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Chen Z, Xiong M, Tian J, Song D, Duan S, Zhang L. Encapsulation and assessment of therapeutic cargo in engineered exosomes: a systematic review. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:18. [PMID: 38172932 PMCID: PMC10765779 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles secreted by cells and enclosed by a lipid bilayer membrane containing various biologically active cargoes such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Engineered exosomes generated through genetic modification of parent cells show promise as drug delivery vehicles, and they have been demonstrated to have great therapeutic potential for treating cancer, cardiovascular, neurological, and immune diseases, but systematic knowledge is lacking regarding optimization of drug loading and assessment of delivery efficacy. This review summarizes current approaches for engineering exosomes and evaluating their drug delivery effects, and current techniques for assessing exosome drug loading and release kinetics, cell targeting, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic outcomes are critically examined. Additionally, this review synthesizes the latest applications of exosome engineering and drug delivery in clinical translation. The knowledge compiled in this review provides a framework for the rational design and rigorous assessment of exosomes as therapeutics. Continued advancement of robust characterization methods and reporting standards will accelerate the development of exosome engineering technologies and pave the way for clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Women and Children Diseases, Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, 250001, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Genetic Medicine of Shandong Health Commission, Jinan, 250001, China
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261000, China
| | - Min Xiong
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063000, China
| | - Jiaqi Tian
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Women and Children Diseases, Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, 250001, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Genetic Medicine of Shandong Health Commission, Jinan, 250001, China
| | - Dandan Song
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Women and Children Diseases, Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, 250001, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Genetic Medicine of Shandong Health Commission, Jinan, 250001, China
| | - Shuyin Duan
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250001, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Women and Children Diseases, Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, 250001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Genetic Medicine of Shandong Health Commission, Jinan, 250001, China.
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Chen S, Liu H, Wang Y, Wang S, Yang B, Sun D, Sun P. Overexpression of lncRNA LINC00665 inhibits the proliferation and chondroblast differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by targeting miR-214-3p. J Orthop Surg Res 2024; 19:2. [PMID: 38167456 PMCID: PMC10762961 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-04475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis is a chronic disease mainly involving the damage of articular cartilage and the whole articular tissue, which is the main cause of disability in the elderly. To explore more effective treatment measures, this study analyzed the regulatory role and molecular mechanism of lncRNA LINC00665 (LINC00665) in the chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), providing a valuable theoretical basis for the pathogenesis and patient treatment of osteoarthritis. METHODS Osteoarthritis tissues and healthy tissues were obtained from 52 patients with osteoarthritis and 34 amputated patients without osteoarthritis, and the levels of LINC00665 and miR-214-3p were assessed by RT-qPCR. BMSCs were cultured and induced chondrogenic differentiation. The proliferation ability of BMSCs was detected by CCK-8 method, and the apoptosis level of BMSCs was evaluated by flow cytometry. The content of proteoglycan-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in cartilage matrix was determined by Alcian blue staining. In addition, the binding relationship between LINC00665 and miR-214-3p was verified by luciferase reporter assay, and the molecular mechanism was further analyzed. RESULTS In osteoarthritis tissues, LINC00665 was elevated and miR-214-3p was down-regulated. With the chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs, the level of GAG increased, and LINC00665 expression gradually decreased, while miR-214-3p level was on the contrary. After transfection of pcDNA3.1-LINC00665 in BMSCs, cell proliferation capacity was decreased, apoptosis rate was increased, and GAG content was reduced. Moreover, LINC00665 sponged miR-214-3p and negatively regulate its expression. Transfection of pcDNA3.1-LINC00665-miR-214-3p mimic changed the regulation of pcDNA3.1-LINC00665 on the viability and chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of lncRNA LINC00665 inhibited the proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs by targeting miR-214-3p. The LINC00665/miR-214-3p axis may improve joint damage and alleviate the progression of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Chen
- Surgery of Spinal Degeneration and Deformity, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Nursing, Peking University Third Hospital Qinhuangdao Hospital, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Nursing, Peking University Third Hospital Qinhuangdao Hospital, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Shuyuan Wang
- Department of Nursing, Peking University Third Hospital Qinhuangdao Hospital, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Nursing, Peking University Third Hospital Qinhuangdao Hospital, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Di Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital Qinhuangdao Hospital, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Pengxiao Sun
- First Department of Joint, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, No.777, Xitai Road, Gaoxin District, Xi'an, 710000, China.
