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Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is present in many patients with hypertension and adds a significant component of cardiovascular risk. The 3-hydroxy-3 methyl-glutarylcoenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol but also inhibit many of the structural and functional components of the arteriosclerotic process. Structural effects include reductions in vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy and proliferation, fibrin deposition, and collagen cross-linking. Among the functional effects are improvements in endothelial function, reduction in inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, and down-regulation of angiotensin II and endothelin receptors. These would be expected to reduce blood pressure in patients with hypertension; 14 studies have shown statin-induced decrease in blood pressure, but 11 studies showed no effect. Many of the studies had no placebo controls, were of short duration, or had small sample sizes, or combinations of these. Despite predictions made on the basis of the vasoprotective actions of statins, the blood-pressure-lowering effects of statins are at best modest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simardeep Mangat
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10468, USA
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52
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Hasanpour Z, Javanmard SH, Gharaaty M, Sadeghi M. Association between serum myeloperoxidase levels and coronary artery disease in patients without diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. Adv Biomed Res 2016; 5:103. [PMID: 27376042 PMCID: PMC4918211 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.183663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an enzyme, elevated in the atheroma and serum of a patient with atherosclerotic vessels. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the serum MPO level is related to the presence of plaque in patients without risk factors, such as, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. Materials and Methods: A serum sample was collected from patients who referred for angiography. The MPO level was measured in the serum samples of 40 patients without risk factors for atherosclerosis using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The MPO level was 245.5 ± 13.8 (ng/ml) in patients with atherosclerosis and 213.9 ± 8.9 (ng/ml) in patients without atherosclerosis. There was a significant difference between the groups (P = 0.002). The odds ratio was 0.67 (0.95 CI, 0.17 – 2.5) for patients with and without coronary atherosclerosis. Conclusion: Although the MPO concentration is higher in patients suffering from atherosclerosis, it is not a predictor of coronary artery disease in patients without diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hasanpour
- Department of Physiology, Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Gharaaty
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Sadeghi
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan, Iran
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53
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Tayal D, Goswami B, Tyagi S, Chaudhary M, Mallika V. Interaction between dyslipidaemia, oxidative stress and inflammatory response in patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc J Afr 2016; 23:23-7. [PMID: 22331247 PMCID: PMC3721930 DOI: 10.5830/cvja-2010-092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronary artery disease (CAD) is emerging as the biggest killer of the 21st century. A number of theories have been postulated to explain the aetiology of atherosclerosis. The present study attempts to elucidate the interaction, if any, between inflammation, oxidative stress and dyslipidaemia in CAD. METHODS A total of 753 patients undergoing angiography were evaluated and 476 were included in the study. The parameters studied included complete lipid profile, and apolipoprotein B, ferritin and nitric oxide (NO) levels. Statistical analysis was carried out to determine the interrelationship between these parameters and the best predictor of CAD risk. Cut-off points were determined from the receiver operating characteristics curves, and the specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, odds ratio and confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS The levels of the parameters studied increased with the stenotic state and a positive correlation was observed between ferritin, NO and apolipoprotein B. NO emerged as the most reliable predictor of CAD, with an area under the curve of 0.992 and sensitivity and specificity of 97 and 98%, respectively. CONCLUSION Environmental and genetic risk factors for CAD interact in a highly complex manner to initiate the atherosclerotic process. These risk factors should be considered mutually inclusive, not exclusive when devising pharmacological interventions, as multi-factorial risk management is the cornerstone of CAD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tayal
- Department of Biochemistry, GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Lai YS, Yang TC, Chang PY, Chang SF, Ho SL, Chen HL, Lu SC. Electronegative LDL is linked to high-fat, high-cholesterol diet–induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in hamsters. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 30:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Victor VM, Rovira-Llopis S, Bañuls C, Diaz-Morales N, Martinez de Marañon A, Rios-Navarro C, Alvarez A, Gomez M, Rocha M, Hernández-Mijares A. Insulin Resistance in PCOS Patients Enhances Oxidative Stress and Leukocyte Adhesion: Role of Myeloperoxidase. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151960. [PMID: 27007571 PMCID: PMC4805297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases and oxidative stress are related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and insulin resistance (IR). We have evaluated the relationship between myeloperoxidase (MPO) and leukocyte activation in PCOS patients according to homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR), and have explored a possible correlation between these factors and endocrine and inflammatory parameters. This was a prospective controlled study conducted in an academic medical center. The study population consisted of 101 PCOS subjects and 105 control subjects. We divided PCOS subjects into PCOS non-IR (HOMA-IR<2.5) and PCOS IR (HOMA-IR>2.5). Metabolic and anthropometric parameters, total and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, MPO levels, interactions between human umbilical vein endothelial cells and leukocytes, adhesion molecules (E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) were evaluated. Oxidative stress was observed in PCOS patients, in whom there was an increase in total and mitochondrial ROS production and MPO levels. Enhanced rolling flux and adhesion, and a decrease in polymorphonuclear cell rolling velocity were also detected in PCOS subjects. Increases in IL-6 and TNF-α and adhesion molecules (E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) were also observed, particularly in the PCOS IR group, providing evidence that inflammation and oxidative stress are related in PCOS patients. HOMA-IR was positively correlated with hsCRP (p<0.001, r = 0.304), ROS production (p<0.01, r = 0.593), leukocyte rolling flux (p<0.05, r = 0.446), E-selectin (p<0.01, r = 0.436) and IL-6 (p<0.001, r = 0.443). The results show an increase in the rate of ROS and MPO levels in PCOS patients in general, and particularly in those with IR. Inflammation in PCOS induces leukocyte-endothelium interactions and a simultaneous increase in IL-6, TNF-α, E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. These conditions are aggravated by the presence of IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M. Victor
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd - Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail: (AH-M); (MR); (VMV)
| | - Susana Rovira-Llopis
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Celia Bañuls
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Noelia Diaz-Morales
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Arantxa Martinez de Marañon
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Cesar Rios-Navarro
- CIBERehd - Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Angeles Alvarez
- CIBERehd - Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- General Foundation of the University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marcelino Gomez
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Milagros Rocha
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd - Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail: (AH-M); (MR); (VMV)
| | - Antonio Hernández-Mijares
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail: (AH-M); (MR); (VMV)
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Chen J, Mohler ER, Xie D, Shlipak M, Townsend RR, Appel LJ, Ojo A, Schreiber M, Nessel L, Zhang X, Raj D, Strauss L, Lora CM, Rahman M, Hamm LL, He J. Traditional and non-traditional risk factors for incident peripheral arterial disease among patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 31:1145-51. [PMID: 26682964 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is higher in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) compared with those without. However, reasons for this increased risk are not fully understood. METHODS We studied risk factors for incident PAD among 3169 participants in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study. Patients with CKD aged 21-74 years were recruited between 2003 and 2008 and followed for a median of 6.3 years. Incident PAD was defined as a new onset ankle-brachial index (ABI) of <0.9 or confirmed clinical PAD. RESULTS In a multivariate-adjusted model, older age, female sex, non-Hispanic Black, current smoking, diabetes, higher pulse pressure, lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate were significantly associated with the increased risk of incident PAD. After adjustment for these traditional risk factors as well as use of medications and CRIC Study clinic sites, the following baseline novel risk factors were significantly associated with risk of incident PAD [hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) for a one standard deviation (SD) higher level]: log[C-reactive protein (CRP)] (1.16, 1.06-1.25, P < 0.001), white blood cell count (1.09, 1.01-1.18, P = 0.03), fibrinogen (1.15, 1.06-1.26, P = 0.002), log(myeloperoxidase) (1.12, 1.03-1.23, P = 0.01), uric acid (0.88, 0.80-0.97, P = 0.01), glycated hemoglobin (1.16, 1.05-1.27, P = 0.003), log(homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance) (1.21, 1.10-1.32, P < 0.001) and alkaline phosphatase (1.15, 1.07-1.24, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with CKD, inflammation, prothrombotic state, oxidative stress, glycated hemoglobin, insulin resistance and alkaline phosphatase are associated with an increased risk of PAD, independent of traditional risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Emile R Mohler
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dawei Xie
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Shlipak
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Raymond R Townsend
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lawrence J Appel
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Akinlolu Ojo
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Martin Schreiber
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lisa Nessel
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dominic Raj
- Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Louise Strauss
- Department of Medicine, Case Western University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Claudia M Lora
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mahboob Rahman
- Department of Medicine, Case Western University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - L Lee Hamm
