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Giloteaux L, O'Neal A, Castro-Marrero J, Levine SM, Hanson MR. Cytokine profiling of extracellular vesicles isolated from plasma in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a pilot study. J Transl Med 2020; 18:387. [PMID: 33046133 PMCID: PMC7552484 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02560-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a debilitating disease of unknown etiology lasting for a minimum of 6 months but usually for many years, with features including fatigue, cognitive impairment, myalgias, post-exertional malaise, and immune system dysfunction. Dysregulation of cytokine signaling could give rise to many of these symptoms. Cytokines are present in both plasma and extracellular vesicles, but little investigation of EVs in ME/CFS has been reported. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the content of extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from plasma (including circulating cytokine/chemokine profiling) from individuals with ME/CFS and healthy controls. METHODS We included 35 ME/CFS patients and 35 controls matched for age, sex and BMI. EVs were enriched from plasma by using a polymer-based precipitation method and characterized by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and immunoblotting. A 45-plex immunoassay was used to determine cytokine levels in both plasma and isolated EVs from a subset of 19 patients and controls. Linear regression, principal component analysis and inter-cytokine correlations were analyzed. RESULTS ME/CFS individuals had significantly higher levels of EVs that ranged from 30 to 130 nm in size as compared to controls, but the mean size for total extracellular vesicles did not differ between groups. The enrichment of typical EV markers CD63, CD81, TSG101 and HSP70 was confirmed by Western blot analysis and the morphology assessed by TEM showed a homogeneous population of vesicles in both groups. Comparison of cytokine concentrations in plasma and isolated EVs of cases and controls yielded no significant differences. Cytokine-cytokine correlations in plasma revealed a significant higher number of interactions in ME/CFS cases along with 13 inverse correlations that were mainly driven by the Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), whereas in the plasma of controls, no inverse relationships were found across any of the cytokines. Network analysis in EVs from controls showed 2.5 times more significant inter-cytokine interactions than in the ME/CFS group, and both groups presented a unique negative association. CONCLUSIONS Elevated levels of 30-130 nm EVs were found in plasma from ME/CFS patients and inter-cytokine correlations revealed unusual regulatory relationships among cytokines in the ME/CFS group that were different from the control group in both plasma and EVs. These disturbances in cytokine networks are further evidence of immune dysregulation in ME/CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Giloteaux
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 323 Biotechnology Building, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Adam O'Neal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 323 Biotechnology Building, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jesús Castro-Marrero
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 323 Biotechnology Building, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- CFS/ME Unit, Division of Rheumatology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | | | - Maureen R Hanson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 323 Biotechnology Building, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Long-term, West Nile virus-induced neurological changes: A comparison of patients and rodent models. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 7:100105. [PMID: 34589866 PMCID: PMC8474605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne virus that can cause severe neurological disease in those infected. Those surviving infection often present with long-lasting neurological changes that can severely impede their lives. The most common reported symptoms are depression, memory loss, and motor dysfunction. These sequelae can persist for the rest of the patients’ lives. The pathogenesis behind these changes is still being determined. Here, we summarize current findings in human cases and rodent models, and discuss how these findings indicate that WNV induces a state in the brain similar neurodegenerative diseases. Rodent models have shown that infection leads to persistent virus and inflammation. Initial infection in the hippocampus leads to neuronal dysfunction, synapse elimination, and astrocytosis, all of which contribute to memory loss, mimicking findings in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). WNV infection acts on pathways, such as ubiquitin-signaled protein degradation, and induces the production of molecules, including IL-1β, IFN-γ, and α-synuclein, that are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. These findings indicate that WNV induces neurological damage through similar mechanisms as neurodegenerative diseases, and that pursuing research into the similarities will help advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of WNV-induced neurological sequelae. In patients with and without diagnosed WNND, there are long-lasting neurological sequelae that can mimic neurodegenerative diseases. Some rodent models of WNV reproduce some of these changes with mechanisms similar to neurodegenerative diseases. There is significant overlap between WNV and ND pathogenesis and this has been understudied. Further research needs to be done to determine accuracy of animal models compared to human patients.
