exposure could program long-term energy mobilization in C57BL/6 mice offspring. To test this hypothesis, we measured rates of oxygen consumption in prenatally predator odour exposed mice in adulthood while controlling for levels of locomotor activity at baseline and under stress. Circulating thyroid hormone levels and the transcript abundance of key regulators of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis within the periventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus and in the liver, including carriers and receptors and thyrotropin-releasing hormone, were measured as endocrine mediators facilitating energy availability. Prenatally predator odour exposed mice of both sexes mobilized more energy during lower energy demand periods of the day and under stressful conditions. Further, prenatally predator odour exposed mice displayed modifications of their hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis through increased circulating thyroxine and thyroid hormone receptor α within the PVN and decreased transthyretin in the liver. Overall, these results suggest that maternal exposure to predator odour is sufficient to increase long-term energy mobilization in adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie St-Cyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Center for Environmental Epigenetics and Development, Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Colcket Translational Research Building, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sameera Abuaish
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Center for Environmental Epigenetics and Development, Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kenneth C Welch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick O McGowan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Center for Environmental Epigenetics and Development, Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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61
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Corvino SB, Damasceno DC, Sinzato YK, Netto AO, Macedo NCD, Zambrano E, Volpato GT. Comparative analysis of two different models of swimming applied to pregnant rats born small for pregnant age. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 89:223-230. [PMID: 28423082 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201720160285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare two models of swimming applied to pregnant rats born small for pregnancy age (SPA). Diabetes was chemically induced in adult female rats to develop an inadequate intrauterine environment, leading to birth of a SPA offspring. In adulthood, the female SPA rats were mated and submitted to different swimming programs. The exercise program 1 (Ex1) consisted of swimming for 15 minutes, followed by 15 minutes of rest and another 15 minutes of swimming, 3 days a week before and during pregnancy. Another program (Ex2) was applied during 60 minutes uninterrupted a day, 6 days/week during pregnancy. The pregnant rats presented no interference on body weight and glycemia. The rats submitted to Ex2 model showed decreased insulin and blood glucose levels by oral glucose tolerance test, and reduction in area under curve values. The offspring from dams submitted to both exercise protocols presented an increased rate of newborns SPA. However, the offspring from Ex2 dams showed percentage twice higher of newborns SPA than Ex1 offspring. Our data suggests that continuous exercise of 60 min/day ameliorated the enhanced peripheral insulin sensitivity in growth-restricted females. However, this protocol employed at pregnancy leads to intrauterine growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana B Corvino
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Experimental de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Distrito de Rubião Jr, s/n, 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora C Damasceno
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Experimental de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Distrito de Rubião Jr, s/n, 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Yuri K Sinzato
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Experimental de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Distrito de Rubião Jr, s/n, 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline O Netto
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Experimental de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Distrito de Rubião Jr, s/n, 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathália C D Macedo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Experimental de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Distrito de Rubião Jr, s/n, 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Elena Zambrano
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Cidade do México, 14080 México
| | - Gustavo T Volpato
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Experimental de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Distrito de Rubião Jr, s/n, 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Laboratório de Fisiologia de Sistemas e Toxicologia Reprodutiva, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso/UFMT, Av. Valdon Varjão, 6390, 78600-000 Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
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Jin SK, Yang WX. Factors and pathways involved in capacitation: how are they regulated? Oncotarget 2018; 8:3600-3627. [PMID: 27690295 PMCID: PMC5356907 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, fertilization occurs via a comprehensive progression of events. Freshly ejaculated sperm have yet to acquire progressive motility or fertilization ability. They must first undergo a series of biochemical and physiological changes, collectively known as capacitation. Capacitation is a significant prerequisite to fertilization. During the process of capacitation, changes in membrane properties, intracellular ion concentration and the activities of enzymes, together with other protein modifications, induce multiple signaling events and pathways in defined media in vitro or in the female reproductive tract in vivo. These, in turn, stimulate the acrosome reaction and prepare spermatozoa for penetration of the egg zona pellucida prior to fertilization. In the present review, we conclude all mainstream factors and pathways regulate capacitation and highlight their crosstalk. We also summarize the relationship between capacitation and assisted reproductive technology or human disease. In the end, we sum up the open questions and future avenues in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Kai Jin
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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63
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Mandy M, Nyirenda M. Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: the relevance to developing nations. Int Health 2018; 10:66-70. [PMID: 29528398 PMCID: PMC5856182 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihy006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly those in sub-Saharan Africa, are experiencing rapid increases in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which may not be fully explained by urbanization and associated traditional risk factors such as tobacco smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, poor diet or physical inactivity. In this commentary, we draw attention to the concept of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD), where environmental insults in early life can contribute to long-term risk of NCDs, the impact of which would be particularly important in LMICs where poverty, malnutrition, poor sanitation and infections are still prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirembe Mandy
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, P Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Moffat Nyirenda
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, P Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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64
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DNA methylation mediates the effect of maternal cognitive appraisal of a disaster in pregnancy on the child's C-peptide secretion in adolescence: Project Ice Storm. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192199. [PMID: 29401509 PMCID: PMC5798828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal and human studies suggest that prenatal exposure to stress is associated with adverse health outcomes such as type 2 diabetes. Epigenetic modification, such as DNA methylation, is considered one possible underlying mechanism. The 1998 Quebec ice storm provides a unique opportunity to study an independent prenatal stressor on child outcomes. C-peptide is the best measure of endogenous insulin secretion and is widely used in the clinical management of patients with diabetes. The objectives of this study are to determine 1) the extent to which prenatal exposure to disaster-related stress (maternal objective hardship and maternal cognitive appraisal) influences children’s C-peptide secretion, and 2) whether DNA methylation of diabetes-related genes mediates the effects of prenatal stress on C-peptide secretion. Children’s (n = 30) C-peptide secretion in response to an oral glucose tolerance test were assessed in blood at 13½ years. DNA methylation levels of selected type 1 and 2 diabetes-related genes were chosen based upon the genes associated with prenatal maternal objective hardship and/or cognitive appraisal levels. Bootstrapping analyses were performed to determine the mediation effect of DNA methylation. We found that children whose mothers experienced higher objective hardship exhibited higher C-peptide secretion. Cognitive appraisal was not directly associated with C-peptide secretion. DNA methylation of diabetes-related genes had a positive mediation effect of objective hardship on C-peptide secretion: higher objective hardship predicted higher C-peptide secretion through DNA methylation. Negative mediation effects of cognitive appraisal were observed: negative cognitive appraisal predicted higher C-peptide secretion through DNA methylation. However, only one gene, LTA, remained a significant mediator of cognitive appraisal on C-peptide secretion after the conservative Bonferroni multiple corrections. Our findings suggest that DNA methylation could act as an intervening variable between prenatal stress and metabolic outcomes, highlighting the importance of epigenetic mechanisms in response to environmental factors.