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Tiyerili V, Camara B, Becher MU, Schrickel JW, Lütjohann D, Mollenhauer M, Baldus S, Nickenig G, Andrié RP. Neutrophil-derived myeloperoxidase promotes atherogenesis and neointima formation in mice. Int J Cardiol 2015; 204:29-36. [PMID: 26655530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.11.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloperoxidase (MPO), expressed mainly in neutrophils, is an enzyme linked to inflammation and oxidative stress. MPO is an independent prognostic marker in healthy individuals as well as in patients with coronary artery disease. In this present study we analyze the role of MPO in experimental atherogenesis and neointima formation after vascular injury in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS 6-8 weeks old apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice were fed a high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks with concomitant treatment with two different doses (10 μg/mg bw vs. 20 μg/mg bw) of 4-ABAH (MPO inhibitor). Application at lower dosage did not affect oxidative stress, endothelial function and atherosclerotic plaque development. 4-ABAH in higher dosage decreased inflammatory markers and vascular oxidative stress, consecutively improved endothelial function and reduced significantly atherosclerotic plaque development. To assess the role of circulating intracellular MPO, irradiated ApoE(-/-) mice were repopulated with bone marrow-derived cells from MPO(-/-) mice and were fed a high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks. This MPO deficiency resulted in alleviated inflammation, reduced oxidative stress and improved endothelial function with a significant impact on plaque formation. To understand the possible role of MPO in vascular remodeling, we tested its effects on neointima formation following vascular injury in mice. MPO inhibition by 4-ABAH reduced significantly neointima formation. It was significantly reduced in MPO deficient mice, whereas transfer of spleen-derived neutrophils from WT mice enhanced it. CONCLUSION Our data suggests a central role of MPO in the pathogenesis of atherogenesis and prefers pharmacological MPO inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for prevention and therapy of atherosclerosis and restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedat Tiyerili
- Department of Cardiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Bakary Camara
- Department of Cardiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc U Becher
- Department of Cardiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Mollenhauer
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Baldus
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Georg Nickenig
- Department of Cardiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - René P Andrié
- Department of Cardiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Dysfunctional High-Density Lipoprotein: An Innovative Target for Proteomics and Lipidomics. CHOLESTEROL 2015; 2015:296417. [PMID: 26634153 PMCID: PMC4655037 DOI: 10.1155/2015/296417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C) is regarded as an important protective factor against cardiovascular disease, with abundant evidence of an inverse relationship between its serum levels and risk of cardiovascular disease, as well as various antiatherogenic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Nevertheless, observations of hereditary syndromes featuring scant HDL-C concentration in absence of premature atherosclerotic disease suggest HDL-C levels may not be the best predictor of cardiovascular disease. Indeed, the beneficial effects of HDL may not depend solely on their concentration, but also on their quality. Distinct subfractions of this lipoprotein appear to be constituted by specific protein-lipid conglomerates necessary for different physiologic and pathophysiologic functions. However, in a chronic inflammatory microenvironment, diverse components of the HDL proteome and lipid core suffer alterations, which propel a shift towards a dysfunctional state, where HDL-C becomes proatherogenic, prooxidant, and proinflammatory. This heterogeneity highlights the need for further specialized molecular studies in this aspect, in order to achieve a better understanding of this dysfunctional state; with an emphasis on the potential role for proteomics and lipidomics as valuable methods in the search of novel therapeutic approaches for cardiovascular disease.
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Tao J, Liu CZ, Yang J, Xie ZZ, Ma MM, Li XY, Li FY, Wang GL, Zhou JG, Du YH, Guan YY. ClC-3 deficiency prevents atherosclerotic lesion development in ApoE−/− mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 87:237-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Propionibacterium acnes Recovered from Atherosclerotic Human Carotid Arteries Undergoes Biofilm Dispersion and Releases Lipolytic and Proteolytic Enzymes in Response to Norepinephrine Challenge In Vitro. Infect Immun 2015. [PMID: 26216428 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00510-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, human atherosclerotic carotid arteries were examined following endarterectomy for the presence of the Gram-positive bacterium Propionibacterium acnes and its potential association with biofilm structures within the arterial wall. The P. acnes 16S rRNA gene was detectable in 4 of 15 carotid artery samples, and viable P. acnes was one among 10 different bacterial species recoverable in culture. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of 5 additional atherosclerotic carotid arteries demonstrated biofilm bacteria within all samples, with P. acnes detectable in 4 samples. We also demonstrated that laboratory-grown cultures of P. acnes biofilms were susceptible to induction of a biofilm dispersion response when challenged with physiologically relevant levels of norepinephrine in the presence of iron-bound transferrin or with free iron. The production and release of lipolytic and proteolytic extracellular enzymes by P. acnes were shown to increase in iron-induced dispersed biofilms, and these dispersion-induced P. acnes VP1 biofilms showed increased expression of mRNAs for the triacylglycerol lipases PPA2105 and PPA1796 and the hyaluronate lyase PPA380 compared to that in untreated biofilms. These results demonstrate that P. acnes can infect the carotid arteries of humans with atherosclerosis as a component of multispecies biofilms and that dispersion is inducible for this organism, at least in vitro, with physiologically relevant levels of norepinephrine resulting in the production and release of degradative enzymes.
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Verbrugge FH, Tang WHW, Hazen SL. Protein carbamylation and cardiovascular disease. Kidney Int 2015; 88:474-8. [PMID: 26061545 PMCID: PMC4556561 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Carbamylation constitutes a posttranslational modification of proteins or amino acids and results from different pathways in vivo. First is the non-enzymatic reaction between isocyanic acid, a decomposition product of urea, and either the N-terminus or the ɛ-amino group of lysine residues. Isocyanic acid levels, while low in vivo, are in equilibrium with urea and are thus increased in chronic and end-stage renal diseases. An alternative pathway involves the leukocyte heme protein myeloperoxidase, which catalyzes the oxidation of thiocyanate in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, producing isocyanate at inflammation sites. Notably, plasma thiocyanate levels are increased in smokers, and leukocyte-driven protein carbamylation occurs both within human and animal atherosclerotic plaques, as well as on plasma proteins. Protein carbamylation is considered a hallmark of molecular aging and is implicated in many pathological conditions. Recently, it has been shown that carbamylated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) induces endothelial dysfunction via lectin-like-oxidized LDL receptor-1 activation and increased reactive oxygen species production, leading to endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling. Moreover, carbamylated LDL harbors atherogenic activities, including both binding to macrophage scavenger receptors inducing cholesterol accumulation and foam-cell formation, as well as promoting vascular smooth muscle proliferation. In contrast, high-density lipoprotein loses its anti-apoptotic activity after carbamylation, contributing to endothelial cell death. In addition to involvement in atherogenesis, protein carbamylation levels have emerged as a particularly strong predictor of both prevalent and incident cardiovascular disease risk. Recent studies also suggest that protein carbamylation may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of atherosclerotic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik H Verbrugge
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - W H Wilson Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Csató V, Pető A, Fülöp GÁ, Rutkai I, Pásztor ET, Fagyas M, Kalász J, Édes I, Tóth A, Papp Z. Myeloperoxidase evokes substantial vasomotor responses in isolated skeletal muscle arterioles of the rat. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 214:109-23. [PMID: 25760778 PMCID: PMC4654238 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aims Myeloperoxidase (MPO) catalyses the formation of a wide variety of oxidants, including hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and contributes to cardiovascular disease progression. We hypothesized that during its action MPO evokes substantial vasomotor responses. Methods Following exposure to MPO (1.92 mU mL−1) in the presence of increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), changes in arteriolar diameter of isolated gracilis skeletal muscle arterioles (SMAs) and coronary arterioles (CAs) and in the isometric force in basilar arteries (BAs) of the rat were monitored. Results Myeloperoxidase increased vascular tone to different degrees in CAs, SMAs and BAs. The mechanism of increased vasoconstriction was studied in detail in SMAs. MPO-evoked vasoconstrictions were prevented by the MPO inhibitor 4-aminobenzhydrazide (50 μm), by endothelium removal in the SMAs. Surprisingly, the HOCl scavenger L-methionine (100 μm), the thromboxane A2 (TXA2) antagonist SQ-29548 (1 μm) or the non-specific cyclooxygenase (COX) antagonist indomethacin (1 μm) converted the MPO-evoked vasoconstrictions to pronounced vasodilations in SMAs, not seen in the presence of H2O2. In contrast to noradrenaline-induced vasoconstrictions, the MPO-evoked vasoconstrictions were not accompanied by significant increases in arteriolar [Ca2+] levels in SMAs. Conclusion These data showed that H2O2-derived HOCl to be a potent vasoconstrictor upon MPO application. HOCl activated the COX pathway, causing the synthesis and release of a TXA2-like substance to increase the Ca2+ sensitivity of the contractile apparatus in vascular smooth muscle cells and thereby to augment H2O2-evoked vasoconstrictions. Nevertheless, inhibition of the HOCl–COX–TXA2 pathway unmasked the effects of additional MPO-derived radicals with a marked vasodilatory potential in SMAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Csató
- Division of Clinical Physiology Institute of Cardiology Research Center for Molecular Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - A. Pető
- Division of Clinical Physiology Institute of Cardiology Research Center for Molecular Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - G. Á. Fülöp
- Division of Clinical Physiology Institute of Cardiology Research Center for Molecular Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - I. Rutkai
- Division of Clinical Physiology Institute of Cardiology Research Center for Molecular Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - E. T. Pásztor
- Division of Clinical Physiology Institute of Cardiology Research Center for Molecular Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - M. Fagyas
- Division of Clinical Physiology Institute of Cardiology Research Center for Molecular Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - J. Kalász
- Division of Clinical Physiology Institute of Cardiology Research Center for Molecular Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - I. Édes
- Division of Clinical Physiology Institute of Cardiology Research Center for Molecular Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - A. Tóth
- Division of Clinical Physiology Institute of Cardiology Research Center for Molecular Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - Z. Papp
- Division of Clinical Physiology Institute of Cardiology Research Center for Molecular Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
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3-nitrotyrosine modified proteins in atherosclerosis. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:708282. [PMID: 25814781 PMCID: PMC4359869 DOI: 10.1155/2015/708282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of premature death worldwide, and atherosclerosis is the main contributor. Lipid-laden macrophages, known as foam cells, accumulate in the subendothelial space of the lesion area and contribute to consolidate a chronic inflammatory environment where oxygen and nitrogen derived oxidants are released. Oxidatively modified lipids and proteins are present both in plasma as well as atherosclerotic lesions. A relevant oxidative posttranslational protein modification is the addition of a nitro group to the hydroxyphenyl ring of tyrosine residues, mediated by nitric oxide derived oxidants. Nitrotyrosine modified proteins were found in the lesion and also in plasma from atherosclerotic patients. Despite the fact of the low yield of nitration, immunogenic, proatherogenic, and prothrombotic properties acquired by 3-nitrotyrosine modified proteins are in agreement with epidemiological studies showing a significant correlation between the level of nitration found in plasma proteins and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease, supporting the usefulness of this biomarker to predict the outcome and to take appropriate therapeutic decisions in atherosclerotic disease.
