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Mohanty V, Subbannayya Y, Najar MA, Pinto SM, Kasaragod S, Karuppiah H, Sreeramulu B, Singh KK, Dalal S, Manikkoth S, Arunachalam C, Prasad TSK, Murthy KR. Proteomics and Visual Health Research: Proteome of the Human Sclera Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 23:98-110. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2018.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Varshasnata Mohanty
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Yashwanth Subbannayya
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Mohammed Altaf Najar
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Sneha M. Pinto
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Sandeep Kasaragod
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Hilda Karuppiah
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, India
| | | | - Kunal Kumar Singh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Sunita Dalal
- Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Shyamjith Manikkoth
- Department of Pharmacology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Cynthia Arunachalam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Thottethodi Subrahmanya Keshava Prasad
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Krishna R. Murthy
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India
- Vittala International Institute of Ophthalmology, Bangalore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Lindberg G, Longoni A, Lim K, Rosenberg A, Hooper G, Gawlitta D, Woodfield T. Intact vitreous humor as a potential extracellular matrix hydrogel for cartilage tissue engineering applications. Acta Biomater 2019; 85:117-130. [PMID: 30572166 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Decellularisation of tissues, utilising their biochemical cues, poses exciting tissue engineering (TE) opportunities. However, removing DNA from cartilage (dCart) requires harsh treatments due to its dense structure, causing loss of bioactivity and limiting its application as a cartilaginous extra cellular matrix (ECM). In this study, we demonstrate for the first time the successful application of vitreous humor (VH), a highly hydrated tissue closely resembling the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen composition of cartilage, as an ECM hydrogel to support chondrogenic differentiation. Equine VH was extracted followed by biochemical quantifications, histological examinations, cytotoxicity (human mesenchymal stromal cells, hMSCs and human articular chondrocytes, hACs) and U937 cell proliferation studies. VH was further seeded with hACs or hMSCs and cultured for 3-weeks to study chondrogenesis compared to scaffold-free micro-tissue pellet cultures and collagen-I hydrogels. Viability, metabolic activity, GAG and DNA content, chondrogenic gene expression (aggrecan, collagen I/II mRNA) and mechanical properties were quantified and matrix deposition was visualised using immunohistochemistry (Safranin-O, collagen I/II). VH was successfully extracted, exhibiting negligible amounts of DNA (0.4 ± 0.4 µg/mg dry-weight) and notable preservation of ECM components. VH displayed neither cytotoxic responses nor proliferation of macrophage-like U937 cells, instead enhancing both hMSC and hAC proliferation. Interestingly, encapsulated cells self-assembled the VH-hydrogel into spheroids, resulting in uniform distribution of both GAGs and collagen type II with increased compressive mechanical properties, rendering VH a permissive native ECM source to fabricate cartilaginous hydrogels for potential TE applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Fabricating bioactive and cell-instructive cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) derived biomaterials and hydrogels has over recent years proven to be a challenging task, often limited by poor retention of inherent environmental cues post decellularisation due to the dense and avascular nature of native cartilage. In this study, we present an alternative route to fabricate highly permissive and bioactive ECM hydrogels from vitreous humor (VH) tissue. This paper specifically reports the discovery of optimal VH extraction protocols and cell seeding strategy enabling fabrication of cartilaginous matrix components into a hydrogel support material for promoting chondrogenic differentiation. The work showcases a naturally intact and unmodified hydrogel design that improves cellular responses and may help guide the development of cell instructive and stimuli responsive hybrid biomaterials in a number of TERM applications.
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Dor M, Eperon S, Lalive PH, Guex-Crosier Y, Hamedani M, Salvisberg C, Turck N. Investigation of the global protein content from healthy human tears. Exp Eye Res 2019; 179:64-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Napolitano F, Di Iorio V, Di Iorio G, Melone MAB, Gianfrancesco F, Simonelli F, Esposito T, Testa F, Sampaolo S. Early posterior vitreous detachment is associated with LAMA5 dominant mutation. Ophthalmic Genet 2018; 40:39-42. [PMID: 30589377 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2018.1558261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular matrix molecular components, previously linked to multisystem syndromes include collagens, fibrillins and laminins. Recently, we described a novel multisystem syndrome caused by the c.9418G>A p.(V3140M) mutation in the laminin alpha-5 (LAMA5) gene, which affects connective tissues of all organs and apparatus in a three generation family. In the same family, we have also reported a myopic trait, which, however, was linked to the Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-2 (P4HA2) gene. Results of investigation on vitreous changes and their pathogenesis are reported in the present study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nineteen family individuals underwent complete ophthalmic examination including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), fundus examination, fundus photography, intraocular pressure measurement, axial length measurement using ocular biometry, Goldmann visual field examination, standard electroretinogram, SD-OCT. Segregation analysis of LAMA5 and P4HA2 mutations was performed in enrolled members. RESULTS The vitreous alterations fully segregated with LAMA5 mutation in both young and adult family members. Slight reduction of retinal thickness and peripheral retinal degeneration in only two patients were reported. CONCLUSIONS In this work we showed that PVD is a common trait of LAMA5 multisystem syndrome, therefore occurring as an age-unrelated trait. We hypothesize that the p.(V3140M) mutation results in a reduction of retinal inner limiting membrane (ILM) stability, leading to a derangement in the macromolecular structure of the vitreous gel, and PVD. Further investigations will be necessary to elucidate the role of wild type and mutated LAMA5 in the pathogenesis of PVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Napolitano
- a Neurology Clinic II, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery, Neurology, Metabolic Diseases and Geriatrics , University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli , Naples , Italy.,b Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso" , National Research Council , Naples , Italy
| | - Valentina Di Iorio
- c Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences , University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli , Naples , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Iorio
- a Neurology Clinic II, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery, Neurology, Metabolic Diseases and Geriatrics , University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli , Naples , Italy
| | - Mariarosa Anna Beatrice Melone
- a Neurology Clinic II, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery, Neurology, Metabolic Diseases and Geriatrics , University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli , Naples , Italy.,d Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Fernando Gianfrancesco
- b Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso" , National Research Council , Naples , Italy
| | - Francesca Simonelli
- c Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences , University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli , Naples , Italy
| | - Teresa Esposito
- b Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso" , National Research Council , Naples , Italy.,e IRCCS INM Neuromed , Pozzilli , IS , Italy
| | - Francesco Testa
- c Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences , University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli , Naples , Italy
| | - Simone Sampaolo
- a Neurology Clinic II, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery, Neurology, Metabolic Diseases and Geriatrics , University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli , Naples , Italy
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Kasudhan KS, Sarkar S, Gupta V, Gupta A, Chakraborti A. Identification of unique proteins in vitreous fluid of patients with noninfectious uveitis. Acta Ophthalmol 2018; 96:e989-e1003. [PMID: 30146788 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Uveitis is a cause for concern in the developing countries like India. Its poor diagnosis and lack of proper therapeutics often cause blindness in children and young adults. Moreover, the exact mechanism of pathogenesis of different types of uveitis is still elusive. Modern proteomic techniques are found to be advantageous for an in-depth understanding of the ocular physiology using proteomic diversity. Our aim was to identify unique proteins involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune or noninfectious uveitis. METHODS Vitreous fluid samples (n = 90) were obtained from infectious (N = 34) and noninfectious (N = 56) uveitis patients, and their protein profiles were compared by analysing sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and 2D electrophoresis. Unique proteins were identified through matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and further studied for pathway analysis. RESULTS Protein spots having different molecular weights were observed in noninfectious vitreous fluid samples. Enzymatic digestion of these spots after MALDI-TOF MS analysis revealed different proteins. We identified 25 different proteins through SDS-PAGE and 22 through 2D electrophoresis. 50% of the proteins from SDS-PAGE were associated with heterotrimeric G-protein signalling pathway-rod outer segment phototransduction. 50% proteins from SDS-PAGE and 20% from 2D electrophoresis revealed association with de novo purine biosynthesis. Carbonic anhydrase 1 and serpin B3 were found to be common in both analyses. CONCLUSION High-throughput proteomic and pathway analyses have exposed the potential association of these proteins with autoimmune pathogenesis in uveitis. The exact role of most of the proteins in autoimmune uveitis is yet to be unfurled.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subendu Sarkar
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology; Chandigarh India
| | - Vishali Gupta
- Advance Eye Center; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
| | - Amod Gupta
- Advance Eye Center; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
