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Ducrotoy M, Bertu W, Matope G, Cadmus S, Conde-Álvarez R, Gusi A, Welburn S, Ocholi R, Blasco J, Moriyón I. Brucellosis in Sub-Saharan Africa: Current challenges for management, diagnosis and control. Acta Trop 2017; 165:179-193. [PMID: 26551794 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella and affecting domestic and wild mammals. In this paper, the bacteriological and serological evidence of brucellosis in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and its epidemiological characteristics are discussed. The tools available for the diagnosis and treatment of human brucellosis and for the diagnosis and control of animal brucellosis and their applicability in the context of SSA are presented and gaps identified. These gaps concern mostly the need for simpler and more affordable antimicrobial treatments against human brucellosis, the development of a B. melitensis vaccine that could circumvent the drawbacks of the currently available Rev 1 vaccine, and the investigation of serological diagnostic tests for camel brucellosis and wildlife. Strategies for the implementation of animal vaccination are also discussed.
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Infections and risk factors for livestock with species of Anaplasma, Babesia and Brucella under semi-nomadic rearing in Karamoja Region, Uganda. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016. [PMID: 26888206 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1005-x/tables/6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
A survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Anaplasma, Babesia and Brucella spp. infections in cattle, goats and sheep in the Karamoja Region of Uganda and to identify possible risk factors existing in this semi-nomadic and pastoral area. Low cost laboratory tests were used to diagnose infections (Rose Bengal test for Brucella spp. antibodies and direct microscopic examination for Anaplasma and Babesia spp.). Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to identify possible risk factors linked to gender, animal species, age (only for cattle) and districts. A total of 3935 cattle, 729 goats and 306 sheep of five districts of the Karamoja Region were tested. Seroprevalence for Brucella was 9.2 % (CI, 95 %: 8.4-10), for Anaplasma 19.5 % (CI 95 %: 18.4-20.6) and for Babesia 16 % (CI 95 %: 15-17.1). Significant differences in infections prevalence were observed against risk factors associated with districts and species. Cattle were the species with higher risk of the infections. Female gender was identified as at risk only for Brucella spp. infection. Cattle more than one year old had greater likelihood to be Brucella seropositive. Co-infections of Anaplasma and Babesia spp. were statistically associated, especially in goats and sheep. Further studies to identify risk factors related to host species and geographical districts are needed. The influence on the semi-nomadic agro-pastoral system in Karamoja of animal raids and animal mixing should be further investigated. Findings were important to sensitize Karamojong undertaking measures on infection control, especially on cattle, which are their main source of food.
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Infections and risk factors for livestock with species of Anaplasma, Babesia and Brucella under semi-nomadic rearing in Karamoja Region, Uganda. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48:603-11. [PMID: 26888206 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Anaplasma, Babesia and Brucella spp. infections in cattle, goats and sheep in the Karamoja Region of Uganda and to identify possible risk factors existing in this semi-nomadic and pastoral area. Low cost laboratory tests were used to diagnose infections (Rose Bengal test for Brucella spp. antibodies and direct microscopic examination for Anaplasma and Babesia spp.). Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to identify possible risk factors linked to gender, animal species, age (only for cattle) and districts. A total of 3935 cattle, 729 goats and 306 sheep of five districts of the Karamoja Region were tested. Seroprevalence for Brucella was 9.2 % (CI, 95 %: 8.4-10), for Anaplasma 19.5 % (CI 95 %: 18.4-20.6) and for Babesia 16 % (CI 95 %: 15-17.1). Significant differences in infections prevalence were observed against risk factors associated with districts and species. Cattle were the species with higher risk of the infections. Female gender was identified as at risk only for Brucella spp. infection. Cattle more than one year old had greater likelihood to be Brucella seropositive. Co-infections of Anaplasma and Babesia spp. were statistically associated, especially in goats and sheep. Further studies to identify risk factors related to host species and geographical districts are needed. The influence on the semi-nomadic agro-pastoral system in Karamoja of animal raids and animal mixing should be further investigated. Findings were important to sensitize Karamojong undertaking measures on infection control, especially on cattle, which are their main source of food.