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Hildebrandt A, Dietrich T, Weber J, Günderoth MM, Zhou S, Fleckenstein FN, Jiang S, Winkler T, Duda GN, Tsitsilonis S, Keller J, Maleitzke T. The dual pro-inflammatory and bone-protective role of calcitonin gene-related peptide alpha in age-related osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:244. [PMID: 38102666 PMCID: PMC10722726 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vasoactive neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide alpha (αCGRP) enhances nociception in primary knee osteoarthritis (OA) and has been shown to disrupt cartilage and joint integrity in experimental rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Little is known about how αCGRP may alter articular structures in primary OA. We investigated whether αCGRP modulates local inflammation and concomitant cartilage and bone changes in a murine model of age-dependent OA. METHODS Sixteen- to 18-month-old αCGRP-deficient mice (αCGRP-/-aged) were compared to, first, age-matched wild type (WTaged) and, second, young 4- to 5-month-old non-OA αCGRP-deficient (αCGRP-/-CTRL) and non-OA WT animals (WTCTRL). αCGRP levels were measured in serum. Knee and hip joint inflammation, cartilage degradation, and bone alterations were assessed by histology (OARSI histopathological grading score), gene expression analysis, and µ-computed tomography. RESULTS WTaged mice exhibited elevated αCGRP serum levels compared to young WTCTRL animals. Marked signs of OA-induced cartilage destruction were seen in WTaged animals, while αCGRP-/-aged mice were mostly protected from this effect. Age-dependent OA was accompanied by an increased gene expression of pro-inflammatory Tnfa, Il1b, and Il6 and catabolic Mmp13, Adamts5, Ctsk, Tnfs11 (Rankl), and Cxcl12/Cxcr4 in WTaged but not in αCGRP-/-aged mice. αCGRP-deficiency however further aggravated subchondral bone sclerosis of the medial tibial plateau and accelerated bone loss in the epi- and metaphyseal trabecular tibial bone in age-dependent OA. CONCLUSIONS Similar to its function in experimental RA, αCGRP exerts a dual pro-inflammatory and bone-protective function in murine primary OA. Although anti-CGRP treatment was previously not successful in reducing pain in OA clinically, these data underline a crucial pathophysiological role of αCGRP in age-related OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hildebrandt
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tamara Dietrich
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jérôme Weber
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mara Meyer Günderoth
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sijia Zhou
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian N Fleckenstein
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, BIH Charité Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Winkler
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg N Duda
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Serafeim Tsitsilonis
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Keller
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tazio Maleitzke
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, BIH Charité Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Yi D, Zhang Y, Li M, Chen J, Chen X, Wang L, Xing G, Chen S, Zhu Y, Wang Y. Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Destruction Assisted Delivery of Platelet-Rich Plasma-Derived Exosomes Promoting Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 2023; 29:645-662. [PMID: 37612613 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2023.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is prevalent and has a high disability rate in clinical settings. Current therapeutic methods have not achieved satisfactory efficacy, underscoring the need for novel approaches to nerve restoration that remains an active area of research in neuroscience and regenerative medicine. In this study, we isolated platelet-rich plasma-derived exosomes (PRP-exos) and found that they can significantly enhance the proliferation, migration, and secretion of trophic factors by Schwann cells (SCs). In addition, there were marked changes in transcriptional and expression profiles of SCs, particularly via the upregulation of genes related to biological functions involved in nerve regeneration and repair. In the rat model of sciatic nerve crush injury, ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) enhanced the efficiency of PRP-exos delivery to the injury site. This approach ensured a high concentration of PRP-exos in the injured nerve and improved the therapeutic outcomes. In conclusion, PRP-exos may promote nerve regeneration and repair, and UTMD may increase the effectiveness of targeted PRP-exos delivery to the injured nerve and enhance the therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yi
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese PLA, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yongyi Zhang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- No.962 Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Harbin, China
| | - Molin Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianghui Chen
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Ultrasound, The Sixth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghui Xing
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Ultrasound, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Siming Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqiong Zhu
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexiang Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Bakinowska E, Kiełbowski K, Pawlik A. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis. Cells 2023; 12:2716. [PMID: 38067147 PMCID: PMC10706487 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells can communicate with each other through extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are membrane-bound structures that transport proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. These structures have been found to mediate cellular differentiation and proliferation apoptosis, as well as inflammatory responses and senescence, among others. The cargo of these vesicles may include immunomodulatory molecules, which can then contribute to the pathogenesis of various diseases. By contrast, EVs secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown important immunosuppressive and regenerative properties. Moreover, EVs can be modified and used as drug carriers to precisely deliver therapeutic agents. In this review, we aim to summarize the current evidence on the roles of EVs in the progression and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA), which are important and prevalent joint diseases with a significant global burden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (E.B.); (K.K.)
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Ren K, Vickers R, Murillo J, Ruparel NB. Revolutionizing orofacial pain management: the promising potential of stem cell therapy. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1239633. [PMID: 38028430 PMCID: PMC10679438 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1239633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Orofacial pain remains a significant health issue in the United States. Pain originating from the orofacial region can be composed of a complex array of unique target tissue that contributes to the varying success of pain management. Long-term use of analgesic drugs includes adverse effects such as physical dependence, gastrointestinal bleeding, and incomplete efficacy. The use of mesenchymal stem cells for their pain relieving properties has garnered increased attention. In addition to the preclinical and clinical results showing stem cell analgesia in non-orofacial pain, studies have also shown promising results for orofacial pain treatment. Here we discuss the outcomes of mesenchymal stem cell treatment for pain and compare the properties of stem cells from different tissues of origin. We also discuss the mechanism underlying these analgesic/anti-nociceptive properties, including the role of immune cells and the endogenous opioid system. Lastly, advancements in the methods and procedures to treat patients experiencing orofacial pain with mesenchymal stem cells are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ren
- Department of Pain and Neural Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Russel Vickers
- Clinical Stem Cells Pty Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Oral Health Center, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Queensland, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Josue Murillo
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Nikita B. Ruparel
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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57
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Li Z, Bi R, Zhu S. The Dual Role of Small Extracellular Vesicles in Joint Osteoarthritis: Their Global and Non-Coding Regulatory RNA Molecule-Based Pathogenic and Therapeutic Effects. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1606. [PMID: 38002288 PMCID: PMC10669328 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OA is the most common joint disease that affects approximately 7% of the global population. Current treatment methods mainly relieve its symptoms with limited repairing effect on joint destructions, which ultimately contributes to the high morbidity rate of OA. Stem cell treatment is a potential regenerative medical therapy for joint repair in OA, but the uncertainty in differentiation direction and immunogenicity limits its clinical usage. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), the by-products secreted by stem cells, show similar efficacy levels but have safer regenerative repair effect without potential adverse outcomes, and have recently drawn attention from the broader research community. A series of research works and reviews have been performed in the last decade, providing references for the application of various exogenous therapeutic sEVs for treating OA. However, the clinical potential of target intervention involving endogenous pathogenic sEVs in the treatment of OA is still under-explored and under-discussed. In this review, and for the first time, we emphasize the dual role of sEVs in OA and explain the effects of sEVs on various joint tissues from both the pathogenic and therapeutic aspects. Our aim is to provide a reference for future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Ruiye Bi