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Gao D, Sayre LM, Podrez EA. Analysis of relationship between oxidized phospholipid structure and interaction with the class B scavenger receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1208:29-48. [PMID: 25323497 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1441-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of specific oxidized phospholipids oxPCCD36 by scavenger receptors CD36 and SR-BI plays a critical role in several pathophysiological processes. The structural basis for the recognition of oxPCCD36 by CD36 and SR-BI is poorly understood. We describe here the design and synthesis of a series of model oxidized phospholipids having various functional groups at sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3 positions. Synthetic methodologies and experimental details for the preparation of specific examples of model oxidized phospholipids are presented. The correlation between their structure and their ability to serve as ligands for CD36 and SR-BI was determined using competitive binding assay on cells overexpressing scavenger receptors, direct binding assay to scavenger receptors expressed as GST-fusion proteins, and cholesterol ester synthesis assay using mouse peritoneal macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detao Gao
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, ND50, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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Srikanthan S, Li W, Silverstein RL, McIntyre TM. Exosome poly-ubiquitin inhibits platelet activation, downregulates CD36 and inhibits pro-atherothombotic cellular functions. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:1906-17. [PMID: 25163645 PMCID: PMC4229405 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Activated platelets shed microparticles from plasma membranes, but also release smaller exosomes from internal compartments. While microparticles participate in athero-thrombosis, little is known of exosomes in this process. MATERIALS & METHODS Ex vivo biochemical experiments with human platelets and exosomes, and FeCl3 -induced murine carotid artery thrombosis. RESULTS Both microparticles and exosomes were abundant in human plasma. Platelet-derived exosomes suppressed ex vivo platelet aggregation and reduced adhesion to collagen-coated microfluidic channels at high shear. Injected exosomes inhibited occlusive thrombosis in FeCl3 -damaged murine carotid arteries. Control platelets infused into irradiated, thrombocytopenic mice reconstituted thrombosis in damaged carotid arteries, but failed to do so after prior ex vivo incubation with exosomes.CD36 promotes platelet activation, and exosomes dramatically reduced platelet CD36.CD36 is also expressed by macrophages, where it binds and internalizes oxidized LDL and microparticles, supplying lipid to promote foam cell formation. Platelet exosomes inhibited oxidized-LDL binding and cholesterol loading into macrophages. Exosomes were not competitive CD36 ligands, but instead sharply reduced total macrophage CD36 content. Exosomal proteins, in contrast to microparticle or cellular proteins, were highly adducted by ubiquitin. Exosomes enhanced ubiquitination of cellular proteins, including CD36, and blockade of proteosome proteolysis with MG-132 rescued CD36 expression. Recombinant unanchored K48 poly-ubiquitin behaved similarly to exosomes, inhibiting platelet function, macrophage CD36 expression and macrophage particle uptake. CONCLUSIONS Platelet-derived exosomes inhibit athero-thrombotic processes by reducing CD36-dependent lipid loading of macrophages and by suppressing platelet thrombosis. Exosomes increase protein ubiquitination and enhance proteasome degradation of CD36.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Srikanthan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Mayyas FA, Al-Jarrah MI, Ibrahim KS, Alzoubi KH. Level and significance of plasma myeloperoxidase and the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in patients with coronary artery disease. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:1951-1957. [PMID: 25371762 PMCID: PMC4218701 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.2034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a pivotal role in the etiology of coronary artery disease (CAD). Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a potent inflammatory factor and a critical modulator of coronary inflammation and oxidative stress. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of the plasma MPO (pMPO) level and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio on the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with CAD. Blood samples were collected from 210 patients with underlying chest pain or recent myocardial infarction (MI) prior to coronary angiography in order to measure pMPO levels. The pMPO levels and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio were correlated with clinical characteristics and outcomes following catheterization. The pMPO level and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio were higher in patients with recent MI than in patients with CAD (coronary occlusion ≥50%) or without CAD (coronary occlusion <50%). Patients with ST segment elevated MI (STEMI) had a higher neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio relative to patients with non-STEMI. The pMPO level was identified to correlate with the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and the need for coronary artery reperfusion by coronary artery bypass surgery or percutaneous coronary intervention. Patients who were taking aspirin had lower pMPO levels and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio compared with those who were not taking aspirin. The plasma neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio was negatively associated with the left ventricular ejection fraction at baseline and the 30-day follow-up, whereas pMPO showed no correlation. Multivariate analysis indicated that the pMPO level was positively associated with MI, the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and coronary intervention. The preoperative use of aspirin was associated with a lower pMPO level and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio. In conclusion, pMPO is positively associated with MI, the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and coronary intervention. The preoperative use of aspirin is associated with a lower pMPO level and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio. pMPO may serve as a predictor of coronary intervention and as a potential therapeutic target for the reduction of inflammation in patients with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadia A Mayyas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad I Al-Jarrah
- Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan ; Princess Muna Heart Institute, King Abdullah University Hospital, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Khalid S Ibrahim
- Princess Muna Heart Institute, King Abdullah University Hospital, Irbid 22110, Jordan ; Department of General Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Lei Y, Wang K, Deng L, Chen Y, Nice EC, Huang C. Redox Regulation of Inflammation: Old Elements, a New Story. Med Res Rev 2014; 35:306-40. [PMID: 25171147 DOI: 10.1002/med.21330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 P.R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing 400016 P.R. China
| | - Kui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 P.R. China
| | - Longfei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 P.R. China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Edouard C. Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Monash University; Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 P.R. China
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Mahieu MA, Guild CP, Albert CJ, Kondos GT, Carr JJ, Edmundowicz D, Ford DA, Ramsey-Goldman R. Alpha-chlorofatty Acid and coronary artery or aorta calcium scores in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. A pilot study. J Rheumatol 2014; 41:1834-42. [PMID: 25086078 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.131361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alpha-chlorofatty acid (α-ClFA) is one product of myeloperoxidase activity in vivo during atherogenesis and may be a biomarker for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We investigated if serum α-ClFA is associated with subclinical CVD as measured by coronary artery and aorta calcium scores (CAC and AC, respectively) in women with and without systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS This pilot project analyzed baseline data from 173 women with SLE and 186 women without SLE participating in a 5-year longitudinal investigation of the Study of Lupus Vascular and Bone Long-term Endpoints (SOLVABLE). Data collection included demographic information, CVD and SLE risk factors, and laboratory assessments. Alpha-ClFA was measured in stored serum by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. CAC and AC were measured by computed tomography. Outcome measures were CAC and AC present (CAC > 0 or AC > 0) versus absent (CAC = 0 or AC = 0). Associations between risk factors and CAC or AC were tested with descriptive statistics and multivariate analyses. RESULTS Women with SLE had higher α-ClFA levels than women without SLE (42.0 fmol/25 µl ± 37.3 vs 34.5 fmol/25 µl ± 21.9; p = 0.020). In analyses including individual CVD risk factors, having SLE was independently associated with the presence of CAC (OR 3.42, 95% CI 1.72 to 6.78) but not AC. Alpha-ClFA was not associated with the presence of CAC or AC in patients with SLE. CONCLUSION SLE, but not serum α-ClFA, was associated with the presence of CAC in this pilot project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Mahieu
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.M.A. Mahieu, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; C.P. Guild, MPH, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; C.J. Albert, BA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; G.T. Kondos, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine; J.J. Carr, MD, Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; D. Edmundowicz, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine; D.A. Ford, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; R. Ramsey-Goldman, MD, DrPH, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.