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65
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Neuroepigenetics of Prenatal Psychological Stress. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 158:83-104. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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66
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Andreone L, Gimeno ML, Perone MJ. Interactions Between the Neuroendocrine System and T Lymphocytes in Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:229. [PMID: 29867762 PMCID: PMC5966545 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that there is a fine-tuned bidirectional communication between the immune and neuroendocrine tissues in maintaining homeostasis. Several types of immune cells, hormones, and neurotransmitters of different chemical nature are involved as communicators between organs. Apart of being key players of the adaptive arm of the immune system, it has been recently described that T lymphocytes are involved in the modulation of metabolism of several tissues in health and disease. Diabetes may result mainly from lack of insulin production (type 1 diabetes) or insufficient insulin and insulin resistance (type 2 diabetes), both influenced by genetic and environmental components. Herein, we discuss accumulating data regarding the role of the adaptive arm of the immune system in the pathogenesis of diabetes; including the action of several hormones and neurotransmitters influencing on central and peripheral T lymphocytes development and maturation, particularly under the metabolic burden triggered by diabetes. In addition, we comment on the role of T-effector lymphocytes in adipose and liver tissues during diabetes, which together enhances pancreatic β-cell stress aggravating the disease.
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67
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H19 lncRNA alters methylation and expression of Hnf4α in the liver of metformin-exposed fetuses. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3175. [PMID: 29215608 PMCID: PMC5827203 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is the most widely used anti-diabetic medication worldwide. However, human and animal studies suggest that prenatal metformin exposure may increase the risk of metabolic disorders in adult offspring, yet the underpinning mechanism remains unclear. Here we report that metformin-exposed mouse fetuses exhibit elevated expression of the H19 long noncoding RNA, which induces hypomethylation and increased expression of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α). As a transcription factor essential for morphological and functional differentiation of hepatocytes, HNF4α also has an indispensable role in the regulation of expression of gluconeogenic genes. Consistently, H19 overexpression in a human liver cell line leads to decreased methylation and increased expression of Hnf4α, with concomitant activation of the gluconeogenic program. Mechanistically, we show that the methylation change of Hnf4α is induced by H19-mediated regulation of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. We also provide evidence that altered H19 expression is a direct effect of metformin in the fetal liver. Our results suggest that metformin from the mother can directly act upon the fetal liver to modify Hnf4α expression, a key factor for both liver development and function, and that perturbation of this H19/Hnf4α-mediated pathway may contribute to the fetal origin of adult metabolic abnormalities.
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68
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Goldstein JM, Holsen L, Huang G, Hammond BD, James-Todd T, Cherkerzian S, Hale TM, Handa RJ. Prenatal stress-immune programming of sex differences in comorbidity of depression and obesity/metabolic syndrome. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017. [PMID: 28179814 PMCID: PMC5286728 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2016.18.4/jgoldstein] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the number one cause of disability worldwide and is comorbid with many chronic diseases, including obesity/metabolic syndrome (MetS). Women have twice as much risk for MDD and comorbidity with obesity/MetS as men, although pathways for understanding this association remain unclear. On the basis of clinical and preclinical studies, we argue that prenatal maternal stress (ie, excess glucocorticoid expression and associated immune responses) that occurs during the sexual differentiation of the fetal brain has sex-dependent effects on brain development within highly sexually dimorphic regions that regulate mood, stress, metabolic function, the autonomic nervous system, and the vasculature. Furthermore, these effects have lifelong consequences for shared sex-dependent risk of MDD and obesity/MetS. Thus, we propose that there are shared biologic substrates at the anatomical, molecular, and/or genetic levels that produce the comorbid risk for MDD-MetS through sex-dependent fetal origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Goldstein
- Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura Holsen
- Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Grace Huang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bradley D Hammond
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Tamarra James-Todd
- Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara Cherkerzian
- Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Taben M Hale
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Robert J Handa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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69
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Pantaleão LC, Murata G, Teixeira CJ, Payolla TB, Santos-Silva JC, Duque-Guimaraes DE, Sodré FS, Lellis-Santos C, Vieira JC, de Souza DN, Gomes PR, Rodrigues SC, Anhe GF, Bordin S. Prolonged fasting elicits increased hepatic triglyceride accumulation in rats born to dexamethasone-treated mothers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10367. [PMID: 28871187 PMCID: PMC5583317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10642-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of dexamethasone during the last week of pregnancy on glucose and lipid metabolism in male offspring. Twelve-week old offspring were evaluated after fasting for 12-hours (physiological) and 60-hours (prolonged). Physiological fasting resulted in glucose intolerance, decreased glucose clearance after pyruvate load and increased PEPCK expression in rats born to dexamethasone-treated mothers (DEX). Prolonged fasting resulted in increased glucose tolerance and increased glucose clearance after pyruvate load in DEX. These modulations were accompanied by accumulation of hepatic triglycerides (TG). Sixty-hour fasted DEX also showed increased citrate synthase (CS) activity, ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) content, and pyruvate kinase 2 (pkm2), glucose transporter 1 (slc2a1) and lactate dehydrogenase-a (ldha) expressions. Hepatic AKT2 was increased in 60-hour fasted DEX, in parallel with reduced miRNAs targeting the AKT2 gene. Altogether, we show that metabolic programming by prenatal dexamethasone is characterized by an unexpected hepatic TG accumulation during prolonged fasting. The underlying mechanism may depend on increased hepatic glycolytic flux due to increased pkm2 expression and consequent conversion of pyruvate to non-esterified fatty acid synthesis due to increased CS activity and ACLY levels. Upregulation of AKT2 due to reduced miRNAs may serve as a permanent mechanism leading to increased pkm2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Carminatti Pantaleão
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilson Murata
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Jordão Teixeira
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tanyara Baliani Payolla
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Frhancielly S Sodré
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camilo Lellis-Santos
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Juliana Camargo Vieira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dailson Nogueira de Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Rodrigues Gomes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Campos Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Forato Anhe
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Silvana Bordin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Beck KR, Kaserer T, Schuster D, Odermatt A. Virtual screening applications in short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase research. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 171:157-177. [PMID: 28286207 PMCID: PMC6831487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several members of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) enzyme family play fundamental roles in adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis as well as in the metabolism of steroids, oxysterols, bile acids, and retinoids in peripheral tissues, thereby controlling the local activation of their cognate receptors. Some of these SDRs are considered as promising therapeutic targets, for example to treat estrogen-/androgen-dependent and corticosteroid-related diseases, whereas others are considered as anti-targets as their inhibition may lead to disturbances of endocrine functions, thereby contributing to the development and progression of diseases. Nevertheless, the physiological functions of about half of all SDR members are still unknown. In this respect, in silico tools are highly valuable in drug discovery for lead molecule identification, in toxicology screenings to facilitate the identification of hazardous chemicals, and in fundamental research for substrate identification and enzyme characterization. Regarding SDRs, computational methods have been employed for a variety of applications including drug discovery, enzyme characterization and substrate identification, as well as identification of potential endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC). This review provides an overview of the efforts undertaken in the field of virtual screening supported identification of bioactive molecules in SDR research. In addition, it presents an outlook and addresses the opportunities and limitations of computational modeling and in vitro validation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina R Beck
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Teresa Kaserer
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Computer Aided Molecular Design Group, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Computer Aided Molecular Design Group, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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71
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Developmental and Transmittable Origins of Obesity-Associated Health Disorders. Trends Genet 2017; 33:399-407. [PMID: 28438343 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The current global obesity pandemic is clearly linked to both the increasing prevalence of, and preference for, foods high in calories, specifically fat and sucrose, and declining levels of daily physical activity. A less commonly discussed possible explanation is that risk of obesity begins in utero as a result of developmental plasticity during early life. This idea fits into the broader Developmental Origins of Health and Diseases (DOHAD) hypothesis, which holds that stressful in utero exposure manifests as disease in adulthood. In this review, we highlight several studies that have revealed the role of epigenetics in multigenerational transmission of developmentally programmed obesity and associated cardiometabolic disease.