- Department of Orthognathic and TMJ Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Songsong Zhu
- Department of Orthognathic and TMJ Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Huang S, Liu Y, Wang C, Xiang W, Wang N, Peng L, Jiang X, Zhang X, Fu Z. Strategies for Cartilage Repair in Osteoarthritis Based on Diverse Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Orthop Surg 2023; 15:2749-2765. [PMID: 37620876 PMCID: PMC10622303 DOI: 10.1111/os.13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) causes disability and significant economic and social burden. Cartilage injury is one of the main pathological features of OA, and is often manifested by excessive chondrocyte death, inflammatory response, abnormal bone metabolism, imbalance of extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism, and abnormal vascular or nerve growth. Regrettably, due to the avascular nature of cartilage, its capacity to repair is notably limited. Mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles (MSCs-EVs) play a pivotal role in intercellular communication, presenting promising potential not only as early diagnostic biomarkers in OA but also as efficacious therapeutic strategy. MSCs-EVs were confirmed to play a therapeutic role in the pathological process of cartilage injury mentioned above. This paper comprehensively provides the functions and mechanisms of MSCs-EVs in cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanjun Huang
- Orthopedics DepartmentThe Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Yujiao Liu
- Orthopedics DepartmentThe Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Chenglong Wang
- Orthopedics DepartmentThe Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Wei Xiang
- Orthopedics DepartmentThe Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Nianwu Wang
- Orthopedics DepartmentThe Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Li Peng
- Orthopedics DepartmentThe Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Xuanang Jiang
- Orthopedics DepartmentThe Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Orthopedics DepartmentThe Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Zhijiang Fu
- Orthopedics DepartmentThe Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
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Huang L, Dong G, Peng J, Li T, Zou M, Hu K, Shu Y, Cheng T, Hao L. The role of exosomes and their enhancement strategies in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Hum Cell 2023; 36:1887-1900. [PMID: 37603220 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00970-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
With the increasingly prominent problem of population aging, osteoarthritis (OA), which is closely related to aging, has become a serious illness affecting the lives and health of elderly individuals. However, effective treatments are still lacking. OA is typically considered a low-grade inflammatory state. The inflammatory infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils, T cells, and other cells is common in diseased joints. These cells create the inflammatory environment of OA and are involved in the onset and progression of the disease. Exosomes, a type of complex vesicle containing abundant RNA molecules and proteins, play a crucial role in the physiological and pathological processes of an organism. In comparison to other therapeutic methods such as stem cells, exosomes have distinct advantages of precise targeting and low immunogenicity. Moreover, research and techniques related to exosomes are more mature, indicating a promising future in disease treatment. Many studies have shown that the impact of exosomes on the inflammatory microenvironment directly or indirectly leads to the occurrence of various diseases. Furthermore, exosomes can be helpful in the management of illnesses. This article provides a comprehensive review and update on the research of exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicle, in the treatment of OA by modulating the inflammatory microenvironment. It also combines innovative studies on the modification of exosomes. In general, the application of exosomes in the treatment of OA has been validated, and the introduction of modified exosome technology holds potential for enhancing its therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linzhen Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Ge Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Mi Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Kaibo Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yuan Shu
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Hao
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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Bertolino GM, Maumus M, Jorgensen C, Noël D. Therapeutic potential in rheumatic diseases of extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stromal cells. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2023; 19:682-694. [PMID: 37666995 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-023-01010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and injuries to articular cartilage that lead to osteochondral defects is predicted to rise as a result of population ageing and the increase in high-intensity physical activities among young and middle-aged people. Current treatments focus on the management of pain and joint functionality to improve the patient's quality of life, but curative strategies are greatly desired. In the past two decades, the therapeutic value of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has been evaluated because of their regenerative potential, which is mainly attributed to the secretion of paracrine factors. Many of these factors are enclosed in extracellular vesicles (EVs) that reproduce the main functions of parental cells. MSC-derived EVs have anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic as well as pro-regenerative activities. Research on EVs has gained considerable attention as they are a potential cell-free therapy with lower immunogenicity and easier management than whole cells. MSC-derived EVs can rescue the pathogenetic phenotypes of chondrocytes and exert a protective effect in animal models of rheumatic disease. To facilitate the therapeutic use of EVs, appropriate cell sources for the production of EVs with the desired biological effects in each disease should be identified. Production and isolation of EVs should be optimized, and pre-isolation and post-isolation modifications should be considered to maximize the disease-modifying potential of the EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Maumus
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Christian Jorgensen
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, 34295, Montpellier, France.
- Clinical Immunology and Osteoarticular Disease Therapeutic Unit, Department of Rheumatology, CHU Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France.
| | - Danièle Noël
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, 34295, Montpellier, France.
- Clinical Immunology and Osteoarticular Disease Therapeutic Unit, Department of Rheumatology, CHU Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France.
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Hossain MA, Lim S, Bhilare KD, Alam MJ, Chen B, Vijayakumar A, Yoon H, Kang CW, Kim JH. Bone marrow stem cells incubated with ellipticine regenerate articular cartilage by attenuating inflammation and cartilage degradation in rabbit model. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e83. [PMID: 38031520 PMCID: PMC10694374 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ellipticine (Ellip.) was recently reported to have beneficial effects on the differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells into mature chondrocyte-like cells. On the other hand, no practical results have been derived from the transplantation of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) in a rabbit osteoarthritis (OA) model. OBJECTIVES This study examined whether autologous BMSCs incubated with ellipticine (Ellip.+BMSCs) could regenerate articular cartilage in rabbit OA, a model similar to degenerative arthritis in human beings. METHODS A portion of rabbit articular cartilage was surgically removed, and Ellip.+BMSCs were transplanted into the lesion area. After two and four weeks of treatment, the serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines, i.e., tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), were analyzed, while macroscopic and micro-computed tomography (CT) evaluations were conducted to determine the intensity of cartilage degeneration. Furthermore, immuno-blotting was performed to evaluate the mitogen-activated protein kinases, PI3K/Akt, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling in rabbit OA models. Histological staining was used to confirm the change in the pattern of collagen and proteoglycan in the articular cartilage matrix. RESULTS The transplantation of Ellip.+BMSCs elicited a chondroprotective effect by reducing the inflammatory factors (TNF-α, PGE2) in a time-dependent manner. Macroscopic observations, micro-CT, and histological staining revealed articular cartilage regeneration with the downregulation of matrix-metallo proteinases (MMPs), preventing articular cartilage degradation. Furthermore, histological observations confirmed a significant boost in the production of chondrocytes, collagen, and proteoglycan compared to the control group. Western blotting data revealed the downregulation of the p38, PI3K-Akt, and NF-κB inflammatory pathways to attenuate inflammation. CONCLUSIONS The transplantation of Ellip.+BMSCs normalized the OA condition by boosting the recovery of degenerated articular cartilage and inhibiting the catabolic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amjad Hossain
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Soyeon Lim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 25601, Korea
| | - Kiran D Bhilare
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Md Jahangir Alam
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Baicheng Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Ajay Vijayakumar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Hakyoung Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Chang Won Kang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea.
