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Rajao DS, Vincent AL. Swine as a Model for Influenza A Virus Infection and Immunity. ILAR J 2015; 56:44-52. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilv002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Che L, Xuan Y, Hu L, Liu Y, Xu Q, Fang Z, Lin Y, Xu S, Wu D, Zhang K, Chen D. Effect of postnatal nutrition restriction on the oxidative status of neonates with intrauterine growth restriction in a pig model. Neonatology 2015; 107:93-9. [PMID: 25412706 DOI: 10.1159/000368179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In offspring with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), where oxidative stress may play an important role in inducing metabolic syndrome, nutrition restriction has been shown to improve oxidative status. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of postnatal nutrition restriction on the oxidative status of IUGR neonates. METHODS A total of twelve pairs of piglets, of normal birth-weight (NBW) and with IUGR (7 days old), respectively, were randomly allocated to have adequate nutritional intake (ANI) and restricted nutritional intake (RNI) for a period of 21 days, respectively. This design produced 4 experimental groups: NBW-ANI, IUGR-ANI, NBW-RNI and IUGR-RNI (n = 6 per group). Serum, ileum and liver samples were analyzed for antioxidant parameters and the mRNA expression of genes with regard to oxidative status. The data were subjected to general linear model analysis and Duncan's test with a 5% significance level. RESULTS Irrespective of nutritional intake, the IUGR pigs had markedly lower activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), gene expressions of liver mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) and ileum cytoplasmic copper/zinc (CuZn)-SOD and, accordingly, there was a markedly higher malondialdehyde concentration in the liver of these pigs compared to in the NBW pigs. Irrespective of body weight, pigs receiving ANI treatment had significantly lower activities of antioxidant enzymes in the serum (total antioxidative capability, CuZn-SOD and GPX) and liver (total SOD and glutathione reductase) and decreased gene expression of liver CuZn-SOD and Mn-SOD compared to the pigs receiving RNI. In addition, the IUGR pigs had a markedly lower concentration of liver reduced glutathione (GSH), ratio of GSH to oxidized glutathione, gene expression of ileum CuZn-SOD and extracellular SOD than the NBW pigs when receiving ANI, but not all of these differences were observed in those receiving RNI. CONCLUSION IUGR neonates may have poor antioxidant defense systems, and postnatal nutrition restriction has the potential to prevent oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianqiang Che
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, PR China
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Haslauer CM, Proffen BL, Johnson VM, Hill A, Murray MM. Gene expression of catabolic inflammatory cytokines peak before anabolic inflammatory cytokines after ACL injury in a preclinical model. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2014; 11:34. [PMID: 25400511 PMCID: PMC4232656 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-014-0034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The response of the joint to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury has not been fully characterized. In particular, the characterization of both catabolic factors, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and markers of ongoing tissue damage (CRP), and anabolic factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor β-induced (TGFβI), and the presence of CD163+ macrophages, have not been well defined. In this study, we hypothesized ACL injury would catalyze both catabolic and anabolic processes and that these would have different temporal profiles of expression. Methods Adolescent Yucatan minipigs were subjected to ACL transection. Within the joint, gene expression levels of IL-6, IL-8, VEGF, and TGFβI were quantified in the synovium, ligament, and provisional scaffold located between the torn ligament ends at days 1, 5, 9, and 14 post-injury. Macrophage infiltration was also assessed in the joint tissues over the two week period. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured at multiple time points between 1 hour to 14 days after injury. Results Increases in IL-6 and IL-8 gene expression peaked at day 1 after injury in the synovium and ligament. CRP levels were significantly increased at day 3 before returning to pre-injury levels. VEGF and TGFβI gene expression did not significantly increase until day 9 in the synovium and were unchanged in the other tissues. CD163+ macrophages increased in the ligament and synovium until day 9. Conclusion Taken together, these results suggest that the response within the joint is primarily catabolic in the first three days after injury, switching to a more anabolic phase by nine days after injury. The effect of medications which alter these processes may thus depend on the timing of administration after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M Haslauer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Benedikt L Proffen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Victor M Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Adele Hill
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA ; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Martha M Murray
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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Bennike T, Ayturk U, Haslauer CM, Froehlich JW, Proffen B, Barnaby O, Birkelund S, Murray MM, Warman ML, Stensballe A, Steen H. A normative study of the synovial fluid proteome from healthy porcine knee joints. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:4377-87. [PMID: 25160569 PMCID: PMC4184458 DOI: 10.1021/pr500587x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Synovial fluid in an articulating joint contains proteins derived from the blood plasma and proteins that are produced by cells within the joint tissues, such as synovium, cartilage, ligament, and meniscus. The proteome composition of healthy synovial fluid and the cellular origins of many synovial fluid components are not fully understood. Here, we present a normative proteomics study using porcine synovial fluid. Using our optimized method, we identified 267 proteins with high confidence in healthy synovial fluid. We also evaluated mRNA expression data from tissues that can contribute to the synovial fluid proteome, including synovium, cartilage, blood, and liver, to better estimate the relative contributions from these sources to specific synovial fluid components. We identified 113 proteins in healthy synovial fluid that appear to be primarily derived from plasma transudates, 37 proteins primarily derived from synovium, and 11 proteins primarily derived from cartilage. Finally, we compared the identified synovial fluid proteome to the proteome of human plasma, and we found that the two body fluids share many similarities, underlining the detected plasma derived nature of many synovial fluid components. Knowing the synovial fluid proteome of a healthy joint will help to identify mechanisms that cause joint disease and pathways involved in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tue Bennike
- Department of Pathology and Proteomics
Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Urology, and Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, Boston Children’s
Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg
University, Aalborg DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Ugur Ayturk
- Department of Pathology and Proteomics
Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Urology, and Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, Boston Children’s
Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Carla M. Haslauer
- Department of Pathology and Proteomics
Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Urology, and Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, Boston Children’s
Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - John W. Froehlich
- Department of Pathology and Proteomics
Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Urology, and Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, Boston Children’s
Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Benedikt
L. Proffen
- Department of Pathology and Proteomics
Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Urology, and Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, Boston Children’s
Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Omar Barnaby
- Department of Pathology and Proteomics
Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Urology, and Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, Boston Children’s
Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Svend Birkelund
- Department
of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg
University, Aalborg DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Martha M. Murray
- Department of Pathology and Proteomics
Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Urology, and Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, Boston Children’s
Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Matthew L. Warman
- Department of Pathology and Proteomics
Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Urology, and Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, Boston Children’s
Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Allan Stensballe
- Department
of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg
University, Aalborg DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Hanno Steen
- Department of Pathology and Proteomics
Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Urology, and Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, Boston Children’s
Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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A high resolution map of mammalian X chromosome fragile regions assessed by large-scale comparative genomics. Mamm Genome 2014; 25:618-35. [PMID: 25086724 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-014-9537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal evolution involves multiple changes at structural and numerical levels. These changes, which are related to the variation of the gene number and their location, can be tracked by the identification of syntenic blocks (SB). First reports proposed that ~180-280 SB might be shared by mouse and human species. More recently, further studies including additional genomes have identified up to ~1,400 SB during the evolution of eutherian species. A considerable number of studies regarding the X chromosome's structure and evolution have been undertaken because of its extraordinary biological impact on reproductive fitness and speciation. Some have identified evolutionary breakpoint regions and fragile sites at specific locations in the human X chromosome. However, mapping these regions to date has involved using low-to-moderate resolution techniques. Such scenario might be related to underestimating their total number and giving an inaccurate location. The present study included using a combination of bioinformatics methods for identifying, at base-pair level, chromosomal rearrangements occurring during X chromosome evolution in 13 mammalian species. A comparative technique using four different algorithms was used for optimizing the detection of hotspot regions in the human X chromosome. We identified a significant interspecific variation in SB size which was related to genetic information gain regarding the human X chromosome. We found that human hotspot regions were enriched by LINE-1 and Alu transposable elements, which may have led to intraspecific chromosome rearrangement events. New fragile regions located in the human X chromosome have also been postulated. We estimate that the high resolution map of X chromosome fragile sites presented here constitutes useful data concerning future studies on mammalian evolution and human disease.
