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Lee CK, Jeong SH, Jang C, Bae H, Kim YH, Park I, Kim SK, Koh GY. Tumor metastasis to lymph nodes requires YAP-dependent metabolic adaptation. Science 2019; 363:644-649. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aav0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In cancer patients, metastasis of tumors to sentinel lymph nodes (LNs) predicts disease progression and often guides treatment decisions. The mechanisms underlying tumor LN metastasis are poorly understood. By using comparative transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses of primary and LN-metastatic tumors in mice, we found that LN metastasis requires that tumor cells undergo a metabolic shift toward fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Transcriptional coactivator yes-associated protein (YAP) is selectively activated in LN-metastatic tumors, leading to the up-regulation of genes in the FAO signaling pathway. Pharmacological inhibition of FAO or genetic ablation of YAP suppressed LN metastasis in mice. Several bioactive bile acids accumulated to high levels in the metastatic LNs, and these bile acids activated YAP in tumor cells, likely through the nuclear vitamin D receptor. Inhibition of FAO or YAP may merit exploration as a potential therapeutic strategy for mitigating tumor metastasis to LNs.
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52
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Breslin JW, Yang Y, Scallan JP, Sweat RS, Adderley SP, Murfee WL. Lymphatic Vessel Network Structure and Physiology. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:207-299. [PMID: 30549020 PMCID: PMC6459625 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is comprised of a network of vessels interrelated with lymphoid tissue, which has the holistic function to maintain the local physiologic environment for every cell in all tissues of the body. The lymphatic system maintains extracellular fluid homeostasis favorable for optimal tissue function, removing substances that arise due to metabolism or cell death, and optimizing immunity against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other antigens. This article provides a comprehensive review of important findings over the past century along with recent advances in the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of lymphatic vessels, including tissue/organ specificity, development, mechanisms of lymph formation and transport, lymphangiogenesis, and the roles of lymphatics in disease. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:207-299, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W. Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Joshua P. Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Richard S. Sweat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Shaquria P. Adderley
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - W. Lee Murfee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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53
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Efremov YR, Proskurina AS, Potter EA, Dolgova EV, Efremova OV, Taranov OS, Ostanin AA, Chernykh ER, Kolchanov NA, Bogachev SS. Cancer Stem Cells: Emergent Nature of Tumor Emergency. Front Genet 2018; 9:544. [PMID: 30505319 PMCID: PMC6250818 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A functional analysis of 167 genes overexpressed in Krebs-2 tumor initiating cells was performed. In the first part of the study, the genes were analyzed for their belonging to one or more of the three groups, which represent the three major phenotypic manifestation of malignancy of cancer cells, namely (1) proliferative self-sufficiency, (2) invasive growth and metastasis, and (3) multiple drug resistance. 96 genes out of 167 were identified as possible contributors to at least one of these fundamental properties. It was also found that substantial part of these genes are also known as genes responsible for formation and/or maintenance of the stemness of normal pluri-/multipotent stem cells. These results suggest that the malignancy is simply the ability to maintain the stem cell specific genes expression profile, and, as a consequence, the stemness itself regardless of the controlling effect of stem niches. In the second part of the study, three stress factors combined into the single concept of "generalized cellular stress," which are assumed to activate the expression of these genes, were defined. In addition, possible mechanisms for such activation were identified. The data obtained suggest the existence of a mechanism for the de novo formation of a pluripotent/stem phenotype in the subpopulation of "committed" tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav R Efremov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia S Proskurina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Potter
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgenia V Dolgova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oksana V Efremova
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg S Taranov
- The State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Aleksandr A Ostanin
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena R Chernykh
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Kolchanov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey S Bogachev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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54
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Rong YM, Huang XM, Fan DJ, Lin XT, Zhang F, Hu JC, Tan YX, Chen X, Zou YF, Lan P. Overexpression of G protein-coupled receptor 31 as a poor prognosticator in human colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:4679-4690. [PMID: 30416315 PMCID: PMC6224474 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i41.4679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the expression of G protein-coupled receptor 31 (GPR31) and its clinical significance in human colorectal cancer (CRC).
METHODS To determine the association between the GPR31 expression and the prognosis of patients, we obtained paraffin-embedded pathological specimens from 466 CRC patients who underwent initial resection. A total of 321 patients from the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 1996 to December 2008 were included as a training cohort, whereas 145 patients from the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2007 to November 2008 were included as a validation cohort. We examined GPR31 expression levels in CRC tissues from two independent cohorts via immunohistochemical staining. All patients were categorized into either a GPR31 low expression group or a GPR31 high expression group. The clinicopathological factors and the prognosis of patients in the GPR31 low expression group and GPR31 high expression group were compared.
RESULTS We compared the clinicopathological factors and the prognosis of patients in the GPR31 low expression group and GPR31 high expression group. Significant differences were observed in the number of patients in pM classification between patients in the GPR31 low expression group and GPR31 high expression group (P = 0.007). The five-year survival and tumor-free survival rates of patients were 84.3% and 82.2% in the GPR31 low expression group, respectively, and both rates were 59.7% in the GPR31 high expression group (P < 0.05). Results of the Cox proportional hazard regression model revealed that GPR31 upregulation was associated with shorter overall survival and tumor-free survival of patients with CRC (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis identified GPR31 expression in colorectal cancer as an independent predictive factor of CRC patient survival (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION High GPR31 expression levels were found to be correlated with pM classification of CRC and to serve as an independent predictive factor of poor survival of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Rong
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - De-Jun Fan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xu-Tao Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian-Cong Hu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying-Xin Tan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi-Feng Zou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ping Lan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
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Abstract
Eicosanoids are 20-carbon bioactive lipids derived from the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which can modulate various biological processes including cell proliferation, adhesion and migration, angiogenesis, vascular permeability and inflammatory responses. In recent years, studies have shown the importance of eicosanoids in the control of physiological and pathological processes associated with several diseases, including cancer. The polyunsaturated fatty acid predominantly metabolized to generate 2-series eicosanoids is arachidonic acid, which is the major n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid found in animal fat and in the occidental diet. The three main pathways responsible for metabolizing arachidonic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids to generate eicosanoids are the cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and P450 epoxygenase pathways. Inflammation plays a decisive role in various stages of tumor development including initiation, promotion, invasion and metastasis. This review will focus on studies that have investigated the role of prostanoids and lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoids in the development and progression of different tumors, highlighting the findings that may provide insights into how these eicosanoids can influence cell proliferation, cell migration and the inflammatory process. A better understanding of the complex role played by eicosanoids in both tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment may provide new markers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes and identify new therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Nascimento Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Souza Felipe da Costa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Alison Colquhoun
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
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56
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Schineis P, Runge P, Halin C. Cellular traffic through afferent lymphatic vessels. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 112:31-41. [PMID: 30092362 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system has long been known to serve as a highway for migrating leukocytes from peripheral tissue to draining lymph nodes (dLNs) and back to circulation, thereby contributing to the induction of adaptive immunity and immunesurveillance. Lymphatic vessels (LVs) present in peripheral tissues upstream of a first dLN are generally referred to as afferent LVs. In contrast to migration through blood vessels (BVs), the detailed molecular and cellular requirements of cellular traffic through afferent LVs have only recently started to be unraveled. Progress in our ability to track the migration of lymph-borne cell populations, in combination with cutting-edge imaging technologies, nowadays allows the investigation and visualization of lymphatic migration of endogenous leukocytes, both at the population and at the single-cell level. These studies have revealed that leukocyte trafficking through afferent LVs generally follows a step-wise migration pattern, relying on the active interplay of numerous molecules. In this review, we will summarize and discuss current knowledge of cellular traffic through afferent LVs. We will first outline how the structure of the afferent LV network supports leukocyte migration and highlight important molecules involved in the migration of dendritic cells (DCs), T cells and neutrophils, i.e. the most prominent cell types trafficking through afferent LVs. Additionally, we will describe how tumor cells hijack the lymphatic system for their dissemination to draining LNs. Finally, we will summarize and discuss our current understanding of the functional significance as well as the therapeutic implications of cell traffic through afferent LVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Runge
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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57
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Fochtmann-Frana A, Haymerle G, Schachner H, Pammer J, Loewe R, Kerjaschki D, Perisanidis C, Erovic BM. Expression of 15-lipoxygenase-1 in Merkel cell carcinoma is linked to advanced disease. Clin Otolaryngol 2018; 43:1335-1344. [PMID: 29992788 DOI: 10.1111/coa.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine whether the expression of 15-lipoxygenase-1 (ALOX15) in primary tumour specimens predicts lymph node metastasis and subsequently clinical outcome in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) patients. METHODS A retrospective medical chart review of 33 patients was performed between 1994 and 2014. Eleven out of 33 (33%) Patients with primary MCC stages I and II were categorised as group I. Twenty two out of 33 (67%) Patients with regional lymph node metastases and/or distant metastases were defined as group II. All available tumour samples were immunostained for ALOX15, Podoplanin and MCPyV large T-protein antibody. RESULTS ALOX15 expression was observed in 19/23 (83%) primary tumour samples and in all lymph node metastasis. Primary tumours in patients with stage III and IV disease showed a higher expression rate of ALOX15 compared to patients with early stage disease (11/12 (92%) and 8/11 (73%), respectively). In group I, five patients (45%) were MCPyV positive, whereas in group II, 15 patients (68%) were MCPyV positive. The median lymphatic vessel density in ALOX15 negative group I primary tumour samples was lower compared to the median lymphatic vessel density in ALOX15 positive group I primary tumour probes (2.7 range, 1-4.3 vs 4.7 range, 4.0-7.3). Furthermore, all 17 samples of MCC metastases showed ALOX15 expression with a median lymphatic vessel density (not lymph node metastases) of 5.3 (range 2.0-7.3). CONCLUSION In the current study, we were able to show ALOX15 expression in the primary MCC sample and the metastasis sample. Based on the findings of the current study, expression rate of ALOX15 in primary MCC and metastases is possibly linked to an increased lymphatic vessel density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Fochtmann-Frana
- Department Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Surgery, Clinical Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Haymerle
- Department Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helga Schachner
- Medical University of Vienna, Clinical Department of Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Pammer
- Medical University of Vienna, Clinical Department of Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Loewe
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Dermatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dontscho Kerjaschki