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62
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Xavier J, Jerome W, Zaslav K, Grande D. Exosome-Laden Scaffolds for Treatment of Post-Traumatic Cartilage Injury and Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15178. [PMID: 37894859 PMCID: PMC10607649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based exosomes have garnered attention as a viable therapeutic for post-traumatic cartilage injury and osteoarthritis of the knee; however, efforts for application have been limited due to issues with variable dosing and rapid clearance in vivo. Scaffolds laden with MSC-based exosomes have recently been investigated as a solution to these issues. Here, we review in vivo studies and highlight key strengths and potential clinical uses of exosome-scaffold therapeutics for treatment of post-traumatic cartilage injury and osteoarthritis. In vivo animal studies were gathered using keywords related to the topic, revealing 466 studies after removal of duplicate papers. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied for abstract screening and full-text review. Thirteen relevant studies were identified for analysis and extraction. Three predominant scaffold subtypes were identified: hydrogels, acellular extracellular matrices, and hyaluronic acid. Each scaffold-exosome design showcased unique properties with relation to gross findings, tissue histology, biomechanics, and gene expression. All designs demonstrated a reduction in inflammation and induction of tissue regeneration. The results of our review show that current exosome-scaffold therapeutics demonstrate the capability to halt and even reverse the course of post-traumatic cartilage injury and osteoarthritis. While this treatment modality shows incredible promise, future research should aim to characterize long-term biocompatibility and optimize scaffold designs for human treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorden Xavier
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (J.X.); (W.J.)
| | - William Jerome
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (J.X.); (W.J.)
| | - Kenneth Zaslav
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, New York, NY 11030, USA;
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY 10075, USA
| | - Daniel Grande
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, New York, NY 11030, USA;
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New York, NY 11040, USA
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Hosseinzadeh M, Kamali A, Baghaban Eslaminejad M, Hosseini S. Higher ratios of chondrocyte to mesenchymal stem cells elevate the therapeutic effects of extracellular vesicles harvested from chondrocyte/mesenchymal stem cell co-culture on osteoarthritis in a rat model. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 394:145-162. [PMID: 37526734 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03819-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) may have a key therapeutic role and offer an innovative treatment for osteoarthritis (OA). Studies have shown that ratio of MSC/chondrocyte could affect their therapeutic outcomes. Here, we investigate the chondrogenic potential and therapeutic effect of EVs derived from MSCs and chondrocytes in the naïve, chondrogenically primed, and co-culture states to treat OA. EVs are isolated from naïve MSCs (M-EV), chondrogenically primed MSCs (cpM-EV), chondrocytes (C-EV), and co-cultures of chondrocytes plus MSCs at ratios of 1:1 (C/M-EV), 2:1 (2C/M-EV), and 4:1 (4C/M-EV). We characterized the isolated EVs in terms of surface markers, morphology, size, and zeta potential, and evaluated their chondrogenic potential in vitro by qRT-PCR and histological analyses. Next, these EVs were intra-articularly injected into osteoarthritic cartilage of a rat model and assessed by radiography, gait parameters, and histological and immunohistochemical analyses. EVs obtained from chondrocytes co-cultured with MSCs resulted in improved matrix production and functional differentiation. Our research showed that close proximity between the two cell types was essential for this response, and improved chondrogenesis and matrix formation were the outcomes of this interaction in vitro. Furthermore, in the in vivo rat OA model induced by a monoiodoacetate (MIA), we observed recovery from OA by increasing ratio of the C/M-derived EV group compared to the other groups. Our findings show that the increasing chondrocyte ratio to MSC leads to high chondrogenic induction and the therapeutic effect of harvested EVs for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Kamali
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Samaneh Hosseini
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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Deng C, Dong K, Liu Y, Chen K, Min C, Cao Z, Wu P, Luo G, Cheng G, Qing L, Tang J. Hypoxic mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote the survival of skin flaps after ischaemia-reperfusion injury via mTOR/ULK1/FUNDC1 pathways. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:340. [PMID: 37735391 PMCID: PMC10514998 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Flap necrosis, the most prevalent postoperative complication of reconstructive surgery, is significantly associated with ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Recent research indicates that exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) hold potential therapeutic applications in several diseases. Traditionally, BMSCs are cultured under normoxic conditions, a setting that diverges from their physiological hypoxic environment in vivo. Consequently, we propose a method involving the hypoxic preconditioning of BMSCs, aimed at exploring the function and the specific mechanisms of their exosomes in ischaemia-reperfusion skin flaps. This study constructed a 3 × 6 cm2 caudal superficial epigastric skin flap model and subjected it to ischaemic conditions for 6 h. Our findings reveal that exosomes from hypoxia-pretreated BMSCs significantly promoted flap survival, decrease MCP-1, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in ischaemia-reperfusion injured flap, and reduce oxidative stress injury and apoptosis. Moreover, results indicated that Hypo-Exo provides protection to vascular endothelial cells from ischaemia-reperfusion injury both in vivo and in vitro. Through high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, we further compared the differential miRNA expression profiles between Hypo-Exo and normoxic exosomes. Results display the enrichment of several pathways, including autophagy and mTOR. We have also elucidated a mechanism wherein Hypo-Exo promotes the survival of ischaemia-reperfusion injured flaps. This mechanism involves carrying large amounts of miR-421-3p, which target and regulate mTOR, thereby upregulating the expression of phosphorylated ULK1 and FUNDC1, and subsequently further activating autophagy. In summary, hypoxic preconditioning constitutes an effective and promising method for optimizing the therapeutic effects of BMSC-derived exosomes in the treatment of flap ischaemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kangkang Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ken Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chuwei Min
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zheming Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Panfeng Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gaojie Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gechang Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liming Qing
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Juyu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
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65
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Zhong Y, Zhang Y, Yu A, Zhang Z, Deng Z, Xiong K, Wang Q, Zhang J. Therapeutic role of exosomes and conditioned medium in keloid and hypertrophic scar and possible mechanisms. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1247734. [PMID: 37781228 PMCID: PMC10536244 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1247734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, ranging from 40 to 160 nm in diameter, are extracellular lipid bilayer microvesicles that regulate the body's physiological and pathological processes and are secreted by cells that contain proteins, nucleic acids, amino acids and other metabolites. Previous studies suggested that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes could either suppress or support keloid and hypertrophic scar progression. Although previous research has identified the potential value of MSC-exosomes in keloid and hypertrophic scar, a comprehensive analysis of different sources of MSC-exosome in keloid and hypertrophic scar is still lacking. This review mainly discusses different insights regarding the roles of MSC-exosomes in keloid and hypertrophic scar treatment and summarizes possible underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiu Zhong