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Karthikkeyan G, Subbannayya Y, Najar MA, Mohanty V, Pinto SM, Arunachalam C, Prasad TSK, Murthy KR. Human Optic Nerve: An Enhanced Proteomic Expression Profile. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2018; 22:642-652. [PMID: 30346883 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2018.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ophthalmology and visual health are new frontiers for postgenomic research and technologies such as proteomics. In this context, the optic nerve and retina extend as the outgrowth of the brain, wherein the latter receives the optical input and the former relays the information for processing. While efforts to understand the optic nerve proteome have been made earlier, there exists a lacuna in its biochemical composition and molecular functions. We report, in this study, a high-resolution mass spectrometry-based approach using an Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid mass spectrometer to elucidate the human optic nerve proteomic profile. Raw spectra were searched against NCBI Human RefSeq 75 database using SEQUEST HT and MASCOT algorithms. We identified nearly 35,000 peptides in human optic nerve samples, corresponding to 5682 proteins, of which 3222 proteins are being reported for the first time. Label-free quantification using spectral abundance pointed out to neuronal structural proteins such as myelin basic protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and proteolipid protein 1 as the most abundant proteins. We also identified several neurotransmitter receptors and postsynaptic density synaptosomal scaffold proteins. Pathway analysis revealed that a majority of the proteins are structural proteins and have catalytic and binding activity. This study is one of the largest proteomic profiles of the human optic nerve and offers the research community an initial baseline optic nerve proteome for further studies. This will also help understand the protein dynamics of the human optic nerve under normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathree Karthikkeyan
- 1 Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University) , Mangalore, India
| | - Yashwanth Subbannayya
- 1 Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University) , Mangalore, India
| | - Mohd Altaf Najar
- 1 Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University) , Mangalore, India
| | - Varshasnata Mohanty
- 1 Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University) , Mangalore, India
| | - Sneha M Pinto
- 1 Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University) , Mangalore, India
| | - Cynthia Arunachalam
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University) , Mangalore, India
| | - Thottethodi Subrahmanya Keshava Prasad
- 1 Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University) , Mangalore, India .,3 Institute of Bioinformatics , International Tech Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishna R Murthy
- 3 Institute of Bioinformatics , International Tech Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India .,4 Vittala International Institute of Ophthalmology , Bangalore, Karnataka, India .,5 Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Schori C, Trachsel C, Grossmann J, Zygoula I, Barthelmes D, Grimm C. The Proteomic Landscape in the Vitreous of Patients With Age-Related and Diabetic Retinal Disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:AMD31-AMD40. [PMID: 30025106 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In contrast to neovascular AMD (nAMD), no treatment option exists for dry AMD. Hence, the identification of specific biomarkers is required to facilitate diagnosis and therapy of dry AMD. Methods The proteome of 34 vitreous humor samples (dry AMD: n = 6; nAMD: n = 10; proliferative diabetic retinopathy [PDR]: n = 9; epiretinal membrane [ERM]: n = 9) was analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry. Then, label-free relative quantification of dry AMD, nAMD, and PDR relative to ERM, which was defined as the reference group, was performed. Application of a bioinformatics pipeline further analyzed the vitreous proteome by cluster and gene set enrichment analysis. A selection of differentially regulated proteins was validated by ELISA. Results A total of 677 proteins were identified in the vitreous of the four patient groups and quantified relatively to ERM. Different clusters of regulated proteins for each patient group were identified and showed characteristic enrichment of specific pathways including "oxidative stress" for dry AMD, "focal adhesion" for nAMD, and "complement and coagulation cascade" for PDR patients. We identified cholinesterase (CHLE) to be specifically upregulated in dry AMD and ribonuclease (pancreatic; RNAS1) together with serine carboxypeptidase (probable; CPVL) to be upregulated in both forms of AMD. Conclusions The described pathways specific for the different patient groups and the identification of characteristic differentially regulated proteins provide a first step toward the definition of biomarkers for dry AMD. The presented data will facilitate the investigation of mechanistic connections of proteins to the respective disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schori
- Lab for Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Trachsel
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich (FGCZ), ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Grossmann
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich (FGCZ), ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ioanna Zygoula
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Barthelmes
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christian Grimm
- Lab for Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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High level extracellular production of recombinant γ-glutamyl transpeptidase from Bacillus licheniformis in Escherichia coli fed-batch culture. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 116:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bastiaans J, Mulder VC, van Meurs JC, Smits - te Nijenhuis M, van Holten - Neelen C, van Hagen PM, Dik WA. Dabigatran inhibits intravitreal thrombin activity. Acta Ophthalmol 2018; 96:452-458. [PMID: 29193875 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a vitreoretinal disorder in which retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell activation contributes to both formation of fibrotic retinal membranes and inflammation. Vitreous of patients with PVR contains increased thrombin activity which induces profibrotic and proinflammatory programs in RPE cells. Inhibition of intravitreal thrombin activity may thus represent a therapeutic option for PVR. In this study, we examined the capacity of the clinically available direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran to inhibit thrombin activity in vitreous fluids. METHODS ARPE-19 cells were cultured with the following: (i) thrombin, (ii) vitreous without thrombin activity and (iii) vitreous with elevated thrombin activity (PVR samples and thrombin spiked vitreous) either in the presence or absence of dabigatran (range: 10-5 to 10-7 M). Subsequently, CCL2, CXCL8, GMCSF, IL6 and PDGFB mRNA expression levels were determined by RQ-PCR and protein levels of 27 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors were detected in culture supernatants using a multiplex approach. In addition, the capacity of vitreous fluids obtained from patients after oral dabigatran intake was tested in an in vitro thrombin activity assay. RESULTS Thrombin and vitreous fluids containing thrombin activity induced CCL2, CXCL8, GM-CSF, IL-6 and PDGF-BB expression by ARPE-19 cells, which was inhibited by dabigatran. In addition, dabigatran that reached the vitreous after repeated oral intake did inhibit thrombin activity in the in vitro activity assay. CONCLUSION Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is associated with increased intravitreal thrombin activity that activates profibrotic and proinflammatory pathways in RPE cells. Our findings provide evidence that this activation pathway can potentially be inhibited by dabigatran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Bastiaans
- Departments of Immunology; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan C. van Meurs
- The Rotterdam Eye Hospital; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Ophthalmology; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | | | | | - P. Martin van Hagen
- Departments of Immunology; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Internal Medicine; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Willem A. Dik
- Departments of Immunology; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Laboratory Medical Immunology; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam The Netherlands
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Confirmation of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in Living Human Vitreous and the Effect of LH Receptor Reduction on Murine Electroretinogram. Neuroscience 2018; 385:1-10. [PMID: 29890291 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Luteinizing hormone (LH), produced in the anterior pituitary, has been detected in cadaver eyes and LH receptors (LHRs) have been identified in the retina, with the highest density in cone photoreceptors. Our aim was to confirm the presence of LH in the living, human eye as well as to examine the potential impact of a reduction in LHR signaling on visual processing. Vitreous samples were collected from 40 patients (23 diabetics, 17 non-diabetics) who were undergoing vitrectomies for various indications. LH concentration was quantified in each sample via an electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay and Meso Scale Discovery platform and normalized to total protein. In addition, full-field electroretinography (ERG) was performed on 11 adult LHR knockout heterozygous mice (B6;129X1-Lhcgrtm1Zmlei/J) and 11 wild types using the Celeris-Diagnosys system. The median LH values (pg/mg total protein) for non-diabetics, diabetics without proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and diabetics with PDR were 40.7, 41.9 and 167.8 respectively. LH levels were significantly higher in diabetics with PDR. In our ERG investigation, heterozygous LHRKOs were found to have significantly reduced amplitudes of a-wave and b-waves at high stimulus intensities with no significant change in a-wave or b-wave amplitudes at lower intensities; this is consistent with a selective impairment of cone-mediated responses. Our findings confirm LH is present in the adult human eye. Our findings also suggest that a reduction in LH receptor signaling negatively impacts visual processing of the cone photoreceptors. Overall, our study results support the theory that LH likely plays a physiologic role in the eye.
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Review of Intraocular Pharmacokinetics of Anti-Infectives Commonly Used in the Treatment of Infectious Endophthalmitis. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10020066. [PMID: 29844284 PMCID: PMC6027276 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10020066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although intravitreal administration of anti-infectives represents the standard treatment for infectious endophthalmitis, the knowledge about their pharmacokinetics is still limited. In this review, we aimed to summarise the factors influencing the pharmacokinetics of the anti-infective agents. We have conducted a comprehensive review of the preclinical pharmacokinetic parameters obtained in different studies of intravitreal injections of anti-infectives performed on animals, mainly rabbits. The two aspects with the biggest influence on pharmacokinetics are the distribution in the vitreous humour and the elimination through the posterior segment. The distribution can be affected by the molecular weight of the drug, the convection flow of the vitreous, the condition of the vitreous humour depending on the age of the patient, the possible interactions between the drug and the components of the vitreous, and the presence of vitrectomy. Meanwhile, the elimination includes the metabolism of the drug, the clearance via the anterior and posterior routes, and the possible inflammation of the eye resulting from the disease. Understanding the pharmacokinetics of the anti-infectives used in clinical practice is essential for a correct application. The information provided in this review could offer guidance for selecting the best therapeutic option according to the characteristics of the drugs.