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Wentland AL, Wieben O, Shanmuganayagam D, Krueger CG, Meudt JJ, Consigny D, Rivera L, McBride PE, Reed JD, Grist TM. Measurements of wall shear stress and aortic pulse wave velocity in swine with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 41:1475-85. [PMID: 24964097 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess measurements of pulse wave velocity (PWV) and wall shear stress (WSS) in a swine model of atherosclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine familial hypercholesterolemic (FH) swine with angioplasty balloon catheter-induced atherosclerotic lesions to the abdominal aorta (injured group) and 10 uninjured FH swine were evaluated with a 4D phase contrast (PC) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisition, as well as with radial and Cartesian 2D PC acquisitions, on a 3T MR scanner. PWV values were computed from the 2D and 4D PC techniques, compared between the injured and uninjured swine, and validated against reference standard pressure probe-based PWV measurements. WSS values were also computed from the 4D PC MRI technique and compared between injured and uninjured groups. RESULTS PWV values were significantly greater in the injured than in the uninjured groups with the 4D PC MRI technique (P = 0.03) and pressure probes (P = 0.02). No significant differences were found in PWV between groups using the 2D PC techniques (P = 0.75-0.83). No significant differences were found for WSS values between the injured and uninjured groups. CONCLUSION The 4D PC MRI technique provides a promising means of evaluating PWV and WSS in a swine model of atherosclerosis, providing a potential platform for developing the technique for the early detection of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Wentland
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Montilla SIR, Johnson TP, Pearce SC, Gardan-Salmon D, Gabler NK, Ross JW, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH, Lonergan SM, Selsby JT. Heat stress causes oxidative stress but not inflammatory signaling in porcine skeletal muscle. Temperature (Austin) 2014; 1:42-50. [PMID: 27583280 PMCID: PMC4972518 DOI: 10.4161/temp.28844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress is associated with death and other maladaptions including muscle dysfunction and impaired growth across species. Despite this common observation, the molecular effects leading to these pathologic changes remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which heat stress disrupted redox balance and initiated an inflammatory response in oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscle. Female pigs (5-6/group) were subjected to thermoneutral (20 °C) or heat stress (35 °C) conditions for 1 or 3 days and the semitendinosus removed and dissected into red (STR) and white (STW) portions. After 1 day of heat stress, relative abundance of proteins modified by malondialdehyde, a measure of oxidative damage, was increased 2.5-fold (P < 0.05) compared with thermoneutral in the STR but not the STW, before returning to thermoneutral conditions following 3 days of heat stress. This corresponded with increased catalase and superoxide dismutase-1 gene expression (P < 0.05) and superoxide dismutase-1 protein abundance (P < 0.05) in the STR but not the STW. In the STR catalase and total superoxide dismutase activity were increased by ~30% and ~130%, respectively (P < 0.05), after 1 day of heat stress and returned to thermoneutral levels by day 3. One or 3 days of heat stress did not increase inflammatory signaling through the NF-κB pathway in the STR or STW. These data suggest that oxidative muscle is more susceptible to heat stress-mediated changes in redox balance than glycolytic muscle during chronic heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah C Pearce
- Department of Animal Science; Iowa State University; Ames, IA USA
| | | | | | - Jason W Ross
- Department of Animal Science; Iowa State University; Ames, IA USA
| | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science; Iowa State University; Ames, IA USA
| | | | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science; Iowa State University; Ames, IA USA
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58
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Hernandez SC, Finlayson HA, Ashworth CJ, Haley CS, Archibald AL. A genome-wide linkage analysis for reproductive traits in F2 Large White × Meishan cross gilts. Anim Genet 2014; 45:191-7. [PMID: 24456574 PMCID: PMC4282129 DOI: 10.1111/age.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Female reproductive performance traits in pigs have low heritabilities thus limiting improvement through traditional selective breeding programmes. However, there is substantial genetic variation found between pig breeds with the Chinese Meishan being one of the most prolific pig breeds known. In this study, three cohorts of Large White × Meishan F2 cross-bred pigs were analysed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) with effects on reproductive traits, including ovulation rate, teat number, litter size, total born alive and prenatal survival. A total of 307 individuals were genotyped for 174 genetic markers across the genome. The genome-wide analysis of the trait-recorded F2 gilts in their first parity/litter revealed one QTL for teat number significant at the genome level and a total of 12 QTL, which are significant at the chromosome-wide level, for: litter size (three QTL), total born alive (two QTL), ovulation rate (four QTL), prenatal survival (one QTL) and teat number (two QTL). Further support for eight of these QTL is provided by results from other studies. Four of these 12 QTL were mapped for the first time in this study: on SSC15 for ovulation rate and on SSC18 for teat number, ovulation rate and litter size.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Hernandez
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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59
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Wang GD, Xie HB, Peng MS, Irwin D, Zhang YP. Domestication Genomics: Evidence from Animals. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2014; 2:65-84. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution and Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China;
| | - Hai-Bing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution and Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China;
| | - Min-Sheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution and Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China;
| | - David Irwin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution and Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China;
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution and Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China;
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60
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Vamathevan JJ, Hall MD, Hasan S, Woollard PM, Xu M, Yang Y, Li X, Wang X, Kenny S, Brown JR, Huxley-Jones J, Lyon J, Haselden J, Min J, Sanseau P. Minipig and beagle animal model genomes aid species selection in pharmaceutical discovery and development. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 270:149-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mompart F, Robelin D, Delcros C, Yerle-Bouissou M. 3D organization of telomeres in porcine neutrophils and analysis of LPS-activation effect. BMC Cell Biol 2013; 14:30. [PMID: 23803152 PMCID: PMC3701612 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-14-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the essential role of 3D nuclear architecture on nuclear functions has been demonstrated for various cell types, information available for neutrophils, essential components of the immune system, remains limited. In this study, we analysed the spatial arrangements of telomeres which play a central role in cell fate. Our studies were carried out in swine, which is an excellent model organism for both biomedical research and agronomic applications. We isolated bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-containing subtelomeric p and q sequences specific to each porcine chromosome. This allowed us to study the behaviour of p and q telomeres of homologous chromosomes for seven pairs chosen for their difference in length and morphology. This was performed using 3D-FISH on structurally preserved neutrophils, and confocal microscopy. Resting and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated states were investigated to ascertain whether a response to a pathogen aggression modifies this organization. RESULTS The positions of the p and q telomeres relative to the nuclear outer border were determined in the two states. All p telomeres changed their position significantly during the activation process, although the effect was less pronounced for the q telomeres. The patterns of telomeric associations between homologs and their frequencies were analysed for 7 pairs of chromosomes. This analysis revealed that the distribution of pp, qq and pq associations differs significantly among the 7 chromosomes. This distribution does not fit with the theoretical distribution for each chromosome, suggesting that preferential associations occur between subtelomeres. CONCLUSIONS The percentage of nuclei harbouring at least one telomeric association between homologs varies significantly among the chromosomes, the smallest metacentric chromosome SSC12, which is also the richest in gene-density, harbouring the highest value. The distribution of types of telomeric associations is highly dependent on the chromosomes and is not affected by the activation process. The frequencies of telomeric associations are also highly dependent on the type of association and the type of chromosome. Overall, the LPS-activation process induces only minor changes in these patterns of associations. When telomeric associations occur, the associations of p and q arms from the same chromosome are the most frequent, suggesting that "chromosome bending" occurs in neutrophils as previously observed in gametes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Mompart
- INRA, UMR 444, Génétique Cellulaire, F-31326 Castanet, Tolosan, France
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62
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Dawson HD, Loveland JE, Pascal G, Gilbert JGR, Uenishi H, Mann KM, Sang Y, Zhang J, Carvalho-Silva D, Hunt T, Hardy M, Hu Z, Zhao SH, Anselmo A, Shinkai H, Chen C, Badaoui B, Berman D, Amid C, Kay M, Lloyd D, Snow C, Morozumi T, Cheng RPY, Bystrom M, Kapetanovic R, Schwartz JC, Kataria R, Astley M, Fritz E, Steward C, Thomas M, Wilming L, Toki D, Archibald AL, Bed’Hom B, Beraldi D, Huang TH, Ait-Ali T, Blecha F, Botti S, Freeman TC, Giuffra E, Hume DA, Lunney JK, Murtaugh MP, Reecy JM, Harrow JL, Rogel-Gaillard C, Tuggle CK. Structural and functional annotation of the porcine immunome. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:332. [PMID: 23676093 PMCID: PMC3658956 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The domestic pig is known as an excellent model for human immunology and the two species share many pathogens. Susceptibility to infectious disease is one of the major constraints on swine performance, yet the structure and function of genes comprising the pig immunome are not well-characterized. The completion of the pig genome provides the opportunity to annotate the pig immunome, and compare and contrast pig and human immune systems. RESULTS The Immune Response Annotation Group (IRAG) used computational curation and manual annotation of the swine genome assembly 10.2 (Sscrofa10.2) to refine the currently available automated annotation of 1,369 immunity-related genes through sequence-based comparison to genes in other species. Within these genes, we annotated 3,472 transcripts. Annotation provided evidence for gene expansions in several immune response families, and identified artiodactyl-specific expansions in the cathelicidin and type 1 Interferon families. We found gene duplications for 18 genes, including 13 immune response genes and five non-immune response genes discovered in the annotation process. Manual annotation provided evidence for many new alternative splice variants and 8 gene duplications. Over 1,100 transcripts without porcine sequence evidence were detected using cross-species annotation. We used a functional approach to discover and accurately annotate porcine immune response genes. A co-expression clustering analysis of transcriptomic data from selected experimental infections or immune stimulations of blood, macrophages or lymph nodes identified a large cluster of genes that exhibited a correlated positive response upon infection across multiple pathogens or immune stimuli. Interestingly, this gene cluster (cluster 4) is enriched for known general human immune response genes, yet contains many un-annotated porcine genes. A phylogenetic analysis of the encoded proteins of cluster 4 genes showed that 15% exhibited an accelerated evolution as compared to 4.1% across the entire genome. CONCLUSIONS This extensive annotation dramatically extends the genome-based knowledge of the molecular genetics and structure of a major portion of the porcine immunome. Our complementary functional approach using co-expression during immune response has provided new putative immune response annotation for over 500 porcine genes. Our phylogenetic analysis of this core immunome cluster confirms rapid evolutionary change in this set of genes, and that, as in other species, such genes are important components of the pig's adaptation to pathogen challenge over evolutionary time. These comprehensive and integrated analyses increase the value of the porcine genome sequence and provide important tools for global analyses and data-mining of the porcine immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Dawson