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Alhaji NB, Wungak YS, Bertu WJ. Serological survey of bovine brucellosis in Fulani nomadic cattle breeds (Bos indicus) of North-central Nigeria: Potential risk factors and zoonotic implications. Acta Trop 2016; 153:28-35. [PMID: 26464048 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A cross sectional study was conducted to investigate seroprevalence and associated risk factors of bovine brucellosis in Fulani nomadic herds in the 3 agro-ecological zones of Niger State, North-central Nigeria between January and August 2013. A total of 672 cattle in 113 herds were screened for Brucella antibodies using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and confirmed by Lateral flow Assay (LFA). Data on herd characteristics and zoonotic factors were collected using structured questionnaire administered on Fulani herd owners. Factors associated with Brucella infection were tested using Chi-square test and multivariable logistic model. The overall cattle-level seroprevalence was 1.9% (95% CI: 1.1-3.2) with highest in agro-zone C (3.2%). Herd-level seroprevalence was 9.7% (95% CI: 5.23-16.29) and highest in agro-zone C (13.5%). Sex and agro-ecological zones were significantly (P<0.006 and P<0.01, respectively) associated with Brucella abortus seropositivity. Herd composition, abortion in herd, exchange of bulls for mating, introduction of new cattle, and socio-cultural practices were significantly associated with brucellosis occurrence. Inhalation of droplets from milk of infected cows, and drinking raw milk were less likely [OR 0.27; 95% CI: 0.09-0.82 and OR 0.27; 95% CI: 0.08-0.99, respectively] not to predisposed to brucellosis in humans. Eating infected raw meat, and contact with infected placenta were more likely [OR 7.49; 95% CI: 2.06-28.32 and OR 5.74; 95% CI: 1.78-18.47, respectively] to be risks for the disease in humans. These results highlighted the important risk factors for bovine brucellosis in Fulani herds. Thus, brucellosis control programs which take these factors into consideration will be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Alhaji
- Zoonoses and Epidemiology Unit, Niger State Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, Minna, Nigeria.
| | - Y S Wungak
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - W J Bertu
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
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Dirar BG, Nasinyama GW, Gelalcha BD. Seroprevalence and risk factors for brucellosis in cattle in selected districts of Jimma zone, Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 47:1615-9. [PMID: 26374209 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0910-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was carried out in Jimma town and Chora Botor district of Jimma zone from February 2014 to May 2014 to determine seroprevalence and risk factors of brucellosis in cattle. A total of 348 blood samples (174 each from zebu and crossbreed) were collected. The sera were separated and screened by Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), and positive sera were retested by complement fixation test (CFT) for confirmation. The overall seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis was 1.4 and 0.3 % as tested by RBPT and CFT, respectively. The seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis in indigenous and crossbreed cattle was 1.1 and 0.6 % and 1.7 and 0 % using RBPT and CFT, respectively. Retained fetal membrane was the only risk factor found to be significantly associated with seropositivity of brucellosis in this study (p = 0.019). The overall seroprevalence of brucellosis was very low. However, due to the zoonotic and economic importance of the disease, prevention and control measures are required to stop further spread of the disease. To effectively implement this, the One Health (OH) is the most constructive approach we recommend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashahun Gebremichael Dirar
- Makerere University College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resource and Bio-Security, Kampala, P. O. Box. 7062, Uganda. .,Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box. 307, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - George William Nasinyama
- Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box. 307, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Benti Deresa Gelalcha
- Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box. 307, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Tumwine G, Matovu E, Kabasa JD, Owiny DO, Majalija S. Human brucellosis: sero-prevalence and associated risk factors in agro-pastoral communities of Kiboga District, Central Uganda. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:900. [PMID: 26374402 PMCID: PMC4572625 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis remains a neglected zoonotic disease among agro-pastoral communities where unprocessed milk and milk products are consumed. A cross-sectional study was carried out in Kiboga district to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with human brucellosis in communities where livestock rearing in a common practice. METHODS A total of 235 participants were involved in the study. Blood samples from the participants were collected and screened for Brucella using Serum Agglutination Test and Rose Bengal Plate Test. A questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics and human brucellosis related risk factors. RESULTS Human Brucella seroprevalence was at 17.0 % (n = 235). The prevalence was highest among males (20.5 %, n = 78) and the elderly - above 60 years (22.2 %, n = 18). Residence in rural areas (OR 3.16, 95 % CI: 1.16-8.56), consuming locally processed milk products (OR 2.54, 95 % CI: 1.12-5.78) and being single (OR 2.44, 95 % CI: 1.05-5.68), were associated with increased risk of brucellosis. DISCUSSION Human brucellosis seroprevalence was high at 17 %, this was parallel with animal brucellosis prevalence that has been reported to range from 10.2 % to 25.7 % in cattle in the region. The participants were from communities known to habitually consume raw milk and milk products, know to process milk products using bare hands which are major risk factors for brucellosis in humans. This also explains why consumption of unpasteurized milk products was associated with the occurrence of brucellosis in study area. This strengthened the argument that humans get infected through consumption of contaminated animal products as reported in other earlier studies. Males and elderly being more affected because of traditional roles of these groups they play in livestock care and management. The single were also to be more associated to brucellosis, due to the fact that this group consume milk and milk products more as it is readily available in the informal markets as highly nutritious fast foods in this community as also observed in USA. CONCLUSIONS Brucellosis is highly prevalent in Kiboga district, and therefore, an important public health problem. The transmission risk was aggravated by consumption of unpasteurized milk products, residing in rural settings and being single. There is a need to initiate screening, treat infected humans early, and educate the public about risk factors and appropriate preventive measures of brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Tumwine