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62
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Zhao Y, Weber SR, Lease J, Russo M, Siedlecki CA, Xu LC, Chen H, Wang W, Ford M, Simó R, Sundstrom JM. Liquid Biopsy of Vitreous Reveals an Abundant Vesicle Population Consistent With the Size and Morphology of Exosomes. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:6. [PMID: 29774170 PMCID: PMC5954840 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.3.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the molecular components of the vitreous in order to better understand retinal physiology and disease. Methods Vitreous was acquired from patients undergoing vitrectomy for macular hole and/or epiretinal membrane, postmortem donors, and C57BL/6J mice. Unbiased proteomic analysis was performed via electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Gene ontology analysis was performed and results were confirmed with transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Results Proteomic analysis of vitreous obtained prior to vitrectomy identified a total of 1121 unique proteins. Gene ontology analysis revealed that 62.6% of the vitreous proteins were associated with the gene ontology term “extracellular exosome.” Ultrastructural analyses, Western blot, and NTA confirmed the presence of an abundant population of vesicles consistent with the size and morphology of exosomes in human vitreous. The concentrations of vitreous vesicles in vitrectomy patients, postmortem donors, and mice were 1.3, 35, and 9 billion/mL, respectively. Conclusions Overall, these data strongly suggest that information-rich exosomes are a major constituent of the vitreous. The abundance of these vesicles and the presence of retinal proteins imply a dynamic interaction between the vitreous and retina. Future studies will be required to identify the cellular origin of vitreal exosomes as well as to assess the potential role of these vesicles in retinal disease and treatment. Translational Relevance The identification of vitreous exosomes lays the groundwork for a transformed understanding of pathophysiology and treatment mechanisms in retinal disease, and further validates the use of vitreous as a proximal biofluid of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sarah R Weber
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joshua Lease
- Research Informatics, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Mariano Russo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Christopher A Siedlecki
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Li-Chong Xu
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Han Chen
- Microscopy Imaging Facility, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Rafael Simó
- Institut de Recerca Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (VHIR) and CIBERDEM (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jeffrey M Sundstrom
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Biswas S, Thomas AA, Chen S, Aref-Eshghi E, Feng B, Gonder J, Sadikovic B, Chakrabarti S. MALAT1: An Epigenetic Regulator of Inflammation in Diabetic Retinopathy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6526. [PMID: 29695738 PMCID: PMC5916949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24907-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite possessing limited protein-coding potential, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in a myriad of pathologic conditions. Most well documented in cancer, one prominent intergenic lncRNA known as MALAT1 is notorious for its role in impacting epigenetic mechanisms. In this study, we established a novel epigenetic paradigm for MALAT in diabetic retinopathy (DR) by employing siRNA-mediated MALAT1 knockdown in human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs), a Malat1 knockout animal model, vitreous humor from diabetic patients, pharmacological inhibitors for histone and DNA methylation, RNA immunoprecipitation, western blotting, and a unique DNA methylation array to determine glucose-related alterations in MALAT1. Our findings indicated that MALAT1 is capable of impacting the expressions of inflammatory transcripts through its association with components of the PRC2 complex in diabetes. Furthermore, the vitreous humors from diabetic patients revealed increased expressions of MALAT1, TNF-α, and IL-6. Intriguingly, our DNA methylation array demonstrated that transient high glucose exposure in HRECs does not contribute to significant methylation alterations at CpG sites across the MALAT1 gene. However, global inhibition of DNA methyltransferases induced significant increases in MALAT1 and associated inflammatory transcripts in HRECs. Our findings collectively demonstrate the importance of MALAT1 in inflammation and epigenetic regulation in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumik Biswas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anu Alice Thomas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shali Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erfan Aref-Eshghi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Biao Feng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Gonder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bekim Sadikovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Subrata Chakrabarti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Santos FM, Gaspar LM, Ciordia S, Rocha AS, Castro E Sousa JP, Paradela A, Passarinha LA, Tomaz CT. iTRAQ Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Vitreous from Patients with Retinal Detachment. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041157. [PMID: 29641463 PMCID: PMC5979392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is a potentially blinding condition characterized by a physical separation between neurosensory retina and retinal pigment epithelium. Quantitative proteomics can help to understand the changes that occur at the cellular level during RRD, providing additional information about the molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis. In the present study, iTRAQ labeling was combined with two-dimensional LC-ESI-MS/MS to find expression changes in the proteome of vitreous from patients with RRD when compared to control samples. A total of 150 proteins were found differentially expressed in the vitreous of patients with RRD, including 96 overexpressed and 54 underexpressed. Several overexpressed proteins, several such as glycolytic enzymes (fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A, gamma-enolase, and phosphoglycerate kinase 1), glucose transporters (GLUT-1), growth factors (metalloproteinase inhibitor 1), and serine protease inhibitors (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1) are regulated by HIF-1, which suggests that HIF-1 signaling pathway can be triggered in response to RRD. Also, the accumulation of photoreceptor proteins, including phosducin, rhodopsin, and s-arrestin, and vimentin in vitreous may indicate that photoreceptor degeneration occurs in RRD. Also, the accumulation of photoreceptor proteins, including phosducin, rhodopsin, and s-arrestin, and vimentin in vitreous may indicate that photoreceptor degeneration occurs in RRD. Nevertheless, the differentially expressed proteins found in this study suggest that different mechanisms are activated after RRD to promote the survival of retinal cells through complex cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Milhano Santos
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology-UBIMedical, University of Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Leonor Mesquita Gaspar
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Unidad de Proteomica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Calle Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Sílvia Rocha
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - João Paulo Castro E Sousa
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
- Hospital Center Leiria-Pombal, 3100-462 Pombal, Portugal.
| | - Alberto Paradela
- Unidad de Proteomica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Calle Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luís António Passarinha
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology-UBIMedical, University of Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Cândida Teixeira Tomaz
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
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Srividya G, Jain M, Mahalakshmi K, Gayathri S, Raman R, Angayarkanni N. A novel and less invasive technique to assess cytokine profile of vitreous in patients of diabetic macular oedema. Eye (Lond) 2018; 32:820-829. [PMID: 29303154 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2017.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PurposeA pilot study to validate the collection of vitreous reflux (VR) after intravitreal injection using Schirmers tear strips was carried out. We assessed its efficiency for proteomics studies by estimating the differential expression of 27 cytokines using multiplexed bead array in diabetic macular oedema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. To set, validate and assess the efficacy of Schirmer tear strips for collecting VR in patients undergoing intravitreal injections for diabetic macular oedema (DME).Patients and methodsVR samples were collected from 11 eyes of DME patients after intravitreal injections using Schirmer tear strips. Undiluted vitrectomy samples were obtained from six eyes of non-diabetic patients with idiopathic macular hole and seven eyes of diabetic patients with high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy (Hr-PDR), which were also subsampled on the Schirmer tear strips. Tear sampling was done in a subset of the DME patients. Total protein concentration between VR and vitrectomy samples was compared. Levels of the set of 27 cytokines in Schirmer tear strips samples were measured. Inter-group comparison for cytokines was done using Mann-Whitney U-test.ResultsSimilar protein concentration in VR samples and vitrectomy samples (P<0.05) was obtained. Tear protein contamination was not detected in VR samples. In comparison with no-DR patients, 25 and 20 of the measured 27 cytokines were significantly elevated (P<0.05) in the Hr-PDR and DME patients, respectively. As compared with no-DR patients, vascular endothelial growth factor was only moderately elevated in DME patients (P>0.05), but significantly elevated in Hr-PDR patients (P<0.05). Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist/interleukin 1b (IL1RA/IL1b) ratio was 13 times higher in DME patients as compared with Hr-PDR group.ConclusionWe demonstrated a simple, safe method of VR sampling. This technique provides a pure, albeit small, vitreous sample for proteomics. IL1RA/IL1b ratio was found to be 13-fold higher in the DME group as compared to the Hr-PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Srividya
- RS Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - M Jain
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreo Retinal Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - K Mahalakshmi
- Department of Zoology, Quaid-E-Millat Government College for women, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - S Gayathri
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreo Retinal Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - R Raman
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreo Retinal Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - N Angayarkanni
- RS Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
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Kowalczuk L, Matet A, Dor M, Bararpour N, Daruich A, Dirani A, Behar-Cohen F, Thomas A, Turck N. Proteome and Metabolome of Subretinal Fluid in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy and Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment: A Pilot Case Study. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:3. [PMID: 29359109 PMCID: PMC5772832 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the molecular composition of subretinal fluid (SRF) in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) using proteomics and metabolomics. METHODS SRF was obtained from one patient with severe nonresolving bullous CSCR requiring surgical subretinal fibrin removal, and two patients with long-standing RRD. Proteins were trypsin-digested, labeled with Tandem-Mass-Tag and fractionated according to their isoelectric point for identification and quantification by tandem mass spectrometry. Independently, metabolites were extracted on cold methanol/ethanol, and identified by untargeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Bioinformatics analyses were conducted. RESULTS In total, 291 proteins and 651 metabolites were identified in SRF samples. Compared with RRD, 128 proteins (77 downregulated; 51 upregulated) and 76 metabolites (43 downregulated; 33 upregulated) differed in the SRF from CSCR. Protein and metabolites notably deregulated in CSCR were related to glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, inflammation (including serum amyloid P component, versican), alternative complement pathway (complement factor H and complement factor H-related protein), cellular adhesion, biliary acid metabolism (farnesoid X receptor/retinoid X receptor), and gluco- and mineralocorticoid systems (aldosterone, angiotensin, and corticosteroid-binding globulin). CONCLUSIONS Proteomics and metabolomics can be performed on SRF. A unique SRF sample from CSCR exhibited a distinct molecular profile compared with RRD. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE This first comparative multiomics analysis of SRF improved the understanding of CSCR and RRD pathophysiology. It identified pathways potentially involved in the better photoreceptor preservation in CSCR, suggesting neuroprotective targets that will require additional confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kowalczuk