- Medical University of Vienna, Clinical Department of Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christos Perisanidis
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Boban M Erovic
- Department Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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58
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Fristiohady A, Milovanovic D, Krieger S, Huttary N, Nguyen CH, Basilio J, Jäger W, De Martin R, Krupitza G. 12(S)-HETE induces lymph endothelial cell retraction in vitro by upregulation of SOX18. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:307-316. [PMID: 29749465 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasising breast cancer cells communicate with adjacent lymph endothelia, intravasate and disseminate through lymphatic routes, colonise lymph nodes and finally metastasize to distant organs. Thus, understanding and blocking intravasation may attenuate the metastatic cascade at an early step. As a trigger factor, which causes the retraction of lymph endothelial cells (LECs) and opens entry ports for tumour cell intravasation, MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells secrete the pro-metastatic arachidonic acid metabolite, 12S-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid [12(S)-HETE]. In the current study, treatment of LECs with 12(S)-HETE upregulated the expression of the transcription factors SRY-related HMG-box 18 (SOX18) and prospero homeobox protein 1 (PROX1), which determine endothelial development. Thus, whether they have a role in LEC retraction was determined using a validated intravasation assay, small interfering RNA mediated knockdown of gene expression, and mRNA and protein expression analyses. Specific inhibition of SOX18 or PROX1 significantly attenuated in vitro intravasation of MDA-MB231 spheroids through the LEC barrier and 12(S)-HETE-triggered signals were transduced by the high and low affinity receptors, 12(S)-HETE receptor and leukotriene B4 receptor 2. In addition, the current findings indicate that there is crosstalk between SOX18 and nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, which was demonstrated to contribute to MDA-MB231/lymph endothelial intravasation. The present data demonstrate that the endothelial-specific and lymph endothelial-specific transcription factors SOX18 and PROX1 contribute to LEC retraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adryan Fristiohady
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Milovanovic
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigurd Krieger
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Huttary
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chi Huu Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jose Basilio
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Jäger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer De Martin
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Krupitza
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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59
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Pekkonen P, Alve S, Balistreri G, Gramolelli S, Tatti-Bugaeva O, Paatero I, Niiranen O, Tuohinto K, Perälä N, Taiwo A, Zinovkina N, Repo P, Icay K, Ivaska J, Saharinen P, Hautaniemi S, Lehti K, Ojala PM. Lymphatic endothelium stimulates melanoma metastasis and invasion via MMP14-dependent Notch3 and β1-integrin activation. eLife 2018; 7:e32490. [PMID: 29712618 PMCID: PMC5929907 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis correlate with poor clinical outcome in melanoma. However, the mechanisms of lymphatic dissemination in distant metastasis remain incompletely understood. We show here that exposure of expansively growing human WM852 melanoma cells, but not singly invasive Bowes cells, to lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) in 3D co-culture facilitates melanoma distant organ metastasis in mice. To dissect the underlying molecular mechanisms, we established LEC co-cultures with different melanoma cells originating from primary tumors or metastases. Notably, the expansively growing metastatic melanoma cells adopted an invasively sprouting phenotype in 3D matrix that was dependent on MMP14, Notch3 and β1-integrin. Unexpectedly, MMP14 was necessary for LEC-induced Notch3 induction and coincident β1-integrin activation. Moreover, MMP14 and Notch3 were required for LEC-mediated metastasis of zebrafish xenografts. This study uncovers a unique mechanism whereby LEC contact promotes melanoma metastasis by inducing a reversible switch from 3D growth to invasively sprouting cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirita Pekkonen
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Sanni Alve
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Giuseppe Balistreri
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Silvia Gramolelli
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Ilkka Paatero
- Turku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Otso Niiranen
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Krista Tuohinto
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Nina Perälä
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Adewale Taiwo
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Nadezhda Zinovkina
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Pauliina Repo
- Genome-Scale BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Katherine Icay
- Genome-Scale BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Pipsa Saharinen
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Wihuri Research InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Kaisa Lehti
- Genome-Scale BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of MicrobiologyTumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Foundation for the Finnish Cancer InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | - Päivi M Ojala
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Foundation for the Finnish Cancer InstituteHelsinkiFinland
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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60
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Friedmann Angeli JP, Conrad M. Lipoxygenases-Killers against Their Will? ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:312-314. [PMID: 29632874 PMCID: PMC5879469 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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61
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Pereira ER, Kedrin D, Seano G, Gautier O, Meijer EFJ, Jones D, Chin SM, Kitahara S, Bouta EM, Chang J, Beech E, Jeong HS, Carroll MC, Taghian AG, Padera TP. Lymph node metastases can invade local blood vessels, exit the node, and colonize distant organs in mice. Science 2018; 359:1403-1407. [PMID: 29567713 PMCID: PMC6002772 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal3622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node metastases in cancer patients are associated with tumor aggressiveness, poorer prognoses, and the recommendation for systemic therapy. Whether cancer cells in lymph nodes can seed distant metastases has been a subject of considerable debate. We studied mice implanted with cancer cells (mammary carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or melanoma) expressing the photoconvertible protein Dendra2. This technology allowed us to selectively photoconvert metastatic cells in the lymph node and trace their fate. We found that a fraction of these cells invaded lymph node blood vessels, entered the blood circulation, and colonized the lung. Thus, in mouse models, lymph node metastases can be a source of cancer cells for distant metastases. Whether this mode of dissemination occurs in cancer patients remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel R Pereira
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, MGH and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dmitriy Kedrin
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, MGH and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, MGH and HMS, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Giorgio Seano
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, MGH and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Olivia Gautier
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, MGH and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Eelco F J Meijer
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, MGH and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dennis Jones
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, MGH and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shan-Min Chin
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, MGH and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shuji Kitahara
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, MGH and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Echoe M Bouta
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, MGH and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jonathan Chang
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Division of Medical Sciences, HMS, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston and HMS, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth Beech
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, MGH and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Han-Sin Jeong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Cancer Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston and HMS, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Boston and HMS, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | | | - Timothy P Padera
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, MGH and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Hong J, Fristiohady A, Nguyen CH, Milovanovic D, Huttary N, Krieger S, Hong J, Geleff S, Birner P, Jäger W, Özmen A, Krenn L, Krupitza G. Apigenin and Luteolin Attenuate the Breaching of MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Spheroids Through the Lymph Endothelial Barrier in Vitro. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:220. [PMID: 29593542 PMCID: PMC5861143 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids, present in fruits, vegetables and traditional medicinal plants, show anticancer effects in experimental systems and are reportedly non-toxic. This is a favorable property for long term strategies for the attenuation of lymph node metastasis, which may effectively improve the prognostic states in breast cancer. Hence, we studied two flavonoids, apigenin and luteolin exhibiting strong bio-activity in various test systems in cancer research and are readily available on the market. This study has further advanced the mechanistic understanding of breast cancer intravasation through the lymphatic barrier. Apigenin and luteolin were tested in a three-dimensional (3-D) assay consisting of MDA-MB231 breast cancer spheroids and immortalized lymph endothelial cell (LEC) monolayers. The 3-D model faithfully resembles the intravasation of breast cancer emboli through the lymphatic vasculature. Western blot analysis, intracellular Ca2+ determination, EROD assay and siRNA transfection revealed insights into mechanisms of intravasation as well as the anti-intravasative outcome of flavonoid action. Both flavonoids suppressed pro-intravasative trigger factors in MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells, specifically MMP1 expression and CYP1A1 activity. A pro-intravasative contribution of FAK expression in LECs was established as FAK supported the retraction of the LEC monolayer upon contact with cancer cells thereby enabling them to cross the endothelial barrier. As mechanistic basis, MMP1 caused the phosphorylation (activation) of FAK at Tyr397 in LECs. Apigenin and luteolin prevented MMP1-induced FAK activation, but not constitutive FAK phosphorylation. Luteolin, unlike apigenin, inhibited MMP1-induced Ca2+ release. Free intracellular Ca2+ is a central signal amplifier triggering LEC retraction through activation of the mobility protein MLC2, thereby enhancing intravasation. FAK activity and Ca2+ levels did not correlate. This implicates that the pro-intravasative contribution of FAK and of Ca2+ release in LECs was independent of each other and explains the better anti-intravasative effects of luteolin in vitro. In specific formulations, flavonoid concentrations causing significant anti-intravasative effects, can certainly be achieved in vivo. As the therapeutic strategy has to be based on permanent flavonoid treatment both the beneficial and adverse effects have to be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Hong
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adryan Fristiohady
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department for Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Indonesia
| | - Chi H Nguyen
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department for Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Milovanovic
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Huttary
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigurd Krieger
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Junqiang Hong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The 188th Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Chaozhou, China
| | - Silvana Geleff
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Birner
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Jäger
- Department for Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ali Özmen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Liselotte Krenn
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Krupitza
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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63
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Oh S, Seo M, Choi JS, Joo CK, Lee SK. MiR-199a/b-5p Inhibits Lymphangiogenesis by Targeting Discoidin Domain Receptor 1 in Corneal Injury. Mol Cells 2018; 41:93-102. [PMID: 29429150 PMCID: PMC5824028 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.2163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) is involved in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis. However, its role in lymphangiogenesis has been unknown. Here, we tested whether downregulation of DDR1 expression by miR-199a/b can suppress lymphangiogenesis. We also aimed to identify miRNA target site(s) in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of DDR1. Transfection with miR-199a/b-5p mimics reduced expression of DDR1 and tube formation in primary human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells, whereas miR-199a/b-5p inhibitors showed the opposite effects. Critically, injection of miR-199a/b-5p mimics suppressed DDR1 expression and lymphangiogenesis in a corneal alkali-burn rat model. The three well-conserved seed matched sites for miR-199a/b-5p in the DDR1 3'-UTR were targeted, and miRNA binding to at least two sites was required for DDR1 inhibition. Our data suggest that DDR1 promotes enhanced lymphangiogenesis during eye injury, and miR-199a/b-5p suppresses this activity by inhibiting DDR1 expression. Thus, this miRNA may be useful for the treatment of lymphangiogenesis-related eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooeun Oh
- Department of Medical Lifescience, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591,
Korea