- Department of Biomolecular Resources and Biolab Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Enock Matovu
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - John David Kabasa
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystem and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - David Okello Owiny
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystem and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Samuel Majalija
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystem and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
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Risk factors associated with brucellosis among slaughtered cattle: Epidemiological insight from two metropolitan abattoirs in Southwestern Nigeria. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)60925-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Assenga JA, Matemba LE, Muller SK, Malakalinga JJ, Kazwala RR. Epidemiology of Brucella infection in the human, livestock and wildlife interface in the Katavi-Rukwa ecosystem, Tanzania. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:189. [PMID: 26253151 PMCID: PMC4529704 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brucellosis is a zoonosis of public health importance worldwide. In Tanzania, the disease is underreported due to insufficient awareness, inadequate diagnostic protocols, including lack of appropriate reagents for diagnosis. Livestock and wildlife are considered potential sources of infection to humans; however, the role played by these carriers in the epidemiology of the disease in the ecosystems in Tanzania is not fully understood. The objective of this study was to establish the prevalence of anti-Brucella antibodies in humans, wildlife and livestock; and molecular prevalence of Brucella spp in cattle and goats in the Katavi- Rukwa ecosystem. Results Anti-Brucella antibodies were detected in humans at 0.6 % (95 % CI: 0.1, 2.1 %); cattle at 6.8 % (95 % CI: 5.4, 8.5 %), goats at 1.6 % (95 % CI: 0.4, 4.1 %) and buffaloes at 7.9 % (95 % CI: 1.7, 21.4 %). One of the two sampled lions tested positive. Cattle had a significantly higher prevalence of anti-Brucella antibodies as compared to goats (P < 0.05). A significantly higher seroprevalence was found in female than in male cattle and in adult than in young cattle (P < 0.05). There was an agreement of 95 and 89 % in cattle and goats, respectively, for the Rose Bengal plate Test (RBPT) and Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA) in detecting Brucella infection. Eight (3.5 %) out of 231 milk samples tested were positive for Brucella spp on Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and Brucella abortus biovar 1 was detected in cattle milk. However, no Brucella spp were detected in goat milk. Conclusion This study has shown the presence of anti- Brucella antibodies in humans, livestock, and wildlife in the Katavi- Rukwa ecosystem. Transmission of the infection between wildlife, livestock and humans is likely to continue due to increasing human activities in the human wildlife interface. This information is an important contribution to public health policy development in the human wildlife interface of the Katavi- Rukwa ecosystem. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0504-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine A Assenga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Lucas E Matemba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania. .,National Institute for Medical Research, P. O. Box 9653, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Shabani K Muller
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Joseph J Malakalinga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Rudovick R Kazwala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania.
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Mathew C, Stokstad M, Johansen TB, Klevar S, Mdegela RH, Mwamengele G, Michel P, Escobar L, Fretin D, Godfroid J. First isolation, identification, phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Brucella abortus biovar 3 from dairy cattle in Tanzania. BMC Vet Res 2015. [PMID: 26195218 PMCID: PMC4508816 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0476-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is a disease of worldwide public health and economic importance. Successful control is based on knowledge of epidemiology and strains present in an area. In developing countries, most investigations are based on serological assays. This study aimed at investigating a dairy herd experiencing abortions in order to establish within-herd seroprevalence to Brucella spp., identify, characterize Brucella strains by Multiple Loci Variable Number of Tandem Repeats Analysis (MLVA-VNTR) and investigate possible spillover to other species. RESULTS The within-herd seroprevalence in cattle (n = 200) was 48 % (95 % CI 41-55), using an indirect ELISA, while the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) yielded lower prevalence (21.5 %; 95 % CI 16-27). Two sheep (n = 35) and one goat (n = 50) were seropositive using ELISA while none of the dogs (n = 6) was positive with the RBT. Three Brucella were isolated from an aborted fetus and associated membranes. Real time PCR (IS711), Bruce-ladder and classical biotyping classified the isolates as B. abortus biovar 3. MLVA-VNTR revealed two different but closely related genotypes. The isolates showed unique profiles, providing the first genotypic data from Tanzania. These genotypes were not related to B. abortus biovar 3 reference strain Tulya originally isolated from a human patient in Uganda in 1958, unlike the genotypes isolated and characterized recently in Kenya. High within-herd prevalence, isolation of the pathogen and abortion confirm that B. abortus is circulating in this herd with cattle as reservoir hosts. A low seroprevalence in sheep and goats suggests a spillover of B. abortus from cattle to small ruminants in the herd. CONCLUSIONS This is the first isolation and characterization of B. abortus biovar 3 from a dairy cow with abortion in Tanzania. The origin of the Tanzanian genotypes remain elusive, although they seem to be related to genotypes found in Europe, Turkey and China but not related to B. abortus biovar 3 reference strain or genotypes from Kenya. Importantly, replacement heifers are commonly sourced from large farms like this to smallholder farmers, which poses risk of spread of bacteria to other herds. B. abortus is a significant zoonotic risk and animal health problem in this production system, therefore further studies on humans is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mathew
- Department of Production Animals Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Science, Oslo, Norway. .,Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - M Stokstad
- Department of Production Animals Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Science, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - S Klevar
- National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway.