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Youfan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aijiao Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenjun Deng
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaifen Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianglin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Mori T, Giovannelli L, Bilia AR, Margheri F. Exosomes: Potential Next-Generation Nanocarriers for the Therapy of Inflammatory Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2276. [PMID: 37765245 PMCID: PMC10537720 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases are common pathological processes caused by various acute and chronic factors, and some of them are autoimmune diseases. Exosomes are fundamental extracellular vesicles secreted by almost all cells, which contain a series of constituents, i.e., cytoskeletal and cytosolic proteins (actin, tubulin, and histones), nucleic acids (mRNA, miRNA, and DNA), lipids (diacylglycerophosphates, cholesterol, sphingomyelin, and ceramide), and other bioactive components (cytokines, signal transduction proteins, enzymes, antigen presentation and membrane transport/fusion molecules, and adhesion molecules). This review will be a synopsis of the knowledge on the contribution of exosomes from different cell sources as possible therapeutic agents against inflammation, focusing on several inflammatory diseases, neurological diseases, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, intestinal bowel disease, asthma, and liver and kidney injuries. Current knowledge indicates that the role of exosomes in the therapy of inflammation and in inflammatory diseases could be distinctive. The main limitations to their clinical translation are still production, isolation, and storage. Additionally, there is an urgent need to personalize the treatments in terms of the selection of exosomes; their dosages and routes of administration; and a deeper knowledge about their biodistribution, type and incidence of adverse events, and long-term effects of exosomes. In conclusion, exosomes can be a very promising next-generation therapeutic option, superior to synthetic nanocarriers and cell therapy, and can represent a new strategy of effective, safe, versatile, and selective delivery systems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosca Mori
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” (DICUS), University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy;
| | - Lisa Giovannelli
- Department of Neurosciences (Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health), University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Bilia
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” (DICUS), University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy;
| | - Francesca Margheri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy;
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67
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Sun W, Qu S, Ji M, Sun Y, Hu B. BMP-7 modified exosomes derived from synovial mesenchymal stem cells attenuate osteoarthritis by M2 polarization of macrophages. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19934. [PMID: 37809369 PMCID: PMC10559348 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although the exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) display a therapeutic effect on inflammatory diseases, its application on OA has great limitations due to lack of specificity and targeting. The current study aimed to elucidate the potential therapeutic role of bone morphogenetic proteins-7(BMP-7) modified synovial mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes (SMSCs-exo) on OA and mechanism. Methods For in vitro experiments, LPS-treated macrophages RAW264.7 were treated with SMSCs-exo (exo) or BMP-7 modified SMSCs-exos (BMP-7-exo). The levels of inflammatory factors were assessed by ELISA. Also, the proportion of iNOS and CD206 positive cells were quantified by flow cytometry. Chondrocytes and RAW264.7 were co-culture to evaluate the effects of macrophage polarization on chondrocytes cellular behaviors. This effect on KOA was verified by an experiment in vivo. HE staining and Safranin fast green staining were used to observe the damage of articular cartilage. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of collagen II and aggrecan in articular cartilage, as well as the expression of iNOS and CD206 in synovial tissues. Results Our in vitro results showed that BMP-7-exo treatment promoted LPS-induced proliferation of macrophages and chondrocytes, and showed a better ability to reduce inflammation by promoting macrophages M2 polarization. After co-culture with LPS treated macrophages, the proliferation rate and migration of chondrocytes were significantly decreased, while the apoptosis was significantly increased. The macrophages treated with BMP-7-exo and exo partially reversed these changes. The chondrocytes in BMP-7-exo group had higher proliferation rate and migration, as well as lower apoptosis compared with the exo group. Also, the in vivo results showed BMP-7-exo treatment improved the pathological changes of KOA and promoted synovial macrophages M2 polarization. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that BMP-7-exo attenuated KOA inflammation and cartilage injury by synovial macrophages M2 polarization, suggesting that BMP-7-exo carry much therapeutic potential for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixue Sun
- Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine Department, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Shaozheng Qu
- Spinal Surgery Department, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Mingxia Ji
- Spinal Surgery Department, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Yanli Sun
- Orthopedics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Baiqiang Hu
- Joint Surgery Department, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
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Ortiz GGR, Zaidi NH, Saini RS, Ramirez Coronel AA, Alsandook T, Hadi Lafta M, Arias-Gonzáles JL, Amin AH, Maaliw Iii RR. The developing role of extracellular vesicles in autoimmune diseases: special attention to mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 122:110531. [PMID: 37437434 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are complex, chronic inflammatory conditions initiated by the loss of immunological tolerance to self-antigens. Nowadays, there is no effective and useful therapy for autoimmune diseases, and the existing medications have some limitations due to their nonspecific targets and side effects. During the last few decades, it has been established that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have immunomodulatory functions. It is proposed that MSCs can exert an important therapeutic effect on autoimmune disorders. In parallel with these findings, several investigations have shown that MSCs alleviate autoimmune diseases. Intriguingly, the results of studies have demonstrated that the effective roles of MSCs in autoimmune diseases do not depend on direct intercellular communication but on their ability to release a wide spectrum of paracrine mediators such as growth factors, cytokines and extracellular vehicles (EVs). EVs that range from 50 to 5,000 nm were produced by almost any cell type, and these nanoparticles participate in homeostasis and intercellular communication via the transfer of a broad range of biomolecules such as modulatory proteins, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), lipids, cytokines, and metabolites. EVs derived from MSCs display the exact properties of MSCs and can be safer and more beneficial than their parent cells. In this review, we will discuss the features of MSCs and their EVs, EVs biogenesis, and their cargos, and then we will highlight the existing discoveries on the impacts of EVs from MSCs on autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, arthritis rheumatic, inflammatory bowel disease, Type 1 diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune liver diseases, Sjögren syndrome, and osteoarthritis, suggesting a potential alternative for autoimmune conditions therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geovanny Genaro Reivan Ortiz
- Laboratory of Basic Psychology, Behavioral Analysis and Programmatic Development (PAD-LAB), Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Neelam Hazoor Zaidi
- Umanand Prasad School of Medicine and Health Science, The University of Fiji, Saweni Campus, Lautoka, Fiji
| | | | | | - Tahani Alsandook
- Dentistry Department, Al-Turath University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | | | - Ali H Amin
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Renato R Maaliw Iii
- College of Engineering, Southern Luzon State University, Lucban, Quezon, Philippines.