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72
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Entringer S, Buss C, Rasmussen JM, Lindsay K, Gillen DL, Cooper DM, Wadhwa PD. Maternal Cortisol During Pregnancy and Infant Adiposity: A Prospective Investigation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:1366-1374. [PMID: 28009530 PMCID: PMC5460728 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Glucocorticoids play a key role during intrauterine development in cellular growth and differentiation. Evidence suggests that exposure to inappropriate concentrations of glucocorticoids during sensitive developmental periods may produce alterations in physiological systems that impact obesity risk. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the magnitude and stage-of-gestation-specific association of maternal cortisol concentrations during pregnancy with infant adiposity. DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS, AND SETTING Sixty-seven mother-child dyads recruited in early pregnancy at university-based obstetric clinics in Southern California were followed with serial assessments from early gestation through birth until 6 months postnatal age. Maternal cumulative cortisol production was assessed over each of 4 consecutive days in early (≅13 weeks), mid (≅24 weeks), and late pregnancy (≅30 weeks) (5 saliva samples/d × 4 days × 3 trimesters = 60 saliva samples/subject). Infant body composition was serially assessed in newborns (at ∼25 days postnatal age) and at ∼6 months age with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry imaging. RESULTS After adjusting for key prenatal, birth, and postnatal covariates, higher maternal cortisol during the early third trimester (conditioned on prior early and midgestation cortisol concentrations) was significantly associated with a greater change in infant percent body fat from 1 to 6 months of age [partial r (adjusted for covariates) = 0.379, P = 0.007], accounting for ∼14% of the variance in this measure of childhood obesity risk. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest a stage-of-gestation-specific effect of maternal cortisol on infant adiposity gain in early postnatal life and provide evidence in humans to support the role of glucocorticoids in fetal programming of childhood obesity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Entringer
- Department of Pediatrics,
- Department of Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Buss
- Department of Pediatrics,
- Department of Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jerod M. Rasmussen
- Department of Pediatrics,
- Department of Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Karen Lindsay
- Department of Pediatrics,
- Department of Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Daniel L. Gillen
- Department of Statistics, and
- Department of Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | | | - Pathik D. Wadhwa
- Department of Pediatrics,
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior,
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
- Department of Epidemiology,
- Department of Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
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73
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Kuo AH, Li J, Li C, Huber HF, Schwab M, Nathanielsz PW, Clarke GD. Prenatal steroid administration leads to adult pericardial and hepatic steatosis in male baboons. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1299-1302. [PMID: 28337030 PMCID: PMC5548625 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Developmental programming studies indicate that glucocorticoids modify
fetal development. We hypothesized that administration of the synthetic
glucocorticoid (sGC) betamethasone to pregnant baboons at doses and stages of
fetal life equivalent to human obstetric practice to decrease premature
offspring morbidity and mortality, programs lipid metabolism. In 10-year-old
male baboons (human equivalent 40) exposed in fetal life to betamethasone or
saline, we quantified pericardial fat and hepatic lipid content with magnetic
resonance imaging and spectroscopy. sGC offspring delivered at term as do most
sGC exposed human neonates. Pericardial fat thickness (7.7 ± 3.6 mm vs.
3.1 ± 1.1 mm, M ± SD; p = 0.022; n=5) and
hepatic fatty acids (13.3 ± 11.0 % vs. 2.5 ± 2.2
%; p = 0.046; n=5) increased following sGC without birth
weight or current body morphometric differences. Our results indicate that
antenatal sGC therapy caused abnormal fat deposition and adult body composition
in mid-life primate offspring. The concern raised is that this degree of
pericardial and hepatic lipid accumulation can lead to harmful local
lipotoxicity. In summary, developmental programing by sGC produces a mid-life
metabolically obese but normal weight phenotype. Prior studies show sexually
dimorphic responses to some programming challenges thus female studies are
necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Kuo
- Department of Radiology and Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - J Li
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - C Li
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - H F Huber
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - M Schwab
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - P W Nathanielsz
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - G D Clarke
- Department of Radiology and Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
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74
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Yates N, Crew RC, Wyrwoll CS. Vitamin D deficiency and impaired placental function: potential regulation by glucocorticoids? Reproduction 2017; 153:R163-R171. [PMID: 28137896 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Maternal vitamin D deficiency has been implicated in a range of pregnancy complications including preeclampsia, preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction. Some of these adverse outcomes arise from alterations in placental function. Indeed, vitamin D appears critical for implantation, inflammation, immune function and angiogenesis in the placenta. Despite these associations, absence of the placental vitamin D receptor in mice provokes little effect. Thus, interactions between maternal and fetal compartments are likely crucial for instigating adverse placental changes. Indeed, maternal vitamin D deficiency elicits changes in glucocorticoid-related parameters in pregnancy, which increase placental and fetal glucocorticoid exposure. As in utero glucocorticoid excess has a well-established role in eliciting placental dysfunction and fetal growth restriction, this review proposes that glucocorticoids are an important consideration when understanding the impact of vitamin D deficiency on placental function and fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachael C Crew
- School of Human SciencesThe University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Caitlin S Wyrwoll
- School of Human SciencesThe University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Beck KR, Bächler M, Vuorinen A, Wagner S, Akram M, Griesser U, Temml V, Klusonova P, Yamaguchi H, Schuster D, Odermatt A. Inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 by the fungicides itraconazole and posaconazole. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 130:93-103. [PMID: 28131847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Impaired 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2)-dependent cortisol inactivation can lead to electrolyte dysbalance, hypertension and cardiometabolic disease. Furthermore, placental 11β-HSD2 essentially protects the fetus from high maternal glucocorticoid levels, and its impaired function has been associated with altered fetal growth and a higher risk for cardio-metabolic diseases in later life. Despite its important role, 11β-HSD2 is not included in current off-target screening approaches. To identify potential 11β-HSD inhibitors among approved drugs, a pharmacophore model was used for virtual screening, followed by biological assessment of selected hits. This led to the identification of several azole fungicides as 11β-HSD inhibitors, showing a significant structure-activity relationship between azole scaffold size, 11β-HSD enzyme selectivity and inhibitory potency. A hydrophobic linker connecting the azole ring to the other, more polar end of the molecule was observed to be favorable for 11β-HSD2 inhibition and selectivity over 11β-HSD1. The most potent 11β-HSD2 inhibition, using cell lysates expressing recombinant human 11β-HSD2, was obtained for itraconazole (IC50 139±14nM), its active metabolite hydroxyitraconazole (IC50 223±31nM) and posaconazole (IC50 460±98nM). Interestingly, experiments with mouse and rat kidney homogenates showed considerably lower inhibitory activity of these compounds towards 11β-HSD2, indicating important species-specific differences. Thus, 11β-HSD2 inhibition by these compounds is likely to be overlooked in preclinical rodent studies. Inhibition of placental 11β-HSD2 by these compounds, in addition to the known inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes and P-glycoprotein efflux transport, might contribute to elevated local cortisol levels, thereby affecting fetal programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina R Beck
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Murielle Bächler
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Anna Vuorinen
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Sandra Wagner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Computer Aided Molecular Design Group, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Computer Aided Molecular Design Group, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Ulrich Griesser
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Veronika Temml
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Computer Aided Molecular Design Group, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Petra Klusonova
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Hideaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan.