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Peripheral immune aberrations in fibromyalgia: A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:881-889. [PMID: 31887417 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to identify immune alterations in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) compared to healthy controls (HC) using meta-analysis and meta-regression. Six electronic databases were searched for suitable original articles investigating immune biomarkers in FMS in comparison to HC. We extracted outcomes and variables of interest, such as mean and SD of peripheral blood immune biomarkers, age or sex. A random-effects model with restricted maximum-likelihood estimator was used to compute effect sizes (standardized mean difference and 95% CI, Hedges' g) and meta-analysis, group meta-analysis and meta-regressions were conducted. Forty-three papers were included in this systematic review, of which 29 were suitable for meta-analysis. Interleukin (IL)-6 (g = 0.36 (0.09-0.63); I2 = 85.94; p = 0.01), IL-4 (g = 0.50 (0.03-0.98); I2 = 81.87; p = 0.04), and IL-17A (g = 0.53 (0.00-1.06); I2 = 87.15; p = 0.05), were significantly higher in FMS compared to HC while also combinations of cytokines into relevant phenotypes were significantly upregulated including M1 macrophage (g = 0.23 (0.03-0.43); I2 = 77.62; p = 0.02), and immune-regulatory (g = 0.40 (0.09-0.72); I2 = 84.81; p = 0.01) phenotypes. Heterogeneity levels were very high and subgroup and meta-regression analyses showed that many covariates explained part of the heterogeneity including medication washout, sex, time of blood sampling and exclusion of patients with major depressive disorder. In conclusion, FMS is accompanied by a disbalance between upregulated pro-inflammatory (M1 and Th-17) and immune-regulatory cytokines although effect sizes are small-to-moderate. Based on our results we provide specific methodological suggestions for future research, which should assess Th-1, Th-17, chemokines, and Th-2 phenotypes while controlling for possible confounding variables specified in this study.
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Jiang B, Yang W, Chen L, Wang S, Chen S, Bao Y, Chen Q, Wang Q, Asakawa T. In vitro effects of Pueraria extract on ethanol-exposed microglia and neurons. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110163. [PMID: 32380388 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Predominant health impacts from alcoholism are chronic neurologic deficits and hepatic dysfunction. Pueraria extract (PE) is a solution obtained from the dried root of Pueraria lobate and can reverse alcohol-induced hepatic damage. The present study aimed to elucidate the effects of PE on ethanol-induced injury in microglia and neurons. To confirm the reliability of the experimental approach, an in vivo demonstration of PE activity was used to verify its impact on hepatic damage in mice exposed to ethanol (ETOH). Subsequently, an in vitro assay was used to verify the effects of PE on ETOH-exposed microglia and neurons.PE reversed fibrosis and hyperplasia, adipocyte infiltration, hepatomegaly, hepatic function, lipid metabolism, indicators of oxidative stress, and morphological changes in hepatic cells, induced by ETOH exposure. The reliability of the experimental approach was thus confirmed. PE also reversed the activation of microglia and inflammatory-related cytokines and proteins induced by ETOH exposure. PE showed protective effects on neurons via inhibition of mitochondrial fission. in vivo and in vitro evidence indicated that PE might be useful in the treatment of both hepatic injury and neurologic deficits commonly observed in chronic alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, China.
| | - Wenhui Yang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Radiology department, the Affiliated Third hospital of Xiamen, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Shushen Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, China
| | - Shujun Chen
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, China
| | - Yongming Bao
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, China
| | - Qiliang Chen
- Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Hangzhou Changgentang Clinic of TCM, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Tetsuya Asakawa
- Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Groven N, Fors EA, Stunes AK, Reitan SK. MCP-1 is increased in patients with CFS and FM, whilst several other immune markers are significantly lower than healthy controls. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 4:100067. [PMID: 34589849 PMCID: PMC8474618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of Fibromyalgia (FM) and Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is not clear. We have previously reported increased levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in these patient groups compared to healthy controls and wanted to further explore the levels of circulating immune markers in these populations. The population consisted of three groups, 58 patients with FM, 49 with CFS and 54 healthy controls. All participants were females aged 18-60. Patients were recruited from a specialised university hospital clinic and controls were recruited by advertisement among the staff and students at the hospital and university. Plasma levels of Interferon (IFN)-γ, Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-1ra, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, Interferon gamma-induced protein (IP)-10, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP)-1, Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3 and Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α were analysed by multiplex. Differences between the three groups CFS, FM and controls, were analysed by Kruskal Wallis tests. MCP-1 was significantly increased in both patient groups compared to healthy controls. IL-1β, Il-4, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, IL-10 and IL17 all were significantly lower in the patient groups than healthy controls. IFN-γ was significantly lower in the FM group. For IL-8, IL-10 and IL-1ra there were no significant difference when controlled for multiple testing. In conclusion, in our material MCP-1 seems to be increased in patients both with CFS and with FM, while several other immune markers are significantly lower in patients than controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Groven
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Egil Andreas Fors
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Astrid Kamilla Stunes
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Medical Clinic, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Solveig Klæbo Reitan