| | - Minkoo Seo
- Department of Medical Lifescience, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591,
Korea
| | - Jun-Sub Choi
- Catholic Institute for Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591,
Korea
| | - Choun-Ki Joo
- Catholic Institute for Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591,
Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, Seoul 06591,
Korea
| | - Suk Kyeong Lee
- Department of Medical Lifescience, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591,
Korea
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64
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Abstract
Cancer patients with lymph node (LN) metastases have a worse prognosis than those without nodal disease. However, why LN metastases correlate with reduced patient survival is poorly understood. Recent findings provide insight into mechanisms underlying tumor growth in LNs. Tumor cells and their secreted molecules engage stromal, myeloid, and lymphoid cells within primary tumors and in the lymphatic system, decreasing antitumor immunity and promoting tumor growth. Understanding the mechanisms of cancer survival and growth in LNs is key to designing effective therapy for the eradication of LN metastases. In addition, uncovering the implications of LN metastasis for systemic tumor burden will inform treatment decisions. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of the seeding, growth, and further dissemination of LN metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Jones
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ethel R Pereira
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Timothy P Padera
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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65
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Holzner S, Brenner S, Atanasov AG, Senfter D, Stadler S, Nguyen CH, Fristiohady A, Milovanovic D, Huttary N, Krieger S, Bago-Horvath Z, de Wever O, Tentes I, Özmen A, Jäger W, Dolznig H, Dirsch VM, Mader RM, Krenn L, Krupitza G. Intravasation of SW620 colon cancer cell spheroids through the blood endothelial barrier is inhibited by clinical drugs and flavonoids in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 111:114-124. [PMID: 29129665 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms how colorectal cancer (CRC) cells penetrate blood micro-vessel endothelia and metastasise is poorly understood. To study blood endothelial cell (BEC) barrier breaching by CRC emboli, an in vitro assay measuring BEC-free areas underneath SW620 cell spheroids, so called "circular chemorepellent induced defects" (CCIDs, appearing in consequence of endothelial retraction), was adapted and supported by Western blotting, EIA-, EROD- and luciferase reporter assays. Inhibition of ALOX12 or NF-κB in SW620 cells or BECs, respectively, caused attenuation of CCIDs. The FDA approved drugs vinpocetine [inhibiting ALOX12-dependent 12(S)-HETE synthesis], ketotifen [inhibiting NF-κB], carbamazepine and fenofibrate [inhibiting 12(S)-HETE and NF-κB] significantly attenuated CCID formation at low μM concentrations. In the 5-FU-resistant SW620-R/BEC model guanfacine, nifedipine and proadifen inhibited CCIDs stronger than in the naïve SW620/BEC model. This indicated that in SW620-R cells formerly silent (yet unidentified) genes became expressed and targetable by these drugs in course of resistance acquisition. Fenofibrate, and the flavonoids hispidulin and apigenin, which are present in medicinal plants, spices, herbs and fruits, attenuated CCID formation in both, naïve- and resistant models. As FDA-approved drugs and food-flavonoids inhibited established and acquired intravasative pathways and attenuated BEC barrier-breaching in vitro, this warrants testing of these compounds in CRC models in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Holzner
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Brenner
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Atanas Georgiev Atanasov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Senfter
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Serena Stadler
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Chi Huu Nguyen
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Adryan Fristiohady
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Nicole Huttary
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigurd Krieger
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Oliver de Wever
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Tentes
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 681 00 Dragana/Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ali Özmen
- Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Biology, 09010 Aydin, Turkey
| | - Walter Jäger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Dolznig
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Maria Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Michael Mader
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Liselotte Krenn
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Krupitza
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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66
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Blaschke M, Zehl M, Hartl B, Strauß C, Winkler J, Urban E, Krupitza G, Kopp B. Isolation of eudesmanes from Pluchea odorata and evaluation of their effects on cancer cell growth and tumor invasiveness in vitro. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 141:37-47. [PMID: 28554035 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The traditionally used Central American medicinal plant Pluchea odorata, known as an anti-inflammatory and cancer cell growth-inhibiting remedy, was subjected to bioassay-guided isolation. Structure elucidation by 1D- and 2D-NMR and MS techniques supported by ECD and UV spectroscopic data revealed seven structurally previously undescribed and eight known eudesmane-type sesquiterpenes. Furthermore, one previously undescribed and one known phytol-like alcohol were identified. All compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity in cancer cells and for their anti-invasive effects. Among the eudesmanes, 3α-(2',3'-epoxy-2'-methylbutyryloxy)-4α-hydroxy-11-hydroperoxy-eudesm-6-en-8-one exhibited the most potent cytotoxic activity with an IC50 value of 8.8 μM (after 48 h). Also in an in vitro model measuring the tumor-triggered breaching of the adjacent lymph endothelial cell barrier (3S*,4R*,5S*,10S*,2'R*,3'R*)-3-(2',3'-epoxy-2'-methylbutyryloxy)-4,7-dihydroxy-eudesm-11-en-8-one (IC75 = 47 μM) and (3S*,4R*,5R*,10S*,2'R*,3'R*)-3-(2',3'-epoxy-2'-methylbutyryloxy)-4-acetyloxy-6-methoxy-11-hydroxy-eudesm-6-en-8-one (IC75 = 73 μM) showed inhibitory activities. Furthermore, preliminary structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the eudesmanes were developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Blaschke
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Martin Zehl
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Beatrix Hartl
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Claudia Strauß
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Johannes Winkler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ernst Urban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Georg Krupitza
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Brigitte Kopp
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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67
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He J, Xiong L, Li Q, Lin L, Miao X, Yan S, Hong Z, Yang L, Wen Y, Deng X. 3D modeling of cancer stem cell niche. Oncotarget 2017; 9:1326-1345. [PMID: 29416698 PMCID: PMC5787442 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells reside in a distinct microenvironment called niche. The reciprocal interactions between cancer stem cells and niche contribute to the maintenance and enrichment of cancer stem cells. In order to simulate the interactions between cancer stem cells and niche, three-dimensional models have been developed. These in vitro culture systems recapitulate the spatial dimension, cellular heterogeneity, and the molecular networks of the tumor microenvironment and show great promise in elucidating the pathophysiology of cancer stem cells and designing more clinically relavant treatment modalites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qinglong Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liangwu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiongying Miao
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shichao Yan
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Normal University Medical College, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhangyong Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Leping Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Wen
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiyun Deng
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Normal University Medical College, Changsha, Hunan, China
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68
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Nguyen CH, Huttary N, Atanasov AG, Chatuphonprasert W, Brenner S, Fristiohady A, Hong J, Stadler S, Holzner S, Milovanovic D, Dirsch VM, Kopp B, Saiko P, Krenn L, Jäger W, Krupitza G. Fenofibrate inhibits tumour intravasation by several independent mechanisms in a 3-dimensional co-culture model. Int J Oncol 2017; 50:1879-1888. [PMID: 28393180 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph node metastasis of breast cancer is a clinical marker of poor prognosis. Yet, there exist no therapies targeting mechanisms of intravasation into lymphatics. Herein we report on an effect of the antidyslipidemic drug fenofibrate with vasoprotective activity, which attenuates breast cancer intravasation in vitro, and describe the potential mechanisms. To measure intravasation in a 3-dimensional co-culture model MDA-MB231 and MCF-7 breast cancer spheroids were placed on immortalised lymphendothelial cell (LEC) monolayers. This provokes the formation of circular chemorepellent induced defects (CCIDs) in the LEC barrier resembling entry ports for the intravasating tumour. Furthermore, the expression of adhesion molecules ICAM-1, CD31 and FAK was investigated in LECs by western blotting as well as cell-cell adhesion and NF-κB activity by respective assays. In MDA-MB231 cells the activity of CYP1A1 was measured by EROD assay. Fenofibrate inhibited CCID formation in the MDA-MB231/LEC- and MCF-7/LEC models and the activity of NF-κB, which in turn downregulated ICAM-1 in LECs and the adhesion of cancer cells to LECs. Furthermore, CD31 and the activity of FAK were inhibited. In MDA-MB231 cells, fenofibrate attenuated CYP1A1 activity. Combinations with other FDA-approved drugs, which reportedly inhibit different ion channels, attenuated CCID formation additively or synergistically. In summary, fenofibrate inhibited NF-κB and ICAM-1, and inactivated FAK, thereby attenuating tumour intravasation in vitro. A combination with other FDA-approved drugs further improved this effect. Our new concept may lead to a novel therapy for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Huu Nguyen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Huttary
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Stefan Brenner
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adryan Fristiohady
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Junli Hong
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Serena Stadler
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvio Holzner
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Milovanovic
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Kopp
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Saiko
- Department of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Liselotte Krenn
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Jäger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Krupitza
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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69
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Turrini R, Pabois A, Xenarios I, Coukos G, Delaloye JF, Doucey MA. TIE-2 expressing monocytes in human cancers. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1303585. [PMID: 28507810 PMCID: PMC5414874 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1303585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are well known as a key player in the tumor microenvironment, which support cancer progression. More recently, a lineage of monocytes characterized by the expression of the TIE-2/Tek angiopoietin receptor identified a subset of circulating and tumor-associated monocytes endowed with proangiogenic activity. TIE-2 expressing monocytes (TEM) were found both in humans and mice. Here, we review the phenotypes and functions of TEM reported so far in human cancer and their potential use as markers of cancer progression and metastasis. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic approaches currently used or proposed to target TEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Turrini
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Angélique Pabois
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Xenarios
- Vital-IT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Marie-Agnès Doucey
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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70
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Ji RC. Lymph Nodes and Cancer Metastasis: New Perspectives on the Role of Intranodal Lymphatic Sinuses. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010051. [PMID: 28036019 PMCID: PMC5297686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is essential for transporting interstitial fluid, soluble antigen, and immune cells from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes (LNs). Functional integrity of LNs is dependent on intact lymphatics and effective lymph drainage. Molecular mechanisms that facilitate interactions between tumor cells and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) during tumor progression still remain to be identified. The cellular and molecular structures of LNs are optimized to trigger a rapid and efficient immune response, and to participate in the process of tumor metastasis by stimulating lymphangiogenesis and establishing a premetastatic niche in LNs. Several molecules, e.g., S1P, CCR7-CCL19/CCL21, CXCL12/CXCR4, IL-7, IFN-γ, TGF-β, and integrin α4β1 play an important role in controlling the activity of LN stromal cells including LECs, fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) and follicular dendritic cells (DCs). The functional stromal cells are critical for reconstruction and remodeling of the LN that creates a unique microenvironment of tumor cells and LECs for cancer metastasis. LN metastasis is a major determinant for the prognosis of most human cancers and clinical management. Ongoing work to elucidate the function and molecular regulation of LN lymphatic sinuses will provide insight into cancer development mechanisms and improve therapeutic approaches for human malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Cheng Ji
- Faculty of Welfare and Health Science, Oita University, Oita 870-1192, Japan.