| | - Camelia P Guild
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.M.A. Mahieu, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; C.P. Guild, MPH, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; C.J. Albert, BA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; G.T. Kondos, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine; J.J. Carr, MD, Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; D. Edmundowicz, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine; D.A. Ford, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; R. Ramsey-Goldman, MD, DrPH, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Carolyn J Albert
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.M.A. Mahieu, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; C.P. Guild, MPH, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; C.J. Albert, BA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; G.T. Kondos, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine; J.J. Carr, MD, Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; D. Edmundowicz, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine; D.A. Ford, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; R. Ramsey-Goldman, MD, DrPH, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - George T Kondos
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.M.A. Mahieu, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; C.P. Guild, MPH, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; C.J. Albert, BA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; G.T. Kondos, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine; J.J. Carr, MD, Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; D. Edmundowicz, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine; D.A. Ford, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; R. Ramsey-Goldman, MD, DrPH, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - James J Carr
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.M.A. Mahieu, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; C.P. Guild, MPH, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; C.J. Albert, BA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; G.T. Kondos, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine; J.J. Carr, MD, Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; D. Edmundowicz, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine; D.A. Ford, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; R. Ramsey-Goldman, MD, DrPH, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Daniel Edmundowicz
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.M.A. Mahieu, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; C.P. Guild, MPH, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; C.J. Albert, BA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; G.T. Kondos, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine; J.J. Carr, MD, Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; D. Edmundowicz, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine; D.A. Ford, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; R. Ramsey-Goldman, MD, DrPH, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - David A Ford
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.M.A. Mahieu, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; C.P. Guild, MPH, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; C.J. Albert, BA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; G.T. Kondos, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine; J.J. Carr, MD, Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; D. Edmundowicz, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine; D.A. Ford, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; R. Ramsey-Goldman, MD, DrPH, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Rosalind Ramsey-Goldman
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.M.A. Mahieu, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; C.P. Guild, MPH, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; C.J. Albert, BA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; G.T. Kondos, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine; J.J. Carr, MD, Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; D. Edmundowicz, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine; D.A. Ford, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; R. Ramsey-Goldman, MD, DrPH, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
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Gutierrez RMP, Baez EG. Evaluation of antidiabetic, antioxidant and antiglycating activities of the Eysenhardtia polystachya. Pharmacogn Mag 2014; 10:S404-18. [PMID: 24991120 PMCID: PMC4078337 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.133295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Many diseases are associated with oxidative stress caused by free radicals. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antidiabetic, antioxidant and antiglycation properties of Eysenhardtia polystachya (EP) bark methanol-water extract. Materials and Methods : The antioxidant capacities were evaluated by studying in vitro the scavenging of DPPH and ABTS free radical, reactive oxygen species such as RO2, O2·-, H2O2, OH., H2O2, ONOO-, NO, HOCl,1 O2, chelating ability, ORAC, β-carotene-bleaching and lipid peroxidation. The antiglycation activities of EP were evaluated by haemoglobin, bovine serum albumin (BSA)-glucose, BSA-methylglyoxal and BSA-glucose assays. Oral administration of EP at the doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/g was studied in normal, glucose-loaded and antidiabetic effects on streptozotocin-induced mildly diabetic (MD) and severely diabetic (SD) mice. Results: EP showed Hdonor activity, free radical scavenging activity, metal chelating ability and lipid peroxidation Antioxidant activity may be attributed to the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. EP is an inhibitor of fluorescent AGE, methylglyoxal and the glycation of haemoglobin. In STZ-induced diabetic mice, EP reduced the blood glucose, increased serum insulin, body weight, marker enzymes of hepatic function, glycogen, HDL, GK and HK while there was reduction in the levels of triglyceride, cholesterol, TBARS, LDL and G6Pase. Conclusions: Eysenhardtia polystachya possesses considerable antioxidant activity with reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity and demonstrated an anti-AGEs and hepatoprotective role, inhibits hyperglycemic, hyperlipidemic and oxidative stress indicating that these effects may be mediated by interacting with multiple targets operating in diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Martha Perez Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Research on Natural Products, School of Chemical Engineering and Extractive Industries, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional S/N, Unidad Profesional Adolfo Lopez Mateos, Zacatenco, Mexico D.F
| | - Efren Garcia Baez
- Laboratory of Research Organic Chemistry. UPIBI-IPN, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico D.F
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Baseri M, Heidari R, Mahaki B, Hajizadeh Y, Momenizadeh A, Sadeghi M. Myeloperoxidase levels predicts angiographic severity of coronary artery disease in patients with chronic stable angina. Adv Biomed Res 2014; 3:139. [PMID: 25161986 PMCID: PMC4139978 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.135155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloperoxidase (MPO) has an important role in the both processes of inflammation and oxidative stress. It plays proatherogenic role via low-density lipoprotein oxidation, functional inactivation of the high-density lipoprotein and endothelial dysfunction, and seems to be involved in the atherogenesis of coronary arteries. This study designed to evaluate the association between the plasma MPO levels and angiographic severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with the stable CAD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-eight patients who had documented CAD with angiography and 66 subjects who had normal angiography were selected as case and the control groups for this study, respectively. Gensini scoring system was used for evaluation of severity of coronary artery stenosis. Plasma MPO and C-reactiveprotein (CRP) levels of both case and control groups were determined. RESULTS Plasma MPO levels and CRP levels were significantly higher in CAD patients (P < 0.001), and plasma levels of MPO and CRP were correlated with Genssini scores. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that the plasma MPO levels increase in patients with stable CAD and hence that, it can be used as adiagnostic factor to predict the coronary artery atherosclerosis severity in stable CAD patients; However, it needs further widespread investigations to achieve an accurate cut point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Baseri
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ramin Heidari
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Behzad Mahaki
- Department of Biostatistics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Hajizadeh
- Environment Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir Momenizadeh
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Sadeghi
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Duivenvoorden R, Mani V, Woodward M, Kallend D, Suchankova G, Fuster V, Rudd JHF, Tawakol A, Farkouh ME, Fayad ZA. Relationship of serum inflammatory biomarkers with plaque inflammation assessed by FDG PET/CT: the dal-PLAQUE study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 6:1087-1094. [PMID: 24135322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to longitudinally investigate the relationship between a broad spectrum of serum inflammatory biomarkers and plaque inflammation assessed by (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT). BACKGROUND Both plaque inflammation and serum biomarkers of inflammation are associated with atherothrombotic events; however, the relationship between them is unclear. METHODS We conducted a post hoc analysis of the dal-PLAQUE (A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study of the Effect of RO4607381 on Progression or Regression of Atherosclerotic Plaque in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease [CHD] Including Patients With Other CHD Risk Factors), a randomized, placebo-controlled study of dalcetrapib, a cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor, in 130 patients with coronary heart disease, or coronary heart disease risk equivalents on stable lipid-lowering therapy. Baseline and change after 3-month follow-up in inflammatory biomarker levels and baseline and change after 3-month follow-up in aorta and carotid (18)F-FDG PET/CT (mean maximum target-to-background ratio of the most diseased segment [TBRmds]) were analyzed. RESULTS Baseline myeloperoxidase positively correlated with baseline carotid TBRmds (rho = 0.25, p = 0.02). This correlation remained at the 3-month follow-up and was independent of traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors. Baseline lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 mass correlated with aorta TBRmds (rho = 0.21, p = 0.03). However, this correlation disappeared at the 3-month follow-up and was not independent of cardiovascular disease risk factors. There was no association between change from baseline in myeloperoxidase or lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 mass and change from baseline in aorta and carotid TBRmds. Baseline and change from baseline in high sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, soluble P-selectin, soluble E-selectin, soluble intracellular adhesion molecule 1, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, and matrix-metalloproteinase 3 and 9 did not correlate with baseline or change from baseline in carotid or aorta TBRmds. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that, in patients with coronary heart disease or at high risk of coronary heart disease on stable lipid-lowering therapy, circulating myeloperoxidase levels are associated with carotid plaque inflammation. (A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study of the Effect of RO4607381 on Progression or Regression of Atherosclerotic Plaque in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease [CHD] Including Patients With Other CHD Risk Factors [dal-PLAQUE]; NCT00655473).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Duivenvoorden
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Venkatesh Mani
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Mark Woodward
- George Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Valentin Fuster
- Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - James H F Rudd
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Tawakol
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael E Farkouh
- Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zahi A Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York; Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York.