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69
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Liu R, Wu S, Liu W, Wang L, Dong M, Niu W. microRNAs delivered by small extracellular vesicles in MSCs as an emerging tool for bone regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1249860. [PMID: 37720323 PMCID: PMC10501734 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1249860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone regeneration is a dynamic process that involves angiogenesis and the balance of osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. In bone tissue engineering, the transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a promising approach to restore bone homeostasis. MSCs, particularly their small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), exert therapeutic effects due to their paracrine capability. Increasing evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) delivered by sEVs from MSCs (MSCs-sEVs) can alter gene expression in recipient cells and enhance bone regeneration. As an ideal delivery vehicle of miRNAs, MSCs-sEVs combine the high bioavailability and stability of sEVs with osteogenic ability of miRNAs, which can effectively overcome the challenge of low delivery efficiency in miRNA therapy. In this review, we focus on the recent advancements in the use of miRNAs delivered by MSCs-sEVs for bone regeneration and disorders. Additionally, we summarize the changes in miRNA expression in osteogenic-related MSCs-sEVs under different microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ming Dong
- School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Weidong Niu
- School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Wan J, He Z, Peng R, Wu X, Zhu Z, Cui J, Hao X, Chen A, Zhang J, Cheng P. Injectable photocrosslinking spherical hydrogel-encapsulated targeting peptide-modified engineered exosomes for osteoarthritis therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:284. [PMID: 37605203 PMCID: PMC10440922 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease urgently needing effective treatments. Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes (Exo) are considered good drug carriers whereas they have limitations such as fast clearance and low retention. This study aimed to overcome the limitations of Exo in drug delivery using multiple strategies. Novel photocrosslinking spherical gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel (GelMA)-encapsulated cartilage affinity WYRGRL (W) peptide-modified engineered Exo were developed for OA treatment and the performance of the engineered Exo (W-Exo@GelMA) loaded with a small inhibitor LRRK2-IN-1 (W-Exo-L@GelMA) was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The W-Exo-L@GelMA showed an effective targeting effect on chondrocytes and a pronounced action on suppressing catabolism and promoting anabolism in vitro. Moreover, W-Exo-L@GelMA remarkably inhibited OA-related inflammation and immune gene expression, rescuing the IL-1β-induced transcriptomic responses. With enhanced retention in the joint, W-Exo-L@GelMA demonstrated superior anti-OA activity and cartilage repair ability in the OA murine model. The therapeutic effect was validated in the cultured human OA cartilage. In conclusion, photocrosslinking spherical hydrogel-encapsulated targeting peptide-modified engineered Exo exhibit notable potential in OA therapy. Engineering Exo by a series of strategies enhanced the targeting ability and retention and cartilage-targeting and Exo-mediated drug delivery may offer a novel strategy for OA treatment.Clinical trial registration: Not applciable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlai Wan
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095#, Jie-Fang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhiyi He
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095#, Jie-Fang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Renpeng Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095#, Jie-Fang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaopei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ziqing Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095#, Jie-Fang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jiarui Cui
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoxia Hao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Anmin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095#, Jie-Fang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095#, Jie-Fang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095#, Jie-Fang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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Zhang L, Liu J, Zhou C. Current aspects of small extracellular vesicles in pain process and relief. Biomater Res 2023; 27:78. [PMID: 37563666 PMCID: PMC10416402 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00417-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have been identified as a noteworthy paracrine mechanism of intercellular communication in diagnosing and managing neurological disorders. Current research suggests that sEVs play a pivotal role in the pathological progression of pain, emphasizing their critical function in the pathological progression of pain in acute and chronic pain models. By facilitating the transfer of diverse molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites, sEVs can modulate pain signaling transmission in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Furthermore, the unique molecules conveyed by sEVs in pain disorders indicate their potential as diagnostic biomarkers. The application of sEVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in regenerative pain medicine has emerged as a promising strategy for pain management. Moreover, modified sEVs have garnered considerable attention in the investigation of pathological processes and therapeutic interventions. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge regarding the involvement of sEVs in pain pathogenesis and treatment. Nevertheless, additional research is imperative to facilitate their clinical implementation. Schematic diagram of sEVs in the biogenesis, signal transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of pain disorders. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are secreted by multiple cells, loading with various biomolecules, such as miRNAs, transmembrane proteins, and amino acids. They selectively target other cells and regulating pain signal transmission. The composition of sEVs can serve as valuable biomarkers for pain diagnosis. In particular, mesenchymal stem cell-derived sEVs have shown promise as regenerative medicine for managing multiple pain disorders. Furthermore, by modifying the structure or contents of sEVs, they could potentially be used as a potent analgesic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanyu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia & Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Laboratory of Anesthesia & Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Yang Q, Su S, Liu S, Yang S, Xu J, Zhong Y, Yang Y, Tian L, Tan Z, Wang J, Yu Z, Shi Z, Liang F. Exosomes-loaded electroconductive nerve dressing for nerve regeneration and pain relief against diabetic peripheral nerve injury. Bioact Mater 2023; 26:194-215. [PMID: 36923267 PMCID: PMC10008840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, electroconductive hydrogels (ECHs) have been extensively applied for stimulating nerve regeneration and restoring locomotor function after peripheral nerve injury (PNI) with diabetes, given their favorable mechanical and electrical properties identical to endogenous nerve tissue. Nevertheless, PNI causes the loss of locomotor function and inflammatory pain, especially in diabetic patients. It has been established that bone marrow stem cells-derived exosomes (BMSCs-Exos) have analgesic, anti-inflammatory and tissue regeneration properties. Herein, we designed an ECH loaded with BMSCs-Exos (ECH-Exos) electroconductive nerve dressing to treat diabetic PNI to achieve functional recovery and pain relief. Given its potent adhesive and self-healing properties, this laminar dressing is convenient for the treatment of damaged nerve fibers by automatically wrapping around them to form a size-matched tube-like structure, avoiding the cumbersome implantation process. Our in vitro studies showed that ECH-Exos could facilitate the attachment and migration of Schwann cells. Meanwhile, Exos in this system could modulate M2 macrophage polarization via the NF-κB pathway, thereby attenuating inflammatory pain in diabetic PNI. Additionally, ECH-Exos enhanced myelinated axonal regeneration via the MEK/ERK pathway in vitro and in vivo, consequently ameliorating muscle denervation atrophy and further promoting functional restoration. Our findings suggest that the ECH-Exos system has huge prospects for nerve regeneration, functional restoration and pain relief in patients with diabetic PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinfeng Yang
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Shenghui Su
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ningde Municipal Hospital of Ningde Normal University, Ningde, Fujian, 352100, China
| | - Shencai Liu
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Yixiu Zhong
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, China
| | - Yusheng Yang
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Liangjie Tian
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zilin Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- Corresponding author. Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.