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71
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Stadler S, Nguyen CH, Schachner H, Milovanovic D, Holzner S, Brenner S, Eichsteininger J, Stadler M, Senfter D, Krenn L, Schmidt WM, Huttary N, Krieger S, Koperek O, Bago-Horvath Z, Brendel KA, Marian B, de Wever O, Mader RM, Giessrigl B, Jäger W, Dolznig H, Krupitza G. Colon cancer cell-derived 12(S)-HETE induces the retraction of cancer-associated fibroblast via MLC2, RHO/ROCK and Ca 2+ signalling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:1907-1921. [PMID: 28013338 PMCID: PMC5390003 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2441-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Retraction of mesenchymal stromal cells supports the invasion of colorectal cancer cells (CRC) into the adjacent compartment. CRC-secreted 12(S)-HETE enhances the retraction of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and therefore, 12(S)-HETE may enforce invasivity of CRC. Understanding the mechanisms of metastatic CRC is crucial for successful intervention. Therefore, we studied pro-invasive contributions of stromal cells in physiologically relevant three-dimensional in vitro assays consisting of CRC spheroids, CAFs, extracellular matrix and endothelial cells, as well as in reductionist models. In order to elucidate how CAFs support CRC invasion, tumour spheroid-induced CAF retraction and free intracellular Ca2+ levels were measured and pharmacological- or siRNA-based inhibition of selected signalling cascades was performed. CRC spheroids caused the retraction of CAFs, generating entry gates in the adjacent surrogate stroma. The responsible trigger factor 12(S)-HETE provoked a signal, which was transduced by PLC, IP3, free intracellular Ca2+, Ca2+-calmodulin-kinase-II, RHO/ROCK and MYLK which led to the activation of myosin light chain 2, and subsequent CAF mobility. RHO activity was observed downstream as well as upstream of Ca2+ release. Thus, Ca2+ signalling served as central signal amplifier. Treatment with the FDA-approved drugs carbamazepine, cinnarizine, nifedipine and bepridil HCl, which reportedly interfere with cellular calcium availability, inhibited CAF-retraction. The elucidation of signalling pathways and identification of approved inhibitory drugs warrant development of intervention strategies targeting tumour–stroma interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Stadler
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chi Huu Nguyen
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department for Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helga Schachner
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Milovanovic
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvio Holzner
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Brenner
- Department for Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Eichsteininger
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mira Stadler
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Senfter
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Liselotte Krenn
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang M Schmidt
- Neuromuscular Research Department, Centre of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 13, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Huttary
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigurd Krieger
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oskar Koperek
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zsuzsanna Bago-Horvath
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Brigitte Marian
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver de Wever
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robert M Mader
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Giessrigl
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department for Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Jäger
- Department for Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Dolznig
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Krupitza
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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72
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Nguyen CH, Senfter D, Basilio J, Holzner S, Stadler S, Krieger S, Huttary N, Milovanovic D, Viola K, Simonitsch-Klupp I, Jäger W, de Martin R, Krupitza G. NF-κB contributes to MMP1 expression in breast cancer spheroids causing paracrine PAR1 activation and disintegrations in the lymph endothelial barrier in vitro. Oncotarget 2016; 6:39262-75. [PMID: 26513020 PMCID: PMC4770771 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
RELA, RELB, CREL, NFKB1 and NFKB2, and the upstream regulators NEMO and NIK were knocked-down in lymph endothelial cells (LECs) and in MDA-MB231 breast cancer spheroids to study the contribution of NF-κB in vascular barrier breaching. Suppression of RELA, NFKB1 and NEMO inhibited “circular chemo-repellent induced defects” (CCIDs), which form when cancer cells cross the lymphatic vasculature, by ~20–30%. Suppression of RELB, NFKB2 and NIK inhibited CCIDs by only ~10–15%. In MDA-MB231 cells RELA and NFKB1 constituted MMP1 expression, which caused the activation of PAR1 in adjacent LECs. The knock-down of MMP1 in MDA-MB231 spheroids and pharmacological inhibition of PAR1 in LECs inhibited CCID formation by ~30%. Intracellular Ca2+ release in LECs, which was induced by recombinant MMP1, was suppressed by the PAR1 inhibitor SCH79797, thereby confirming a functional intercellular axis: RELA/NFKB1 – MMP1 (MDA-MB231) – PAR1 (LEC). Recombinant MMP1 induced PAR1-dependent phosphorylation of MLC2 and FAK in LECs, which is indicative for their activity and for directional cell migration such as observed during CCID formation. The combined knock-down of the NF-κB pathways in LECs and MDA-MB231 spheroids inhibited CCIDs significantly stronger than knock-down in either cell type alone. Also the knock-down of ICAM-1 in LECs (a NF-κB endpoint with relevance for CCID formation) and knock-down of MMP1 in MDA-MB231 augmented CCID inhibition. This evidences that in both cell types NF-κB significantly and independently contributes to tumour-mediated breaching of the lymphatic barrier. Hence, inflamed tumour tissue and/or vasculature pose an additional threat to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Huu Nguyen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Senfter
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jose Basilio
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvio Holzner
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Serena Stadler
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigurd Krieger
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Huttary
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Milovanovic
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Viola
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Walter Jäger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer de Martin
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Krupitza
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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73
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Senfter D, Madlener S, Krupitza G, Mader RM. The microRNA-200 family: still much to discover. Biomol Concepts 2016; 7:311-319. [DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2016-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn the last decade, microRNAs (miRs or miRNAs) became of great interest in cancer research due to their multifunctional and active regulation in a variety of vital cellular processes. In this review, we discuss the miR-200 family, which is composed of five members (miR-141, miR-200a/200b/200c and miR-429). Although being among the best investigated miRNAs in the field, there are still many open issues. Here, we describe the potential role of miR-200 as prognostic and/or predictive biomarker, its influence on motility and cell migration as well as its role in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis formation in different tumour types. Recent studies also demonstrated the influence of miR-200 on drug resistance and described a correlation between miR-200 expression levels and overall survival of patients. Despite intense research in this field, the full role of the miR-200 family in cancer progression and metastasis is not completely understood and seems to differ between different tumour types and different cellular backgrounds. To elucidate these differences further, a finer characterisation of the role of the individual miRNA-200 family members is currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Senfter
- 1Department of Paediatrics, Molecular Neuro-Oncology Research Unit, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sibylle Madlener
- 1Department of Paediatrics, Molecular Neuro-Oncology Research Unit, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Krupitza
- 2Institute of Clinical Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert M. Mader
- 3Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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74
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3D tumor spheroids: an overview on the tools and techniques used for their analysis. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:1427-1441. [PMID: 27845258 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In comparison with 2D cell culture models, 3D spheroids are able to accurately mimic some features of solid tumors, such as their spatial architecture, physiological responses, secretion of soluble mediators, gene expression patterns and drug resistance mechanisms. These unique characteristics highlight the potential of 3D cellular aggregates to be used as in vitro models for screening new anticancer therapeutics, both at a small and large scale. Nevertheless, few reports have focused on describing the tools and techniques currently available to extract significant biological data from these models. Such information will be fundamental to drug and therapeutic discovery process using 3D cell culture models. The present review provides an overview of the techniques that can be employed to characterize and evaluate the efficacy of anticancer therapeutics in 3D tumor spheroids.