- USDA-ARS, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Jane E Loveland
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Géraldine Pascal
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - James GR Gilbert
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Hirohide Uenishi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Katherine M Mann
- USDA ARS BA Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Yongming Sang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Denise Carvalho-Silva
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK,Current affiliation: EMBL Outstation-Hinxton, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambs CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Toby Hunt
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Matthew Hardy
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Zhiliang Hu
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Shu-Hong Zhao
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Anna Anselmo
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Integrative Biology Unit, via A. Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Hiroki Shinkai
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Celine Chen
- USDA-ARS, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Bouabid Badaoui
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Integrative Biology Unit, via A. Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Daniel Berman
- USDA ARS BA Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Clara Amid
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK,Current affiliation: EMBL Outstation-Hinxton, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambs CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Mike Kay
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David Lloyd
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Catherine Snow
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Takeya Morozumi
- Institute of Japan Association for Technology in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 446-1 Ippaizuka, Kamiyokoba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan
| | - Ryan Pei-Yen Cheng
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Megan Bystrom
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Ronan Kapetanovic
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - John C Schwartz
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Ranjit Kataria
- National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, P.B. 129, GT Road By-Pass, Karnal 132001, (Haryana), India
| | - Matthew Astley
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Eric Fritz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Charles Steward
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mark Thomas
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Laurens Wilming
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Daisuke Toki
- Institute of Japan Association for Technology in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 446-1 Ippaizuka, Kamiyokoba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan
| | - Alan L Archibald
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Bertrand Bed’Hom
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Dario Beraldi
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ting-Hua Huang
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Tahar Ait-Ali
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Frank Blecha
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Sara Botti
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Integrative Biology Unit, via A. Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Tom C Freeman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Elisabetta Giuffra
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Integrative Biology Unit, via A. Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy,INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Joan K Lunney
- USDA ARS BA Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Michael P Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - James M Reecy
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jennifer L Harrow
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Claire Rogel-Gaillard
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Effects of high nutrient intake on the growth performance, intestinal morphology and immune function of neonatal intra-uterine growth-retarded pigs. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:1819-27. [PMID: 23596997 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513001232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intra-uterine growth-retarded (IUGR) neonates have shown an impairment of postnatal intestinal development and function. We hypothesised that the immune function of IUGR neonates might be affected by increased nutrient intake (NI) during the suckling period. Therefore, we investigated the effects of high NI (HNI) on the growth performance, intestinal morphology and immunological response of IUGR and normal-birth weight (NBW) piglets. A total of twelve pairs of IUGR and NBW piglets (7 d old) were randomly assigned to two different nutrient-level formula milk groups. After 21 d of rearing, growth performance, the composition of peripheral leucocytes, serum cytokines and intestinal innate immune-related genes involved in the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4–myeloid differentiation factor 88–NF-κB pathway were determined. The results indicated that IUGR decreased the average daily DM intake (ADMI) and the average daily growth (ADG). However, the ADMI and ADG were increased by HNI, irrespective of body weight. Likewise, serum cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) and ileal gene expressions (TLR-4, TLR-9, TRAF-6 and IL-1β) were lower in IUGR piglets, whereas HNI significantly increased blood lymphocyte percentage and serum IL-10 concentrations, but decreased neutrophil percentage, serum IL-1β concentrations and ileal gene expressions (NF-kB and IL-1β). Furthermore, IUGR piglets with HNI exhibited lower serum concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β than NBW piglets, and these alterations in the immune traits of IUGR piglets receiving HNI were accompanied by decreasing ileal gene expressions of TLR-4, TLR-9, NF-κB and IL-1β that are related to innate immunity. In conclusion, the present findings suggest that increased NI during the suckling period impaired the immune function of neonatal piglets with IUGR.
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Liu J, Zhang L, Xu L, Ren H, Lu J, Zhang X, Zhang S, Zhou X, Wei C, Zhao F, Du L. Analysis of copy number variations in the sheep genome using 50K SNP BeadChip array. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:229. [PMID: 23565757 PMCID: PMC3626776 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, genome-wide association studies have successfully uncovered single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with complex traits such as diseases and quantitative phenotypes. These variations account for a small proportion of heritability. With the development of high throughput techniques, abundant submicroscopic structural variations have been found in organisms, of which the main variations are copy number variations (CNVs). Therefore, CNVs are increasingly recognized as an important and abundant source of genetic variation and phenotypic diversity. Results Analyses of CNVs in the genomes of three sheep breeds were performed using the Ovine SNP50 BeadChip array. A total of 238 CNV regions (CNVRs) were identified, including 219 losses, 13 gains, and six with both events (losses and gains), which cover 60.35 Mb of the sheep genomic sequence and correspond to 2.27% of the autosomal genome sequence. The length of the CNVRs on autosomes range from 13.66 kb to 1.30 Mb with a mean size of 253.57 kb, and 75 CNVRs events had a frequency > 3%. Among these CNVRs, 47 CNVRs identified by the PennCNV overlapped with the CNVpartition. Functional analysis indicated that most genes in the CNVRs were significantly enriched for involvement in the environmental response. Furthermore, 10 CNVRs were selected for validation and 6 CNVRs were further experimentally confirmed by qPCR. In addition, there were 57 CNVRs overlapped in our new dataset and other published ruminant CNV studies. Conclusions In this study, we firstly constructed a sheep CNV map based on the Ovine SNP50 array. Our results demonstrated the differences of two detection tools and integration of multiple algorithms can enhance the detection of sheep genomic structure variations. Furthermore, our findings would be of help for understanding the sheep genome and provide preliminary foundation for carrying out the CNVs association studies with economically important phenotypes of sheep in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasen Liu
- National Center for Molecular Genetics and Breeding of Animal, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Bischoff SR, Tsai SQ, Hardison NE, Motsinger-Reif AA, Freking BA, Nonneman DJ, Rohrer GA, Piedrahita JA. Differences in X-chromosome transcriptional activity and cholesterol metabolism between placentae from swine breeds from Asian and Western origins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55345. [PMID: 23383161 PMCID: PMC3561265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain insight into differences in placental physiology between two swine breeds noted for their dissimilar reproductive performance, that is, the Chinese Meishan and white composite (WC), we examined gene expression profiles of placental tissues collected at 25, 45, 65, 85, and 105 days of gestation by microarrays. Using a linear mixed model, a total of 1,595 differentially expressed genes were identified between the two pig breeds using a false-discovery rate q-value ≤0.05. Among these genes, we identified breed-specific isoforms of XIST, a long non-coding RNA responsible X-chromosome dosage compensation in females. Additionally, we explored the interaction of placental gene expression and chromosomal location by DIGMAP and identified three Sus scrofa X chromosomal bands (Xq13, Xq21, Xp11) that represent transcriptionally active clusters that differ between Meishan and WC during placental development. Also, pathway analysis identified fundamental breed differences in placental cholesterol trafficking and its synthesis. Direct measurement of cholesterol confirmed that the cholesterol content was significantly higher in the Meishan versus WC placentae. Taken together, this work identifies key metabolic pathways that differ in the placentae of two swine breeds noted for differences in reproductive prolificacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve R. Bischoff
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, United States of America
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shengdar Q. Tsai
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicholas E. Hardison