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Matet
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Dor
- OPTICS Laboratory, Department of Human Protein Science, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Alejandra Daruich
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ali Dirani
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Inserm, U1138, Team 17, From physiopathology of ocular diseases to clinical development, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Thomas
- Unit of Toxicology, CURML, Lausanne-Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Natacha Turck
- OPTICS Laboratory, Department of Human Protein Science, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Monzon LR, Pearring S, Miller C, Vargas JR. Validation of the i-STAT®1 Analyzer for Postmortem Vitreous Humor Electrolytes and Glucose Analysis. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 42:133-138. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Monzon
- California State University Los Angeles, School of Criminal Justice and Criminalistics, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Sue Pearring
- Los Angeles County Office of the Medical Examiner-Coroner, 1104 N. Mission Road, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Caitlin Miller
- Los Angeles County Office of the Medical Examiner-Coroner, 1104 N. Mission Road, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jay R Vargas
- California State University Los Angeles, School of Criminal Justice and Criminalistics, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
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Yu FJ, Lam TC, Liu LQ, Chun RKM, Cheung JKW, Li KK, To CH. Isotope-coded protein label based quantitative proteomic analysis reveals significant up-regulation of apolipoprotein A1 and ovotransferrin in the myopic chick vitreous. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12649. [PMID: 28978931 PMCID: PMC5627271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12650-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study used isotope-coded protein label (ICPL) quantitative proteomics and bioinformatics analysis to examine changes in vitreous protein content and associated pathways during lens-induced eye growth. First, the vitreous protein profile of normal 7-day old chicks was characterized by nano-liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 341 unique proteins were identified. Next, myopia and hyperopia were induced in the same chick by attaching -10D lenses to the right eye and +10D lenses to the left eye, for 3 and 7 days. Protein expression in lens-induced ametropic eyes was analyzed using the ICPL approach coupled to LCMS. Four proteins (cystatin, apolipoprotein A1, ovotransferrin, and purpurin) were significantly up-regulated in the vitreous after 3 days of wearing -10D lenses relative to +10D lens contralateral eyes. The differences in protein expression were less pronounced after 7 days when the eyes approached full compensation. In a different group of chicks, western blot confirmed the up-regulation of apolipoprotein A1 and ovotransferrin in the myopic vitreous relative to both contralateral lens-free eyes and hyperopic eyes in separate animals wearing +10D lenses. Bioinformatics analysis suggested oxidative stress and lipid metabolism as pathways involved in compensated ocular elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Juan Yu
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Thomas Chuen Lam
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Long-Qian Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Rachel Ka-Man Chun
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jimmy Ka-Wai Cheung
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - King-Kit Li
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Ho To
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Gaspar LM, Santos FM, Albuquerque T, Castro-de-Sousa JP, Passarinha LA, Tomaz CT. Proteome analysis of vitreous humor in retinal detachment using two different flow-charts for protein fractionation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1061-1062:334-341. [PMID: 28787651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The deeper understanding of retinal detachment (RD) pathogenesis may improve the visual outcome after surgery. Given the main role of the vitreous in retinal eye diseases, two strategies were explored to identify its proteome in RD. Fractionation techniques such as anion exchange chromatography (IEX) and SDS-PAGE combined with MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis allowed to identify 127 proteins in vitreous of RD patients. From these proteins, 19 were identified using only the IEX fractionation strategy, and 117 using a bidimensional (IEX and SDS-PAGE) fractionation. Of these proteins, 68 had not yet been found in other vitreous proteomic studies. The fractionation with IEX and SDS-PAGE largely improved the number of identified proteins proving that it is crucial to combine several methodologies to cover vitreous proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor M Gaspar
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Fátima M Santos
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology - UBIMedical, University of Beira Interior, 6200-284, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tânia Albuquerque
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | | | - Luís A Passarinha
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology - UBIMedical, University of Beira Interior, 6200-284, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cândida T Tomaz
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.
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Hollmann AK, Dammann I, Wemheuer WM, Wemheuer WE, Chilla A, Tipold A, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ, Beck J, Schütz E, Brenig B. Morgagnian cataract resulting from a naturally occurring nonsense mutation elucidates a role of CPAMD8 in mammalian lens development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180665. [PMID: 28683140 PMCID: PMC5500361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the genetic basis of hereditary lens opacities we analyzed 31 cases of bilateral congenital cataract in Red Holstein Friesian cattle. A genome-wide association study revealed a significant association on bovine chromosome 7 at positions 6,166,179 and 12,429,691. Whole genome re-sequencing of one case and four relatives showed a nonsense mutation (g.5995966C>T) in the PZP-like, alpha-2-macroglobulin domain containing 8 (CPAMD8) gene leading to a premature stop codon (CPAMD8 p.Gln74*) associated with cataract development in cattle. With immunohistochemistry we confirmed a physiological expression of CPAMD8 in the ciliary body epithelium of the eye in unaffected cattle, while the protein was not detectable in the ciliary body of cattle with cataracts. RNA expression of CPAMD8 was detected in healthy adult, fetal and cataractous lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K. Hollmann
- University of Goettingen, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Insa Dammann
- University Medical Center Goettingen, Department of Neuropathology, Prion and Dementia Research Unit, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke M. Wemheuer
- University of the Saarland, Institute of Neuropathology, Homburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm E. Wemheuer
- University of Goettingen, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Almuth Chilla
- University of Goettingen, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Ekkehard Schütz
- University of Goettingen, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Bertram Brenig
- University of Goettingen, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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De Maria A, Wilmarth PA, David LL, Bassnett S. Proteomic Analysis of the Bovine and Human Ciliary Zonule. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:573-585. [PMID: 28125844 PMCID: PMC5283081 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The zonule of Zinn (ciliary zonule) is a system of fibers that centers the crystalline lens on the optical axis of the eye. Mutations in zonule components underlie syndromic conditions associated with a broad range of ocular pathologies, including microspherophakia and ectopia lentis. Here, we used HPLC-mass spectrometry to determine the molecular composition of the zonule. Methods Tryptic digests of human and bovine zonular samples were analyzed by HPLC-mass spectrometry. The distribution of selected components was confirmed by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. In bovine samples, the composition of the equatorial zonule was compared to that of the hyaloid zonule and vitreous humor. Results The 52 proteins common to the zonules of both species accounted for >95% of the zonular protein. Glycoproteins constituted the main structural components, with two proteins, FBN1 and LTBP2, constituting 70%-80% of the protein. Other abundant components were MFAP2, EMILIN-1, and ADAMTSL-6. Lysyl oxidase-like 1, a crosslinking enzyme implicated in collagen and elastin biogenesis, was detected at significant levels. The equatorial and hyaloid zonular samples were compositionally similar to each other, although the hyaloid sample was relatively enriched in the proteoglycan opticin and the fibrillar collagens COL2A1, COL11A1, COL5A2, and COL5A3. Conclusions The zonular proteome was surprisingly complex. In addition to structural components, it contained signaling proteins, protease inhibitors, and crosslinking enzymes. The equatorial and hyaloid zonules were similar in composition, but the latter may form part of a composite structure, the hyaloid membrane, that stabilizes the vitreous face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia De Maria
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Phillip A Wilmarth
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Larry L David
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Steven Bassnett
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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Cases O, Obry A, Ben-Yacoub S, Augustin S, Joseph A, Toutirais G, Simonutti M, Christ A, Cosette P, Kozyraki R. Impaired vitreous composition and retinal pigment epithelium function in the FoxG1::LRP2 myopic mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1242-1254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Identification of vitreous proteins in retinopathy of prematurity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 488:483-488. [PMID: 28502635 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disorder of blood vessels in the retina developed in premature infants and the leading cause of the blindness in children. Proteomic analysis was performed to identify vitreous proteins specific to patients with ROP. Vitreous humor samples were obtained from three patients with ROP and two patients with congenital cataract, the latter included as a control group. The vitreous samples were separated by 2D-PAGE and the proteins running as definitive spots were identified by MALDI-TOF MS spectrometry. We identified 13 and 6 proteins in the vitreous from ROP and cataract patients, respectively. Albumin, transferrin, pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) and transthyretin were found in both patient groups. In the samples from ROP patients, PEDF and transthyretin levels were lower than in those from cataract patients, and retinol binding protein 3 and prostaglandin D synthase were not detected. Of the 13 proteins, 9 proteins including α-2-macroglobulin, ceruloplasmin, α-fetoprotein, vitamin D-binding protein, α-1-antitrypsin, α-1-β-glycoprotein, hemopexin, apolipoprotein A-1 and A-lV were found in vitreous samples of only the ROP patients. PEDF has anti-angiogenic and neurotrophic functions. Whether PEDF is increased or decreased in diabetic retinopathy has been controversial but we observed lower PEDF in the ROP samples than in the controls. The proteins specific to or decreased in ROP, if confirmed in future studies, may provide clue to understanding its pathogenesis.