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75
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Nguyen CH, Brenner S, Huttary N, Atanasov AG, Dirsch VM, Chatuphonprasert W, Holzner S, Stadler S, Riha J, Krieger S, de Martin R, Bago-Horvath Z, Krupitza G, Jäger W. AHR/CYP1A1 interplay triggers lymphatic barrier breaching in breast cancer spheroids by inducing 12(S)-HETE synthesis. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:5006-5016. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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76
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Riedl A, Schlederer M, Pudelko K, Stadler M, Walter S, Unterleuthner D, Unger C, Kramer N, Hengstschläger M, Kenner L, Pfeiffer D, Krupitza G, Dolznig H. Comparison of cancer cells in 2D vs 3D culture reveals differences in AKT-mTOR-S6K signaling and drug responses. J Cell Sci 2016; 130:203-218. [PMID: 27663511 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.188102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cancer models are used as preclinical systems to mimic physiologic drug responses. We provide evidence for strong changes of proliferation and metabolic capacity in three dimensions by systematically analyzing spheroids of colon cancer cell lines. Spheroids showed relative lower activities in the AKT, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and S6K (also known as RPS6KB1) signaling pathway compared to cells cultured in two dimensions. We identified spatial alterations in signaling, as the level of phosphorylated RPS6 decreased from the spheroid surface towards the center, which closely coordinated with the tumor areas around vessels in vivo These 3D models displayed augmented anti-tumor responses to AKT-mTOR-S6K or mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway inhibition compared to those in 2D models. Inhibition of AKT-mTOR-S6K resulted in elevated ERK phosphorylation in 2D culture, whereas under these conditions, ERK signaling was reduced in spheroids. Inhibition of MEK1 (also known as MAP2K1) led to decreased AKT-mTOR-S6K signaling in 3D but not in 2D culture. These data indicate a distinct rewiring of signaling in 3D culture and during treatment. Detached tumor-cell clusters in vessels, in addition to circulating single tumor cells, play a putative role in metastasis in human cancers. Hence, the understanding of signaling in spheroids and the responses in the 3D models upon drug treatment might be beneficial for anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Riedl
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 10, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Michaela Schlederer
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna A-1090, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Währinger Strasse 13A, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Karoline Pudelko
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 10, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Mira Stadler
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 10, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Stefanie Walter
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 10, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Daniela Unterleuthner
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 10, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Christine Unger
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 10, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Nina Kramer
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 10, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Markus Hengstschläger
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 10, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna A-1090, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Währinger Strasse 13A, Vienna 1090, Austria.,Unit of Pathology of Laboratory Animals (UPLA), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Dagmar Pfeiffer
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Georg Krupitza
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Helmut Dolznig
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 10, Vienna A-1090, Austria
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77
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Holzner S, Senfter D, Stadler S, Staribacher A, Nguyen CH, Gaggl A, Geleff S, Huttary N, Krieger S, Jäger W, Dolznig H, Mader RM, Krupitza G. Colorectal cancer cell-derived microRNA200 modulates the resistance of adjacent blood endothelial barriers in vitro. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:3065-3071. [PMID: 27666412 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Since cancer cells, when grown as spheroids, display drug sensitivity and radiation resistance patterns such as seen in vivo we recently established a three‑dimensional (3D) in vitro model recapitulating colorectal cancer (CRC)-triggered lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC)‑barrier breaching to study mechanisms of intra‑/extravasation. CRC metastasizes not only through lymphatics but also through blood vessels and here we extend the 3D model to the interaction of blood endothelial cells (BECs) with naïve and 5‑fluorouracil (5‑FU)‑resistant CRC CCL227 cells. The 3D model enabled quantifying effects of tumour‑derived microRNA200 (miR200) miR200a, miR200b, miR200c, miR141 and miR429 regarding the induction of so-called 'circular chemorepellent‑induced defects' (CCIDs) within the BEC‑barrier, which resemble gates for tumour transmigration. For this, miR200 precursors were individually transfected and furthermore, the modulation of ZEB family expression was analysed by western blotting. miR200c, miR141 and miR429, which are contained in exosomes from naïve CCL227 cells, downregulated the expression of ZEB2, SNAI and TWIST in BECs. The exosomes of 5‑FU‑resistant CCL227‑RH cells, which are devoid of miR200, accelerated CCID formation in BEC monolayers as compared to exosomes from naïve CCL227 cells. This confirmed the reported role of ZEB2 and SNAI in CRC metastasis and highlighted the active contribution of the stroma in the metastatic process. CCL227 spheroids affected the integrity of BEC and LEC barriers alike, which was in agreement with the observation that CRC metastasizes via blood stream (into the liver) as well as via lymphatics (into lymph nodes and lungs). This further validated the CRC/LEC and CRC/BEC in vitro model to study mechanisms of CRC spreading through vascular systems. Treatment of CCL227‑RH cells with the HDAC inhibitors mocetinostat and sulforaphane reduced CCID formation to the level triggered by naïve CCL227 spheroids, however, without significantly influencing miR200 expression in CCL227-RH cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Holzner
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, A‑1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Senfter
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, A‑1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Serena Stadler
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, A‑1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Staribacher
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Medical University of Vienna, A‑1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chi Huu Nguyen
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, A‑1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Gaggl
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, A‑1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvana Geleff
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, A‑1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Huttary
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, A‑1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigurd Krieger
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, A‑1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Jäger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, A‑1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Dolznig
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, A‑1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert M Mader
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Medical University of Vienna, A‑1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Krupitza
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, A‑1090 Vienna, Austria
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78
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Nguyen CH, Brenner S, Huttary N, Li Y, Atanasov AG, Dirsch VM, Holzner S, Stadler S, Riha J, Krieger S, Milovanovic D, Fristiohardy A, Simonitsch-Klupp I, Dolznig H, Saiko P, Szekeres T, Giessrigl B, Jäger W, Krupitza G. 12(S)-HETE increases intracellular Ca2+ in lymph-endothelial cells disrupting their barrier function in vitro; stabilization by clinical drugs impairing calcium supply. Cancer Lett 2016; 380:174-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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79
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Nguyen CH, Stadler S, Brenner S, Huttary N, Krieger S, Jäger W, Dolznig H, Krupitza G. Cancer cell-derived 12(S)-HETE signals via 12-HETE receptor, RHO, ROCK and MLC2 to induce lymph endothelial barrier breaching. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:364-70. [PMID: 27362730 PMCID: PMC4973159 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The arachidonic acid metabolite 12(S)-HETE is suspected to enhance metastatic spread by inducing cancer cell- and lymph endothelial cell (LEC) motility. However, the molecular mechanisms leading to 12(S)-HETE-triggered cell migration are still elusive. METHODS To delineate the signalling pathways involved in 12(S)-HETE-mediated migration, inhibitors against RHO and ROCK, and specific siRNAs downregulating 12(S)-HETE receptor (12-HETER) and myosin light chain 2 (MLC2) were used. The breaching of the endothelial barrier was investigated by an assay measuring tumour spheroid-triggered 'circular chemorepellent-induced defects' (CCIDs), and respective signal transduction was elucidated by western blotting. RESULTS We provide evidence that 12(S)-HETE phosphorylated (and activated) MLC2, which regulates actin/myosin-based contraction. MLC2 activation was found to be essential for LEC retraction and CCID formation. Furthermore, we show that 12(S)-HETE activated a 12-HETER-RHO-ROCK-MYPT signalling cascade to induce MLC2 function. CONCLUSIONS Signalling via this pathway is described for this metabolite for the first time. This may provide potential targets for the intervention of metastatic colonisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Huu Nguyen
- Department for Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Serena Stadler
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Brenner
- Department for Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Huttary
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigurd Krieger
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Jäger
- Department for Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Dolznig
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 10, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Krupitza
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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80
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Bell ES, Lammerding J. Causes and consequences of nuclear envelope alterations in tumour progression. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 95:449-464. [PMID: 27397692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological changes in the size and shape of the nucleus are highly prevalent in cancer, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and the functional relevance remain poorly understood. Nuclear envelope proteins, which can modulate nuclear shape and organization, have emerged as key components in a variety of signalling pathways long implicated in tumourigenesis and metastasis. The expression of nuclear envelope proteins is altered in many cancers, and changes in levels of nuclear envelope proteins lamins A and C are associated with poor prognosis in multiple human cancers. In this review we highlight the role of the nuclear envelope in different processes important for tumour initiation and cancer progression, with a focus on lamins A and C. Lamin A/C controls many cellular processes with key roles in cancer, including cell invasion, stemness, genomic stability, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, and resistance to mechanical stress. In addition, we discuss potential mechanisms mediating the changes in lamin levels observed in many cancers. A better understanding of cause-and-effect relationships between lamin expression and tumour progression could reveal important mechanisms for coordinated regulation of oncogenic processes, and indicate therapeutic vulnerabilities that could be exploited for improved patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Bell
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
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81
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Jiang Y, Pan Y, Rhea PR, Tan L, Gagea M, Cohen L, Fischer SM, Yang P. A Sucrose-Enriched Diet Promotes Tumorigenesis in Mammary Gland in Part through the 12-Lipoxygenase Pathway. Cancer Res 2016; 76:24-9. [PMID: 26729790 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have shown that dietary sugar intake has a significant impact on the development of breast cancer. One proposed mechanism for how sugar impacts cancer development involves inflammation. In the current study, we investigated the impact of dietary sugar on mammary gland tumor development in multiple mouse models, along with mechanisms that may be involved. We found that sucrose intake in mice comparable with levels of Western diets led to increased tumor growth and metastasis, when compared with a nonsugar starch diet. This effect was ascribed in part to increased expression of 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) and its arachidonate metabolite 12-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE). We determined that fructose derived from the sucrose was responsible for facilitating lung metastasis and 12-HETE production in breast tumors. Overall, our data suggested that dietary sugar induces 12-LOX signaling to increase risks of breast cancer development and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yong Pan
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Patrea R Rhea
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lin Tan
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mihai Gagea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lorenzo Cohen
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Susan M Fischer
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Peiying Yang
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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82
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Liu YL, Saraf A, Lee SM, Zhong X, Hibshoosh H, Kalinsky K, Connolly EP. Lymphovascular invasion is an independent predictor of survival in breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 157:555-64. [PMID: 27225388 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Various prognostic indicators have been investigated in neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC)-treated invasive breast cancer (BC). Our study examines if lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is an independent predictor of survival in women receiving NAC. We performed a retrospective analysis in 166 women with operable invasive BC who underwent adriamycin- and taxane-based NAC between 2000 and 2013. The presence of LVI was noted in breast excisions following NAC. Associations between progression-free and overall survival and LVI and other clinicopathologic variables were assessed. Median follow-up was 31 months (range 1.4-153 months) with a total of 56 events and 24 deaths from any cause. LVI was found in 74 of 166 patients (45 %). In univariate analysis, the presence of LVI was associated with worse progression-free survival (HR 3.37, 95 % CI 1.87-6.06, p < 0.01) and overall survival (HR 4.35, 95 % CI 1.61-11.79, p < 0.01). In multivariate models adjusting for breast cancer subtype, LVI was significantly associated with a decrease in progression-free survival (HR 3.76, 95 % CI 2.07-6.83, p < 0.01) and overall survival (HR 5.70, 95 % CI 2.08-15.64, p < 0.01). When stratified by subtype, those with hormone receptor or HER2-positive BCs with no LVI had the most favorable progression-free and overall survival. Those with both LVI and triple-negative BC had the worst progression-free and overall survival. LVI is an important prognostic marker and is associated with worse clinical outcome in breast cancer patients receiving NAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying L Liu
- Department of Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anurag Saraf
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shing M Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaobo Zhong
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hanina Hibshoosh
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin Kalinsky
- Department of Medical Oncology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eileen P Connolly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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83
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Involvement of 15-lipoxygenase-1 in the regulation of breast cancer cell death induced by sodium butyrate. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:2519-2528. [PMID: 27173588 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-9972-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
15-Lipoxygenase-1 (15-Lox-1) as a member of fatty acid dioxygenases family has received considerable attention as an effector of cancer cell growth. The relevance of sodium butyrate on 15-Lox-1 pathway has not been determined in breast cancer. This study is aimed to investigate the possible involvement of 15-Lox-1 in the regulation of breast cancer cell growth by sodium butyrate. MTT assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity effect and Annexin-V-FITC staining was applied for detection of apoptosis using flow cytometry. The involvement of 15-Lox-1 was examined using 15-Lox-1 specific inhibitor and enzyme gene expression level and activity was further analyzed by Real-time PCR and measurement of 13(S)-HODE. The results revealed that sodium butyrate increased the expression of 15-Lox-1 and production of 13(S)HODE. 15-Lox-1 was also involved in the sodium butyrate-induced breast cancer cell cytotoxicity and apoptosis. This study provided more evidences on the positive effectiveness of 15-Lox-1/13(S)-HODE on controlling growth of breast cancer cells.