| | - R H Mdegela
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - G Mwamengele
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - P Michel
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - L Escobar
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - D Fretin
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - J Godfroid
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø - the Arctic University of Norway, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Research Group of Arctic Infection Biology, Langnes, Postbox 6050, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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Osoro EM, Munyua P, Omulo S, Ogola E, Ade F, Mbatha P, Mbabu M, Ng'ang'a Z, Kairu S, Maritim M, Thumbi SM, Bitek A, Gaichugi S, Rubin C, Njenga K, Guerra M. Strong Association Between Human and Animal Brucella Seropositivity in a Linked Study in Kenya, 2012-2013. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:224-231. [PMID: 26101275 PMCID: PMC4530738 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a common bacterial zoonotic infection but data on the prevalence among humans and animals is limited in Kenya. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in three counties practicing different livestock production systems to simultaneously assess the seroprevalence of, and risk factors for brucellosis among humans and their livestock (cattle, sheep, camels, and goats). A two-stage cluster sampling method with random selection of sublocations and households was conducted. Blood samples were collected from humans and animals and tested for Brucella immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. Human and animal individual seroprevalence was 16% and 8%, respectively. Household and herd seroprevalence ranged from 5% to 73% and 6% to 68%, respectively. There was a 6-fold odds of human seropositivity in households with a seropositive animal compared with those without. Risk factors for human seropositivity included regular ingestion of raw milk (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.8-4.4), exposure to goats (herding, milking, and feeding) (aOR = 3.1, 95% CI = 2.5-3.8), and handling of animal hides (aOR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.5-2.2). Attaining at least high school education and above was a protective factor for human seropositivity (aOR = 0.3, 95% CI = 0.3-0.4). This linked study provides evidence of a strong association between human and animal seropositivity at the household level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Mogaka Osoro
- *Address correspondence to Eric Mogaka Osoro, Zoonotic Disease Unit, Department of Preventive and Promotive Health, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 20811-00202 Nairobi, Kenya. E-mail:
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Kabi F, Muwanika V, Masembe C. Spatial distribution of Brucella antibodies with reference to indigenous cattle populations among contrasting agro-ecological zones of Uganda. Prev Vet Med 2015; 121:56-63. [PMID: 26100405 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Indigenous cattle populations exhibit various degrees of agro-ecological fitness and provide desirable opportunities for investments to improve sustainable production for better rural small-scale farmers' incomes globally. However, they could be a source of infection to their attendants and other susceptible livestock if their brucellosis status remains unknown. This study investigated the spatial distribution of Brucella antibodies among indigenous cattle populations in Uganda. Sera from a total of 925 indigenous cattle (410 Ankole Bos taurus indicus, 50 Nganda and 465 East African Shorthorn Zebu (EASZ) - B. indicus) obtained randomly from 209 herds spread throughout Uganda were sequentially analysed for Brucella antibodies using the indirect (I) and competitive (C) enzyme linked Immuno-sorbent assays (ELISA). Recent incidences of abortion within the previous 12 months and routine hygienic practices during parturition were explored for public health risks. Brucella antibodies occurred in approximately 8.64% (80/925) and 28.70% (95% CI: 22.52, 34.89) of the sampled individual cattle and herds, respectively. Findings have shown that Ankole and EASZ cattle had similar seroprevalences. Indigenous cattle from the different study agro-ecological zones (AEZs) exhibited varying seroprevalences ranging from approximately 1.78% (95% CI: 0, 5.29) to 19.67% (95% CI: 8.99, 30.35) in the Lake Victoria Crescent (LVC) and North Eastern Drylands (NED) respectively. Significantly higher odds for Brucella antibodies occurred in the NED (OR: 3.40, 95% CI: 1.34, 8.57, p=0.01) inhabited by EASZ cattle compared to the KP (reference category) AEZ. Recent incidences of abortions within the previous 12 months were significantly (p<0.001) associated with seropositive herds. These findings add critical evidence to existing information on the widespread occurrence of brucellosis among indigenous cattle populations in Uganda and could guide allocation of meagre resources for awareness creation. And deployment of control strategies including culling of older cattle and those which have aborted during advanced gestation, enforcement of hygiene practices and mass vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrick Kabi
- Department of Environmental Management, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062/7298, Kampala, Uganda; National Livestock Resources Research Institute (NaLIRRI), P.O. Box 96, Tororo, Uganda.