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Meyer JM, Ji A, Cai L, van der Westhuyzen DR. Minimally oxidized LDL inhibits macrophage selective cholesteryl ester uptake and native LDL-induced foam cell formation. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1648-56. [PMID: 24891335 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m044644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptor-mediated uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) is thought to be the major mechanism of foam cell generation in atherosclerotic lesions. Recent data has indicated that native LDL is also capable of contributing to foam cell formation via low-affinity receptor-independent LDL particle pinocytosis and selective cholesteryl ester (CE) uptake. In the current investigation, Cu(2+)-induced LDL oxidation was found to inhibit macrophage selective CE uptake. Impairment of selective CE uptake was significant with LDL oxidized for as little as 30 min and correlated with oxidative fragmentation of apoB. In contrast, LDL aggregation, LDL CE oxidation, and the enhancement of scavenger receptor-mediated LDL particle uptake required at least 3 h of oxidation. Selective CE uptake did not require expression of the LDL receptor (LDL-R) and was inhibited similarly by LDL oxidation in LDL-R(-/-) versus WT macrophages. Inhibition of selective uptake was also observed when cells were pretreated or cotreated with minimally oxidized LDL, indicating a direct inhibitory effect of this oxLDL on macrophages. Consistent with the effect on LDL CE uptake, minimal LDL oxidation almost completely prevented LDL-induced foam cell formation. These data demonstrate a novel inhibitory effect of mildly oxidized LDL that may reduce foam cell formation in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Meyer
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40502 Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Ailing Ji
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40502 Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 Barnstable Brown Kentucky Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Lei Cai
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40502 Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 Barnstable Brown Kentucky Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Deneys R van der Westhuyzen
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40502 Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 Barnstable Brown Kentucky Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
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73
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Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) plays a central role in the innate immune system by generating leukocyte-derived oxidants to combat invading pathogens. These reactive intermediates have been increasingly recognized to be potentially deleterious, causing oxidative injury in inflammatory disease states such as cardiovascular disease. Recent evidence now suggests that circulating MPO can act as a clinical prognostic indicator for patients with cardiovascular disease.
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74
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Sergin I, Razani B. Self-eating in the plaque: what macrophage autophagy reveals about atherosclerosis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:225-34. [PMID: 24746519 PMCID: PMC4061377 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy (or 'self-eating') is the process by which cellular contents are recycled to support downstream metabolism. An explosion in research in the past decade has implicated its role in both health and disease and established the importance of the autophagic response during periods of stress and nutrient deprivation. Atherosclerosis is a state where chronic exposure to cellular stressors promotes disease progression, and alterations in autophagy are predicted to be consequential. Recent reports linking macrophage autophagy to lipid metabolism, blunted inflammatory signaling, and an overall suppression of proatherogenic processes support this notion. We review these data and provide a framework for understanding the role of macrophage autophagy in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, one of the most formidable diseases of our time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Sergin
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Babak Razani
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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75
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Kataoka Y, Shao M, Wolski K, Uno K, Puri R, Murat Tuzcu E, Hazen SL, Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ. Myeloperoxidase levels predict accelerated progression of coronary atherosclerosis in diabetic patients: insights from intravascular ultrasound. Atherosclerosis 2013; 232:377-83. [PMID: 24468151 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While inflammation has been proposed to contribute to the adverse cardiovascular outcome in diabetic patients, the specific pathways involved have not been elucidated. The leukocyte derived product, myeloperoxidase (MPO), has been implicated in all stages of atherosclerosis. The relationship between MPO and accelerated disease progression observed in diabetic patients has not been studied. METHODS We investigated the relationship between MPO and disease progression in diabetic patients. 881 patients with angiographic coronary artery disease underwent serial evaluation of atherosclerotic burden with intravascular ultrasound. Disease progression in diabetic (n = 199) and non-diabetic (n = 682) patients, stratified by baseline MPO levels was investigated. RESULTS MPO levels were similar in patients with and without diabetes (1362 vs. 1255 pmol/L, p = 0.43). No relationship was observed between increasing quartiles of MPO and either baseline (p = 0.81) or serial changes (p = 0.43) in levels of percent atheroma volume (PAV) in non-diabetic patients. In contrast, increasing MPO quartiles were associated with accelerated PAV progression in diabetic patients (p = 0.03). While optimal control of lipid and the use of high-dose statin were associated with less disease progression, a greater benefit was observed in diabetic patients with lower compared with higher MPO levels at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Increasing MPO levels are associated with greater progression of atherosclerosis in diabetic patients. This finding indicates the potential importance of MPO pathways in diabetic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kataoka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Mingyuan Shao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Kathy Wolski
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Kiyoko Uno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Rishi Puri
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - E Murat Tuzcu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic and the Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Steven E Nissen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Stephen J Nicholls
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall characterized by innate and adaptive immune system involvement. A key component of atherosclerotic plaque inflammation is the persistence of different innate immune cell types including mast cells, neutrophils, natural killer cells, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Several endogenous signals such as oxidized low-density lipoproteins, and exogenous signals such as lipopolysaccharides, trigger the activation of these cells. In particular, these signals orchestrate the early and late inflammatory responses through the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and contribute to plaque evolution through the formation of foam cells, among other events. In this review we discuss how innate immune system cells affect atherosclerosis pathogenesis.
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Rudolph TK, Schaper N, Klinke A, Demir C, Goldmann B, Lau D, Köster R, Hellmich M, Meinertz T, Baldus S, Rudolph V. Liberation of vessel-adherent myeloperoxidase reflects plaque burden in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 2013; 231:354-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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79
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Oxidized LDL and AGE-LDL in circulating immune complexes strongly predict progression of carotid artery IMT in type 1 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2013; 231:315-22. [PMID: 24267245 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Over 90% of modified LDL in circulation is associated to specific antibodies circulating as part of immune complexes (IC); however, few studies have examined their relationship with cardiovascular disease. METHODS We report the relationship between circulating concentrations of IC of oxidized LDL (oxLDL-IC), malondialdehyde-LDL (MDA-LDL-IC) and advanced glycation end products-LDL (AGE-LDL-IC) and progression of atherosclerosis over a 12 year period in 467 individuals with type 1 diabetes who participated in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study. OxLDL-IC, AGE-LDL-IC and MDA-LDL-IC levels were measured at DCCT closeout. Internal carotid intima-medial thickness (IMT) was measured at EDIC follow-up years 1, 6 and 12. RESULTS OxLDL-IC, AGE-LDL-IC and MDA-LDL-IC levels were significantly correlated with age, lipid levels, blood pressure levels and albumin excretion rates. Levels of oxLDL, AGE-LDL and MDA-LDL in isolated LDL-IC were highly inter-correlated (r = 0.66-0.84, P < 0.0001). After adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors individuals in the upper quartile of oxLDL-IC had a 2.98-fold increased odds (CI: 1.34, 6.62) of having IMT ≥ 1.00 mm and had a 5.13-fold increased odds (CI: 1.98, 13.3) of having significant IMT progression, relative to those in the lowest quartile. Parallel odds ratios for AGE-LDL-IC were 2.95 (CI: 1.37, 6.34) and 3.50 (CI: 1.38, 8.86), while results for MDA-LDL-IC were 1.76 (0.87, 3.56) and 2.86 (1.20, 6.81). CONCLUSION Our study indicates that high levels of oxLDL-IC and AGE-LDL-IC are important predictors of carotid intima-medial thickening in patients with type 1 diabetes.