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Computer Aided Molecular Design Group, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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76
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Littlejohn BP, Price DM, Banta JP, Lewis AW, Neuendorff DA, Carroll JA, Vann RC, Welsh TH, Randel RD. Prenatal transportation stress alters temperament and serum cortisol concentrations in suckling Brahman calves. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:602-9. [PMID: 27065130 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment examined the relationship between prenatal stress and subsequent calf temperament through weaning. The prenatal stressor used was repeated transportation of pregnant Brahman cows for 2 h at 60 ± 5, 80 ± 5, 100 ± 5, 120 ± 5, and 140 ± 5 d of gestation. Prenatally stressed calves ( = 41) were compared with controls ( = 44; dams did not undergo transportation during pregnancy) from 2 wk of age until weaning (average age at weaning = 174.8 ± 1.3 d). Temperament was defined by pen score (PS; 1 = calm and 5 = excitable), exit velocity (EV; m/sec), and temperament score (TS; (PS + EV)/2) and was recorded for each calf on d -168, -140, -112, -84, -56, -28, and 0 relative to weaning (d 0 = weaning). Cortisol concentrations were determined in serum samples obtained on d -168, -140, -28, and 0 relative to weaning. Birth weight and weaning weight were not different between treatment groups ( > 0.1). Pen score was greater ( = 0.03) in prenatally stressed calves (2.84 ± 0.21) relative to controls (2.31 ± 0.21). Exit velocity was greater ( < 0.01) in prenatally stressed calves (2.1 ± 0.14 m/sec) than in controls (1.61 ± 0.14 m/sec). Exit velocity was affected by a treatment × calf sex interaction ( = 0.04) and was greater in prenatally stressed females. Exit velocity was also affected by day ( < 0.0001). Temperament score was greater ( = 0.01) in prenatally stressed calves (2.45 ± 0.16) than in controls (1.95 ± 0.16). Temperament score was affected by day ( < 0.01). Basal cortisol concentrations were greater ( = 0.04) in prenatally stressed calves (15.87 ± 1.04 ng/mL) than in controls (13.42 ± 1.03 ng/mL). Basal cortisol concentrations were greater ( < 0.01) in females (16.61 ± 1.06 ng/mL) than in males (12.68 ± 1.02 ng/mL). Cortisol concentrations were positively correlated ( < 0.01) with PS ( = 0.55, < 0.01), EV ( = 0.4, < 0.01), and TS ( = 0.55, < 0.01). Overall, suckling Brahman calves that were prenatally stressed were more temperamental and had greater circulating serum concentrations of cortisol than control calves.
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77
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Effects of birth weight, sex and neonatal glucocorticoid overexposure on glucose–insulin dynamics in young adult horses. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2016; 8:206-215. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174416000696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In several species, adult metabolic phenotype is influenced by the intrauterine environment, often in a sex-linked manner. In horses, there is also a window of susceptibility to programming immediately after birth but whether adult glucose–insulin dynamics are altered by neonatal conditions remains unknown. Thus, this study investigated the effects of birth weight, sex and neonatal glucocorticoid overexposure on glucose–insulin dynamics of young adult horses. For the first 5 days after birth, term foals were treated with saline as a control or ACTH to raise cortisol levels to those of stressed neonates. At 1 and 2 years of age, insulin secretion and sensitivity were measured by exogenous glucose administration and hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp, respectively. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was less in males than females at both ages, although there were no sex-linked differences in glucose tolerance. Insulin sensitivity was greater in females than males at 1 year but not 2 years of age. Birth weight was inversely related to the area under the glucose curve and positively correlated to insulin sensitivity at 2 years but not 1 year of age. In contrast, neonatal glucocorticoid overexposure induced by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) treatment had no effect on whole body glucose tolerance, insulin secretion or insulin sensitivity at either age, although this treatment altered insulin receptor abundance in specific skeletal muscles of the 2-year-old horses. These findings show that glucose–insulin dynamics in young adult horses are sexually dimorphic and determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors acting during early life.
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78
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Schmitz T. Prévention des complications de la prématurité par l’administration anténatale de corticoïdes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 45:1399-1417. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Goldstein JM. Prenatal stress-immune programming of sex differences in comorbidity of depression and obesity/metabolic syndrome. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 18:425-436. [PMID: 28179814 PMCID: PMC5286728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the number one cause of disability worldwide and is comorbid with many chronic diseases, including obesity/metabolic syndrome (MetS). Women have twice as much risk for MDD and comorbidity with obesity/MetS as men, although pathways for understanding this association remain unclear. On the basis of clinical and preclinical studies, we argue that prenatal maternal stress (ie, excess glucocorticoid expression and associated immune responses) that occurs during the sexual differentiation of the fetal brain has sex-dependent effects on brain development within highly sexually dimorphic regions that regulate mood, stress, metabolic function, the autonomic nervous system, and the vasculature. Furthermore, these effects have lifelong consequences for shared sex-dependent risk of MDD and obesity/MetS. Thus, we propose that there are shared biologic substrates at the anatomical, molecular, and/or genetic levels that produce the comorbid risk for MDD-MetS through sex-dependent fetal origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M. Goldstein
- Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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80
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How age, sex and genotype shape the stress response. Neurobiol Stress 2016; 6:44-56. [PMID: 28229108 PMCID: PMC5314441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to chronic stress is a leading pre-disposing factor for several neuropsychiatric disorders as it often leads to maladaptive responses. The response to stressful events is heterogeneous, underpinning a wide spectrum of distinct changes amongst stress-exposed individuals'. Several factors can underlie a different perception to stressors and the setting of distinct coping strategies that will lead to individual differences on the susceptibility/resistance to stress. Beyond the factors related to the stressor itself, such as intensity, duration or predictability, there are factors intrinsic to the individuals that are relevant to shape the stress response, such as age, sex and genetics. In this review, we examine the contribution of such intrinsic factors to the modulation of the stress response based on experimental rodent models of response to stress and discuss to what extent that knowledge can be potentially translated to humans. Effect of age in the stress response. Effect of sex in the stress response. Effect of genotype in the stress response.