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84
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Schiefer AI, Schoppmann SF, Birner P. Lymphovascular invasion of tumor cells in lymph node metastases has a negative impact on survival in esophageal cancer. Surgery 2016; 160:331-40. [PMID: 27085684 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2016.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymph node metastases constitute a strong prognostic factor in esophageal cancer. Nevertheless, the mechanisms and relevance of further spread of tumor cells from these already established metastatic sites have not been studied in this disease. The aim of this study was to investigate lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI) of tumor cells and lymphatic microvessel density in lymph node metastases in a large cohort of patients with node-positive esophageal cancer. METHODS A total of 120 patients with node-positive esophageal cancer (67 adenocarcinomas, 53 squamous cell carcinomas) and radical esophagectomy were analyzed for LVI and lymphatic microvessel density in primary tumors and lymph node metastases using D2-40 immunostaining. In 18 patients, additional tissue from distant metastases was available. RESULTS LVI was present in 52.1% (62/119) of primary tumors, 52.5% (63/120) of lymph nodes, and 22.2% (4/18) of distant metastases. LVI in primary tumors strongly correlated with LVI in lymph node metastases (P < .05), regardless of histologic subtype. In univariate analysis, LVI in lymph node metastases was associated with shorter disease-free survival and overall survival in all tumors and in adenocarcinomas, and with shorter disease-free survival in squamous cell carcinomas (P < .05, log-rank test). Multivariable analysis revealed LVI in lymph node metastases as an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival in the whole cohort and for disease-free and overall survival in patients with adenocarcinomas (P < .05, Cox regression). CONCLUSION LVI in lymph node metastasis is a significant prognostic factor in metastatic esophageal carcinoma and seems to play a relevant role in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Iris Schiefer
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Peter Birner
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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85
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Fink DM, Steele MM, Hollingsworth MA. The lymphatic system and pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2015; 381:217-36. [PMID: 26742462 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes current knowledge of the biology, pathology and clinical understanding of lymphatic invasion and metastasis in pancreatic cancer. We discuss the clinical and biological consequences of lymphatic invasion and metastasis, including paraneoplastic effects on immune responses and consider the possible benefit of therapies to treat tumors that are localized to lymphatics. A review of current techniques and methods to study interactions between tumors and lymphatics is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darci M Fink
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
| | - Maria M Steele
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
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86
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Paur J, Nika L, Maier C, Moscu-Gregor A, Kostka J, Huber D, Mohr T, Heffeter P, Schrottmaier WC, Kappel S, Kandioler D, Holzmann K, Marian B, Berger W, Grusch M, Grasl-Kraupp B. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 isoforms: Novel therapeutic targets for hepatocellular carcinoma? Hepatology 2015; 62:1767-78. [PMID: 26235436 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are frequently up-regulated in subsets of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we provide mechanistic insight that FGFR3 splice variants IIIb and IIIc impact considerably on the malignant phenotype of HCC cells. The occurrence of FGFR3 variants was analyzed in human HCC samples. In hepatoma/hepatocarcinoma cell lines, FGFR3 isoforms were overexpressed by lentiviral constructs or down-modulated by small interfering RNA (siRNA; affecting FGFR3-IIIb and -IIIc) or an adenoviral kinase-dead FGFR3-IIIc construct (kdFGFR3). Elevated levels of FGFR3-IIIb and/or -IIIc were found in 53% of HCC cases. FGFR3-IIIb overexpression occurred significantly more often in primary tumors of large (pT2-4) than of small size (pT1). Furthermore, one or both isoforms were enhanced mostly in cases with early tumor infiltration and/or recurrence at the time of surgery or follow-up examinations. In hepatoma/hepatocarcinoma cells, up-regulated FGFR3-IIIb conferred an enhanced capability for proliferation. Both FGFR3-IIIb and FGFR3-IIIc suppressed apoptotic activity, enhanced clonogenic growth, and induced disintegration of the blood/lymph endothelium. The tumorigenicity of cells in severe combined immunodeficiency mice was augmented to a larger degree by variant IIIb than by IIIc. Conversely, siRNA targeting FGFR3 and kdFGFR3 reduced clonogenicity, anchorage-independent growth, and disintegration of the blood/lymph endothelium in vitro. Furthermore, kdFGFR3 strongly attenuated tumor formation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Deregulated FGFR3 variants exhibit specific effects in the malignant progression of HCC cells. Accordingly, blockade of FGFR3-mediated signaling may be a promising therapeutic approach to antagonize growth and malignant behavior of HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Paur
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Nika
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Maier
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Moscu-Gregor
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Kostka
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Huber
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Mohr
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Waltraud C Schrottmaier
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Kappel
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Kandioler
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Holzmann
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Marian
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Grusch
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Grasl-Kraupp
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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87
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Stadler M, Walter S, Walzl A, Kramer N, Unger C, Scherzer M, Unterleuthner D, Hengstschläger M, Krupitza G, Dolznig H. Increased complexity in carcinomas: Analyzing and modeling the interaction of human cancer cells with their microenvironment. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35:107-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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88
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Okazaki H, Takeda S, Ikeda E, Fukunishi Y, Ishii H, Taniguchi A, Tokuyasu M, Himeno T, Kakizoe K, Matsumoto K, Shindo M, Aramaki H. Bongkrekic acid as a selective activator of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) isoform. J Toxicol Sci 2015; 40:223-33. [PMID: 25786526 DOI: 10.2131/jts.40.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Bongkrekic acid (BKA), an antibiotic isolated from Pseudomonas cocovenans, is an inhibitory molecule of adenine nucleotide translocase. Since this translocase is a core component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) formed by apoptotic stimuli, BKA has been used as a tool to abrogate apoptosis. However, the other biochemical properties of BKA have not yet been resolved. Although the definition of a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid (-COOH) with a long hydrocarbon chain (tail), when focused on the chemical structure of BKA, the molecule was revealed to be a branched unsaturated tricarboxylic acid that resembled the structure of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) consist of a subfamily of three isoforms: α, β, and γ, the ligands of which include PUFAs. Using completely synthesized BKA together with simplified BKA derivatives (purity: > 98%), we herein demonstrated the utility of BKA as a selective activator of the human PPARγ isoform, which may not be associated with the anti-apoptotic nature of BKA. We also discussed the possible usefulness of BKA.