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Matsudaira T, Terada T, Obi T, Yokokura M, Takahashi Y, Ouchi Y. Coexistence of cerebral hypometabolism and neuroinflammation in the thalamo-limbic-brainstem region in young women with functional somatic syndrome. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:29. [PMID: 32198578 PMCID: PMC7083979 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-00617-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Functional somatic syndrome (FSS) is a disorder characterized by clusters of medically unexplained symptoms. Some women suffer from persistent FSS after human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. However, a causal relationship has not been established, and the pathophysiology of FSS remains elusive. Here, we aimed to identify the brain regions showing altered cerebral metabolism and neuroinflammation in patients with FSS and to correlate the measures of positron emission tomography (PET) with clinical data. Twelve women diagnosed with FSS following HPV vaccination (FSS group) underwent both [18F]FDG-PET to measure glucose metabolism and [11C]DPA713-PET to measure neuroinflammation. [18F]FDG standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) and [11C]DPA713 binding potential (BPND) values were compared voxel-wise between the FSS and control groups (n = 12 for [18F]FDG, n = 16 for [11C]DPA713). A region-of-interest (ROI)-based analysis was performed to correlate PET parameters with clinical scores. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons. Results Statistical parametric mapping revealed a concomitant significant decrease of [18F]FDG SUVR and increase of [11C]DPA713 BPND in the regions covering the thalamus, mesial temporal area, and brainstem in the FSS group. Correlation analysis revealed that intelligence and memory scores were significantly positively correlated with [18F]FDG SUVR and negatively so with [11C]DPA713 BPND in these regions. A direct comparison between [18F]FDG SUVR and [11C]DPA713 BPND revealed a significant positive correlation in the right hippocampus and amygdala. Conclusions Cerebral hypometabolism with neuroinflammation occurring in the thalamo-limbic-brainstem region may reflect the pathophysiology of FSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsudaira
- Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, NHO, National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Terada
- Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, NHO, National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Obi
- Department of Neurology, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, NHO, National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masamichi Yokokura
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yukitoshi Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, NHO, National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Ouchi
- Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan.
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Ovejero T, Sadones O, Sánchez-Fito T, Almenar-Pérez E, Espejo JA, Martín-Martínez E, Nathanson L, Oltra E. Activation of Transposable Elements in Immune Cells of Fibromyalgia Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1366. [PMID: 32085571 PMCID: PMC7072917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancements in nucleic acid sequencing technology combined with an unprecedented availability of metadata have revealed that 45% of the human genome constituted by transposable elements (TEs) is not only transcriptionally active but also physiologically necessary. Dysregulation of TEs, including human retroviral endogenous sequences (HERVs) has been shown to associate with several neurologic and autoimmune diseases, including Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). However, no study has yet addressed whether abnormal expression of these sequences correlates with fibromyalgia (FM), a disease frequently comorbid with ME/CFS. The work presented here shows, for the first time, that, in fact, HERVs of the H, K and W types are overexpressed in immune cells of FM patients with or without comorbid ME/CFS. Patients with increased HERV expression (N = 14) presented increased levels of interferon (INF-β and INF-γ) but unchanged levels of TNF-α. The findings reported in this study could explain the flu-like symptoms FM patients present with in clinical practice, in the absence of concomitant infections. Future work aimed at identifying specific genomic loci differentially affected in FM and/or ME/CFS is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Ovejero
- School of Medicine, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
| | | | - Teresa Sánchez-Fito
- Escuela de Doctorado, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46008 Valencia, Spain; (T.S.-F.); (E.A.-P.)
| | - Eloy Almenar-Pérez
- Escuela de Doctorado, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46008 Valencia, Spain; (T.S.-F.); (E.A.-P.)
| | - José Andrés Espejo
- School of Biotechnology, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
| | | | - Lubov Nathanson
- Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA;
| | - Elisa Oltra
- School of Medicine, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
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58
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Missailidis D, Sanislav O, Allan CY, Annesley SJ, Fisher PR. Cell-Based Blood Biomarkers for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031142. [PMID: 32046336 PMCID: PMC7037777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a devastating illness whose biomedical basis is now beginning to be elucidated. We reported previously that, after recovery from frozen storage, lymphocytes (peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMCs) from ME/CFS patients die faster in culture medium than those from healthy controls. We also found that lymphoblastoid cell lines (lymphoblasts) derived from these PBMCs exhibit multiple abnormalities in mitochondrial respiratory function and signalling activity by the cellular stress-sensing kinase Target Of Rapamycin Complex 1 (TORC1). These differences were correlated with disease severity, as measured by the Richardson and Lidbury weighted standing test. The clarity of the differences between these cells derived from ME/CFS patient blood and those from healthy controls suggested that they may provide useful biomarkers for ME/CFS. Here, we report a preliminary investigation into that possibility using a variety of analytical classification tools, including linear discriminant analysis, logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. We found that results from three different tests—lymphocyte death rate, mitochondrial respiratory function and TORC1 activity—could each individually serve as a biomarker with better than 90% sensitivity but only modest specificity vís a vís healthy controls. However, in combination, they provided a cell-based biomarker with sensitivity and specificity approaching 100% in our sample. This level of sensitivity and specificity was almost equalled by a suggested protocol in which the frozen lymphocyte death rate was used as a highly sensitive test to triage positive samples to the more time consuming and expensive tests measuring lymphoblast respiratory function and TORC1 activity. This protocol provides a promising biomarker that could assist in more rapid and accurate diagnosis of ME/CFS.