| | - Vincent Muwanika
- Department of Environmental Management, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062/7298, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles Masembe
- Department of Bio-Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Pandian SJ, Ray PK, Chandran PC, Kumar M. Seroprevalence of Brucella abortus and Leptospira hardjo in cattle. Vet World 2015; 8:217-20. [PMID: 27047076 PMCID: PMC4774707 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.217-220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim was to assess the seroprevalence of B. abortus and Leptospira hardjo in the cattle population of Bihar, this work was carried out. MATERIALS AND METHODS Randomly selected 450 cattle from nine districts of Bihar were serologically screened for antibodies against L. hardjo and B. abortus. DAS-ELISA for leptospira and AB-ELISA for brucella were carried out. Based on the results prevalence in each district and the state are reported herewith. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this study, it was found that the seroprevalence of L. hardjo was 9.11% and that of B. abortus was 12.2% in Bihar. Indigenous cattle were found to be less susceptible to leptospirosis and brucellosis even though they accounted for 83.11% of the study population. CONCLUSION Although there was no acute disease, antibodies detected against L. hardjo and B. abortus in the cattle population indicated the presence of chronic and subclinical infection, which could challenge the fertility of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jegaveera Pandian
- Division of Livestock and Fisheries Management, ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Ray
- Division of Livestock and Fisheries Management, ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - P C Chandran
- Division of Livestock and Fisheries Management, ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna, Bihar, India
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Mugizi DR, Boqvist S, Nasinyama GW, Waiswa C, Ikwap K, Rock K, Lindahl E, Magnusson U, Erume J. Prevalence of and factors associated with Brucella sero-positivity in cattle in urban and peri-urban Gulu and Soroti towns of Uganda. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:557-64. [PMID: 25716482 PMCID: PMC4478735 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a key zoonosis of major public health, animal welfare and economic significance, and is endemic in livestock in Uganda. A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out to estimate the sero-prevalence of brucellosis and identify factors associated with sero-positivity in cattle in urban and peri-urban Gulu and Soroti towns of Northern and Eastern Uganda, respectively. A total of 1007 sera and data on biologically plausible risk factors from 166 herds and their spatial locations, were collected from cattle reared in urban and peri-urban Gulu and Soroti towns of Uganda. The sera were analyzed using indirect ELISA and sero-positive reactors confirmed by competitive ELISA. Multivariable models were used to investigate for risk factors. The overall animal-level and herd-level sero-prevalence was 7.5% (76/1007, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 6.15-9.4%) and 27.1% (45/166, 95% CI: 20.9-34.3%), respectively. Herd-level sero-prevalence was significantly (P<0.001) higher in Soroti than Gulu. In Gulu town, sero-positivity increased with an increase in herd size (P=0.03) and age (P=0.002), and was higher in cattle brought in from western Uganda (P<0.0001). In Soroti town, introduction of new cattle into a herd was significantly (P=0.027) associated with herd sero-positivity. There was a geographically differential risk (clustering) of Brucella sero- positivity in herds in Soroti, while sero-positivity was homogeneously distributed in Gulu. The data highlight brucellosis occurrence and major risk factors for its transmission in cattle in urban and peri-urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Rwabiita Mugizi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Bamaiyi PH, Hassan L, Khairani-Bejo S, ZainalAbidin M, Ramlan M, Adzhar A, Abdullah N, Hamidah NHM, Norsuhanna MM, Hashim SN. The prevalence and distribution of Brucella melitensis in goats in Malaysia from 2000 to 2009. Prev Vet Med 2015; 119:232-6. [PMID: 25746928 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to describe the prevalence and distribution of zoonotic Brucella melitensis in goats in Peninsular Malaysia. Using serosurveillance data of the last decade (2000-2009) involving 119,799 goats and 3555 farms, the seroprevalence of brucellosis among goats was 0.91% (95% CI=0.86-0.96) and among farms was 7.09% (95% CI=6.27-7.98). The odds of brucellosis was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the later part of the decade, in larger herd size and among the states located in the peninsula as compared to eastern Malaysia. The infection was detected throughout Malaysia but at generally low seroprevalences with states like Perlis that border neighbouring countries having higher seroprevalence of brucellosis than other non-border states.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Bamaiyi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - L Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - S Khairani-Bejo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M ZainalAbidin
- Department of Agribusiness and Information System, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M Ramlan
- Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - A Adzhar
- Department of Veterinary Services Headquarters Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - N Abdullah
- Department of Veterinary Services Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - N H M Hamidah
- Department of Veterinary Services Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M M Norsuhanna
- Department of Veterinary Services Headquarters Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - S N Hashim