- Program in Statistical Genetics, Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alison A. Motsinger-Reif
- Program in Statistical Genetics, Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bradley A. Freking
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Dan J. Nonneman
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Gary A. Rohrer
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Jorge A. Piedrahita
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Groenen MAM, Archibald AL, Uenishi H, Tuggle CK, Takeuchi Y, Rothschild MF, Rogel-Gaillard C, Park C, Milan D, Megens HJ, Li S, Larkin DM, Kim H, Frantz LAF, Caccamo M, Ahn H, Aken BL, Anselmo A, Anthon C, Auvil L, Badaoui B, Beattie CW, Bendixen C, Berman D, Blecha F, Blomberg J, Bolund L, Bosse M, Botti S, Bujie Z, Bystrom M, Capitanu B, Carvalho-Silva D, Chardon P, Chen C, Cheng R, Choi SH, Chow W, Clark RC, Clee C, Crooijmans RPMA, Dawson HD, Dehais P, De Sapio F, Dibbits B, Drou N, Du ZQ, Eversole K, Fadista J, Fairley S, Faraut T, Faulkner GJ, Fowler KE, Fredholm M, Fritz E, Gilbert JGR, Giuffra E, Gorodkin J, Griffin DK, Harrow JL, Hayward A, Howe K, Hu ZL, Humphray SJ, Hunt T, Hornshøj H, Jeon JT, Jern P, Jones M, Jurka J, Kanamori H, Kapetanovic R, Kim J, Kim JH, Kim KW, Kim TH, Larson G, Lee K, Lee KT, Leggett R, Lewin HA, Li Y, Liu W, Loveland JE, Lu Y, Lunney JK, Ma J, Madsen O, Mann K, Matthews L, McLaren S, Morozumi T, Murtaugh MP, Narayan J, Nguyen DT, Ni P, Oh SJ, Onteru S, Panitz F, Park EW, Park HS, Pascal G, Paudel Y, Perez-Enciso M, Ramirez-Gonzalez R, Reecy JM, Rodriguez-Zas S, Rohrer GA, Rund L, Sang Y, Schachtschneider K, Schraiber JG, Schwartz J, Scobie L, Scott C, Searle S, Servin B, Southey BR, Sperber G, Stadler P, Sweedler JV, Tafer H, Thomsen B, Wali R, Wang J, Wang J, White S, Xu X, Yerle M, Zhang G, Zhang J, Zhang J, Zhao S, Rogers J, Churcher C, Schook LB. Analyses of pig genomes provide insight into porcine demography and evolution. Nature 2012; 491:393-8. [PMID: 23151582 PMCID: PMC3566564 DOI: 10.1038/nature11622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 972] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
For 10,000 years pigs and humans have shared a close and complex relationship. From domestication to modern breeding practices, humans have shaped the genomes of domestic pigs. Here we present the assembly and analysis of the genome sequence of a female domestic Duroc pig (Sus scrofa) and a comparison with the genomes of wild and domestic pigs from Europe and Asia. Wild pigs emerged in South East Asia and subsequently spread across Eurasia. Our results reveal a deep phylogenetic split between European and Asian wild boars ∼1 million years ago, and a selective sweep analysis indicates selection on genes involved in RNA processing and regulation. Genes associated with immune response and olfaction exhibit fast evolution. Pigs have the largest repertoire of functional olfactory receptor genes, reflecting the importance of smell in this scavenging animal. The pig genome sequence provides an important resource for further improvements of this important livestock species, and our identification of many putative disease-causing variants extends the potential of the pig as a biomedical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martien A M Groenen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Servin B, Faraut T, Iannuccelli N, Zelenika D, Milan D. High-resolution autosomal radiation hybrid maps of the pig genome and their contribution to the genome sequence assembly. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:585. [PMID: 23153393 PMCID: PMC3499281 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The release of the porcine genome sequence offers great perspectives for Pig genetics and genomics, and more generally will contribute to the understanding of mammalian genome biology and evolution. The process of producing a complete genome sequence of high quality, while facilitated by high-throughput sequencing technologies, remains a difficult task. The porcine genome was sequenced using a combination of a hierarchical shotgun strategy and data generated with whole genome shotgun. In addition to the BAC contig map used for the clone-by-clone approach, genomic mapping resources for the pig include two radiation hybrid (RH) panels at two different resolutions. These two panels have been used extensively for the physical mapping of pig genes and markers prior to the availability of the pig genome sequence. RESULTS In order to contribute to the assembly of the pig genome, we genotyped the two radiation hybrid (RH) panels with a SNP array (the Illumina porcineSNP60 array) and produced high density physical RH maps for each pig autosome. We first present the methods developed to obtain high density RH maps with 38,379 SNPs from the SNP array genotyping. We then show how they were useful to identify problems in a draft of the pig genome assembly, and how the RH maps enabled the problems to be corrected in the porcine genome sequence. Finally, we used the RH maps to predict the position of 2,703 SNPs and 1,328 scaffolds currently unplaced on the porcine genome assembly. CONCLUSIONS A complete process, from genotyping of a high density SNP array on RH panels, to the construction of genome-wide high density RH maps, and finally their exploitation for validating and improving a genome assembly is presented here. The study includes the cross-validation of RH based findings with independent information from genetic data and comparative mapping with the Human genome. Several additional resources are also provided, in particular the predicted genomic location of currently unplaced SNPs and associated scaffolds summing up to a total of 72 megabases, that can be useful for the exploitation of the pig genome assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Servin
- Laboratoire de Génétique Cellulaire, Animal Genetics Division, INRA, Chemin de Borde-Rouge Auzeville, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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[Manual annotation of the pig whole genomic sequence using Otterlace software]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2012; 34:1339-47. [PMID: 23099791 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2012.01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In November 2009, scientists from the US, UK, and other countries announced the complete genome sequence draft of the domestic pig. With the release of improved versions of the pig genome assembly and the increase of correctly assembled sequenced fragments over the past two years, it is particularly urgent to have the pig genes annotated at whole-genome level. This article is aimed at introducing an excellent manual annotation tool, Otterlace software, developed by Sanger institute. We used CFL1 (Cofilin 1) gene as an example to expound the usage of the three main components of Otterlace, Zmap, Blixem, and Dotter tools, and developed a practical procedure for manual annotations. We have analyzed 243 immune-related genes, among which 180 genes have been completely or partially annotated, offering novel information to the porcine functional genomics.
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69
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Ha HS, Moon JW, Gim JA, Jung YD, Ahn K, Oh KB, Kim TH, Seong HH, Kim HS. Identification and characterization of transposable element-mediated chimeric transcripts from porcine Refseq and EST databases. Genes Genomics 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-011-0212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Happel C, Margraf S, Diener J, Kranert WT, Francischetti I, Bitu-Moreno J, Ackermann H, Middendorp M, Theisen A, Moritz A, Scholz M, Grünwald F. [The influence of cardiopulmonary bypass operation on the biodistribution of 99mTc-HMPAO-labelled granulocytes - Evaluation in pigs by planar scintigraphy and section-analyses]. Nuklearmedizin 2012; 51:205-11. [PMID: 22641340 DOI: 10.3413/nukmed-0434-11-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM of the study was to evaluate the influence of an extra corporal perfusion (cardiopulmonary bypass operation - cpb) on activation and biodistribution of (99m)Tc labelled granulocytes in pigs with and without inhibition of the granulocytes by a leukocyte inhibition module (LIM). The cpb is often related to an activation of granulocytes resulting in an inflammatory answer. The biological mechanisms are unsolved yet. First trials of our group showed that LIM may inhibit the activation of neutrophils and therefore antagonize a cpb-caused impairment of cardiac function. This study is the continuation of these experiments with a higher number of animals and the focus on scintigraphic imaging. ANIMALS, MATERIAL, METHODS: 39 German landrace pigs were subdivided into three groups: group A (control) median sternotomy without cpb, group B with cpb, group C with LIM in addition to cpb. After labelling with (99m)Tc-HMPAO autologues granulocytes were reinjected. Subsequently to cpb, the animals underwent scintigraphic imaging. Quantification was performed with ROI evaluation and with tissue samples (section analysis) examined in a well counter. RESULTS A high uptake of (99m)Tc-HMPAO was found in the liver. The count rates in brain, heart, lung, spleen and kidneys were far below. The amount of 99mTc-activity in the organ related to the half life corrected administered activity [%] was for the tissue samples (group A/B/C): brain 0.01/0.02/0.03; lung 12.1/8.3/11.5; heart 0.35/0.54/0.42; kidney 1.24/0.87/1.02; spleen 4.0/4.0/4.5, liver 16.8/20.9/19.6. The count rates determined by ROI-evaluation of the scintigraphic images related to the total count rate in the image [%] were (group A/B/C): brain 1.1/0.9/1.0; lung 15.6/10.4/12.2; heart 4.0/3.5/3.4; kidney 4.0/2.9/3.2; spleen 7.6/7.7/9.5, liver 23.1/36.7/31.4. A significant difference in the tracer uptake between the groups could neither be detected by scintigraphic imaging nor evaluation of tissue samples. CONCLUSION Scintigraphic imaging as well as section analysis showed a comparable biodistribution of the tracer. Therefore, the initial results of our group were not confirmed with a considerably higher number of animals. Neither cpb nor the use of the LIM influenced distribution of 99mTc-labelled granulocytes in pigs significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Happel
- Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität, Klinik für Nuklearmedizin, Germany.
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Quantification of the relative roles of niche and neutral processes in structuring gastrointestinal microbiomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:9692-8. [PMID: 22615407 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206721109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The theoretical description of the forces that shape ecological communities focuses around two classes of models. In niche theory, deterministic interactions between species, individuals, and the environment are considered the dominant factor, whereas in neutral theory, stochastic forces, such as demographic noise, speciation, and immigration, are dominant. Species abundance distributions predicted by the two classes of theory are difficult to distinguish empirically, making it problematic to deduce ecological dynamics from typical measures of diversity and community structure. Here, we show that the fusion of species abundance data with genome-derived measures of evolutionary distance can provide a clear indication of ecological dynamics, capable of quantifying the relative roles played by niche and neutral forces. We apply this technique to six gastrointestinal microbiomes drawn from three different domesticated vertebrates, using high-resolution surveys of microbial species abundance obtained from carefully curated deep 16S rRNA hypervariable tag sequencing data. Although the species abundance patterns are seemingly well fit by the neutral theory of metacommunity assembly, we show that this theory cannot account for the evolutionary patterns in the genomic data; moreover, our analyses strongly suggest that these microbiomes have, in fact, been assembled through processes that involve a significant nonneutral (niche) contribution. Our results demonstrate that high-resolution genomics can remove the ambiguities of process inference inherent in classic ecological measures and permits quantification of the forces shaping complex microbial communities.