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Eguchi A, Fukuda S, Kuratsune H, Nojima J, Nakatomi Y, Watanabe Y, Feldstein AE. Identification of actin network proteins, talin-1 and filamin-A, in circulating extracellular vesicles as blood biomarkers for human myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 84:106-114. [PMID: 31759091 PMCID: PMC7010541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a serious, debilitating disorder with a wide spectrum of symptoms, including pain, depression, and neurocognitive deterioration. Over 17 million people around the world have ME/CFS, predominantly women with peak onset at 30-50 years. Given the wide spectrum of symptoms and unclear etiology, specific biomarkers for diagnosis and stratification of ME/CFS are lacking. Here we show that actin network proteins in circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer specific non-invasive biomarkers for ME/CFS. We found that circulating EVs were significantly increased in ME/CFS patients correlating to C-reactive protein, as well as biological antioxidant potential. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for circulating EVs was 0.80, allowing correct diagnosis in 90-94% of ME/CFS cases. From two independent proteomic analyses using circulating EVs from ME/CFS, healthy controls, idiopathic chronic fatigue, and depression, proteins identified from ME/CFS patients are involved in focal adhesion, actin skeletal regulation, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and Epstein-Barr virus infection. In particular, talin-1, filamin-A, and 14-3-3 family proteins were the most abundant proteins, representing highly specific ME/CFS biomarkers. Our results identified circulating EV number and EV-specific proteins as novel biomarkers for diagnosing ME/CFS, providing important information on the pathogenic mechanisms of ME/CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan; JST, PRETO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Sanae Fukuda
- Department of Health Welfare Sciences, Kansai University of Welfare Sciences, Kashiwara, 582-0026, JAPAN.,Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 545-8586, JAPAN.,RIKEN, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, JAPAN
| | - Hirohiko Kuratsune
- Department of Health Welfare Sciences, Kansai University of Welfare Sciences, Kashiwara, 582-0026, JAPAN.,Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 545-8586, JAPAN
| | - Junzo Nojima
- Department of Laboratory Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, JAPAN
| | | | - Yasuyoshi Watanabe
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 545-8586, JAPAN.,RIKEN, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, JAPAN.,RIKEN Compass to Healthy Life Research Complex Program, Kobe, 650-0047, JAPAN
| | - Ariel E. Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Lee JS, Jeon YJ, Park SY, Son CG. An Adrenalectomy Mouse Model Reflecting Clinical Features for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E71. [PMID: 31906307 PMCID: PMC7023174 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is one of the most intractable diseases and is characterized by severe central fatigue that impairs even daily activity. To date, the pathophysiological mechanisms are uncertain and no therapies exist. Therefore, a proper animal model reflecting the clinical features of CFS is urgently required. We compared two CFS animal models most commonly used, by injection with lipopolysaccharide (LPS from Escherichia coli O111:B4) or polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), along with bilateral adrenalectomy (ADX) as another possible model. Both LPS- and poly I:C-injected mice dominantly showed depressive behaviors, while ADX led to fatigue-like performances with high pain sensitivity. In brain tissues, LPS injection notably activated microglia and the 5-hydroxytryptamine (HT)1A receptor in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Poly I:C-injection also remarkably activated the 5-HT transporter and 5-HT1A receptor with a reduction in serotonin levels in the brain. ADX particularly activated astrocytes and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) 1 in all brain regions. Our results revealed that LPS and poly I:C animal models approximate depressive disorder more closely than CFS. We suggest that ADX is a possible method for establishing a mouse model of CFS reflecting clinical features, especially in neuroendocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Seok Lee
- Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Dunsan Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon 34323, Korea; (J.-S.L.); (Y.-J.J.)
| | - Yoo-Jin Jeon
- Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Dunsan Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon 34323, Korea; (J.-S.L.); (Y.-J.J.)
| | - Samuel-Young Park
- Korean Medical College of Daejeon University, 62, Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 34323, Korea;
| | - Chang-Gue Son
- Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Dunsan Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon 34323, Korea; (J.-S.L.); (Y.-J.J.)
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