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81
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Wesolowski SR, Hay WW. Role of placental insufficiency and intrauterine growth restriction on the activation of fetal hepatic glucose production. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 435:61-68. [PMID: 26723529 PMCID: PMC4921201 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucose is the major fuel for fetal oxidative metabolism. A positive maternal-fetal glucose gradient drives glucose across the placenta and is sufficient to meet the demands of the fetus, eliminating the need for endogenous hepatic glucose production (HGP). However, fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) from pregnancies complicated by placental insufficiency have an early activation of HGP. Furthermore, this activated HGP is resistant to suppression by insulin. Here, we present the data demonstrating the activation of HGP in animal models, mostly fetal sheep, and human pregnancies with IUGR. We also discuss potential mechanisms and pathways that may produce and support HGP and hepatic insulin resistance in IUGR fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Wesolowski
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - William W Hay
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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82
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Abstract
Fetal programming describes long-term adaptive changes that an organism undergoes in response to an intrauterine insult. This term was coined to describe the increased incidence of adult disease, such as cardiovascular disease, seen among populations that suffered an intrauterine insult. While changes induced by such an insult may be initially beneficial, they can have deleterious long-term effects. Cardiac programming effects can be induced by maternal diet alterations, fetal exposure to increased levels of corticosteroids, chronic fetal hypoxia and anemia, and maternal use of nicotine or cocaine. These stimuli result in a variety of changes in cardiac function and gene expression, many of which persist into adulthood. A possible mediator of these changes is an alteration in the DNA methylation pattern of the cardiomyocytes. This review gives an overview of the changes that have been observed in the heart in response to various programming stimuli and potential programming mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Meyer
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA.
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83
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Maternal treatment with dexamethasone during gestation alters sexual development markers in the F1 and F2 male offspring of Wistar rats. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2016; 8:101-112. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174416000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Maternal treatment with dexamethasone (Dex) in threatening preterm delivery alters activities at the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in the offspring. This alteration may interfere with reproductive function. The impact of gestational Dex exposure on male reproductive function of the offspring was investigated. A total of 25 pregnant rats randomly assigned to five groups (n=5) were treated with normal saline (control), Dex (100 μg/kg/day sc) during gestation days (GD) 1–7, 8–14, 15–21 and 1–21, respectively. Birth weight, anogenital distance (AGD), pubertal age, sperm parameters, hormonal profile and histopathology of testis and epididymis were determined in the F1 and F2 offspring. Results showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in pubertal age, serum corticosterone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) levels in the male offspring of DexGD 15–21 and 1–21 groups and a significant decrease (P<0.05) in serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, birth weight and AGD at birth in the male F1 offspring. In the F2 offspring, there was a significant reduction (P<0.05) in serum corticosterone, testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone and GnRH when compared with the control. Dex treatment at GD 15–21 and 1–21 significantly reduced (P<0.05) sperm motility and normal morphology in the F1 and F2 offspring. Maternal Dex treatment in rats during late gestation may disrupt sexual development markers in the F1 and F2 male offspring.
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84
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Holemans K, Aerts L, Van Assche FA. Fetal Growth Restriction and Consequences for the Offspring in Animal Models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1071-55760300134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Holemans
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; UZ Gasthuisberg, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - F. A. Van Assche
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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85
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Wang YP, Chen X, Zhang ZK, Cui HY, Wang P, Wang Y. Increased renal apoptosis and reduced renin-angiotensin system in fetal growth restriction. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2016; 17:17/3/1470320316654810. [PMID: 27534427 PMCID: PMC5843940 DOI: 10.1177/1470320316654810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to characterize changes in apoptosis and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in fetal growth restriction (FGR). MATERIALS AND METHOD Fetuses were collected from patients who visited our hospital to either terminate or abort their pregnancy. Kidneys of fetuses which suffered with FGR, (n=11) at gestational age of 33.4±0.5 weeks and those from non-FGR (n=12) at gestational age of 34.3±0.9 weeks were collected. TUNEL, Bax and Bcl-2 staining were examined. The number of nephrons was also counted. Both protein and mRNA levels of renin and angiotensinogen were analyzed. Ultrasound was applied to measure fetus parameters including biparietal diameter, head circumference, circumference of abdomen, and femur length. RESULTS The number of nephrons was positively correlated with fetal weight at termination. Kidneys in the FGR group presented more apoptotic cells than those in the non-FGR group. Renin and angiotensinogen both decreased in the FGR group. Ultrasound revealed that biparietal diameter, abdomen circumference, femur length, and birth weight were all reduced in the FGR group compared with the non-FGR group. Kidney size was also restricted in the FGR group as indicated by ultrasound. CONCLUSION Renal apoptosis might contribute to the reduction of nephrons, and ultrasound plays a vital role in early diagnosis of developmental origins of health and disease (DOHAD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan P Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics, China
| | - Zhi K Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics, China
| | - Hong Y Cui
- Department of Obstetrics, Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics, China
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86
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Antenatal endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids and their impact on immune ontogeny and long-term immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:739-763. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0575-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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87
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de Almeida Faria J, de Araújo TMF, Mancuso RI, Meulman J, da Silva Ferreira D, Batista TM, Vettorazzi JF, da Silva PMR, Rodrigues SC, Kinote A, Carneiro EM, Bordin S, Anhê GF. Day-restricted feeding during pregnancy and lactation programs glucose intolerance and impaired insulin secretion in male rat offspring. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2016; 217:240-53. [PMID: 27029505 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM The maternal environment during pregnancy and lactation plays a determining role in programming energy metabolism in offspring. Among a myriad of maternal factors, disruptions in the light/dark cycle during pregnancy can program glucose intolerance in offspring. Out-of-phase feeding has recently been reported to influence metabolism in adult humans and rodents; however, it is not known whether this environmental factor impacts offspring metabolism when applied during pregnancy and lactation. This study aims to determine whether maternal day-restricted feeding (DF) influences energy metabolism in offspring. METHODS Pregnant and lactating Wistar rats were subjected to ad libitum (AL) or DF during pregnancy and lactation. The offspring born to the AL and DF dams were intra- and interfostered, which resulted in 4 group types. RESULTS The male offspring born to and breastfed by the DF dams (DF/DF off) were glucose intolerant, but without parallel insulin resistance as adults. Experiments with isolated pancreatic islets demonstrated that the male DF/DF off rats had reduced insulin secretion with no parallel disruption in calcium handling. However, this reduction in insulin secretion was accompanied by increased miRNA-29a and miRNA34a expression and decreased syntaxin 1a protein levels. CONCLUSION We conclude that out-of-phase feeding during pregnancy and lactation can lead to glucose intolerance in male offspring, which is caused by a disruption in insulin secretion capacity. This metabolic programming is possibly caused by mechanisms dependent on miRNA modulation of syntaxin 1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- J de Almeida Faria