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Sommer JR, Chavali VR, Simpson SG, Ayyagari R, Petters RM. Cloning, characterization, and expression analysis of the pig (Sus scrofa) C1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein-5 gene. Mol Vis 2012; 18:92-102. [PMID: 22275800 PMCID: PMC3265177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Autosomal dominant early-onset long anterior zonules (LAZs) and late-onset retinal degeneration (L-ORD) in humans are associated with the S163R mutation of the complement 1q-tumor necrosis factor related protein-5 (CTRP5) gene. For using the pig as an L-ORD model for the study of pathology, we cloned, characterized, and studied the expression profile of pig CTRP5 (pCTRP5). METHODS The pCTRP5 was cloned and sequenced from porcine genomic DNA. Bioinformatic analysis was done to evaluate the functional domains present in the pCTRP5 using PROSITE tools. The V5 epitope-tagged constructs of pCTRP5 and the mammalian promoters, elongation factor 1-α (EF) promoter and 579 bp of the putative promoter located upstream to pCTRP5 DNA, were used for in vitro expression analysis. The pCTRP5 expression, protein size, and cellular localization were studied in transiently transfected Cos-7 or ARPE-19 cells by western blot analysis using anti-CTRP5 and anti-V5 epitope antibodies. Expression of pCTRP5 in the pig eye tissues was analyzed by western blot analysis, real-time PCR, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS As predicted, pCTRP5 showed a 92% DNA homology and 98% amino acid homology with human CTRP5 (hCTRP5). Bioinformatic analysis revealed the presence of an alternate in-frame translational start site upstream to the presumed initiator codon. The presence of a putative promoter region upstream to the pCTRP5 was identified. The putative pCTRP5 promoter was found to be functional by western blot analysis. The size of the pCTRP5 protein (pCTRP5) was consistent with its predicted molecular weight, indicating that the potential alternative start site was not used. Western blot and RT-PCR analyses showed that pCTRP5 was predominantly expressed in RPE, a pattern of expression consistent with that found in mouse and human eyes. CONCLUSIONS The sequence and genomic organization of pCTRP5 was found to be similar to the human homolog. The DNA and protein sequence of pCTRP5 are highly homologous to hCTRP5, indicating that they are highly conserved. A putative promoter region (579 bp) present upstream to pCTRP5 was found to be functional and was able to drive the expression of the pCTRP5 gene cloned downstream. The tissue distribution in the eye and the expression profile of pCTRP5 in transiently transfected cells is consistent with hCTRP5 expression. Immunohistochemistry analysis of the pig retinal sections revealed localization of pCTRP5 to the apical and basolateral regions on the RPE and in the ciliary body. The potential in-frame alternate start site was found to be nonfunctional by western blot analysis of transiently transfected cells. Similarities between human and pig CTRP5 and the presence of an area centralis region in the pig similar to the human macula, together with its large eyeball size, makes the domestic pig a good model for the study of LAZs and L-ORD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R. Sommer
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | | | - Sean G. Simpson
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Radha Ayyagari
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Robert M. Petters
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Organization, complexity and allelic diversity of the porcine (Sus scrofa domestica) immunoglobulin lambda locus. Immunogenetics 2011; 64:399-407. [PMID: 22186825 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0594-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
We have characterized the organization, complexity, and expression of the porcine (Sus scrofa domestica) immunoglobulin lambda (IGL) light chain locus, which accounts for about half of antibody light chain usage in swine, yet is nearly totally unknown. Twenty-two IGL variable (IGLV) genes were identified that belong to seven subgroups. Nine genes appear to be functional. Eight possess stop codons, frameshifts, or both, and one is missing the V-EXON. Two additional genes are missing an essential cysteine residue and are classified as ORF (open reading frame). The IGLV genes are organized in two distinct clusters, a constant (C)-proximal cluster dominated by genes similar to the human IGLV3 subgroup, and a C-distal cluster dominated by genes most similar to the human IGLV8 and IGLV5 subgroups. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the porcine IGLV8 subgroup genes have recently expanded, suggesting a particularly effective role in immunity to porcine-specific pathogens. Moreover, expression of IGLV genes is nearly exclusively restricted to the IGLV3 and IGLV8 genes. The constant locus comprises three tandem cassettes comprised of a joining (IGLJ) gene and a constant (IGLC) gene, whereas a fourth downstream IGLJ gene has no corresponding associated IGLC gene. Comparison of individual BACs generated from the same individual revealed polymorphisms in IGLC2 and several IGLV genes, indicating that allelic variation in IGLV further expands the porcine antibody light chain repertoire.
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74
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Schwartz JC, Lefranc MP, Murtaugh MP. Evolution of the porcine (Sus scrofa domestica) immunoglobulin kappa locus through germline gene conversion. Immunogenetics 2011; 64:303-11. [PMID: 22109540 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (IG) gene rearrangement and expression are central to disease resistance and health maintenance in animals. The IG kappa (IGK) locus in swine (Sus scrofa domestica) contributes to approximately half of all antibody molecules, in contrast to many other Cetartiodactyla, whose members provide the majority of human dietary protein and in which kappa locus utilization is limited. The porcine IGK variable locus is 27.9 kb upstream of five IG kappa J genes (IGKJ) which are separated from a single constant gene (IGKC) by 2.8 kb. Fourteen variable genes (IGKV) were identified, of which nine are functional and two are open reading frame (ORF). Of the three pseudogenes, IGKV3-1 contains a frameshift and multiple stop codons, IGKV7-2 contains multiple stop codons, and IGKV2-5 is missing exon 2. The nine functional IGKV genes are phylogenetically related to either the human IGKV1 or IGKV2 subgroups. IGKV2 subgroup genes were found to be dominantly expressed. Polymorphisms were identified on overlapping BACs derived from the same individual such that 11 genes contain amino acid differences. The most striking allelic differences are present in IGKV2 genes, which contain as many as 16 amino acid changes between alleles, the majority of which are in complementarity determining region (CDR) 1. In addition, many IGKV2 CDR1 are shared between genes but not between alleles, suggesting extensive diversification of this locus through gene conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Schwartz
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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75
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Robic A, Larzul C, Grindflek E, Chevillon P, Hofer A, Fève K, Iannuccelli N, Milan D, Prunier A, Riquet J. Molecular characterization of the porcine TEAD3 (TEF-5) gene: examination of a promoter mutation as the causal mutation of a quantitative trait loci affecting the androstenone level in boar fat. J Anim Breed Genet 2011; 129:325-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2011.00979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liaubet L, Lobjois V, Faraut T, Tircazes A, Benne F, Iannuccelli N, Pires J, Glénisson J, Robic A, Le Roy P, Sancristobal M, Cherel P. Genetic variability of transcript abundance in pig peri-mortem skeletal muscle: eQTL localized genes involved in stress response, cell death, muscle disorders and metabolism. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:548. [PMID: 22053791 PMCID: PMC3239847 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The genetics of transcript-level variation is an exciting field that has recently given rise to many studies. Genetical genomics studies have mainly focused on cell lines, blood cells or adipose tissues, from human clinical samples or mice inbred lines. Few eQTL studies have focused on animal tissues sampled from outbred populations to reflect natural genetic variation of gene expression levels in animals. In this work, we analyzed gene expression in a whole tissue, pig skeletal muscle sampled from individuals from a half sib F2 family shortly after slaughtering. Results QTL detection on transcriptome measurements was performed on a family structured population. The analysis identified 335 eQTLs affecting the expression of 272 transcripts. The ontologic annotation of these eQTLs revealed an over-representation of genes encoding proteins involved in processes that are expected to be induced during muscle development and metabolism, cell morphology, assembly and organization and also in stress response and apoptosis. A gene functional network approach was used to evidence existing biological relationships between all the genes whose expression levels are influenced by eQTLs. eQTLs localization revealed a significant clustered organization of about half the genes located on segments of chromosome 1, 2, 10, 13, 16, and 18. Finally, the combined expression and genetic approaches pointed to putative cis-drivers of gene expression programs in skeletal muscle as COQ4 (SSC1), LOC100513192 (SSC18) where both the gene transcription unit and the eQTL affecting its expression level were shown to be localized in the same genomic region. This suggests cis-causing genetic polymorphims affecting gene expression levels, with (e.g. COQ4) or without (e.g. LOC100513192) potential pleiotropic effects that affect the expression of other genes (cluster of trans-eQTLs). Conclusion Genetic analysis of transcription levels revealed dependence among molecular phenotypes as being affected by variation at the same loci. We observed the genetic variation of molecular phenotypes in a specific situation of cellular stress thus contributing to a better description of muscle physiologic response. In turn, this suggests that large amounts of genetic variation, mediated through transcriptional networks, can drive transient cell response phenotypes and contribute to organismal adaptative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Liaubet
- Laboratoire de Génétique Cellulaire, INRA UMR444, Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, O'Hare TH, Payne WS, Dong JJ, Scheuring CF, Zhang M, Huang JJ, Lee MK, Delany ME, Zhang HB, Dodgson JB. A comparative physical map reveals the pattern of chromosomal evolution between the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) and chicken (Gallus gallus) genomes. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:447. [PMID: 21906286 PMCID: PMC3189400 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A robust bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based physical map is essential for many aspects of genomics research, including an understanding of chromosome evolution, high-resolution genome mapping, marker-assisted breeding, positional cloning of genes, and quantitative trait analysis. To facilitate turkey genetics research and better understand avian genome evolution, a BAC-based integrated physical, genetic, and comparative map was developed for this important agricultural species. Results The turkey genome physical map was constructed based on 74,013 BAC fingerprints (11.9 × coverage) from two independent libraries, and it was integrated with the turkey genetic map and chicken genome sequence using over 41,400 BAC assignments identified by 3,499 overgo hybridization probes along with > 43,000 BAC end sequences. The physical-comparative map consists of 74 BAC contigs, with an average contig size of 13.6 Mb. All but four of the turkey chromosomes were spanned on this map by three or fewer contigs, with 14 chromosomes spanned by a single contig and nine chromosomes spanned by two contigs. This map predicts 20 to 27 major rearrangements distinguishing turkey and chicken chromosomes, despite up to 40 million years of separate evolution between the two species. These data elucidate the chromosomal evolutionary pattern within the Phasianidae that led to the modern turkey and chicken karyotypes. The predominant rearrangement mode involves intra-chromosomal inversions, and there is a clear bias for these to result in centromere locations at or near telomeres in turkey chromosomes, in comparison to interstitial centromeres in the orthologous chicken chromosomes. Conclusion The BAC-based turkey-chicken comparative map provides novel insights into the evolution of avian genomes, a framework for assembly of turkey whole genome shotgun sequencing data, and tools for enhanced genetic improvement of these important agricultural and model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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78
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Raudsepp T, Das PJ, Avila F, Chowdhary BP. The pseudoautosomal region and sex chromosome aneuploidies in domestic species. Sex Dev 2011; 6:72-83. [PMID: 21876343 DOI: 10.1159/000330627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The pseudoautosomal region (PAR) is a unique and specialized segment on the mammalian sex chromosomes with known functions in male meiosis and fertility. Detailed molecular studies of the region in human and mouse show dramatic differences between the 2 PARs. Recent mapping efforts in horse, dog/cat, cattle/ruminants, pig and alpaca indicate that the PAR also varies in size and gene content between other species. Given that PAR genes escape X inactivation, these differences might critically affect the genetic consequences, such as embryonic survival and postnatal phenotypes of sex chromosome aneuploidies. The aim of this review is to combine the available information about the organization of the PAR in domestic species with the cytogenetic data on sex chromosome aneuploidies. We show that viable XO individuals are relatively frequently found in species with small PARs, such as horses, humans and mice but are rare or absent in species in which the PAR is substantially larger, like in cattle/ruminants, dogs, pigs, and alpacas. No similar correlation can be detected between the PAR size and the X chromosome trisomy in different species. Recent evidence about the likely involvement of PAR genes in placenta formation, early embryonic development and genomic imprinting are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Raudsepp