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Trostchansky A, Bonilla L, González-Perilli L, Rubbo H. Nitro-fatty acids: formation, redox signaling, and therapeutic potential. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1257-65. [PMID: 23256873 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Nitrated derivatives of unsaturated fatty acids (nitro-fatty acids) are being formed and detected in human plasma, cell membranes, and tissue, triggering signaling cascades via covalent and reversible post-translational modifications of susceptible nucleophilic amino acids in transcriptional regulatory proteins and enzymes. RECENT ADVANCES Nitro-fatty acids modulate metabolic as well as inflammatory signaling pathways, including the p65 subunit of nuclear factor κB and the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. Moreover, nitro-fatty acids can activate heat shock as well as phase II antioxidant responses. As electrophiles, they also activate the Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway. CRITICAL ISSUES We first discuss the mechanisms of nitro-fatty acid formation as well as their key chemical and biochemical properties, including their capacity to release nitric oxide and exert antioxidant actions. The electrophilic properties of nitro-fatty acids to activate anti-inflammatory signaling pathways are discussed in detail. A critical issue is the influence of nitroarachidonic acid on prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases, modulating inflammatory processes through redirection of arachidonic acid metabolism and signaling. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Based on this information, we analyze in vivo data supporting nitro-fatty acids as promising pharmacological tools to prevent inflammatory diseases associated with oxidative and nitrative stress conditions. A key future issue is to evaluate whether nitro-fatty acid supplementation would be useful for human diseases linked to inflammation as well as their potential toxicity when administered by long periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Trostchansky
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
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81
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Yunoki K, Naruko T, Inaba M, Inoue T, Nakagawa M, Sugioka K, Ohsawa M, Iwasa Y, Komatsu R, Itoh A, Haze K, Yoshiyama M, Becker AE, Ueda M. Gender-specific correlation between plasma myeloperoxidase levels and serum high-density lipoprotein-associated paraoxonase-1 levels in patients with stable and unstable coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 2013; 231:308-14. [PMID: 24267244 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is well-established as a negative risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) and its anti-oxidant property has been attributed mainly to the HDL-bound enzyme paraoxonase-1 (PON-1). Recently, myeloperoxidase (MPO), a pro-oxidant enzyme released from activated neutrophils, has been shown to alter the atheroprotective function of HDL to a dysfunctional form. This study investigated the relationship between plasma MPO and serum PON-1 levels in patients with stable (SAP) and unstable angina pectoris (UAP). METHODS Plasma MPO levels and serum PON-1 concentration/activity were measured in patients with SAP (n = 226), UAP (n = 151) and in control subjects (n = 99). RESULTS Plasma MPO levels in UAP patients were significantly higher than those in SAP patients or in control subjects (UAP, 21.6[16.7-44.6]; SAP, 19.3[15.7-29.1]; control, 15.9[14.7-18.7] ng/mL; P < 0.0001). Serum PON-1 concentrations in UAP and SAP patients were significantly lower than those in control subjects (UAP, 55.6[45.9-69.7]; SAP, 55.0[46.9-64.9]; control, 62.5[51.1-78.8] μg/mL; P = 0.0002). Plasma MPO levels showed a weak inverse correlation with serum PON-1 concentrations in all subjects (R = -0.163, P < 0.0005). Moreover, in women, plasma MPO levels showed a significant inverse correlation with serum PON-1 concentrations and PON-arylesterase activity in SAP (concentration: R = -0.537, P < 0.0001; arylesterase-activity: R = -0.469, P < 0.001) and UAP (concentration: R = -0.340, P < 0.05; arylesterase-activity: R = -0.350, P < 0.05) patients, but not in men. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that plasma MPO levels have a significant inverse correlation with PON-1 levels, especially in women, in SAP and UAP patients, and suggests that an imbalance between pro-oxidants and anti-oxidants may contribute to the progression of coronary plaque instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Yunoki
- Department of Cardiology, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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Mazière C, Salle V, Gomila C, Mazière JC. Oxidized low density lipoprotein increases RANKL level in human vascular cells. Involvement of oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:295-9. [PMID: 24070606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Receptor Activator of NFκB Ligand (RANKL) and its decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) have been shown to play a role not only in bone remodeling but also in inflammation, arterial calcification and atherosclerotic plaque rupture. In human smooth muscle cells, Cu(2+)-oxidized LDL (CuLDL) 10-50 μg/ml increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and RANKL level in a dose-dependent manner, whereas OPG level was not affected. The lipid extract of CuLDL reproduced the effects of the whole particle. Vivit, an inhibitor of the transcription factor NFAT, reduced the CuLDL-induced increase in RANKL, whereas PKA and NFκB inhibitors were ineffective. LDL oxidized by myeloperoxidase (MPO-LDL), or other pro-oxidant conditions such as ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation, incubation with H2O2 or with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, also induced an oxidative stress and enhanced RANKL level. The increase in RANKL in pro-oxidant conditions was also observed in fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Since RANKL is involved in myocardial inflammation, vascular calcification and plaque rupture, this study highlights a new mechanism whereby OxLDL might, by generation of an oxidative stress, exert a deleterious effect on different cell types of the arterial wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Mazière
- Biochemistry Laboratory, South Hospital University, René Laennec Avenue, Amiens 80000, France.
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83
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The myeloperoxidase -463G/A polymorphism and coronary artery disease risk: A meta-analysis of 1938 cases and 1990 controls. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:1644-8. [PMID: 24036021 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genetic polymorphism of human myeloperoxidase (MPO) -463G/A has been implicated to alter the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), but the results are controversial. To improve the reliability of the conflicting results, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies relating the MPO -463G/A polymorphism with the risk of CAD. DESIGN AND METHODS Two investigators independently searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library up to June, 2012. Summary odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the MPO -463G/A polymorphism and CAD risk were calculated, and potential sources of heterogeneity and publication bias were explored. Statistical analysis was performed with the software program of Stata 9.0. RESULTS 5 case-control studies were finally identified for analyses, involving 1938 cases with CAD and 1990 controls. We found that the MPO -463G/A polymorphism has no significant association with overall CAD risk (G/G vs A/A: OR=0.595, 95%CI=0.298-1.188, P=0.141; G/G vs G/A+A/A: OR=0.886, 95%CI=0.779-1.008, P=0.066; G/G+G/A vs A/A: OR=0.611, 95%CI=0.334-1.119, P=0.111; OR=0.886, 95%CI=0.779-1.008, P=0.066; G vs A: OR=0.843, 95%CI=0.675-1.053, P=0.133). The heterogeneity test showed that there were significant differences between individual studies in additive, recessive and allelic genetic models (P=0.008, P=0.021, P=0.019, respectively); further analyses revealed that age and sex possibly account for the heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis demonstrated the evidence that there was no significant association between the MPO -463G/A polymorphism and the risk of CAD; larger and well-designed multicenter studies are needed to confirm our results.
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that arises from an imbalance in lipid metabolism and a maladaptive immune response driven by the accumulation of cholesterol-laden macrophages in the artery wall. Through the analysis of the progression and regression of atherosclerosis in animal models, there is a growing understanding that the balance of macrophages in the plaque is dynamic and that both macrophage numbers and the inflammatory phenotype influence plaque fate. In this Review, we summarize recently identified pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways that link lipid and inflammation biology with the retention of macrophages in plaques, as well as factors that have the potential to promote their egress from these sites.
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Madamanchi NR, Runge MS. Redox signaling in cardiovascular health and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 61:473-501. [PMID: 23583330 PMCID: PMC3883979 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal regulation of the activity of a vast array of intracellular proteins and signaling pathways by reactive oxygen species (ROS) governs normal cardiovascular function. However, data from experimental and animal studies strongly support that dysregulated redox signaling, resulting from hyperactivation of various cellular oxidases or mitochondrial dysfunction, is integral to the pathogenesis and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this review, we address how redox signaling modulates the protein function, the various sources of increased oxidative stress in CVD, and the labyrinth of redox-sensitive molecular mechanisms involved in the development of atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Advances in redox biology and pharmacology for inhibiting ROS production in specific cell types and subcellular organelles combined with the development of nanotechnology-based new in vivo imaging systems and targeted drug delivery mechanisms may enable fine-tuning of redox signaling for the treatment and prevention of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nageswara R Madamanchi
- McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Marschall S Runge
- McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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86
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Low-density lipoprotein modified by myeloperoxidase in inflammatory pathways and clinical studies. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:971579. [PMID: 23983406 PMCID: PMC3742028 DOI: 10.1155/2013/971579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has a key role in atherogenesis. Among the different models of oxidation that have been studied, the one using myeloperoxidase (MPO) is thought to be more physiopathologically relevant. Apolipoprotein B-100 is the unique protein of LDL and is the major target of MPO. Furthermore, MPO rapidly adsorbs at the surface of LDL, promoting oxidation of amino acid residues and formation of oxidized lipoproteins that are commonly named Mox-LDL. The latter is not recognized by the LDL receptor and is accumulated by macrophages. In the context of atherogenesis, Mox-LDL accumulates in macrophages leading to foam cell formation. Furthermore, Mox-LDL seems to have specific effects and triggers inflammation. Indeed, those oxidized lipoproteins activate endothelial cells and monocytes/macrophages and induce proinflammatory molecules such as TNFα and IL-8. Mox-LDL may also inhibit fibrinolysis mediated via endothelial cells and consecutively increase the risk of thrombus formation. Finally, Mox-LDL has been involved in the physiopathology of several diseases linked to atherosclerosis such as kidney failure and consequent hemodialysis therapy, erectile dysfunction, and sleep restriction. All these issues show that the investigations of MPO-dependent LDL oxidation are of importance to better understand the inflammatory context of atherosclerosis.