| | - Zhanjun Shi
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Fangguo Liang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- Corresponding author.
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Shimizu Y, Ntege EH, Azuma C, Uehara F, Toma T, Higa K, Yabiku H, Matsuura N, Inoue Y, Sunami H. Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possibilities and Challenges of Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cell-Based Therapies. Cells 2023; 12:1905. [PMID: 37508569 PMCID: PMC10378234 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a highly prevalent, chronic, and progressive autoimmune disorder primarily affecting joints and muscles. The associated inflammation, pain, and motor restriction negatively impact patient quality of life (QOL) and can even contribute to premature mortality. Further, conventional treatments such as antiinflammatory drugs are only symptomatic. Substantial progress has been made on elucidating the etiopathology of overt RA, in particular the contributions of innate and adaptive immune system dysfunction to chronic inflammation. Although the precise mechanisms underlying onset and progression remain elusive, the discovery of new drug targets, early diagnosis, and new targeted treatments have greatly improved the prognosis and QOL of patients with RA. However, a sizable proportion of patients develop severe adverse effects, exhibit poor responses, or cannot tolerate long-term use of these drugs, necessitating more effective and safer therapeutic alternatives. Mounting preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that the transplantation of multipotent adult stem cells such as mesenchymal stromal/stem cells is a safe and effective treatment strategy for controlling chronic inflammation and promoting tissue regeneration in patients with intractable diseases, including RA. This review describes the current status of MSC-based therapies for RA as well as the opportunities and challenges to broader clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Shimizu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan
| | - Edward Hosea Ntege
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan
| | - Chinatsu Azuma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan
| | - Fuminari Uehara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan
| | - Takashi Toma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan
| | - Kotaro Higa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yabiku
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsuura
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Inoue
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sunami
- Center for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan
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Lv X, Lin Y, Zhang Z, Li B, Zeng Z, Jiang X, Zhao Q, Li W, Wang Z, Yang C, Yan H, Wang Q, Huang R, Hu X, Gao L. Investigating the association between serum ADAM/ADAMTS levels and bone mineral density by mendelian randomization study. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:406. [PMID: 37468870 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09449-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase (ADAM) and A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motif (ADAMTS) have been reported potentially involved in bone metabolism and related to bone mineral density. This Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis was performed to determine whether there are causal associations of serum ADAM/ADAMTS with BMD in rid of confounders. METHODS The genome-wide summary statistics of four site-specific BMD measurements were obtained from studies in individuals of European ancestry, including forearm (n = 8,143), femoral neck (n = 32,735), lumbar spine (n = 28,498) and heel (n = 426,824). The genetic instrumental variables for circulating levels of ADAM12, ADAM19, ADAM23, ADAMTS5 and ADAMTS6 were retrieved from the latest genome-wide association study of European ancestry (n = 5336 ~ 5367). The estimated causal effect was given by the Wald ratio for each variant, the inverse-variance weighted model was used as the primary approach to combine estimates from multiple instruments, and sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the robustness of MR results. The Bonferroni-corrected significance was set at P < 0.0025 to account for multiple testing, and a lenient threshold P < 0.05 was considered to suggest a causal relationship. RESULTS The causal effects of genetically predicted serum ADAM/ADAMTS levels on BMD measurements at forearm, femoral neck and lumbar spine were not statistically supported by MR analyses. Although causal effect of ADAMTS5 on heel BMD given by the primary MR analysis (β = -0.006, -0.010 to 0.002, P = 0.004) failed to reach Bonferroni-corrected significance, additional MR approaches and sensitivity analyses indicated a robust causal relationship. CONCLUSION Our study provided suggestive evidence for the causal effect of higher serum levels of ADAMTS5 on decreased heel BMD, while there was no supportive evidence for the associations of ADAM12, ADAM19, ADAM23, and ADAMTS6 with BMD at forearm, femoral neck and lumbar spine in Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yuhong Lin
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhilei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Ziliang Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xu Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Qiancheng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Wenpeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zheyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Canchun Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Haolin Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Qiwei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Renyuan Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xumin Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Liangbin Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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Long L, Zou G, Cheng Y, Li F, Wu H, Shen Y. MATN3 delivered by exosome from synovial mesenchymal stem cells relieves knee osteoarthritis: Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies. J Orthop Translat 2023; 41:20-32. [PMID: 37635810 PMCID: PMC10448336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Synovial mesenchymal stem cell (SMSC) exerts chondroprotective effects in osteoarthritis (OA) clinical models. However, the regulatory potentials of SMSC-derived exosomes (SMSC-Exo) in OA still need to be discovered, which attracted our attention. Methods The destabilization of the medial meniscus surgery was performed on the knee joints of a mouse OA model, followed by injection of SMSC-Exo. In addition, SMSC-Exo was administrated to mouse chondrocytes to observe the functional and molecular alterations. Results Both of SMSC-Exo and overexpression of Matrilin-3 (MATN3) alleviated cartilage destruction and suppressed degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the OA rat model. In addition, assays concerning the in vitro OA model induced by IL-1β showed that SMSC-Exo could promote chondrocyte viability and inhibit autophagy defects. Furthermore, SMSC-Exo achieved the chondroprotective effects through the delivery of MATN3/IL-17A, and MATN3 could suppress the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling through IL-17A. Conclusion SMSC-Exo exerts beneficial therapeutic effects on OA by preventing ECM degradation and autophagy defects by delivering MATN3/IL-17A. The Translational Potential of this Article The translational potential of this study is not only limited to the treatment of knee osteoarthritis but also provides new insights for the treatment of other joint diseases by exploring the mechanism of MATN3. In addition, SMSCExo, as a novel drug carrier, has great potential for treating and diagnosing other diseases. With further research, these findings will provide new directions for developing personalized and innovative treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Long
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, 224001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guoyou Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, 224001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, 224001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, 224001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, 224001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yixin Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu Province, China