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
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79
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Paria N, Raudsepp T, Pearks Wilkerson AJ, O'Brien PCM, Ferguson-Smith MA, Love CC, Arnold C, Rakestraw P, Murphy WJ, Chowdhary BP. A gene catalogue of the euchromatic male-specific region of the horse Y chromosome: comparison with human and other mammals. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21374. [PMID: 21799735 PMCID: PMC3143126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the Y chromosome in primates, rodents and carnivores provide compelling evidence that the male specific region of Y (MSY) contains functional genes, many of which have specialized roles in spermatogenesis and male-fertility. Little similarity, however, has been found between the gene content and sequence of MSY in different species. This hinders the discovery of species-specific male fertility genes and limits our understanding about MSY evolution in mammals. Here, a detailed MSY gene catalogue was developed for the horse – an odd-toed ungulate. Using direct cDNA selection from horse testis, and sequence analysis of Y-specific BAC clones, 37 horse MSY genes/transcripts were identified. The genes were mapped to the MSY BAC contig map, characterized for copy number, analyzed for transcriptional profiles by RT-PCR, examined for the presence of ORFs, and compared to other mammalian orthologs. We demonstrate that the horse MSY harbors 20 X-degenerate genes with known orthologs in other eutherian species. The remaining 17 genes are acquired or novel and have so far been identified only in the horse or donkey Y chromosomes. Notably, 3 transcripts were found in the heterochromatic part of the Y. We show that despite substantial differences between the sequence, gene content and organization of horse and other mammalian Y chromosomes, the functions of MSY genes are predominantly related to testis and spermatogenesis. Altogether, 10 multicopy genes with testis-specific expression were identified in the horse MSY, and considered likely candidate genes for stallion fertility. The findings establish an important foundation for the study of Y-linked genetic factors governing fertility in stallions, and improve our knowledge about the evolutionary processes that have shaped Y chromosomes in different mammalian lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandina Paria
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Terje Raudsepp
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BPC); (TR)
| | - Alison J. Pearks Wilkerson
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | | | | | - Charles C. Love
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carolyn Arnold
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter Rakestraw
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - William J. Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bhanu P. Chowdhary
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BPC); (TR)
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80
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Cherel P, Glénisson J, Pires J. Tetranucleotide microsatellites contribute to a highly discriminating parentage test panel in pig. Anim Genet 2011; 42:659-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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81
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Wei WH, Skinner TM, Anderson JA, Southwood OI, Plastow G, Archibald AL, Haley CS. Mapping QTL in the porcine MHC region affecting fatness and growth traits in a Meishan/Large White composite population. Anim Genet 2011; 42:83-5. [PMID: 20477798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have mapped QTL regulating porcine fatness and growth traits to the region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on porcine chromosome 7 using various experimental crosses. The QTL results from crosses using the Chinese Meishan (MS) (slow growing and fat) are particularly interesting because the MS alleles have been found to be associated with increased growth rate and reduced backfat depth. We investigated these QTL further in a composite population derived previously over eight generations by intercrossing Meishan and the European Large White breeds. Genotype information from 32 markers in a 15cM target region was used in linkage and association analyses. A two-step variance component analysis identified QTL for three growth-related traits, explaining 19 ∼ 24% of the phenotypic variance with a confidence interval of 4 cM in the target region. SNP association analyses found that ss181128966 and ss181128924 within the QTL interval were strongly associated with the growth traits. Only weak signals for an effect on backfat depth were found in the association and linkage analyses, possibly because of past directional selection in the composite population.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Wei
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK
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82
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Fan B, Gorbach DM, Rothschild MF. The pig genome project has plenty to squeal about. Cytogenet Genome Res 2011; 134:9-18. [PMID: 21304247 DOI: 10.1159/000324043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress on pig genetics and genomics research has been witnessed in recent years due to the integration of advanced molecular biology techniques, bioinformatics and computational biology, and the collaborative efforts of researchers in the swine genomics community. Progress on expanding the linkage map has slowed down, but the efforts have created a higher-resolution physical map integrating the clone map and BAC end sequence. The number of QTL mapped is still growing and most of the updated QTL mapping results are available through PigQTLdb. Additionally, expression studies using high-throughput microarrays and other gene expression techniques have made significant advancements. The number of identified non-coding RNAs is rapidly increasing and their exact regulatory functions are being explored. A publishable draft (build 10) of the swine genome sequence was available for the pig genomics community by the end of December 2010. Build 9 of the porcine genome is currently available with Ensembl annotation; manual annotation is ongoing. These drafts provide useful tools for such endeavors as comparative genomics and SNP scans for fine QTL mapping. A recent community-wide effort to create a 60K porcine SNP chip has greatly facilitated whole-genome association analyses, haplotype block construction and linkage disequilibrium mapping, which can contribute to whole-genome selection. The future 'systems biology' that integrates and optimizes the information from all research levels can enhance the pig community's understanding of the full complexity of the porcine genome. These recent technological advances and where they may lead are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fan
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Abstract
Although there appears to have been an increase in literature about the anatomy and physiology of the pig eye because of an expansion in its use as a model for research, there has been little written about the development of veterinary medicine in the area. Pig eyes share many similarities with human eyes, having a holangiotic retinal vasculature, no tapetum, cone photoreceptors in the outer retina, and a similar scleral thickness, rendering them valuable in comparative research. It must not be forgotten, however, that pigs are intelligent sentient animals which use vision as an important sense. Thus, diseases such as congenital cataracts, which impede vision, are important from the perspective of pig welfare. In addition, ocular lesions in this species, as with many others, can be a significant sign of systemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon Middleton
- Acorn House Veterinary Surgery, Linnet Way, Brickhill, Bedford, MK41 7HN, UK.
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Ma JG, Chang TC, Yasue H, Farmer AD, Crow JA, Eyer K, Hiraiwa H, Shimogiri T, Meyers SN, Beever JE, Schook LB, Retzel EF, Beattie CW, Liu WS. A high-resolution comparative map of porcine chromosome 4 (SSC4). Anim Genet 2010; 42:440-4. [PMID: 21749428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We used the IMNpRH2(12,000-rad) RH and IMpRH(7,000-rad) panels to integrate 2019 transcriptome (RNA-seq)-generated contigs with markers from the porcine genetic and radiation hybrid (RH) maps and bacterial artificial chromosome finger-printed contigs, into 1) parallel framework maps (LOD ≥ 10) on both panels for swine chromosome (SSC) 4, and 2) a high-resolution comparative map of SSC4, thus and human chromosomes (HSA) 1 and 8. A total of 573 loci were anchored and ordered on SSC4 closing gaps identified in the porcine sequence assembly Sscrofa9. Alignment of the SSC4 RH with the genetic map identified five microsatellites incorrectly mapped around the centromeric region in the genetic map. Further alignment of the RH and comparative maps with the genome sequence identified four additional regions of discrepancy that are also suggestive of errors in assembly, three of which were resolved through conserved synteny with blocks on HSA1 and HSA8.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-G Ma
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
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Lunney JK, Chen H. Genetic control of host resistance to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. Virus Res 2010; 154:161-9. [PMID: 20709118 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript focuses on the advances made using genomic approaches to identify biomarkers that define genes and pathways that are correlated with swine resistance to infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), the most economically important swine viral pathogen worldwide. International efforts are underway to assess resistance and susceptibility to infectious pathogens using tools such as gene arrays, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) chips, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), proteomics, and advanced bioinformatics. These studies should identify new candidate genes and biological pathways associated with host PRRS resistance and alternate viral disease processes and mechanisms; they may unveil biomarkers that account for genetic control of PRRS or, alternately, that reveal new targets for therapeutics or vaccines. Previous genomic approaches have expanded our understanding of quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling traits of economic importance in pig production, e.g., feed efficiency, meat production, leanness; only recently have these included health traits and disease resistance. Genomic studies should have substantial impact for the pig industry since it is now possible to include the use of biomarkers for basic health traits alongside broader set of markers utilized for selection of pigs for improved performance and reproductive traits, as well as pork quality. Additionally these studies may reveal alternate PRRS control mechanisms that can be exploited for novel drugs, biotherapeutics and vaccine designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan K Lunney
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, ANRI, ARS, USDA, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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86
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Archibald AL, Bolund L, Churcher C, Fredholm M, Groenen MAM, Harlizius B, Lee KT, Milan D, Rogers J, Rothschild MF, Uenishi H, Wang J, Schook LB. Pig genome sequence--analysis and publication strategy. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:438. [PMID: 20642822 PMCID: PMC3017778 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pig genome is being sequenced and characterised under the auspices of the Swine Genome Sequencing Consortium. The sequencing strategy followed a hybrid approach combining hierarchical shotgun sequencing of BAC clones and whole genome shotgun sequencing. Results Assemblies of the BAC clone derived genome sequence have been annotated using the Pre-Ensembl and Ensembl automated pipelines and made accessible through the Pre-Ensembl/Ensembl browsers. The current annotated genome assembly (Sscrofa9) was released with Ensembl 56 in September 2009. A revised assembly (Sscrofa10) is under construction and will incorporate whole genome shotgun sequence (WGS) data providing > 30× genome coverage. The WGS sequence, most of which comprise short Illumina/Solexa reads, were generated from DNA from the same single Duroc sow as the source of the BAC library from which clones were preferentially selected for sequencing. In accordance with the Bermuda and Fort Lauderdale agreements and the more recent Toronto Statement the data have been released into public sequence repositories (Genbank/EMBL, NCBI/Ensembl trace repositories) in a timely manner and in advance of publication. Conclusions In this marker paper, the Swine Genome Sequencing Consortium (SGSC) sets outs its plans for analysis of the pig genome sequence, for the application and publication of the results.