- Department of Veterinary Services Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Anka MS, Hassan L, Khairani-Bejo S, Zainal MA, Mohamad RB, Salleh A, Adzhar A. A case-control study of risk factors for bovine brucellosis seropositivity in Peninsular Malaysia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108673. [PMID: 25265020 PMCID: PMC4181650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine brucellosis was first reported in Peninsular Malaysia in 1950. A subsequent survey conducted in the country revealed that the disease was widespread. Current knowledge on the potential risk factors for brucellosis occurrence on cattle farms in Malaysia is lacking. Therefore, we conducted a case-control study to identify the potential herd-level risk factors for bovine brucellosis occurrence in four states in the country, namely Kelantan, Pahang, Selangor and Negeri Sembilan. Thirty-five cases and 36 controls of herds were selected where data on farm management, biosecurity, medical history and public health were collected. Multivariable logistic regression identified that Brucella seropositive herds were more likely to; have some interaction with wildlife (OR 8.9, 95% CI = 1.59–50.05); originated from farms where multiple species such as buffalo/others (OR 41.8, 95% CI = 3.94–443.19) and goat/sheep (OR 8.9, 95%Cl = 1.10–71.83) were reared, practice extensive production system (OR 13.6, 95% CI 1.31–140.24) and have had episodes of abortion in the past (OR 51.8, 95% CI = 4.54–590.90) when compared to seronegative herds. Considering the lack of information on the epidemiology of bovine brucellosis in peninsular Malaysia and absence of information on preventing the inception or spread of the disease, this report could contribute to the on-going area-wise national brucellosis eradication program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhtar Salihu Anka
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Latiffah Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Siti Khairani-Bejo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Abidin Zainal
- Department of Agribusiness and information system, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Annas Salleh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azri Adzhar
- Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, Department of Veterinary Services, Putrajaya, Malaysia
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Cowie CE, Marreos N, Gortázar C, Jaroso R, White PCL, Balseiro A. Shared risk factors for multiple livestock diseases: a case study of bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:491-7. [PMID: 25267287 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Livestock diseases can result in reduced farm productivity. The bacterial diseases tuberculosis (TB) and brucellosis may share some transmission characteristics which, if managed in common, would result in more cost-effective management. Here, we identify risk factors shared between these diseases using a case-control approach and information theoretic modelling. One-hundred cattle farmers in Atlantic Spain were interviewed about farm characteristics and management practices. The risk factor shared between both diseases was intra- and inter-herd contact between cattle. Disease-specific risk factors were the presence of wildlife for TB, and cattle movement between farms for brucellosis. An integrated approach to disease management needs to consider cattle movement and farm biosecurity, reinforced by an education campaign to increase farmer awareness. This would be likely to bring benefits in reducing both diseases and improve the efficiency of any interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Cowie
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; SaBio-IREC Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n., 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - N Marreos
- SaBio-IREC Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n., 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Gortázar
- SaBio-IREC Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n., 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - R Jaroso
- SaBio-IREC Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n., 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P C L White
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - A Balseiro
- SERIDA, Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Camino de Rioseco, 1225, La Olla, Deva, Gijón, Asturias 33394, Spain
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Patel MD, Patel PR, Prajapati MG, Kanani AN, Tyagi KK, Fulsoundar AB. Prevalence and risk factor's analysis of bovine brucellosis in peri-urban areas under intensive system of production in Gujarat, India. Vet World 2014. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.509-516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Barkallah M, Gharbi Y, Hassena AB, Slima AB, Mallek Z, Gautier M, Greub G, Gdoura R, Fendri I. Survey of infectious etiologies of bovine abortion during mid- to late gestation in dairy herds. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91549. [PMID: 24662769 PMCID: PMC3963856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine abortion of unknown infectious etiology still remains a major economic problem. Thus, we investigated whether Brucella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Coxiella burnetii are associated with abortion and/or stillbirth in Tunisian dairy cattle. Using a pan-Chlamydiales PCR, we also investigated the role of Chlamydiaceae, Waddlia chondrophila, Parachlamydia acanthamoebae and other members of the Chlamydiales order in this setting. Veterinary samples taken from mid to late-term abortions from twenty dairy herds were tested. From a total of 150 abortion cases collected, infectious agents were detected by PCR in 73 (48.66%) cases, 13 (8.66%) of which represented co-infections with two infectious agents. Detected pathogens include Brucella spp (31.3%), Chlamydiaceae (4.66%), Waddlia chondrophila (8%), Parachlamydia acanthamoebae (5.33%), Listeria monocytogenes (4.66%) and Salmonella spp. (3.33%). In contrast, Campylobacter spp. and Coxiella burnetii DNA were not detected among the investigated veterinary samples. This demonstrates that different bacterial agents may cause bovine abortion in Tunisia. This is the first report suggesting the role of Parachlamydia acanthamoebae in bovine abortion in Africa. Further studies with a larger number of samples are necessary to confirm whether this emerging pathogen is directly linked to abortion in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Barkallah