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Sudha D, Kohansal-Nodehi M, Kovuri P, Manda SS, Neriyanuri S, Gopal L, Bhende P, Chidambaram S, Arunachalam JP. Proteomic profiling of human intraschisis cavity fluid. Clin Proteomics 2017; 14:13. [PMID: 28450823 PMCID: PMC5404285 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-017-9148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) is a vitreoretinal degenerative disorder causing vision deterioration, due to structural defects in retina. The hallmark of this disease includes radial streaks arising from the fovea and splitting of inner retinal layers (schisis). Although these retinal changes are attributed to mutations in the retinoschisin gene, schisis is also observed in patients who do not carry mutations. In addition, the origin of intraschisis fluid, the triggering point of schisis formation and its progression are largely unknown still. So far, there is no report on the complete proteomic analysis of this fluid. Schisis fluid proteome could reflect biochemical changes in the disease condition, helping in better understanding and management of retinoschisis. Therefore it was of interest to investigate the intraschisis fluid proteome using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Methods Two male XLRS patients (aged 4 and 40 years) underwent clinical and genetic evaluation followed by surgical extraction of intraschisis fluids. The two fluid samples were resolved on a SDS-PAGE and the processed peptides were analyzed by Q-Exactive plus hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Functional annotation of the identified proteins was performed using Ingenuity pathway analysis software. Results Mass spectrometry analysis detected 770 nonredundant proteins in the intraschisis fluid. Retinol dehydrogenase 14 was found to be abundant in the schisis fluid. Gene ontology based analysis indicated that 19% of the intraschisis fluid proteins were localized to the extracellular matrix and 15% of the proteins were involved in signal transduction. Functional annotation identified three primary canonical pathways to be associated with the schisis fluid proteome viz., LXR/RXR activation, complement system and acute phase response signalling, which are involved in immune and inflammatory responses. Collectively, our results show that intraschisis fluid comprises specific inflammatory proteins which highly reflect the disease environment. Conclusion Based on our study, it is suggested that inflammation might play a key role in the pathogenesis of XLRS. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the complete proteome of intraschisis fluid, which could serve as a template for future research and facilitate the development of therapeutic modalities for XLRS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12014-017-9148-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhandayuthapani Sudha
- SN ONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, India.,School of Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | | | - Purnima Kovuri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | | | - Srividya Neriyanuri
- Elite School of Optometry, Unit of Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Lingam Gopal
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreo-Retinal Services, Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Pramod Bhende
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreo-Retinal Services, Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | | | - Jayamuruga Pandian Arunachalam
- SN ONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, India.,Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth Medical University, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute Campus, Puducherry, India
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LeBlanc ME, Wang W, Chen X, Caberoy NB, Guo F, Shen C, Ji Y, Tian H, Wang H, Chen R, Li W. Secretogranin III as a disease-associated ligand for antiangiogenic therapy of diabetic retinopathy. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1029-1047. [PMID: 28330905 PMCID: PMC5379984 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
LeBlanc et al. uncover secretogranin III (Scg3) as a unique disease-associated vascular permeability and angiogenic factor using comparative ligandomics. Scg3-neutralizing antibodies alleviate vascular leakage in diabetic retinopathy mice and retinal neovascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy mice with high efficacy. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss with retinal vascular leakage and/or neovascularization. Current antiangiogenic therapy against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has limited efficacy. In this study, we applied a new technology of comparative ligandomics to diabetic and control mice for the differential mapping of disease-related endothelial ligands. Secretogranin III (Scg3) was discovered as a novel disease-associated ligand with selective binding and angiogenic activity in diabetic but not healthy vessels. In contrast, VEGF bound to and induced angiogenesis in both diabetic and normal vasculature. Scg3 and VEGF signal through distinct receptor pathways. Importantly, Scg3-neutralizing antibodies alleviated retinal vascular leakage in diabetic mice with high efficacy. Furthermore, anti-Scg3 prevented retinal neovascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy mice, a surrogate model for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). ROP is the most common cause of vision impairment in children, with no approved drug therapy. These results suggest that Scg3 is a promising target for novel antiangiogenic therapy of DR and ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E LeBlanc
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Weiwen Wang
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Xiuping Chen
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136.,Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Nora B Caberoy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154
| | - Feiye Guo
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Chen Shen
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Yanli Ji
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136.,Department of Ophthalmology, Zhengzhou Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Hong Tian
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136.,School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.,Everglades Biopharma, Miami, FL 33156
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Wei Li
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 .,Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
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76
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Balaiya S, Zhou Z, Chalam KV. Characterization of Vitreous and Aqueous Proteome in Humans With Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and Its Clinical Correlation. PROTEOMICS INSIGHTS 2017; 8:1178641816686078. [PMID: 28469465 PMCID: PMC5398322 DOI: 10.1177/1178641816686078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is associated with microvascular complications that cause biochemical changes in the human retina and alter the proteome of vitreous humor and aqueous humor (AH). Methods: Human vitreous humor and AH of PDR subjects were collected. Subjects who had surgery for epiretinal membrane or macular hole served as controls. Protein profiles were obtained and analyzed after running the samples on a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Results: In vitreous humor, 16 unique proteins were noted in PDR patients, but not in controls. Those were associated mainly with coagulation, complement, and kallikrein-kinin systems. Under coagulation, fibrinogen and prothrombin proteins were more evident and may emphasize the importance of angiogenesis in the development of PDR. Vitreous proteins showed replicative presence in AH too. As for AH samples, we detected 10 proteins found in PDR patients, which were related to transport, coagulation, and inflammatory responses. Conclusions: We found 57 proteins in human vitreous and 39 proteins in AH. Identification of these proteins that are involved in various pathways will be helpful to understand diabetic retinopathy pathogenesis and to develop proteome as a biomarker for PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankarathi Balaiya
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Zimei Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Kakarla V Chalam
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Dammalli M, Murthy KR, Pinto SM, Murthy KB, Nirujogi RS, Madugundu AK, Dey G, Nair B, Gowda H, Keshava Prasad TS. Toward Postgenomics Ophthalmology: A Proteomic Map of the Human Choroid–Retinal Pigment Epithelium Tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 21:114-122. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2016.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manjunath Dammalli
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumkur, India
| | - Krishna R. Murthy
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita VishwaVidyapeetham, Kollam, India
- Vittala International Institute of Ophthalmology, Bangalore, India
| | - Sneha M. Pinto
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India
| | | | - Raja Sekhar Nirujogi
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Anil K. Madugundu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Gourav Dey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Bipin Nair
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita VishwaVidyapeetham, Kollam, India
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Thottethodi Subrahmanya Keshava Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India
- NIMHANS-IOB Bioinformatics and Proteomics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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Abstract
Retinal fibrosis, characterized by dysregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) protein deposition by retinal endothelial cells, pigment epithelial cells, and other resident cell-types, is a unifying feature of several common retinal diseases. Fibronectin is an early constituent of newly deposited ECM and serves as a template for assembly of other ECM proteins, including collagens. Under physiologic conditions, fibronectin is found in all layers of Bruch's membrane. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), a complication of retinal surgery, is characterized by ECM accumulation. Among the earliest histologic manifestations of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is capillary basement membrane thickening, which occurs due to perturbations in ECM homeostasis. Neovascularization, the hallmark of late stage DR as well as exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD), involves ECM assembly as a scaffold for the aberrant new vessel architecture. Rodent models of retinal injury demonstrate a key role for fibronectin in complications characteristic of PVR, including retinal detachment. In mouse models of DR, reducing fibronectin gene expression has been shown to arrest the accumulation of ECM in the capillary basement membrane. Alterations in matrix metalloproteinase activity thought to be important in the pathogenesis of AMD impact the turnover of fibronectin matrix as well as collagens. Growth factors involved in PVR, AMD, and DR, such as PDGF and TGFβ, are known to stimulate fibronectin matrix assembly. A deeper understanding of how pathologic ECM deposition contributes to disease progression may help to identify novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854-5635, USA