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87
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Bendixen E, Danielsen M, Larsen K, Bendixen C. Advances in porcine genomics and proteomics--a toolbox for developing the pig as a model organism for molecular biomedical research. Brief Funct Genomics 2010; 9:208-19. [DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elq004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Jacobsen M, Kracht SS, Esteso G, Cirera S, Edfors I, Archibald AL, Bendixen C, Andersson L, Fredholm M, Jørgensen CB. Refined candidate region specified by haplotype sharing forEscherichia coliF4ab/F4ac susceptibility alleles in pigs. Anim Genet 2010; 41:21-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2009.01952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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89
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Majewska M, Panasiewicz G, Szafranska B. Chromosomal assignment of porcine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein gene family. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 117:127-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
This chapter reviews the use of genetically modified animals and the increasingly detailed knowledge of the genomes of the domestic species. The different approaches to genetic modification are outlined as are the advantages and disadvantages of the techniques in different species. Genetically modified mice have been fundamental in understanding gene function and in generating affordable models of human disease although these are not without their drawbacks. Transgenic farm animals have been developed for nutritionally enhanced food, disease resistance and xenografting. Transgenic rabbits, goats, sheep and cows have been developed as living bioreactors producing potentially high value biopharmaceuticals, commonly referred to as "pharming". Domestic animals are also important as a target as well as for testing genetic-based therapies for both inherited and acquired disease. This latter field may be the most important of all, in the future development of novel therapies.
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91
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Lee KT, Byun MJ, Lim D, Kang KS, Kim NS, Oh JH, Chung CS, Park HS, Shin Y, Kim TH. Full-length enriched cDNA library construction from tissues related to energy metabolism in pigs. Mol Cells 2009; 28:529-36. [PMID: 19937143 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome sequencing of the pig is being accelerated because of its importance as an evolutionary and biomedical model animal as well as a major livestock animal. However, information on expressed porcine genes is insufficient to allow annotation and use of the genomic information. A series of expressed sequence tags of 5' ends of five full-length enriched cDNA libraries (SUSFLECKs) were functionally characterized. SUSFLECKs were constructed from porcine abdominal fat, induced fat cells, loin muscle, liver, and pituitary gland, and were composed of non-normalized and normalized libraries. A total of 55,658 ESTs that were sequenced once from the 5' ends of clones were produced and assembled into 17,684 unique sequences with 7,736 contigs and 9,948 singletons. In Gene Ontology analysis, two significant biological process leaf nodes were found: gluconeogenesis and translation elongation. In functional domain analysis based on the Pfam database, the beta transducin repeat domain of WD40 protein was the most frequently occurring domain. Twelve genes, including SLC25A6, EEF1G, EEF1A1, COX1, ACTA1, SLA, and ANXA2, were significantly more abundant in fat tissues than in loin muscle, liver, and pituitary gland in the SUSFLECKs. These characteristics of SUSFLECKs determined by EST analysis can provide important insight to discover the functional pathways in gene networks and to expand our understanding of energy metabolism in the pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Tai Lee
- Division of Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Korea
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Ramos AM, Crooijmans RPMA, Affara NA, Amaral AJ, Archibald AL, Beever JE, Bendixen C, Churcher C, Clark R, Dehais P, Hansen MS, Hedegaard J, Hu ZL, Kerstens HH, Law AS, Megens HJ, Milan D, Nonneman DJ, Rohrer GA, Rothschild MF, Smith TPL, Schnabel RD, Van Tassell CP, Taylor JF, Wiedmann RT, Schook LB, Groenen MAM. Design of a high density SNP genotyping assay in the pig using SNPs identified and characterized by next generation sequencing technology. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6524. [PMID: 19654876 PMCID: PMC2716536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dissection of complex traits of economic importance to the pig industry requires the availability of a significant number of genetic markers, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This study was conducted to discover several hundreds of thousands of porcine SNPs using next generation sequencing technologies and use these SNPs, as well as others from different public sources, to design a high-density SNP genotyping assay. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A total of 19 reduced representation libraries derived from four swine breeds (Duroc, Landrace, Large White, Pietrain) and a Wild Boar population and three restriction enzymes (AluI, HaeIII and MspI) were sequenced using Illumina's Genome Analyzer (GA). The SNP discovery effort resulted in the de novo identification of over 372K SNPs. More than 549K SNPs were used to design the Illumina Porcine 60K+SNP iSelect Beadchip, now commercially available as the PorcineSNP60. A total of 64,232 SNPs were included on the Beadchip. Results from genotyping the 158 individuals used for sequencing showed a high overall SNP call rate (97.5%). Of the 62,621 loci that could be reliably scored, 58,994 were polymorphic yielding a SNP conversion success rate of 94%. The average minor allele frequency (MAF) for all scorable SNPs was 0.274. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Overall, the results of this study indicate the utility of using next generation sequencing technologies to identify large numbers of reliable SNPs. In addition, the validation of the PorcineSNP60 Beadchip demonstrated that the assay is an excellent tool that will likely be used in a variety of future studies in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M. Ramos
- Wageningen University, Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nabeel A. Affara
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andreia J. Amaral
- Wageningen University, Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alan L. Archibald
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan E. Beever
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - Carol Churcher
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Clark
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Dehais
- INRA, Laboratoire de Génétique Cellulaire, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Mark S. Hansen
- Illumina, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jakob Hedegaard
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Zhi-Liang Hu
- Department of Animal Science and Center for Integrated Animal Genomics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Hindrik H. Kerstens
- Wageningen University, Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andy S. Law
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Hendrik-Jan Megens
- Wageningen University, Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Denis Milan
- INRA, Laboratoire de Génétique Cellulaire, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Danny J. Nonneman
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Gary A. Rohrer
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Max F. Rothschild
- Department of Animal Science and Center for Integrated Animal Genomics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Tim P. L. Smith
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Schnabel
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Curt P. Van Tassell
- Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeremy F. Taylor
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ralph T. Wiedmann
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Lawrence B. Schook
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Martien A. M. Groenen
- Wageningen University, Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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93
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Labrecque B, Beaudry D, Mayhue M, Hallé C, Bordignon V, Murphy BD, Palin MF. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of the porcine paraoxonase 3 (PON3) gene. Gene 2009; 443:110-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2009.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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94
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Jann OC, King A, Corrales NL, Anderson SI, Jensen K, Ait-ali T, Tang H, Wu C, Cockett NE, Archibald AL, Glass EJ. Comparative genomics of Toll-like receptor signalling in five species. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:216. [PMID: 19432955 PMCID: PMC2689273 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last decade, several studies have identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting variation of immune related traits in mammals. Recent studies in humans and mice suggest that part of this variation may be caused by polymorphisms in genes involved in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling. In this project, we used a comparative approach to investigate the importance of TLR-related genes in comparison with other immunologically relevant genes for resistance traits in five species by associating their genomic location with previously published immune-related QTL regions. RESULTS We report the genomic localisation of TLR1-10 and ten associated signalling molecules in sheep and pig using in-silico and/or radiation hybrid (RH) mapping techniques and compare their positions with their annotated homologues in the human, cattle and mouse whole genome sequences. We also report medium-density RH maps for porcine chromosomes 8 and 13. A comparative analysis of the positions of previously published relevant QTLs allowed the identification of homologous regions that are associated with similar health traits in several species and which contain TLR related and other immunologically relevant genes. Additional evidence was gathered by examining relevant gene expression and association studies. CONCLUSION This comparative genomic approach identified eight genes as potentially causative genes for variations of health related traits. These include susceptibility to clinical mastitis in dairy cattle, general disease resistance in sheep, cattle, humans and mice, and tolerance to protozoan infection in cattle and mice. Four TLR-related genes (TLR1, 6, MyD88, IRF3) appear to be the most likely candidate genes underlying QTL regions which control the resistance to the same or similar pathogens in several species. Further studies are required to investigate the potential role of polymorphisms within these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C Jann
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9PS, UK
| | - Annemarie King
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9PS, UK
| | | | - Susan I Anderson
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9PS, UK
| | - Kirsty Jensen
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9PS, UK
| | - Tahar Ait-ali
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9PS, UK
| | - Haizhou Tang
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9PS, UK
| | - Chunhua Wu
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 844322-4700 USA
| | - Noelle E Cockett
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 844322-4700 USA
| | - Alan L Archibald
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9PS, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Glass
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9PS, UK
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95
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole genome radiation hybrid (WG-RH) maps serve as "scaffolds" to significantly improve the orientation of small bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) contigs, order genes within the contigs and assist assembly of a sequence-ready map for virtually any species. Here, we report the construction of a porcine: human comparative map for pig (Sus scrofa) chromosome 10 (SSC10) using the IMNpRH2(12,000-rad) porcine WG-RH panel, integrated with the IMpRH(7000-rad) WG-RH, genetic and BAC fingerprinted contig (FPC) maps. RESULTS Map vectors from the IMNpRH2(12,000-rad) and IMpRH(7,000-rad) panels were merged to construct parallel framework (FW) maps, within which FW markers common to both panels have an identical order. This strategy reduced map discrepancies between the two panels and significantly improved map accuracy. A total of 216 markers, including 50 microsatellites (MSs), 97 genes and ESTs, and 69 BAC end sequences (BESs), were ordered within two linkage groups at two point (2 pt) LOD score of 8. One linkage group covers SSC10p with accumulated map distances of 738.2 cR(7,000) and 1814.5 cR(12,000), respectively. The second group covers SSC10q at map distances of 1336.9 cR(7,000) and 3353.6 cR(12,000), yielding an overall average map resolution of 16.4 kb/cR(12,000) or 393.5 kb per marker on SSC10. This represents an approximately 2.5-fold increase in map resolution over the IMpRH(7,000-rad) panel. Based on 127 porcine markers that have homologous sequences in the human genome, a detailed comparative map between SSC10 and human (Homo sapiens) chromosome (HSA) 1, 9 and 10 was built. CONCLUSION This initial comparative RH map of SSC10 refines the syntenic regions between SSC10 and HSA1, 9 and 10. It integrates the IMNpRH2(12,000-rad) and IMpRH(7,000-rad), genetic and BAC FPC maps and provides a scaffold to close potential gaps between contigs prior to genome sequencing and assembly. This map is also useful in fine mapping of QTLs on SSC10.