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89
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Bron S, Henry L, Faes-Van't Hull E, Turrini R, Vanhecke D, Guex N, Ifticene-Treboux A, Marina Iancu E, Semilietof A, Rufer N, Lehr HA, Xenarios I, Coukos G, Delaloye JF, Doucey MA. TIE-2-expressing monocytes are lymphangiogenic and associate specifically with lymphatics of human breast cancer. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1073882. [PMID: 27057438 PMCID: PMC4801424 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1073882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In experimental mouse models of cancer, increasingly compelling evidence point toward a contribution of tumor associated macrophages (TAM) to tumor lymphangiogenesis. Corresponding experimental observations in human cancer remain scarce although lymphatic metastasis is widely recognized as a predominant route for tumor spread. We previously showed that, in malignant tumors of untreated breast cancer (BC) patients, TIE-2-expressing monocytes (TEM) are highly proangiogenic immunosuppressive cells and that TIE-2 and VEGFR signaling pathways drive TEM immunosuppressive function. We report here that, in human BC, TEM express the canonical lymphatic markers LYVE-1, Podoplanin, VEGFR-3 and PROX-1. Critically, both TEM acquisition of lymphatic markers and insertion into lymphatic vessels were observed in tumors but not in adjacent non-neoplastic tissues, suggesting that the tumor microenvironment shapes both TEM phenotype and spatial distribution. We assessed the lymphangiogenic activity of TEM isolated from dissociated primary breast tumors in vitro and in vivo using endothelial cells (EC) sprouting assay and corneal vascularization assay, respectively. We show that, in addition to their known hemangiogenic function, TEM isolated from breast tumor display a lymphangiogenic activity. Importantly, TIE-2 and VEGFR pathways display variable contributions to TEM angiogenic and lymphangiogenic activities across BC patients; however, combination of TIE-2 and VEGFR kinase inhibitors abrogated these activities and overcame inter-patient variability. These results highlight the direct contribution of tumor TEM to the breast tumor lymphatic network and suggest a combined use of TIE-2 and VEGFR kinase inhibitors as a therapeutic approach to block hem- and lymphangiogenesis in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvian Bron
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luc Henry
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Riccardo Turrini
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Vanhecke
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Guex
- Vital-IT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Nathalie Rufer
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Anton Lehr
- Institute of Pathology, Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz, Germany
| | - Ioannis Xenarios
- Vital-IT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Marie-Agnès Doucey
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne , Lausanne, Switzerland
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90
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Rigby DA, Ferguson DJP, Johnson LA, Jackson DG. Neutrophils rapidly transit inflamed lymphatic vessel endothelium via integrin-dependent proteolysis and lipoxin-induced junctional retraction. J Leukoc Biol 2015. [PMID: 26216937 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1hi0415-149r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first leukocyte population to be recruited from the circulation following tissue injury or infection, where they play key roles in host defense. However, recent evidence indicates recruited neutrophils can also enter lymph and shape adaptive immune responses downstream in draining lymph nodes. At present, the cellular mechanisms regulating neutrophil entry to lymphatic vessels and migration to lymph nodes are largely unknown. Here, we have investigated these events in an in vivo mouse Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination model, ex vivo mouse dermal explants, and in vitro Transwell system comprising monolayers of primary human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells. We demonstrate that neutrophils are reliant on endothelial activation for adhesion, initially via E-selectin and subsequently, by integrin-mediated binding to ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, combined with CXCL8-dependent chemotaxis. Moreover, we reveal that integrin-mediated neutrophil adhesion plays a pivotal role in subsequent transmigration by focusing the action of matrix metalloproteinases and the 15-lipoxygenase-1-derived chemorepellent 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid at neutrophil:endothelial contact sites to induce transient endothelial junctional retraction and rapid, selective neutrophil trafficking. These findings reveal an unexpectedly intimate collaboration between neutrophils and the lymphatic vessel endothelium, in which these phagocytic leukocytes act as pathfinders for their own transit during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Rigby
- *University of Oxford, Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David J P Ferguson
- *University of Oxford, Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Louise A Johnson
- *University of Oxford, Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David G Jackson
- *University of Oxford, Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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91
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Blaschke M, McKinnon R, Nguyen CH, Holzner S, Zehl M, Atanasov AG, Schelch K, Krieger S, Diaz R, Frisch R, Feistel B, Jäger W, Ecker GF, Dirsch VM, Grusch M, Zupko I, Urban E, Kopp B, Krupitza G. A eudesmane-type sesquiterpene isolated from Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass. combats three hallmarks of cancer cells: Unrestricted proliferation, escape from apoptosis and early metastatic outgrowth in vitro. Mutat Res 2015; 777:79-90. [PMID: 25989051 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pluchea odorata is ethno pharmaceutically used to treat inflammation-associated disorders. The dichloromethane extract (DME) was tested in the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema assay investigating its effect on inflammation that was inhibited by 37%. Also an in vitro anti-neoplastic potential was reported. However, rather limited information about the bio-activity of purified compounds and their cellular mechanisms are available. Therefore, two of the most abundant eudesmanes in P. odorata were isolated and their anti-neoplastic and anti-intravasative activities were studied. HL-60 cells were treated with P. odorata compounds and metabolic activity, cell number reduction, cell cycle progression and apoptosis induction were correlated with relevant protein expression. Tumour cell intravasation through lymph endothelial monolayers was measured and potential causal mechanisms were analyzed by Western blotting. Compound PO-1 decreased the metabolic activity of HL-60 cells (IC50 = 8.9 μM after 72 h) and 10 μM PO-1 induced apoptosis, while PO-2 showed just weak anti-neoplastic activities at concentrations beyond 100 μM. PO-1 arrested the cell cycle in G1 and this correlated with induction of JunB expression. Independent of this mechanism 25 μM PO-1 decreased MCF-7 spheroid intravasation through the lymph endothelial barrier. Hence, PO-1 inhibits an early step of metastasis, impairs unrestricted proliferation and induces apoptosis at low micromolar concentrations. These results warrant further testing in vivo to challenge the potential of PO-1 as novel lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Blaschke
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Austria
| | - Ruxandra McKinnon
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chi Huu Nguyen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Austria; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvio Holzner
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Austria
| | - Martin Zehl
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Karin Schelch
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Centre Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigurd Krieger
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Austria
| | - Rene Diaz
- Institute for Ethnobiology, Playa Diana, San José/Petén, Guatemala
| | - Richard Frisch
- Institute for Ethnobiology, Playa Diana, San José/Petén, Guatemala
| | - Björn Feistel
- Finzelberg GmbH & Co. KG, Koblenzer Strasse 48-54, D-56626 Andernach, Germany
| | - Walter Jäger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard F Ecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Grusch
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Centre Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Istvan Zupko
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ernst Urban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Kopp
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Krupitza
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Austria.
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92
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Cdk5 controls lymphatic vessel development and function by phosphorylation of Foxc2. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7274. [PMID: 26027726 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system maintains tissue fluid balance, and dysfunction of lymphatic vessels and valves causes human lymphedema syndromes. Yet, our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying lymphatic vessel development is still limited. Here, we show that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is an essential regulator of lymphatic vessel development. Endothelial-specific Cdk5 knockdown causes congenital lymphatic dysfunction and lymphedema due to defective lymphatic vessel patterning and valve formation. We identify the transcription factor Foxc2 as a key substrate of Cdk5 in the lymphatic vasculature, mechanistically linking Cdk5 to lymphatic development and valve morphogenesis. Collectively, our findings show that Cdk5-Foxc2 interaction represents a critical regulator of lymphatic vessel development and the transcriptional network underlying lymphatic vascular remodeling.
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93
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Senfter D, Holzner S, Kalipciyan M, Staribacher A, Walzl A, Huttary N, Krieger S, Brenner S, Jäger W, Krupitza G, Dolznig H, Mader RM. Loss of miR-200 family in 5-fluorouracil resistant colon cancer drives lymphendothelial invasiveness in vitro. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3689-98. [PMID: 25832648 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive colorectal cancer is associated with poor prognosis requiring treatment with systemic chemotherapies usually including 5-fluorouracil. A consequence of prolonged treatment is the acquisition of resistance eventually resulting in the recurrence of highly metastatic cancer cells. To address the relationship between drug resistance and increased lymphatic metastatic potential, we used a 3D co-culture model of colon tumour cell spheroids of parent CCL227 cells and subclones with gradually increasing resistance against 5-fluorouracil. From each investigated cell line, homogeneous tumour spheroids were generated in the presence of methylcellulose yielding emboli of ∼700 µm diameter. When invasive, tumour spheroids disrupt the continuous lymphendothelial cell (LEC) layer and generate a 'circular chemorepellent-induced defect' (CCID), reminiscent of the entry gates through which tumour emboli intravasate lymphatic vasculature. Here we provide evidence that increasingly chemoresistant colon cancer spheroids were strongly associated with enhanced intravasative properties. In naïve CCL227 spheroids, miR-200 family members were released into exosomes thereby repressing the epithelial to mesenchymal transition-regulating transcription factors ZEB1 and SLUG in LEC. As a consequence of attenuated plasticity and migration of LEC, CCID formation was impaired. Loss of exosomal transferred miR-200c in resistant colon cells rendered LEC more susceptible to pro-migratory signals that were generated and directly transmitted by colon cancer spheroids. This observation indicates a common molecular axis in colon cancer and LEC where miR-200 family members act as regulators of ZEB proteins. The data support the notion that horizontal miR-200 signalling prevents the permeation of cells into adjacent epithelia and contributes to organ integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Kalipciyan
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Staribacher
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Walzl
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria and
| | | | | | - Stefan Brenner
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Jäger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Helmut Dolznig
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria and
| | - Robert M Mader
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria,
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Chang J, Jiang L, Wang Y, Yao B, Yang S, Zhang B, Zhang MZ. 12/15 Lipoxygenase regulation of colorectal tumorigenesis is determined by the relative tumor levels of its metabolite 12-HETE and 13-HODE in animal models. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2879-88. [PMID: 25576922 PMCID: PMC4413624 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The arachidonic acid (AA) pathway and linoleic acid (LA) pathway have been implicated as important contributors to CRC development and growth. Human 15-lipoxygenase 1 (15-LOX-1) converts LA to anti-tumor 13-S-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE)and 15-LOX-2 converts AA to 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE). In addition, human 12-LOX metabolizes AA to pro-tumor 12-HETE. In rodents, the function of 12-LOX and 15-LOX-1 and 15-LOX-2 is carried out by a single enzyme, 12/15-LOX. As a result, conflicting conclusions concerning the role of 12-LOX and 15-LOX have been obtained in animal studies. In the present studies, we determined that PD146176, a selective 15-LOX-1 inhibitor, markedly suppressed 13-HODE generation in human colon cancer HCA-7 cells and HCA-7 tumors, in association with increased tumor growth. In contrast, PD146176 treatment led to decreases in 12-HETE generation in mouse colon cancer MC38 cells and MC38 tumors, in association with tumor inhibition. Surprisingly, deletion of host 12/15-LOX alone led to increased MC38 tumor growth, in association with decreased tumor 13-HODE levels, possibly due to inhibition of 12/15-LOX activity in stroma. Therefore, the effect of 12/15-LOX on colorectal tumorigenesis in mouse models could be affected by tumor cell type (human or mouse), relative 12/15 LOX activity in tumor cells and stroma as well as the relative tumor 13-HODE and 12-HETE levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinqiu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bing Yao
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shilin Yang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bixiang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
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95
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Lee E, Pandey NB, Popel AS. Crosstalk between cancer cells and blood endothelial and lymphatic endothelial cells in tumour and organ microenvironment. Expert Rev Mol Med 2015; 17:e3. [PMID: 25634527 PMCID: PMC4352000 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2015.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumour and organ microenvironments are crucial for cancer progression and metastasis. Crosstalk between multiple non-malignant cell types in the microenvironments and cancer cells promotes tumour growth and metastasis. Blood and lymphatic endothelial cells (BEC and LEC) are two of the components in the microenvironments. Tumour blood vessels (BV), comprising BEC, serve as conduits for blood supply into the tumour, and are important for tumour growth as well as haematogenous tumour dissemination. Lymphatic vessels (LV), comprising LEC, which are relatively leaky compared with BV, are essential for lymphogenous tumour dissemination. In addition to describing the conventional roles of the BV and LV, we also discuss newly emerging roles of these endothelial cells: their crosstalk with cancer cells via molecules secreted by the BEC and LEC (also called angiocrine and lymphangiocrine factors). This review suggests that BEC and LEC in various microenvironments can be orchestrators of tumour progression and proposes new mechanism-based strategies to discover new therapies to supplement conventional anti-angiogenic and anti-lymphangiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esak Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Niranjan B. Pandey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Aleksander S. Popel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Oncology and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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96
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Unger C, Kramer N, Walzl A, Scherzer M, Hengstschläger M, Dolznig H. Modeling human carcinomas: physiologically relevant 3D models to improve anti-cancer drug development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 79-80:50-67. [PMID: 25453261 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anti-cancer drug development is inefficient, mostly due to lack of efficacy in human patients. The high fail rate is partly due to the lack of predictive models or the inadequate use of existing preclinical test systems. However, progress has been made and preclinical models were improved or newly developed, which all account for basic features of solid cancers, three-dimensionality and heterotypic cell interaction. Here we give an overview of available in vivo and in vitro models of cancer, which meet the criteria of being 3D and mirroring human tumor-stroma interactions. We only focus on drug response models without touching models for pharmacokinetic and dynamic, toxicity or delivery aspects.