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87
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van Leeuwen M, Kemna MJ, de Winther MPJ, Boon L, Duijvestijn AM, Henatsch D, Bos NA, Gijbels MJJ, Tervaert JWC. Passive immunization with hypochlorite-oxLDL specific antibodies reduces plaque volume in LDL receptor-deficient mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68039. [PMID: 23874490 PMCID: PMC3713002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims New strategies to overcome complications of cardiovascular diseases are needed. Since it has been demonstrated that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease, modulation of the immune system may be a promising approach. Previously, it was suggested that antibodies may confer protective effects on the development of atherosclerosis. In this study, we hypothesised that passive immunization with anti-oxLDL IgM antibodies specific for hypochlorite (HOCl) may be athero-protective in mice. Methods and Results Monoclonal mouse IgM antibodies were produced and the antibody with specificity for hypochlorite-oxLDL (HOCl-oxLDL) (Moab A7S8) was selected. VH sequence determination revealed that Moab A7S8 is a natural IgM antibody. Atherosclerosis in LDLr−/− mice was induced by a perivascular collar placement around the right carotid artery in combination with feeding a high-fat diet. Subsequently, the mice were treated every six days with 500 µg Moab A7S8, non-relevant IgM or with PBS and the carotid arteries and aortic roots were studied for atherosclerosis. Passive immunization with this Moab A7S8 resulted in a significant reduced plaque volume formation in LDLr−/− mice when compared with PBS treatment (P = 0.002 and P = 0.035). Cholesterol levels decreased by 20% when mice were treated with Moab A7S8 compared to PBS. Furthermore, anti-oxLDL specific IgM and IgG antibody production increased significantly in the Moab A7S8 treated mice in comparison with PBS treated mice. Conclusion Our data show that passive immunization with a natural IgM antibody, directed to HOCl-oxLDL, can reduce atherosclerotic plaque development. We postulate that specific antibody therapy may be developed for use in human cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella van Leeuwen
- Internal Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael J. Kemna
- Internal Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Menno P. J. de Winther
- Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Adriaan M. Duijvestijn
- Internal Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Darius Henatsch
- Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nico A. Bos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marion J. J. Gijbels
- Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Cohen Tervaert
- Internal Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Immunology Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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88
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Inflammatory biomarkers for predicting cardiovascular disease. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:1353-71. [PMID: 23756129 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is complex; multiple biological pathways have been implicated, including, but not limited to, inflammation and oxidative stress. Biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress may serve to help identify patients at risk for CVD, to monitor the efficacy of treatments, and to develop new pharmacological tools. However, due to the complexities of CVD pathogenesis there is no single biomarker available to estimate absolute risk of future cardiovascular events. Furthermore, not all biomarkers are equal; the functions of many biomarkers overlap, some offer better prognostic information than others, and some are better suited to identify/predict the pathogenesis of particular cardiovascular events. The identification of the most appropriate set of biomarkers can provide a detailed picture of the specific nature of the cardiovascular event. The following review provides an overview of existing and emerging inflammatory biomarkers, pro-inflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, oxidative stress biomarkers, and antioxidant biomarkers. The functions of each biomarker are discussed, and prognostic data are provided where available.
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Mazière C, Salle V, Gomila C, Mazière JC. Oxidized low density lipoprotein enhanced RANKL expression in human osteoblast-like cells. Involvement of ERK, NFkappaB and NFAT. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1756-64. [PMID: 23756197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio is of crucial importance in osteoclast differentiation and thus in bone dysregulation diseases. METHODS Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell ligand and osteoprotegerin were determined under oxidized low density lipoprotein treatment of human osteoblast-like cells. The involvement of oxidative stress, of the extracellular signal regulated kinase and of the transcription factors nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and nuclear factor of activated T cells was demonstrated. RESULTS Cu(2+)-oxidized low density lipoprotein increased cell-associated and extracellular receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell ligand levels whereas osteoprotegerin levels were not affected. The increase in receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell ligand was parallel to the generation of reactive oxygen species provoked by Cu(2+)-oxidized low density lipoprotein. The lipid extract of Cu(2+)-oxidized low density lipoprotein, together with other forms of oxidized low density lipoproteins such as smooth muscle cell-oxidized low density lipoprotein and myeloperoxidase-oxidized low density lipoprotein, also induced an increase in reactive oxygen species and cell-associated receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell ligand. The effect of Cu(2+)-oxidized low density lipoprotein was prevented by the antioxidant vitamin E, and mimicked by the prooxidant compounds hydrogen peroxide and buthionine sulfoximine. Inhibitors of mitogen activated protein kinase/extracellular signal regulated kinase (PD 98059), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (Ro 106-9920) and nuclear factor of activated T cells (Vivit) reduced the effect of Cu(2+)-oxidized low density lipoprotein on receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell ligand expression. Cu(2+)-oxidized low density lipoprotein signaling was also reduced by vitamin E. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This work describes a new molecular mechanism and elucidates the signaling pathway whereby oxidized low density lipoprotein, by means of its lipid moiety, can modulate the crosstalk between osteoblasts/osteoclasts and bone remodeling, leading to an eventual risk of osteoporosis.
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90
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Graham GG, Davies MJ, Day RO, Mohamudally A, Scott KF. The modern pharmacology of paracetamol: therapeutic actions, mechanism of action, metabolism, toxicity and recent pharmacological findings. Inflammopharmacology 2013; 21:201-32. [PMID: 23719833 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-013-0172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Paracetamol is used worldwide for its analgesic and antipyretic actions. It has a spectrum of action similar to that of NSAIDs and resembles particularly the COX-2 selective inhibitors. Paracetamol is, on average, a weaker analgesic than NSAIDs or COX-2 selective inhibitors but is often preferred because of its better tolerance. Despite the similarities to NSAIDs, the mode of action of paracetamol has been uncertain, but it is now generally accepted that it inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 through metabolism by the peroxidase function of these isoenzymes. This results in inhibition of phenoxyl radical formation from a critical tyrosine residue essential for the cyclooxygenase activity of COX-1 and COX-2 and prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. Paracetamol shows selectivity for inhibition of the synthesis of PGs and related factors when low levels of arachidonic acid and peroxides are available but conversely, it has little activity at substantial levels of arachidonic acid and peroxides. The result is that paracetamol does not suppress the severe inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis and acute gout but does inhibit the lesser inflammation resulting from extraction of teeth and is also active in a variety of inflammatory tests in experimental animals. Paracetamol often appears to have COX-2 selectivity. The apparent COX-2 selectivity of action of paracetamol is shown by its poor anti-platelet activity and good gastrointestinal tolerance. Unlike both non-selective NSAIDs and selective COX-2 inhibitors, paracetamol inhibits other peroxidase enzymes including myeloperoxidase. Inhibition of myeloperoxidase involves paracetamol oxidation and concomitant decreased formation of halogenating oxidants (e.g. hypochlorous acid, hypobromous acid) that may be associated with multiple inflammatory pathologies including atherosclerosis and rheumatic diseases. Paracetamol may, therefore, slow the development of these diseases. Paracetamol, NSAIDs and selective COX-2 inhibitors all have central and peripheral effects. As is the case with the NSAIDs, including the selective COX-2 inhibitors, the analgesic effects of paracetamol are reduced by inhibitors of many endogenous neurotransmitter systems including serotonergic, opioid and cannabinoid systems. There is considerable debate about the hepatotoxicity of therapeutic doses of paracetamol. Much of the toxicity may result from overuse of combinations of paracetamol with opioids which are widely used, particularly in USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry G Graham
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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91
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Kitabayashi C, Naruko T, Sugioka K, Yunoki K, Nakagawa M, Inaba M, Ohsawa M, Konishi Y, Imanishi M, Inoue T, Itabe H, Yoshiyama M, Haze K, Becker AE, Ueda M. Positive association between plasma levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and myeloperoxidase after hemodialysis in patients with diabetic end-stage renal disease. Hemodial Int 2013; 17:557-67. [DOI: 10.1111/hdi.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chizuko Kitabayashi
- Department of Pathology; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Takahiko Naruko
- Department of Cardiology; Osaka City General Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kenichi Sugioka
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kei Yunoki
- Department of Cardiology; Osaka City General Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masashi Nakagawa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Mayumi Inaba
- Department of Pathology; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masahiko Ohsawa
- Department of Surgical Pathology; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoshio Konishi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension; Osaka City General Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masahito Imanishi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension; Osaka City General Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Pathology; Osaka City General Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Itabe
- Department of Biological Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Showa University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuo Haze