- Unité de recherche Toxicologie – Microbiologie Environnementale et Santé (UR11ES70), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax-Tunisia, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Yaakoub Gharbi
- Unité de recherche Toxicologie – Microbiologie Environnementale et Santé (UR11ES70), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax-Tunisia, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Amal Ben Hassena
- Unité de recherche Toxicologie – Microbiologie Environnementale et Santé (UR11ES70), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax-Tunisia, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Ben Slima
- Unité de recherche Toxicologie – Microbiologie Environnementale et Santé (UR11ES70), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax-Tunisia, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Michel Gautier
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Département agroalimentaire, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Radhouane Gdoura
- Unité de recherche Toxicologie – Microbiologie Environnementale et Santé (UR11ES70), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax-Tunisia, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Imen Fendri
- Unité de recherche Toxicologie – Microbiologie Environnementale et Santé (UR11ES70), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax-Tunisia, Sfax, Tunisia
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Département agroalimentaire, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
- * E-mail:
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Boukary AR, Saegerman C, Abatih E, Fretin D, Alambédji Bada R, De Deken R, Harouna HA, Yenikoye A, Thys E. Seroprevalence and potential risk factors for Brucella spp. infection in traditional cattle, sheep and goats reared in urban, periurban and rural areas of Niger. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83175. [PMID: 24358261 PMCID: PMC3865157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Niamey, Niger, interactions within the interface between animals, humans and the environment induce a potential risk of brucellosis transmission between animals and from animals to humans. Currently, little is known about the transmission of Brucella in this context. RESULTS 5,192 animals from 681 herds were included in the study. Serum samples and hygroma fluids were collected. A household survey enabled to identify the risk factors for transmission of brucellosis. The true adjusted herd-level prevalence of brucellosis ranged between 11.2% and 17.2% and the true adjusted animal-population level prevalence was 1.3% (95% CI: 0.9-1.8%) based on indirect ELISA test for Brucella antibodies. Animals aged of 1-4 years were found to be more susceptible than animals less than 1 year old (Odds ratio [OR] of 2.7; 95% CI: 1.43-5.28). For cattle, the odds of brucellosis seropositivity were higher in rural compared to the periurban areas (OR of 2.8; 95% CI: 1.48-5.17) whereas for small ruminants the risk of seropositivity appeared to be higher in urban compared to periurban areas (OR of 5.5; 95% CI: 1.48-20.38). At herd level, the risk of transmission was increased by transhumance (OR of 5.4; 95% CI: 2.84-10.41), the occurrence of abortions (OR of 3.0; 95% CI: 1.40-6.41), and for herds having more than 50 animals (OR of 11.0; 95% CI: 3.75-32.46). Brucella abortus biovar 3 was isolated from the hygromas. CONCLUSION brucellosis in Niger is a serious problem among cattle especially in the rural areas around Niamey and among sheep in the urban areas of Niamey. The seroprevalence varies across strata and animal species with important risk factors including herd size, abortion and transhumance at herd level and age at animal population level. For effective control of brucellosis, an integrated approach seems appropriate involving all stakeholders working in public and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdou Razac Boukary
- Department of Livestock promotion and Management of Natural Resources, ONG Karkara, Niamey, Niger
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to the Veterinary Sciences (UREAR), University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Faculty of Agronomy, University of Niamey, Niamey, Niger
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to the Veterinary Sciences (UREAR), University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Abatih
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - David Fretin
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Veterinary and Agro-chemical Research Centre, Uccle, Belgium
| | - Rianatou Alambédji Bada
- Service of Microbiology-Immunology-Infectious Pathology, Interstate School of Veterinary Sciences and Medicine, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Reginald De Deken
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Eric Thys
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Muflihanah H, Hatta M, Rood E, Scheelbeek P, Abdoel TH, Smits HL. Brucellosis seroprevalence in Bali cattle with reproductive failure in South Sulawesi and Brucella abortus biovar 1 genotypes in the Eastern Indonesian archipelago. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:233. [PMID: 24279343 PMCID: PMC4222555 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brucellosis is a major cause of infertility and reproductive failure in livestock. While cattle in the Eastern Indonesian archipelago suffers from reproductive problems information on bovine brucellosis in the region is fragmentary. The control of brucellosis requires a major and prolonged effort and confirmation of the infection by isolation with detailed knowledge of the spread of the infection is essential when planning a control program. Results Serological investigation of Brucella infection in beef cattle tended under extensive farming conditions revealed a high seroprevalence (19.3%; 95% CI, 17–22) in the compliment fixation tests. The results of a rapid and simple field test correlated well with the Rose Bengal test (kappa, 0.917) and indicated an acceptable sensitivity (87.5%) and specificity (98.1%) compared with the complement fixation test. Reproductive failure was reported for 39.0% of the cows with a loss of calves due to abortion or early death amounting to 19.3%. Past reproductive failure did not, however, correlate with seropositivity in the complement fixation test (RP = 1.21; P = 0.847). B. abortus biovar 1 was freshly isolated from the hygromas of two cows and together with thirty banked isolates collected since 1990 from different parts of Sulawesi and Timor eight related genotypes could be distinguished with one genotype being identical to that of an isolate (BfR91) from Switzerland. The Indonesian genotypes formed together with BfR91 and one African and one North American isolate a distinct branch on the B. abortus biovar 1 dendogram. Conclusions Bovine brucellosis appears to be widespread in the Eastern Indonesian archipelago and calls for urgent intervention. The fresh isolation of the pathogen together with the observed high seroprevalence demonstrates the presence and frequent exposure of cattle in the area to the pathogen. The application of a rapid and simple field test for brucellosis could be very useful for the quick screening of cattle at the pen side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanah Muflihanah
- KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute/Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen (KIT), Meibergdreef 39, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kateete DP, Kabugo U, Baluku H, Nyakarahuka L, Kyobe S, Okee M, Najjuka CF, Joloba ML. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria from milkmen and cows with clinical mastitis in and around Kampala, Uganda. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63413. [PMID: 23667611 PMCID: PMC3646745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of pathogens associated with bovine mastitis is helpful in treatment and management decisions. However, such data from sub-Saharan Africa is scarce. Here we describe the distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria from cows with clinical mastitis in Kampala, Uganda. Due to high concern of zoonotic infections, isolates from milkmen are also described. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Ninety seven milk samples from cows with clinical mastitis and 31 nasal swabs from milkmen were collected (one sample per cow/human). Fifty eight (60%) Gram-positive isolates namely Staphylococci (21), Enterococci (16), Streptococci (13), Lactococci (5), Micrococci (2) and Arcanobacteria (1) were detected in cows; only one grew Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, 24 (25%) coliforms namely Escherichia coli (12), Klebsiella oxytoca (5), Proteus vulgaris (2), Serratia (2), Citrobacter (1), Cedecea (1) and Leclercia (1) were identified. From humans, 24 Gram-positive bacteria grew, of which 11 were Staphylococci (35%) including four Staphylococcus aureus. Upon susceptibility testing, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were prevalent; 57%, 12/21 in cows and 64%, 7/11 in humans. However, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was not detected. Furthermore, methicillin and vancomycin resistant CoNS were detected in cows (Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus lugdunensis) and humans (Staphylococcus scuiri). Also, vancomycin and daptomycin resistant Enterococci (Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, respectively) were detected in cows. Coliforms were less resistant with three pan-susceptible isolates. However, multidrug resistant Klebsiella, Proteus, Serratia, Cedecea, and Citrobacter were detected. Lastly, similar species grew from human and bovine samples but on genotyping, the isolates were found to be different. Interestingly, human and bovine Staphylococcus aureus were genetically similar (spa-CC435, spa-type t645 corresponding to ST121) but with different susceptibility patterns. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE CoNS, Enterococci, Streptococci, and Escherichia coli are the predominant pathogens associated with clinical bovine-mastitis in Kampala, Uganda. Multidrug resistant bacteria are also prevalent. While similar species occurred in humans and cows, transmission was not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Patrick Kateete
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
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Godfroid J, Al Dahouk S, Pappas G, Roth F, Matope G, Muma J, Marcotty T, Pfeiffer D, Skjerve E. A “One Health” surveillance and control of brucellosis in developing countries: Moving away from improvisation. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 36:241-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kashiwazaki Y, Ecewu E, Imaligat JO, Mawejje R, Kirunda M, Kato M, Musoke GM, Ademun RAO. Epidemiology of bovine brucellosis by a combination of rose bengal test and indirect ELISA in the five districts of Uganda. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1417-22. [PMID: 22785123 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A serological survey on bovine brucellosis was carried out 3 times between 2007 and 2009 in 3 districts (Kiboga, Mpigi and Kiruhura) in western Uganda and 2 (Kumi and Mbale) in the east employing the rose bengal test (RBT) for infected-herd screening and an indirect ELISA (iELISA) for testing the serostatus of individual animals. The animal prevalence was significantly higher in the 3 districts of the west (mean 21.5% in 2009) compared with the 2 districts (mean 3.4% in 2008) in the east (P<0.0001), though a significant difference was not observed between Kumi and Mpigi in 2008. In the west, it was the lowest in Mpigi, but a significant increase was observed between 2008 (5.3%) and 2009 (30.0%), as in Kiruhura, in which the prevalence increased from 8.1% in 2007 to 16.8% in 2009. A similar trend was also observed in Kumi, namely, the seropositivity significantly increased from 2.3% in 2007 to 6.2% in 2008 and became remarkably higher than in Mbale (0.64%). As a result, the farm prevalence was also higher in the west, especially in Kiboga in 2007 (77.8%) and 2008 (65.6%), and Mpigi in 2009 (70.8%). The linear predictor of the fitted generalized linear model proved that the logit of RBT positivity increased linearly over the increase in percent positivity values. This study demonstrated an example of an unaided self-help survey as one of the control measures in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Kashiwazaki
- National Animal Disease Diagnostic & Epidemiology Centre, MAAIF, Airport Road, P.O.Box 24, Entebbe, Uganda.
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