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - T M F de Araújo
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - R I Mancuso
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - J Meulman
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - D da Silva Ferreira
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - T M Batista
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - J F Vettorazzi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - P M R da Silva
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - S C Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Kinote
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - E M Carneiro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - S Bordin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - G F Anhê
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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88
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Wilson KS, Tucker CS, Al-Dujaili EAS, Holmes MC, Hadoke PWF, Kenyon CJ, Denvir MA. Early-life glucocorticoids programme behaviour and metabolism in adulthood in zebrafish. J Endocrinol 2016; 230:125-42. [PMID: 27390302 PMCID: PMC5064771 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) in utero influence embryonic development with consequent programmed effects on adult physiology and pathophysiology and altered susceptibility to cardiovascular disease. However, in viviparous species, studies of these processes are compromised by secondary maternal influences. The zebrafish, being fertilised externally, avoids this problem and has been used here to investigate the effects of transient alterations in GC activity during early development. Embryonic fish were treated either with dexamethasone (a synthetic GC), an antisense GC receptor (GR) morpholino (GR Mo), or hypoxia for the first 120h post fertilisation (hpf); responses were measured during embryonic treatment or later, post treatment, in adults. All treatments reduced cortisol levels in embryonic fish to similar levels. However, morpholino- and hypoxia-treated embryos showed delayed physical development (slower hatching and straightening of head-trunk angle, shorter body length), less locomotor activity, reduced tactile responses and anxiogenic activity. In contrast, dexamethasone-treated embryos showed advanced development and thigmotaxis but no change in locomotor activity or tactile responses. Gene expression changes were consistent with increased (dexamethasone) and decreased (hypoxia, GR Mo) GC activity. In adults, stressed cortisol values were increased with dexamethasone and decreased by GR Mo and hypoxia pre-treatments. Other responses were similarly differentially affected. In three separate tests of behaviour, dexamethasone-programmed fish appeared 'bolder' than matched controls, whereas Mo and hypoxia pre-treated fish were unaffected or more reserved. Similarly, the dexamethasone group but not the Mo or hypoxia groups were heavier, longer and had a greater girth than controls. Hyperglycaemia and expression of GC responsive gene (pepck) were also increased in the dexamethasone group. We conclude that GC activity controls many aspects of early-life growth and development in the zebrafish and that, like other species, manipulating GC status pharmacologically, physiologically or genetically in early life leads to programmable metabolic and behavioural traits in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Wilson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C S Tucker
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - E A S Al-Dujaili
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M C Holmes
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - P W F Hadoke
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C J Kenyon
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M A Denvir
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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89
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Maccari S, Polese D, Reynaert ML, Amici T, Morley-Fletcher S, Fagioli F. Early-life experiences and the development of adult diseases with a focus on mental illness: The Human Birth Theory. Neuroscience 2016; 342:232-251. [PMID: 27235745 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, early adverse experiences, including mother-pup interactions, shape the response of an individual to chronic stress or to stress-related diseases during adult life. This has led to the elaboration of the theory of the developmental origins of health and disease, in particular adult diseases such as cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. In addition, in humans, as stated by Massimo Fagioli's Human Birth Theory, birth is healthy and equal for all individuals, so that mental illness develop exclusively in the postnatal period because of the quality of the relationship in the first year of life. Thus, this review focuses on the importance of programming during the early developmental period on the manifestation of adult diseases in both animal models and humans. Considering the obvious differences between animals and humans we cannot systematically move from animal models to humans. Consequently, in the first part of this review, we will discuss how animal models can be used to dissect the influence of adverse events occurring during the prenatal and postnatal periods on the developmental trajectories of the offspring, and in the second part, we will discuss the role of postnatal critical periods on the development of mental diseases in humans. Epigenetic mechanisms that cause reversible modifications in gene expression, driving the development of a pathological phenotype in response to a negative early postnatal environment, may lie at the core of this programming, thereby providing potential new therapeutic targets. The concept of the Human Birth Theory leads to a comprehension of the mental illness as a pathology of the human relationship immediately after birth and during the first year of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Maccari
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France; IRCCS Neuromed, 86077, Italy; Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniela Polese
- NESMOS Department, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Unit of Psychiatry, Federico II University of Naples, Italy
| | - Marie-Line Reynaert
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Sara Morley-Fletcher
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Francesca Fagioli
- Prevention and early Intervention Mental Health (PIPSM) ASL Rome 1, Italy
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Pravastatin ameliorates placental vascular defects, fetal growth, and cardiac function in a model of glucocorticoid excess. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:6265-70. [PMID: 27185937 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1520356113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetoplacental glucocorticoid overexposure is a significant mechanism underlying fetal growth restriction and the programming of adverse health outcomes in the adult. Placental glucocorticoid inactivation by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) plays a key role. We previously discovered that Hsd11b2(-/-) mice, lacking 11β-HSD2, show marked underdevelopment of the placental vasculature. We now explore the consequences for fetal cardiovascular development and whether this is reversible. We studied Hsd11b2(+/+), Hsd11b2(+/-), and Hsd11b2(-/-) littermates from heterozygous (Hsd11b(+/-)) matings at embryonic day (E)14.5 and E17.5, where all three genotypes were present to control for maternal effects. Using high-resolution ultrasound, we found that umbilical vein blood velocity in Hsd11b2(-/-) fetuses did not undergo the normal gestational increase seen in Hsd11b2(+/+) littermates. Similarly, the resistance index in the umbilical artery did not show the normal gestational decline. Surprisingly, given that 11β-HSD2 absence is predicted to initiate early maturation, the E/A wave ratio was reduced at E17.5 in Hsd11b2(-/-) fetuses, suggesting impaired cardiac function. Pravastatin administration from E6.5, which increases placental vascular endothelial growth factor A and, thus, vascularization, increased placental fetal capillary volume, ameliorated the aberrant umbilical cord velocity, normalized fetal weight, and improved the cardiac function of Hsd11b2(-/-) fetuses. This improved cardiac function occurred despite persisting indications of increased glucocorticoid exposure in the Hsd11b2(-/-) fetal heart. Thus, the pravastatin-induced enhancement of fetal capillaries within the placenta and the resultant hemodynamic changes correspond with restored fetal cardiac function. Statins may represent a useful therapeutic approach to intrauterine growth retardation due to placental vascular hypofunction.