| | - Greg Budoff
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854-5635, USA
| | - Jonathan L Prenner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854-5635, USA
- NJ Retina, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-2066, USA
| | - Jean E Schwarzbauer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014, USA
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79
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Del Amo EM, Rimpelä AK, Heikkinen E, Kari OK, Ramsay E, Lajunen T, Schmitt M, Pelkonen L, Bhattacharya M, Richardson D, Subrizi A, Turunen T, Reinisalo M, Itkonen J, Toropainen E, Casteleijn M, Kidron H, Antopolsky M, Vellonen KS, Ruponen M, Urtti A. Pharmacokinetic aspects of retinal drug delivery. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 57:134-185. [PMID: 28028001 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery to the posterior eye segment is an important challenge in ophthalmology, because many diseases affect the retina and choroid leading to impaired vision or blindness. Currently, intravitreal injections are the method of choice to administer drugs to the retina, but this approach is applicable only in selected cases (e.g. anti-VEGF antibodies and soluble receptors). There are two basic approaches that can be adopted to improve retinal drug delivery: prolonged and/or retina targeted delivery of intravitreal drugs and use of other routes of drug administration, such as periocular, suprachoroidal, sub-retinal, systemic, or topical. Properties of the administration route, drug and delivery system determine the efficacy and safety of these approaches. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors determine the required dosing rates and doses that are needed for drug action. In addition, tolerability factors limit the use of many materials in ocular drug delivery. This review article provides a critical discussion of retinal drug delivery, particularly from the pharmacokinetic point of view. This article does not include an extensive review of drug delivery technologies, because they have already been reviewed several times recently. Instead, we aim to provide a systematic and quantitative view on the pharmacokinetic factors in drug delivery to the posterior eye segment. This review is based on the literature and unpublished data from the authors' laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Del Amo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Kaisa Rimpelä
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emma Heikkinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Otto K Kari
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva Ramsay
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tatu Lajunen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mechthild Schmitt
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Pelkonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Madhushree Bhattacharya
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dominique Richardson
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Astrid Subrizi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiina Turunen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko Itkonen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisa Toropainen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marco Casteleijn
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maxim Antopolsky
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Marika Ruponen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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80
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Murthy KR, Dammalli M, Pinto SM, Murthy KB, Nirujogi RS, Madugundu AK, Dey G, Subbannayya Y, Mishra UK, Nair B, Gowda H, Prasad TK. A Comprehensive Proteomics Analysis of the Human Iris Tissue: Ready to Embrace Postgenomics Precision Medicine in Ophthalmology? OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 20:510-9. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2016.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna R. Murthy
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita VishwaVidyapeetham, Kollam, India
- Vittala International Institute of Ophthalmology, Bangalore, India
| | - Manjunath Dammalli
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumkur, India
| | - Sneha M. Pinto
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India
- YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India
| | | | - Raja Sekhar Nirujogi
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Anil K. Madugundu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Gourav Dey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India
- Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Yashwanth Subbannayya
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India
- YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India
| | | | - Bipin Nair
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita VishwaVidyapeetham, Kollam, India
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India
| | - T.S. Keshava Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India
- YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India
- NIMHANS-IOB Bioinformatics and Proteomics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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Naru J, Aggarwal R, Singh U, Mohanty AK, Bansal D, Mangat N, Kakkar N, Agnihotri N. Proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins in vitreous humor of patients with retinoblastoma using iTRAQ-coupled ESI-MS/MS approach. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13915-13926. [PMID: 27488116 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is close proximity of vitreous humor with the tumor bulk in eyes with retinoblastoma. This renders vitreous humor a promising source to evaluate disease-specific protein targets in retinoblastoma. We studied the differential proteome of vitreous fluid in retinoblastoma tumors (n = 4) as compared to controls (n = 4). The vitreous humor was depleted off the high abundant fraction using MARS-6 affinity column. Subsequently, the tryptic peptides were derivatised with iTRAQ labels. The labelled peptides were pooled and subjected to fractionation using bRPLC. This was followed by protein identification and quantification using electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) approach. The identified proteins were subjected to bioinformatics analysis utilizing PANTHER 7.0 and IPA software. Four hundred and thirty-one non-redundant (362 upregulated and 69 downregulated) proteins (≥2 unique peptides, ± 1.5 folds, p < 0.05) were identified. The majority of the proteins were cytoplasmic (40 %), majorly involved in catalytic (32.7 %) and binding activities (26.3 %). Highly deregulated proteins included MMP2, TNC, CD44, SUZ12 and CRABP1. The protein expression of GFAP, CRABP1, MMP2 and TNC was validated by western blotting. Pathway and network analyses revealed p38MAPK and Akt signalling to be the most significantly regulated pathways in retinoblastoma. This is the first report of differential vitreous proteome of retinoblastoma and highlights novel protein targets, such as MMP2, TNC and CRABP1. Further investigations into unravelling the biological role of the proteins and their prospects of being utilised as potential candidates in therapeutics are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Naru
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Room No. 19, Research block A, 4th floor, Chandigarh, 160012, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160025, India
| | - Ritu Aggarwal
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Room No. 19, Research block A, 4th floor, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Usha Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Mohanty
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India
| | - Deepak Bansal
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Navdeep Mangat
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Nandita Kakkar
- Department of Histopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Navneet Agnihotri
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160025, India
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Reich M, Dacheva I, Nobl M, Siwy J, Schanstra JP, Mullen W, Koch FHJ, Kopitz J, Kretz FTA, Auffarth GU, Koss MJ. Proteomic Analysis of Vitreous Humor in Retinal Vein Occlusion. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158001. [PMID: 27362861 PMCID: PMC4928959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze the protein profile of human vitreous of untreated patients with retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Methods Sixty-eight vitreous humor (VH) samples (44 from patients with treatment naïve RVO, 24 controls with idiopathic floaters) were analyzed in this clinical-experimental study using capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometer and tandem mass spectrometry. To define potential candidate protein markers of RVO, proteomic analysis was performed on RVO patients (n = 30) and compared with controls (n = 16). To determine validity of potential biomarker candidates in RVO, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was performed by using proteome data of independent RVO (n = 14) and control samples (n = 8). Results Ninety-four different proteins (736 tryptic peptides) could be identified. Sixteen proteins were found to be significant when comparing RVO and control samples (P = 1.43E-05 to 4.48E-02). Five proteins (Clusterin, Complement C3, Ig lambda-like polypeptide 5 (IGLL5), Opticin and Vitronectin), remained significant after using correction for multiple testing. These five proteins were also detected significant when comparing subgroups of RVO (central RVO, hemi-central RVO, branch RVO) to controls. Using independent samples ROC-Area under the curve was determined proving the validity of the results: Clusterin 0.884, Complement C3 0.955, IGLL5 1.000, Opticin 0.741, Vitronectin 0.786. In addition, validation through ELISA measurements was performed. Conclusion The results of the study reveal that the proteomic composition of VH differed significantly between the patients with RVO and the controls. The proteins identified may serve as potential biomarkers for pathogenesis induced by RVO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Reich
- Eye Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ivanka Dacheva
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Nobl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Joost P. Schanstra
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - William Mullen
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Frank H. J. Koch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Gerd U. Auffarth
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael J. Koss