- Department of Cardiology; Osaka City General Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Anton E. Becker
- Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Makiko Ueda
- Department of Pathology; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
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92
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Tang N, Wang Y, Mei Q. Myeloperoxidase G-463A polymorphism and susceptibility to coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Gene 2013; 523:152-7. [PMID: 23583798 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Published data on the association between the myeloperoxidase (MPO) G-463A polymorphism and coronary artery disease (CAD) are inconclusive. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship, a meta-analysis on this topic was performed. PubMed, EMBASE and Chinese national knowledge infrastructure were searched for studies regarding the association between the MPO G-463A polymorphism and CAD. A logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the genetic effect and the possible genetic model of action. Summary odds ratios (ORs) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. There was strong evidence for an association between the MPO G-463A polymorphism and CAD. The genetic model of action was most likely to be co-dominant. Overall, the data showed that AA and GA genotypes were significantly associated with reduced risk of CAD (AA vs. GG: OR=0.37, 95% CI=0.17-0.78; GA vs. GG: OR=0.73, 95% CI=0.57-0.92). In subgroup analyses by study population and sources of controls, statistically significant results were observed in the Chinese population (AA vs. GG: OR=0.21, 95% CI=0.10-0.43; GA vs. GG: OR=0.57, 95% CI=0.44-0.74) and in hospital-based control studies (AA vs. GG: OR=0.20, 95% CI=0.10-0.39; GA vs. GG: OR=0.61, 95% CI=0.48-0.77). This meta-analysis suggests that the MPO G-463A variant genotypes may be associated with decreased risk of CAD. However, given the limited number of studies and the potential biases, the influence of this polymorphism on CAD risk needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naping Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, PR China
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93
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Polymorphonuclear neutrophils and instability of the atherosclerotic plaque: a causative role? Inflamm Res 2013; 62:537-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Walenbergh SMA, Koek GH, Bieghs V, Shiri-Sverdlov R. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: the role of oxidized low-density lipoproteins. J Hepatol 2013. [PMID: 23183522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is hallmarked by lipid accumulation in the liver (steatosis) along with inflammation (hepatitis). The transition from simple steatosis towards NASH represents a key step in pathogenesis, as it will set the stage for further severe liver damage. Yet, the pathogenesis behind hepatic inflammation is still poorly understood. It is of relevance to better understand the underlying mechanisms involved in NASH in order to apply new knowledge to potential novel therapeutic approaches. In the current review, we propose oxidized cholesterol as a novel risk factor for NASH. Here, we summarize mouse and human studies that provide possible mechanisms for the involvement of oxidized low-density lipoproteins in NASH and consequent potential novel diagnostic tools and treatment strategies for hepatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie M A Walenbergh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Nussbaum C, Klinke A, Adam M, Baldus S, Sperandio M. Myeloperoxidase: a leukocyte-derived protagonist of inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:692-713. [PMID: 22823200 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The heme-enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) is one of the major neutrophil bactericidal proteins and is stored in large amounts inside azurophilic granules of neutrophils. Upon cell activation, MPO is released and extracellular MPO has been detected in a wide range of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. Recent ADVANCES AND CRITICAL ISSUES: Apart from its role during infection, MPO has emerged as a critical modulator of inflammation throughout the last decade and is currently discussed in the initiation and propagation of cardiovascular diseases. MPO-derived oxidants (e.g., hypochlorous acid) interfere with various cell functions and contribute to tissue injury. Recent data also suggest that MPO itself exerts proinflammatory properties independent of its catalytic activity. Despite advances in unraveling the complex action of MPO and MPO-derived oxidants, further research is warranted to determine the precise nature and biological role of MPO in inflammation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The identification of MPO as a central player in inflammation renders this enzyme an attractive prognostic biomarker and a potential target for therapeutic interventions. A better understanding of the (patho-) physiology of MPO is essential for the development of successful treatment strategies in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Nussbaum
- Walter Brendel Centre for Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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96
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Kamanna VS, Ganji SH, Kashyap ML. Myeloperoxidase and Atherosclerosis. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-013-0291-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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97
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Macrophage autophagy in atherosclerosis. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:584715. [PMID: 23401644 PMCID: PMC3563164 DOI: 10.1155/2013/584715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play crucial roles in atherosclerotic immune responses. Recent investigation into macrophage autophagy (AP) in atherosclerosis has demonstrated a novel pathway through which these cells contribute to vascular inflammation.
AP is a cellular catabolic process involving the delivery of cytoplasmic contents to the lysosomal machinery for ultimate degradation and recycling. Basal levels of macrophage AP play an essential role in atheroprotection during early atherosclerosis. However, AP becomes dysfunctional in the more advanced stages of the pathology and its deficiency promotes vascular inflammation, oxidative stress, and plaque necrosis. In this paper, we will discuss the role of macrophages and AP in atherosclerosis and the emerging evidence demonstrating the contribution of macrophage AP to vascular pathology. Finally, we will discuss how AP could be targeted for therapeutic utility.
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98
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Heden T, Liu Y, Sims L, Whaley-Connell AT, Chockalingam A, Dellsperger KC, Kanaley JA. Meal frequency differentially alters postprandial triacylglycerol and insulin concentrations in obese women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:123-9. [PMID: 23505176 PMCID: PMC3484202 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare postprandial lipemia, oxidative stress, antioxidant activity, and insulinemia between a three and six isocaloric high-carbohydrate meal frequency pattern in obese women. DESIGN AND METHODS In a counterbalanced order, eight obese women completed two, 12-h conditions in which they consumed 1,500 calories (14% protein, 21% fat, and 65% carbohydrate) either as three 500 calorie liquid meals every 4-h or six 250 calorie liquid meals every 2-h. Blood samples were taken every 30 min and analyzed for triacylglycerol (TAG), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, myeloperoxidase, paraoxonase-1 activity, and insulin. RESULTS The TAG incremental area under the curve (iAUC) during the three meal condition (321 ± 129 mg/dl · 12 h) was significantly lower (P = 0.04) compared with the six meal condition (481 ± 155 mg/dl · 12 h). The insulin iAUC during the three meal condition (5,549 ± 1,007 pmol/l · 12 h) was significantly higher (P = 0.05) compared with the six meal condition (4,230 ± 757 pmol/l(.) 12 h). Meal frequency had no influence on the other biochemical variables. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, a three and six isocaloric high-carbohydrate meal frequency pattern differentially alters postprandial TAG and insulin concentrations but has no effect on postprandial cholesterol, oxidative stress, or antioxidant activity in obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Heden
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Lauren Sims
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Adam T. Whaley-Connell
- Harry S Truman VA Medical Center and the Department of Internal Medicine Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Anand Chockalingam
- Harry S Truman VA Medical Center and the Department of Internal Medicine Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Kevin C. Dellsperger
- Harry S Truman VA Medical Center and the Department of Internal Medicine Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Jill A. Kanaley
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
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Pourfarzam M, Movahedian A, Sarrafzadegan N, Basati G, Samsamshariat SZ. Association between Plasma Myeloperoxidase and Free 3-Nitrotyrosine Levels in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ijcm.2013.43028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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100
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Neutrophil-derived myeloperoxidase aggravates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52411. [PMID: 23285030 PMCID: PMC3527496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress play fundamental roles in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Previously, we reported that myeloperoxidase (MPO), an aggressive oxidant-generating neutrophil enzyme, is associated with NASH severity in man. We now investigated the hypothesis that MPO contributes to the development and progression of NASH. Methodology Low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice with an MPO-deficient hematopoietic system (LDLR−/−/MPO−/−tp mice) were generated and compared with LDLR−/−/MPO+/+tp mice after induction of NASH by high-fat feeding. Results High-fat feeding caused a ∼4-fold induction of liver MPO in LDLR−/−/MPO+/+ mice which was associated with hepatic sequestration of MPO-positive neutrophils and high levels of nitrotyrosine, a marker of MPO activity. Importantly, LDLR−/−/MPO−/−tp mice displayed markedly reduced hepatic neutrophil and T-lymphocyte infiltration (p<0.05), and strong down regulation of pro-inflammatory genes such as TNF-α and IL-6 (p<0.05, p<0.01) in comparison with LDLR−/−/MPO+/+tp mice. Next to the generalized reduction of inflammation, liver cholesterol accumulation was significantly diminished in LDLR−/−/MPO−/−tp mice (p = 0.01). Moreover, MPO deficiency appeared to attenuate the development of hepatic fibrosis as evident from reduced hydroxyproline levels (p<0.01). Interestingly, visceral adipose tissue inflammation was markedly reduced in LDLR−/−/MPO−/−tp mice, with a complete lack of macrophage crown-like structures. In conclusion, MPO deficiency attenuates the development of NASH and diminishes adipose tissue inflammation in response to a high fat diet, supporting an important role for neutrophils in the pathogenesis of metabolic disease.
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