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97
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Kiss I, Unger C, Huu CN, Atanasov AG, Kramer N, Chatruphonprasert W, Brenner S, McKinnon R, Peschel A, Vasas A, Lajter I, Kain R, Saiko P, Szekeres T, Kenner L, Hassler MR, Diaz R, Frisch R, Dirsch VM, Jäger W, de Martin R, Bochkov VN, Passreiter CM, Peter-Vörösmarty B, Mader RM, Grusch M, Dolznig H, Kopp B, Zupko I, Hohmann J, Krupitza G. Lobatin B inhibits NPM/ALK and NF-κB attenuating anaplastic-large-cell-lymphomagenesis and lymphendothelial tumour intravasation. Cancer Lett 2014; 356:994-1006. [PMID: 25444930 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An apolar extract of the traditional medicinal plant Neurolaena lobata inhibited the expression of the NPM/ALK chimera, which is causal for the majority of anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs). Therefore, an active principle of the extract, the furanoheliangolide sesquiterpene lactone lobatin B, was isolated and tested regarding the inhibition of ALCL expansion and tumour cell intravasation through the lymphendothelium. ALCL cell lines, HL-60 cells and PBMCs were treated with plant compounds and the ALK inhibitor TAE-684 to measure mitochondrial activity, proliferation and cell cycle progression and to correlate the results with protein- and mRNA-expression of selected gene products. Several endpoints indicative for cell death were analysed after lobatin B treatment. Tumour cell intravasation through lymphendothelial monolayers was measured and potential causal mechanisms were investigated analysing NF-κB- and cytochrome P450 activity, and 12(S)-HETE production. Lobatin B inhibited the expression of NPM/ALK, JunB and PDGF-Rβ, and attenuated proliferation of ALCL cells by arresting them in late M phase. Mitochondrial activity remained largely unaffected upon lobatin B treatment. Nevertheless, caspase 3 became activated in ALCL cells. Also HL-60 cell proliferation was attenuated whereas PBMCs of healthy donors were not affected by lobatin B. Additionally, tumour cell intravasation, which partly depends on NF-κB, was significantly suppressed by lobatin B most likely due to its NF-κB-inhibitory property. Lobatin B, which was isolated from a plant used in ethnomedicine, targets malignant cells by at least two properties: I) inhibition of NPM/ALK, thereby providing high specificity in combating this most prevalent fusion protein occurring in ALCL; II) inhibition of NF-κB, thereby not affecting normal cells with low constitutive NF-κB activity. This property also inhibits tumour cell intravasation into the lymphatic system and may provide an option to manage this early step of metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Kiss
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 10, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Unger
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 10, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chi Nguyen Huu
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Nina Kramer
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 10, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Waranya Chatruphonprasert
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Preclinic, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Stefan Brenner
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruxandra McKinnon
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Peschel
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Vasas
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eotvos Str. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildiko Lajter
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eotvos Str. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Renate Kain
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Saiko
- Department of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Austria
| | - Thomas Szekeres
- Department of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, LBI-CR, Waehringerstrasse 13a, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Unit of Pathology of Laboratory Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie R Hassler
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rene Diaz
- Institute for Ethnobiology, Playa Diana, San José, Petén, Guatemala
| | - Richard Frisch
- Institute for Ethnobiology, Playa Diana, San José, Petén, Guatemala
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Jäger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer de Martin
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Valery N Bochkov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Claus M Passreiter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Barbara Peter-Vörösmarty
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert M Mader
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Grusch
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Dolznig
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 10, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Kopp
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Istvan Zupko
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Hohmann
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eotvos Str. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Georg Krupitza
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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98
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Powell WS, Rokach J. Biosynthesis, biological effects, and receptors of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and oxoeicosatetraenoic acids (oxo-ETEs) derived from arachidonic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:340-55. [PMID: 25449650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid can be oxygenated by a variety of different enzymes, including lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases, and cytochrome P450s, and can be converted to a complex mixture of oxygenated products as a result of lipid peroxidation. The initial products in these reactions are hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HpETEs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs). Oxoeicosatetraenoic acids (oxo-ETEs) can be formed by the actions of various dehydrogenases on HETEs or by dehydration of HpETEs. Although a large number of different HETEs and oxo-ETEs have been identified, this review will focus principally on 5-oxo-ETE, 5S-HETE, 12S-HETE, and 15S-HETE. Other related arachidonic acid metabolites will also be discussed in less detail. 5-Oxo-ETE is synthesized by oxidation of the 5-lipoxygenase product 5S-HETE by the selective enzyme, 5-hydroxyeicosanoid dehydrogenase. It actions are mediated by the selective OXE receptor, which is highly expressed on eosinophils, suggesting that it may be important in eosinophilic diseases such as asthma. 5-Oxo-ETE also appears to stimulate tumor cell proliferation and may also be involved in cancer. Highly selective and potent OXE receptor antagonists have recently become available and could help to clarify its pathophysiological role. The 12-lipoxygenase product 12S-HETE acts by the GPR31 receptor and promotes tumor cell proliferation and metastasis and could therefore be a promising target in cancer therapy. It may also be involved as a proinflammatory mediator in diabetes. In contrast, 15S-HETE may have a protective effect in cancer. In addition to GPCRs, higher concentration of HETEs and oxo-ETEs can activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and could potentially regulate a variety of processes by this mechanism. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Oxygenated metabolism of PUFA: analysis and biological relevance".
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Powell
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, 3626St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada.
| | - Joshua Rokach
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
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99
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Kain V, Prabhu SD, Halade GV. Inflammation revisited: inflammation versus resolution of inflammation following myocardial infarction. Basic Res Cardiol 2014; 109:444. [PMID: 25248433 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-014-0444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is the main cause for the progression of the left ventricle towards congestive heart failure. The optimal healing after MI requires timely induction and resolution of inflammation. Primarily, there have been a number of strategies applied to inhibit the post-MI inflammation but approaches that focus on the resolution of inflammation have sparsely been used in the treatment of heart failure. The early attempts to inhibit post-MI inflammation resulted in adverse outcomes that were realized in heart failure trials. We provide here an overview on the cyclooxygenase (COX)- and lipoxygenase (LOX)-derived lipid mediators that are either impairing or resolving the post-MI inflammation. With the evolution of lipidomics there has been emerging novel bioactive-specialized lipid mediators that promise to resolve chronic inflammation rather than promoting inhibition. The current review is focused on post-MI immune cells kinetics and the unexplored array of lipid mediators that are coordinated by COX and LOX. Thus, an emphasis on COX and LOX poses key questions and potential for the development of novel targets in the heart failure treatment strategy. This updated dynamic approach aims to fuse basic pre-clinical discoveries and translational bioactive lipid-based resolvin discoveries that could be potentially used in the clinic for the treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasundhara Kain
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 703 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
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100
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Liu J, Mazzone PJ, Cata JP, Kurz A, Bauer M, Mascha EJ, Sessler DI. Serum Free Fatty Acid Biomarkers of Lung Cancer. Chest 2014; 146:670-679. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.13-2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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