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Battaglia L, Serpe L, Foglietta F, Muntoni E, Gallarate M, Del Pozo Rodriguez A, Solinis MA. Application of lipid nanoparticles to ocular drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:1743-1757. [PMID: 27291069 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1201059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although eye drops are widely used as drug delivery systems for the anterior segment of the eye, they are also associated with poor drug bioavailability due to transient contact time and rapid washout by tearing. Moreover, effective drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye is challenging, and alternative routes of administration (periocular and intravitreal) are generally needed, the blood-retinal barrier being the major obstacle to systemic drug delivery. Areas covered: Nanotechnology, and especially lipid nanoparticles, can improve the therapeutic efficiency, compliance and safety of ocular drugs, administered via different routes, to both the anterior and posterior segment of the eye. This review highlights the main ocular barriers to drug delivery, as well as the most common eye diseases suitable for pharmacological treatment in which lipid nanoparticles have proved efficacious as alternative delivery systems. Expert opinion: Lipid-based nanocarriers are among the most biocompatible and versatile means for ocular delivery. Mucoadhesion with consequent increase in pre-corneal retention time, and enhanced permeation due to cellular uptake by corneal epithelial cells, are the essential goals for topical lipid nanoparticle delivery. Gene delivery to the retina has shown very promising results after intravitreal administration of lipid nanoparticles as non-viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Battaglia
- a Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Loredana Serpe
- a Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Federica Foglietta
- a Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Elisabetta Muntoni
- a Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Marina Gallarate
- a Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Ana Del Pozo Rodriguez
- b Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy , Centro de investigación Lascaray ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Solinis
- b Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy , Centro de investigación Lascaray ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain
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84
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Bindal S, Gupta R. Hyperproduction of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase from Bacillus licheniformis ER15 in the presence of high salt concentration. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 47:163-172. [PMID: 27186839 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2016.1188314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial γ-glutamyl transpeptidases (GGTs) have been exploited in biotechnological, pharmaceutical, and food sectors for the synthesis of various γ-glutamyl compounds. But, till date, no bacterial GGTs are commercially available in the market because of lower levels of production from various sources. In the current study, production of GGT from Bacillus licheniformis ER15 was investigated to achieve high GGT titers. RESULTS Hyperproduction of GGT from B. licheniformis ER15 was achieved with 6.4-fold enhancement (7921.2 ± 198.7 U/L) by optimization of culture medium following one-variable-at-a-time strategy and statistical approaches. Medium consisting of Na2HPO4: 0.32% (w/v); KH2PO4: 0.15% (w/v); starch: 0.1% (w/v); soybean meal: 0.5% (w/v); NaCl: 4.0% (w/v), and MgCl2: 5 mM was found to be optimal for maximum GGT titers. Maximum GGT titers were obtained, in the optimized medium at 37°C and 200 rpm, after 40 h. It was noteworthy that GGT production was a linear function of sodium chloride concentration, as observed during response surface methodology. While investigating the role of NaCl on GGT production, it was found that NaCl drastically decreased subtilisin concentration and indirectly increasing GGT recovery. CONCLUSION B. licheniformis ER15 is proved to be a potential candidate for large-scale production of GGT enzyme and its commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Bindal
- a Department of Microbiology , University of Delhi , South Campus , New Delhi , India
| | - Rani Gupta
- a Department of Microbiology , University of Delhi , South Campus , New Delhi , India
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85
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Liu Y, Bouhenni RA, Dufresne CP, Semba RD, Edward DP. Differential Expression of Vitreous Proteins in Young and Mature New Zealand White Rabbits. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153560. [PMID: 27089221 PMCID: PMC4835093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Different anatomical regions have been defined in the vitreous humor including central vitreous, basal vitreous, vitreous cortex, vitreoretinal interface and zonule. In this study we sought to characterize changes in the proteome of vitreous humor (VH) related to compartments or age in New Zealand white rabbits (NZW). Vitreous humor was cryo-collected from young and mature New Zealand white rabbit eyes, and dissected into anterior and posterior compartments. All samples were divided into 4 groups: Young Anterior (YA), Young Posterior (YP), Mature Anterior (MA) and Mature Posterior (MP) vitreous. Tryptic digests of total proteins were analyzed by liquid chromatography followed by tandem mass spectrometry. Spectral count was used to determine the relative protein abundances and identify proteins with statistical differences between compartment and age groups. Western blotting was performed to validate some of the differentially expressed proteins. Our results showed that 231, 375, 273 and 353 proteins were identified in the YA, YP, MA and MP respectively. Fifteen proteins were significantly differentially expressed between YA and YP, and 11 between MA and MP. Carbonic anhydrase III, lambda crystallin, alpha crystallin A and B, beta crystallin B1 and B2 were more abundant in the anterior region, whereas vimentin was less abundant in the anterior region. For comparisons between age groups, 4 proteins were differentially expressed in both YA relative to MA and YP relative to MP. Western blotting confirmed the differential expression of carbonic anhydrase III, alpha crystallin B and beta crystallin B2. The protein profiles of the vitreous humor showed age- and compartment-related differences. This differential protein profile provides a baseline for understanding the vitreous compartmentalization in the rabbit and suggests that further studies profiling proteins in different compartments of the vitreous in other species may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America
- Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Changsha, China
| | | | - Craig P. Dufresne
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, West Palm Beach, Florida, United States of America
| | - Richard D. Semba
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Deepak P. Edward
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America
- King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
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86
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Yee KMP, Feener EP, Madigan M, Jackson NJ, Gao BB, Ross-Cisneros FN, Provis J, Aiello LP, Sadun AA, Sebag J. Proteomic Analysis of Embryonic and Young Human Vitreous. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:7036-42. [PMID: 26529037 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-16809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The proteomic profile of vitreous from second-trimester human embryos and young adults was characterized using mass spectrometry and analyzed for changes in protein levels that may relate to structural changes occurring during this time. This vitreous proteome was compared to previous reports to confirm proteins already identified and reveal novel ones. METHODS Vitreous from 17 human embryos aged 14 to 20 weeks gestation (WG) and from a 12-, a 14-, a 15-, and a 28-year-old was individually analyzed using tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Peptide spectral count associations with embryonic age were assessed using a general linear model of fold changes and Spearman's rank correlation. Differences between embryonic and young adult vitreous proteomes were also compared. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate three proteins in five additional fetal (10-18 WG) human eyes. RESULTS There were 1217 proteins identified in fetal and young adult human vitreous, 206 after quantile normalization and variance filtering. In embryos, the peptide counts of 37 proteins changed significantly from 14 to 20 WG: 75.7% increased, 24.3% decreased. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the absence of clusterin and cadherin in 10 and 14 WG eyes and their presence at 18 WG. Comparing embryonic to young adult vitreous, 47 proteins were significantly higher or lower. A total of 768 proteins not previously identified in the literature are presented. CONCLUSIONS Proteins previously unreported in the human vitreous were identified. The human vitreous proteome undergoes significant changes during embryogenesis and young adulthood. A number of protein levels change considerably during the second trimester, with the majority decreasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M P Yee
- VMR Institute for Vitreous Macula Retina, Huntington Beach, California, United States 2Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Edward P Feener
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Michele Madigan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 5Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Jackson
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Ben-Bo Gao
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Jan Provis
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Canberra, Australia 8Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Lloyd Paul Aiello
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 9Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Alfredo A Sadun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States 10Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - J Sebag
- VMR Institute for Vitreous Macula Retina, Huntington Beach, California, United States 2Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
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87
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Soliman MK, Agarwal A, Sarwar S, Hanout M, Sadiq MA, Do DV, Nguyen QD. Pharmacologic Vitreolysis in Vascular Diseases of the Retina. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2016; 47:60-8. [PMID: 26731211 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20151214-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vascular diseases of the retina such as diabetic retinopathy and vascular occlusions account for a large proportion of visual morbidity and blindness worldwide. The role of vitreous in the pathogenesis of these conditions has been increasingly recognized. Despite advances in the surgical technique of pars plana vitrectomy, the use of intravitreal agents for the lysis of vitreous has received attention, guided largely by promising results from the trials involving patients with non-vascular retinal diseases such as vitreomacular traction. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the present knowledge on pathophysiologic basis of pharmacologic vitreolysis and its efficacy in vascular diseases of the retina. A review of completed and ongoing clinical trials will be presented, along with insights into future directions of this therapy.