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96
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Larkin DM, Pape G, Donthu R, Auvil L, Welge M, Lewin HA. Breakpoint regions and homologous synteny blocks in chromosomes have different evolutionary histories. Genome Res 2009; 19:770-7. [PMID: 19342477 DOI: 10.1101/gr.086546.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of large blocks of homologous synteny and a high frequency of breakpoint reuse are distinctive features of mammalian chromosomes that are not well understood in evolutionary terms. To gain a better understanding of the evolutionary forces that affect genome architecture, synteny relationships among 10 amniotes (human, chimp, macaque, rat, mouse, pig, cattle, dog, opossum, and chicken) were compared at <1 human-Mbp resolution. Homologous synteny blocks (HSBs; N = 2233) and chromosome evolutionary breakpoint regions (EBRs; N = 1064) were identified from pairwise comparisons of all genomes. Analysis of the size distribution of HSBs shared in all 10 species' chromosomes (msHSBs) identified three (>20 Mbp) that are larger than expected by chance. Gene network analysis of msHSBs >3 human-Mbp and EBRs <1 Mbp demonstrated that msHSBs are significantly enriched for genes involved in development of the central nervous and other organ systems, whereas EBRs are enriched for genes associated with adaptive functions. In addition, we found EBRs are significantly enriched for structural variations (segmental duplications, copy number variants, and indels), retrotransposed and zinc finger genes, and single nucleotide polymorphisms. These results demonstrate that chromosome breakage in evolution is nonrandom and that HSBs and EBRs are evolving in distinctly different ways. We suggest that natural selection acts on the genome to maintain combinations of genes and their regulatory elements that are essential to fundamental processes of amniote development and biological organization. Furthermore, EBRs may be used extensively to generate new genetic variation and novel combinations of genes and regulatory elements that contribute to adaptive phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis M Larkin
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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97
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Ren J, Tang H, Yan X, Huang X, Zhang B, Ji H, Yang B, Milan D, Huang L. A pig-human comparative RH map comprising 20 genes on pig chromosome 13q41 that harbours the ETEC F4ac receptor locus. J Anim Breed Genet 2009; 126:30-6. [PMID: 19207927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2008.00751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F4ac is a major cause of diarrhoea in newborn and young pigs. The locus for the intestinal ETEC F4ac receptor (F4acR) has been mapped to pig chromosome (SSC) 13q41 with known homology to human chromosome (HSA) 3q21 and q29. However, the causative gene and mutation(s) remain unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize gene-derived markers on SSC13q41 for fine mapping of the F4acR locus, and construct a high-resolution pig-human comparative map to select positional candidate genes for F4acR. Pig-specific sequence-tagged site markers were developed for 20 genes that are located in a 6.8-Mb region on HSA3q21 and q29, and a total of 34 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in 14 of 20 markers developed. Eighteen markers were mapped to SSC13q41, while the other two markers (PLXNA1 and KLF15) were assigned to SSC13q32 and SSC7q13, respectively, by radiation hybrid mapping. This result showed that there was a small conserved segment on SSC7 corresponding to HSA3q21. A framework map comprising 18 markers on SSC13q41 was established, refining the synteny breakpoint on SSC13q41 to a region of 12.3 centiRay. The comparative radiation hybrid (RH) map revealed three interesting candidate genes for F4acR from the human genome, viz. MUC4, MUC13 and MUC20. Linkage analysis with six marker polymorphisms revealed that MUC4 had the most significant linkage with the F4acR locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ren
- Key Laboratory for Animal Biotechnology of Jiangxi Province and the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
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98
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Vingborg RKK, Gregersen VR, Zhan B, Panitz F, Høj A, Sørensen KK, Madsen LB, Larsen K, Hornshøj H, Wang X, Bendixen C. A robust linkage map of the porcine autosomes based on gene-associated SNPs. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:134. [PMID: 19327136 PMCID: PMC2674067 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic linkage maps are necessary for mapping of mendelian traits and quantitative trait loci (QTLs). To identify the actual genes, which control these traits, a map based on gene-associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers is highly valuable. In this study, the SNPs were genotyped in a large family material comprising more than 5,000 piglets derived from 12 Duroc boars crossed with 236 Danish Landrace/Danish Large White sows. The SNPs were identified in sequence alignments of 4,600 different amplicons obtained from the 12 boars and containing coding regions of genes derived from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and genomic shotgun sequences. RESULTS Linkage maps of all 18 porcine autosomes were constructed based on 456 gene-associated and six porcine EST-based SNPs. The total length of the averaged-sex whole porcine autosome was estimated to 1,711.8 cM resulting in an average SNP spacing of 3.94 cM. The female and male maps were estimated to 2,336.1 and 1,441.5 cM, respectively. The gene order was validated through comparisons to the cytogenetic and/or physical location of 203 genes, linkage to evenly spaced microsatellite markers as well as previously reported conserved synteny. A total of 330 previously unmapped genes and ESTs were mapped to the porcine autosome while ten genes were mapped to unexpected locations. CONCLUSION The linkage map presented here shows high accuracy in gene order. The pedigree family network as well as the large amount of meiotic events provide good reliability and make this map suitable for QTL and association studies. In addition, the linkage to the RH-map of microsatellites makes it suitable for comparison to other QTL studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke K K Vingborg
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark.
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99
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Joller D, Jørgensen CB, Bertschinger HU, Python P, Edfors I, Cirera S, Archibald AL, Bürgi E, Karlskov-Mortensen P, Andersson L, Fredholm M, Vögeli P. Refined localization of the Escherichia coli F4ab/F4ac receptor locus on pig chromosome 13. Anim Genet 2009; 40:749-52. [PMID: 19392815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2009.01881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhoea in newborn and weaned pigs caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) expressing F4 fimbriae leads to considerable losses in pig production. In this study, we refined the mapping of the receptor locus for ETEC F4ab/F4ac adhesion (F4bcR) by joint analysis of Nordic and Swiss data. A total of 236 pigs from a Nordic experimental herd, 331 pigs from a Swiss experimental herd and 143 pigs from the Swiss performing station were used for linkage analysis. Genotyping data of six known microsatellite markers, two newly developed markers (MUC4gt and HSA125gt) and an intronic SNP in MUC4 (MUC4-8227) were used to create the linkage map. The region for F4bcR was refined to the interval SW207-S0075 on pig chromosome 13. The most probable position of F4bcR was in the SW207-MUC4 region. The order of six markers was supported by physical mapping on the BAC fingerprint contig from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Thus, the region for F4bcR could be reduced from 26 to 14 Mb.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Joller
- Institute of Animal Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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100
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Ait-Ali T, Wilson AW, Finlayson H, Carré W, Ramaiahgari SC, Westcott DG, Waterfall M, Frossard JP, Baek KH, Drew TW, Bishop SC, Archibald AL. Functional analysis of the porcine USP18 and its role during porcine arterivirus replication. Gene 2009; 439:35-42. [PMID: 19285125 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2009.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence places deubiquitylation at the core of a multitude of regulatory processes, ranging from cell growth to innate immune response and health, such as cancer, degenerative and infectious diseases. Little is known about deubiquitylation in pig and arterivirus infection. This report provides information on the biochemical and functional role of the porcine USP18 during innate immune response to the porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV). We have shown that UBP gene is the ortholog of the murine USP18 (Ubp43) gene and the human ubiquitin specific protease 18 (USP18) gene and encodes a biochemically functional de-ubiquitin enzyme which inhibits signalling pathways that lead to IFN-stimulating response element (ISRE) promotor regulation. Furthermore we have demonstrated that overexpression of the porcine USP18 leads to reduced replication and/or growth of PRRSV. Our data contrast with the conclusion of numerous reports demonstrating that USP18-deficient mice are highly resistant to viral and bacterial infections and to oncogenic transformation by BCR-ABL, and highlight USP18 as a potential target gene that promotes reduced replication of PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahar Ait-Ali
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK.
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