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91
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Konstantakou P, Mastorakos G, Vrachnis N, Tomlinson JW, Valsamakis G. Dysregulation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: implications during pregnancy and beyond. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 30:284-293. [PMID: 27018008 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2016.1171308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucococorticoids play a critical role in the developmental programing and fetal growth. Key molecules mediating and regulating tissue-specific glucocorticoid actions are 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) type 1 and 2 isozymes, both of which are expressed in the placenta and the fetal membranes. 11beta-HSD1 is implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and its dysregulation has been observed in pregnancy-related complications (pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction). Interestingly, preliminary clinical data have associated certain 11beta-HSD1 gene polymorphisms with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, suggesting, if confirmed by further targeted studies, it's potential as a putative prognostic marker. Animal studies and observations in humans have confirmed that 11beta-HSD2 insufficiency is related with pregnancy adversity (pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth). Importantly, down-regulation or deficiency of placental 11beta-HSD2 is associated with significant restriction in fetal growth and low-birth weight, and unfavorable cardio-metabolic profile in adulthood. The potential association of 11beta-HSD1 tissue-specific dysregulation with gestational diabetes, as well as the plausible utility of 11beta-HSD2, as a biomarker of pregnancy adversity and later life morbidity, are emerging areas of intense scientific interest and future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Konstantakou
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieio Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - G Mastorakos
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieio Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - N Vrachnis
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Aretaieio Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - J W Tomlinson
- c Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital , Headington , UK
| | - G Valsamakis
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieio Hospital , Athens , Greece
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92
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Wu L, Lu Y, Jiao Y, Liu B, Li S, Li Y, Xing F, Chen D, Liu X, Zhao J, Xiong X, Gu Y, Lu J, Chen X, Li X. Paternal Psychological Stress Reprograms Hepatic Gluconeogenesis in Offspring. Cell Metab 2016; 23:735-43. [PMID: 26908462 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Both epidemiologic and experimental animal studies demonstrate that chronic psychological stress exerts adverse effects on the initiation and/or progression of many diseases. However, intergenerational effects of this environmental information remains poorly understood. Here, using a C57BL/6 mouse model of restraint stress, we show that offspring of stressed fathers exhibit hyperglycemia due to enhanced hepatic gluconeogenesis and elevated expression of PEPCK. Mechanistically, we identify an epigenetic alteration at the promoter region of the Sfmbt2 gene, a maternally imprinted polycomb gene, leading to a downregulation of intronic microRNA-466b-3p, which post-transcriptionally inhibits PEPCK expression. Importantly, hyperglycemia in F1 mice is reversed by RU486 treatment in fathers, and dexamethasone administration in F0 mice phenocopies the roles of restraint stress. Thus, we provide evidence showing the effects of paternal psychological stress on the regulation of glucose metabolism in offspring, which may have profound implications for our understanding of health and disease risk inherited from fathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui-Jin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui-Jin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine, 16 North Guilin Road, Huangshi, Hubei 435003, China
| | - Shangang Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Fengying Xing
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Dongbao Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui-Jin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jiejie Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui-Jin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xuelian Xiong
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui-Jin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yanyun Gu
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui-Jin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jieli Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui-Jin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xuejin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui-Jin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
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93
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Barrett ES, Parlett LE, Sathyanarayana S, Redmon JB, Nguyen RHN, Swan SH. Prenatal Stress as a Modifier of Associations between Phthalate Exposure and Reproductive Development: results from a Multicentre Pregnancy Cohort Study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2016; 30:105-14. [PMID: 26576028 PMCID: PMC4749428 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal phthalate exposure is associated with altered male reproductive tract development, and in particular, shorter anogenital distance (AGD). AGD, a sexually dimorphic index of prenatal androgen exposure, may also be altered by prenatal stress. How these exposures interact to impact AGD is unknown. Here, we examine the extent to which associations between prenatal phthalate exposure and infant AGD are modified by prenatal exposure to stressful life events (SLEs). METHODS Phthalate metabolites [including those of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and their molar sum (ΣDEHP)] were measured in first trimester urine from 738 pregnant women participating in The Infant Development and the Environment Study (TIDES). Women completed questionnaires on SLEs, and permitted infant AGD measurements at birth. Subjects were classified as 'lower' and 'higher' stress (0 first trimester SLEs vs. 1+).We estimated relationships between phthalate concentrations and AGD (by infant sex and stress group) using adjusted multiple regression interaction models. RESULTS In the lower stress group, first trimester ΣDEHP was inversely associated with two measures of male AGD: anoscrotal distance (AGD-AS; β = -1.78; 95% CI -2.97, -0.59) and anopenile distance (AGD-AP; β = -1.61; 95% CI -3.01, -0.22). By contrast, associations in the higher stress group were mostly positive and non-significant in male infants. No associations were observed in girls. CONCLUSIONS Associations between prenatal phthalate exposure and altered genital development were only apparent in sons of mothers who reported no SLEs during pregnancy. Prenatal stress and phthalates may interact to shape fetal development in ways that have not been previously explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S. Barrett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Lauren E. Parlett
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21215, USA
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Departments of Pediatrics and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - J. Bruce Redmon
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ruby H. N. Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Shanna H. Swan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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94
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Khulan B, Liu L, Rose CM, Boyle AK, Manning JR, Drake AJ. Glucocorticoids accelerate maturation of the heme pathway in fetal liver through effects on transcription and DNA methylation. Epigenetics 2016; 11:103-9. [PMID: 26889791 PMCID: PMC4846099 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1144006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely used in threatened preterm labor to promote maturation in many organ systems in preterm babies and have significant beneficial effects on morbidity and mortality. We performed transcriptional profiling in fetal liver in a rat model of prenatal glucocorticoid exposure and identified marked gene expression changes in heme biosynthesis, utilization, and degradation pathways in late gestation. These changes in gene expression associated with alterations in DNA methylation and with a reduction in hepatic heme concentration. There were no persistent differences in gene expression, DNA methylation, or heme concentrations at 4 weeks of age, suggesting that these are transient effects. Our findings are consistent with glucocorticoid-induced accelerated maturation of the haematopoietic system and support the hypothesis that glucocorticoids can drive changes in gene expression in association with alterations in DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batbayar Khulan
- a University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute , 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh , UK
| | - Lincoln Liu
- a University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute , 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh , UK
| | - Catherine M Rose
- a University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute , 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh , UK
| | - Ashley K Boyle
- a University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute , 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh , UK
| | - Jonathan R Manning
- a University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute , 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh , UK
| | - Amanda J Drake
- a University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute , 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh , UK
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95
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Oaks BM, Laugero KD, Stewart CP, Adu-Afarwuah S, Lartey A, Ashorn P, Vosti SA, Dewey KG. Late-Pregnancy Salivary Cortisol Concentrations of Ghanaian Women Participating in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Prenatal Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements. J Nutr 2016; 146:343-52. [PMID: 26764321 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.219576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High circulating cortisol is associated with miscarriage, preterm birth, and low birth weight. Research in nonpregnant individuals suggests that improved nutrition may lower cortisol concentrations. It is unknown whether nutritional supplementation during pregnancy lowers cortisol. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine whether women receiving a lipid-based nutrient supplement (LNS) throughout pregnancy would have lower salivary cortisol at 36 wk gestation compared with women receiving other nutrient supplements. METHODS We conducted a randomized controlled trial in 1320 pregnant Ghanaian women at ≤20 wk gestation who were assigned to receive daily throughout pregnancy: 1) 60 mg iron + 400 μg folic acid (IFA), 2) multiple micronutrients (MMNs), or 3) 20 g LNS (containing 118 kcal, 22 micronutrients, and protein). Morning salivary cortisol was collected from a subsample at baseline and at 28 and 36 wk gestation. RESULTS A total of 758 women had cortisol measurements at 28 or 36 wk gestation. Salivary cortisol at 36 wk gestation did not differ between groups and was (mean ± SE) 7.97 ± 0.199 in the IFA group, 7.84 ± 0.191 in the MMN group, and 7.77 ± 0.199 nmol/L in the LNS group, when adjusted for baseline cortisol, time of waking, and time between waking and saliva collection (P = 0.67). There was an interaction between supplementation group and women's age (continuous variable, P-interaction = 0.03); and when age was dichotomized by the median, significant differences in salivary cortisol concentrations between groups were seen in women ≤26 y of age (IFA = 8.23 ± 0.284 nmol/L, MMN = 8.20 ± 0.274 nmol/L, and LNS = 7.44 ± 0.284 nmol/L; P = 0.03) but not in women >26 y old (IFA = 7.71 ± 0.281 nmol/L, MMN = 7.50 ± 0.274 nmol/L, and LNS = 8.08 ± 0.281 nmol/L; P = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that supplementation with LNSs or MMNs during pregnancy did not affect the cortisol concentration in the study population as a whole, in comparison with IFA, but that LNS consumption among younger women may lead to lower cortisol at 36 wk gestation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00970866.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Seth Adu-Afarwuah
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Anna Lartey
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Per Ashorn
- Department for International Health, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland; and Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Stephen A Vosti
- Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
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96
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Jeje SO, Akindele OO, Balogun ME, Raji Y. Maternal treatment with dexamethasone during lactation delays male puberty and disrupts reproductive functions via hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis alterations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:43-9. [PMID: 26774541 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of maternal treatment with dexamethasone during lactation on pubertal timing, serum hormonal profile and sperm indices in the male offspring were assessed. Twenty lactating dams were divided into 4 groups (n=5). Group 1 was administered subcutaneously 0.02ml/100g/day normal saline at lactation days 1-21. Groups 2-4 were administered subcutaneously 100μg/kg/day dexamethasone (Dex) at lactation days 1-7, 1-14, and 1-21 respectively. Results showed that there was significant reduction in serum testosterone in the DexLD 1-7 (p<0.05), DexLD 1-14 (p<0.01) and DexLD 1-21 (p<0.001) relative to control. In addition there was a significant reduction in serum FSH and LH in the DexLD 1-7 (p<0.01), DexLD 1-14 (p<0.001) and DexLD 1-21 (p<0.001) when compared with the control. Treatment with dexamethasone during lactation significantly increased the days of preputial separation in the DexLD 1-7 (p<0.05), DexLD 1-14 (p<0.05) and DexLD 1-21 (p<0.001) relative to control. Maternal treatment with dexamethasone throughout lactation period also significantly reduced sperm counts (p<0.001), motility (p<0.01) and increased percentage abnormal sperm (p<0.001) in the offspring when compared with the control. In conclusion, maternal treatment with dexamethasone during lactation may induce delayed puberty and disrupt reproductive functions by altering activities at hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in the male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Jeje
- Laboratory for Reproductive Physiology and Developmental Programming, Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Human Physiology, Cross River University of Technology, Okuku Campus, Cross River State, Nigeria.