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88
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Loukovaara S, Nurkkala H, Tamene F, Gucciardo E, Liu X, Repo P, Lehti K, Varjosalo M. Quantitative Proteomics Analysis of Vitreous Humor from Diabetic Retinopathy Patients. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:5131-43. [PMID: 26490944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Initial triggers for diabetic retinopathy (DR) are hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and advanced glycation end-products. The most pathological structural changes occur in retinal microvasculature, but the overall development of DR is multifactorial, with a complex interplay of microvascular, neurodegenerative, genetic/epigenetic, immunological, and secondary inflammation-related factors. Although several individual factors and pathways have been associated with retinopathy, a systems level understanding of the disease is lacking. To address this, we performed mass spectrometry based label-free quantitative proteomics analysis of 138 vitreous humor samples from patients with nonproliferative DR or the more severe proliferative form of the disease. Additionally, we analyzed samples from anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) (bevacizumab)-treated patients from both groups. In our study, we identified 2482 and quantified the abundancy of 1351 vitreous proteins. Of these, the abundancy of 230 proteins was significantly higher in proliferative retinopathy compared with nonproliferative retinopathy. This specific subset of proteins was linked to inflammation, complement, and coagulation cascade proteins, protease inhibitors, apolipoproteins, immunoglobulins, and cellular adhesion molecules, reflecting the multifactorial nature of the disease. The identification of the key molecules of the disease is critical for the development of new therapeutic molecules and for the new use of existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirpa Loukovaara
- Unit of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helka Nurkkala
- Molecular Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Proteomics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fitsum Tamene
- Molecular Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Proteomics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erika Gucciardo
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology and Haartman Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Molecular Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Proteomics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pauliina Repo
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology and Haartman Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa Lehti
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology and Haartman Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Molecular Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Proteomics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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89
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Bévalot F, Cartiser N, Bottinelli C, Fanton L, Guitton J. Vitreous humor analysis for the detection of xenobiotics in forensic toxicology: a review. Forensic Toxicol 2015; 34:12-40. [PMID: 26793276 PMCID: PMC4705140 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-015-0294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Vitreous humor (VH) is a gelatinous substance contained in the posterior chamber of the eye, playing a mechanical role in the eyeball. It has been the subject of numerous studies in various forensic applications, primarily for the assessment of postmortem interval and for postmortem chemical analysis. Since most of the xenobiotics present in the bloodstream are detected in VH after crossing the selective blood-retinal barrier, VH is an alternative matrix useful for forensic toxicology. VH analysis offers particular advantages over other biological matrices: it is less prone to postmortem redistribution, is easy to collect, has relatively few interfering compounds for the analytical process, and shows sample stability over time after death. The present study is an overview of VH physiology, drug transport and elimination. Collection, storage, analytical techniques and interpretation of results from qualitative and quantitative points of view are dealt with. The distribution of xenobiotics in VH samples is thus discussed and illustrated by a table reporting the concentrations of 106 drugs from more than 300 case reports. For this purpose, a survey was conducted of publications found in the MEDLINE database from 1969 through April 30, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Bévalot
- Laboratoire LAT LUMTOX, 71 Avenue Rockefeller, 69003 Lyon, France.,Institut de Médecine Légale, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Nathalie Cartiser
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | | | - Laurent Fanton
- Département de Médecine Légale, Hôpital Edouard-Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Place D'Arsonval, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, France.,CREATIS CNRS UMR 5220, INSERM U1044, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, 7 Avenue Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Guitton
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France.,Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 165 Chemin Grand Revoyet, 69495 Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
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90
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Jenkins AJ, Joglekar MV, Hardikar AA, Keech AC, O'Neal DN, Januszewski AS. Biomarkers in Diabetic Retinopathy. Rev Diabet Stud 2015; 12:159-95. [PMID: 26676667 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2015.12.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a global diabetes epidemic correlating with an increase in obesity. This coincidence may lead to a rise in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. There is also an as yet unexplained increase in the incidence of type 1 diabetes, which is not related to adiposity. Whilst improved diabetes care has substantially improved diabetes outcomes, the disease remains a common cause of working age adult-onset blindness. Diabetic retinopathy is the most frequently occurring complication of diabetes; it is greatly feared by many diabetes patients. There are multiple risk factors and markers for the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy, yet residual risk remains. Screening for diabetic retinopathy is recommended to facilitate early detection and treatment. Common biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy and its risk in clinical practice today relate to the visualization of the retinal vasculature and measures of glycemia, lipids, blood pressure, body weight, smoking, and pregnancy status. Greater knowledge of novel biomarkers and mediators of diabetic retinopathy, such as those related to inflammation and angiogenesis, has contributed to the development of additional therapeutics, in particular for late-stage retinopathy, including intra-ocular corticosteroids and intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors ('anti-VEGFs') agents. Unfortunately, in spite of a range of treatments (including laser photocoagulation, intraocular steroids, and anti-VEGF agents, and more recently oral fenofibrate, a PPAR-alpha agonist lipid-lowering drug), many patients with diabetic retinopathy do not respond well to current therapeutics. Therefore, more effective treatments for diabetic retinopathy are necessary. New analytical techniques, in particular those related to molecular markers, are accelerating progress in diabetic retinopathy research. Given the increasing incidence and prevalence of diabetes, and the limited capacity of healthcare systems to screen and treat diabetic retinopathy, there is need to reliably identify and triage people with diabetes. Biomarkers may facilitate a better understanding of diabetic retinopathy, and contribute to the development of novel treatments and new clinical strategies to prevent vision loss in people with diabetes. This article reviews key aspects related to biomarker research, and focuses on some specific biomarkers relevant to diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia J Jenkins
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mugdha V Joglekar
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Anthony C Keech
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
| | - David N O'Neal
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
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91
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Skeie JM, Roybal CN, Mahajan VB. Proteomic insight into the molecular function of the vitreous. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127567. [PMID: 26020955 PMCID: PMC4447289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human vitreous contains primarily water, but also contains proteins which have yet to be fully characterized. To gain insight into the four vitreous substructures and their potential functions, we isolated and analyzed the vitreous protein profiles of three non-diseased human eyes. The four analyzed substructures were the anterior hyaloid, the vitreous cortex, the vitreous core, and the vitreous base. Proteins were separated by multidimensional liquid chromatography and identified by tandem mass spectrometry. Bioinformatics tools then extracted the expression profiles, signaling pathways, and interactomes unique to each tissue. From each substructure, a mean of 2,062 unique proteins were identified, with many being differentially expressed in a specific substructure: 278 proteins were unique to the anterior hyaloid, 322 to the vitreous cortex, 128 to the vitreous base, and 136 to the vitreous core. When the identified proteins were organized according to relevant functional pathways and networks, key patterns appeared. The blood coagulation pathway and extracellular matrix turnover networks were highly represented. Oxidative stress regulation and energy metabolism proteins were distributed throughout the vitreous. Immune functions were represented by high levels of immunoglobulin, the complement pathway, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and evolutionarily conserved antimicrobial proteins. The majority of vitreous proteins detected were intracellular proteins, some of which originate from the retina, including rhodopsin (RHO), phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). This comprehensive analysis uncovers a picture of the vitreous as a biologically active tissue, where proteins localize to distinct substructures to protect the intraocular tissues from infection, oxidative stress, and energy disequilibrium. It also reveals the retina as a potential source of inflammatory mediators. The vitreous proteome catalogues the dynamic interactions between the vitreous and surrounding tissues. It therefore could be an indirect and effective method for surveying vitreoretinal disease for specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Skeie
- Omics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - C. Nathaniel Roybal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Vinit B. Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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92
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Reddy PJ, Ray S, Srivastava S. The Quest of the Human Proteome and the Missing Proteins: Digging Deeper. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2015; 19:276-82. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panga Jaipal Reddy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Sandipan Ray
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
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Monteiro JP, Santos FM, Rocha AS, Castro-de-Sousa JP, Queiroz JA, Passarinha LA, Tomaz CT. Vitreous humor in the pathologic scope: insights from proteomic approaches. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:187-202. [PMID: 25523418 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The vitreous humor (VH) is the largest component of the eye. It is a colorless, gelatinous, highly hydrated matrix that fills the posterior segment of the eye between the lens and retina in vertebrates. In VH, a diversity of proteins that can influence retinal physiology is present, including growth factors, hormones, proteins with transporter activity, and enzymes. More importantly, the protein composition of VH has been described as being altered in a number of disease states. Therefore, attempts aiming at establishing a map of VH proteins and detecting putative biomarkers for ocular illness or protein fluctuations with putative physiologic significance were conducted over the last two decades, using proteomic approaches. Proteomic strategies often involve gel-based or LC techniques as sample fractioning approaches, subsequently coupled with MS procedures. This set of studies resulted in the proteomic characterization of a range of ocular disease samples, with particular incidence on diabetic retinopathy. However, practical therapeutic applications arising from these studies are scarce at the moment. A pertinent example of therapeutic targets arising from VH proteomics has emerged concerning vasoproliferative factors present in the vitreous, which should be involved in neovascularization and subsequent fibrovascular proliferation of the retina, in ocular disease context. Therefore, this review attempts to sum up the information acquired from the proteomic approaches to ocular disease conducted in VH samples, highlighting its clinical potential for disclosing ocular disease mechanisms and engendering pharmacological therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P Monteiro
- CICS-UBI Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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94
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Mi XS, Yuan TF, Ding Y, Zhong JX, So KF. Choosing preclinical study models of diabetic retinopathy: key problems for consideration. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 8:2311-9. [PMID: 25429204 PMCID: PMC4242133 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s72797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus in the eye. Although the clinical treatment for DR has already developed to a relative high level, there are still many urgent problems that need to be investigated in clinical and basic science. Currently, many in vivo animal models and in vitro culture systems have been applied to solve these problems. Many approaches have also been used to establish different DR models. However, till now, there has not been a single study model that can clearly and exactly mimic the developmental process of the human DR. Choosing the suitable model is important, not only for achieving our research goals smoothly, but also, to better match with different experimental proposals in the study. In this review, key problems for consideration in choosing study models of DR are discussed. These problems relate to clinical relevance, different approaches for establishing models, and choice of different species of animals as well as of the specific in vitro culture systems. Attending to these considerations will deepen the understanding on current study models and optimize the experimental design for the final goal of preventing DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Song Mi
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China ; Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China ; Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yong Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Xiang Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong ; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of Central Nervous System, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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