| | - O O Akindele
- Laboratory for Reproductive Physiology and Developmental Programming, Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - M E Balogun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Y Raji
- Laboratory for Reproductive Physiology and Developmental Programming, Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Heussner K, Ruebner M, Huebner H, Rascher W, Menendez-Castro C, Hartner A, Fahlbusch FB, Rauh M. Species differences of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 function in human and rat term placenta determined via LC-MS/MS. Placenta 2016; 37:79-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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98
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Pharmacophore Models and Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening: Concepts and Applications Exemplified on Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases. Molecules 2015; 20:22799-832. [PMID: 26703541 PMCID: PMC6332202 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational methods are well-established tools in the drug discovery process and can be employed for a variety of tasks. Common applications include lead identification and scaffold hopping, as well as lead optimization by structure-activity relationship analysis and selectivity profiling. In addition, compound-target interactions associated with potentially harmful effects can be identified and investigated. This review focuses on pharmacophore-based virtual screening campaigns specifically addressing the target class of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Many members of this enzyme family are associated with specific pathological conditions, and pharmacological modulation of their activity may represent promising therapeutic strategies. On the other hand, unintended interference with their biological functions, e.g., upon inhibition by xenobiotics, can disrupt steroid hormone-mediated effects, thereby contributing to the development and progression of major diseases. Besides a general introduction to pharmacophore modeling and pharmacophore-based virtual screening, exemplary case studies from the field of short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) research are presented. These success stories highlight the suitability of pharmacophore modeling for the various application fields and suggest its application also in futures studies.
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99
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Keswani SG, Balaji S, Katz AB, King A, Omar K, Habli M, Klanke C, Crombleholme TM. Intraplacental gene therapy with Ad-IGF-1 corrects naturally occurring rabbit model of intrauterine growth restriction. Hum Gene Ther 2015; 26:172-82. [PMID: 25738403 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2014.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) due to placental insufficiency is a leading cause of perinatal complications for which there is no effective prenatal therapy. We have previously demonstrated that intraplacental injection of adenovirus-mediated insulin-like growth factor-1 (Ad-IGF-1) corrects fetal weight in a murine IUGR model induced by mesenteric uterine artery branch ligation. This study investigated the effect of intraplacental Ad-IGF-1 gene therapy in a rabbit model of naturally occurring IUGR (runt) due to placental insufficiency, which is similar to the human IUGR condition with onset in the early third trimester, brain sparing, and a reduction in liver weight. Laparotomy was performed on New Zealand White rabbits on day 21 of 30 days of gestation and litters were divided into five groups: Control (first position)+phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), control+Ad-IGF-1, runt (third position)+PBS, runt+Ad-IGF-1, and runt+Ad-LacZ. The effect of IGF-1 gene therapy on fetal, placental, liver, heart, lung, and musculoskeletal weights of the growth-restricted pups was examined. Protein expression after gene transfer was seen along the maternal-fetal placenta interface (n=12) 48 hr after gene therapy. There was minimal gene transfer detected in the pups or maternal organs. At term, compared with the normally grown first-position control, the runted third-position pups demonstrated significantly lower fetal, placental, liver, lung, and musculoskeletal weights. The fetal, liver, and musculoskeletal weights were restored to normal by intraplacental Ad-IGF-1 gene therapy (p<0.01), with no change in the placental weight. Intraplacental gene therapy is a novel strategy for the treatment of IUGR caused by placental insufficiency that takes advantage of an organ that will be discarded at birth. Development of nonviral IGF-1 gene delivery using placenta-specific promoters can potentially minimize toxicity to the mother and fetus and facilitate clinical translation of this novel therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep G Keswani
- 1 Center for Molecular Fetal Therapy, Division of Pediatric, General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039
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100
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Adult male mice conceived by in vitro fertilization exhibit increased glucocorticoid receptor expression in fat tissue. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2015; 7:73-82. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174415007825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal development is highly plastic and readily influenced by the environment. Adverse conditions have been shown to alter organ development and predispose offspring to chronic diseases, including diabetes and hypertension. Notably, it appears that the changes in glucocorticoid hormones or glucocorticoid receptor (GR) levels in peripheral tissues could play a role in the development of chronic diseases. We have previously demonstrated that in vitro fertilization (IVF) and preimplantation embryo culture is associated with growth alterations and glucose intolerance in mice. However, it is unknown if GR signaling is affected in adult IVF offspring. Here we show that GR expression is increased in inbred (C57Bl6/J) and outbred (CF-1× B6D2F1/J) blastocysts following in vitro culture and elevated levels are also present in the adipose tissue of adult male mice. Importantly, genes involved in lipolysis and triglyceride synthesis and responsive to GR were also increased in adipose tissue, indicating that increased GR activates downstream gene pathways. The promoter region of GR, previously reported to be epigenetically modified by perinatal manipulation, showed no changes in DNA methylation status. Our findings demonstrate that IVF results in a long-term change in GR gene expression in a sex- and tissue-specific manner. These changes in adipose tissues may well contribute to the metabolic phenotype in mice conceived by IVF.
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