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76
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Yuan S, Li G, Zhang J, Chen X, Su J, Zhou F. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Treatments for Osteoarthritis. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1814. [PMID: 37514001 PMCID: PMC10385170 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of the joints characterized by cartilage damage and severe pain. Despite various pharmacological and surgical interventions, current therapies fail to halt OA progression, leading to high morbidity and an economic burden. Thus, there is an urgent need for alternative therapeutic approaches that can effectively address the underlying pathophysiology of OA. Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) represent a new paradigm in OA treatment. MSC-EVs are small membranous particles released by MSCs during culture, both in vitro and in vivo. They possess regenerative properties and can attenuate inflammation, thereby promoting cartilage healing. Importantly, MSC-EVs have several advantages over MSCs as cell-based therapies, including lower risks of immune reactions and ethical issues. Researchers have recently explored different strategies, such as modifying EVs to enhance their delivery, targeting efficiency, and security, with promising results. This article reviews how MSC-EVs can help treat OA and how they might work. It also briefly discusses the benefits and challenges of using MSC-EVs and talks about the possibility of allogeneic and autologous MSC-EVs for medical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunling Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guangfeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Shanghai Zhongye Hospital, Shanghai 200941, China
| | - Jinbo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Rehabilitation Center of Joint Logistics Support Force, Tianjin 300110, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiacan Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Materials Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Fengjin Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710000, China
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Cong B, Sun T, Zhao Y, Chen M. Current and Novel Therapeutics for Articular Cartilage Repair and Regeneration. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2023; 19:485-502. [PMID: 37360195 PMCID: PMC10290456 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s410277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage repair is a sophisticated process that has is being recently investigated. There are several different approaches that are currently reported to promote cartilage repair, like cell-based therapies, biologics, and physical therapy. Cell-based therapies involve the using stem cells or chondrocytes, which make up cartilage, to promote the growth of new cartilage. Biologics, like growth factors, are also being applied to enhance cartilage repair. Physical therapy, like exercise and weight-bearing activities, can also be used to promote cartilage repair by inducing new cartilage growth and improving joint function. Additionally, surgical options like osteochondral autograft, autologous chondrocyte implantation, microfracture, and others are also reported for cartilage regeneration. In the current literature review, we aim to provide an up-to-date discussion about these approaches and discuss the current research status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cong
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantaishan Hospital Affiliated to Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People’s Republic of China
- Yantai Key Laboratory for Repair and Reconstruction of Bone & Joint, Yantai, 264003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantaishan Hospital Affiliated to Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People’s Republic of China
- Yantai Key Laboratory for Repair and Reconstruction of Bone & Joint, Yantai, 264003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuchi Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantaishan Hospital Affiliated to Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People’s Republic of China
- Yantai Key Laboratory for Repair and Reconstruction of Bone & Joint, Yantai, 264003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingqi Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantaishan Hospital Affiliated to Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Dou Y, Liu Y, Di M, Bian H, Sun X, Yang Q. Advances in Therapeutic Applications of Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:3285-3307. [PMID: 37346366 PMCID: PMC10281276 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s409588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale bilayer phospholipid membrane vesicles released by cells. Contained large molecules such as nucleic acid, protein, and lipid, EVs are an integral part of cell communication. The contents of EVs vary based on the cell source and play an important role in both pathological and physiological conditions. EVs can be used as drugs or targets in disease treatment, and changes in the contents of EVs can indicate the progression of diseases. In recent years, with the continuous exploration of the structure, characteristics, and functions of EVs, the potential of engineered EVs for drug delivery and therapy being constantly explored. This review provides a brief overview of the structure, characteristics and functions of EVs, summarizes the advanced application of EVs and outlook on the prospect of it. It is our hope that this review will increase understanding of the current development of medical applications of EVs and help us overcome future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical School of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiming Dou
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical School of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical School of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingyuan Di
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical School of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanming Bian
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical School of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xun Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical School of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical School of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
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Ke Y, Wu J, Ye Y, Zhang X, Gu T, Wang Y, Jiang F, Yu J. Feather keratin-montmorillonite nanocomposite hydrogel promotes bone regeneration by stimulating the osteogenic differentiation of endogenous stem cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125330. [PMID: 37307978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bone defects caused by bone trauma, infection, surgery, or other systemic diseases remain a severe challenge for the medical field. To address this clinical problem, different hydrogels were exploited to promote bone tissue regrowth and regeneration. Keratins are natural fibrous proteins found in wool, hair, horns, nails, and feather. Due to their unique characteristics of outstanding biocompatibility, great biodegradability, and hydrophilic, keratins have been widely applicated in different fields. In our study, the feather keratin-montmorillonite nanocomposite hydrogels that consist of keratin hydrogels serving as the scaffold support to accommodate endogenous stem cells and montmorillonite is synthesized. The introduction of montmorillonite greatly improves the osteogenic effect of the keratin hydrogels via bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)/phosphorylated small mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1/5/8 (p-SMAD 1/5/8)/runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) expression. Moreover, the incorporation of montmorillonite into hydrogels can improve the mechanical properties and bioactivity of the hydrogels. The morphology of feather keratin-montmorillonite nanocomposite hydrogels was shown by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to have an interconnected porous structure. The incorporation of montmorillonite into the keratin hydrogels was confirmed by the energy dispersive spectrum (EDS). We prove that the feather keratin-montmorillonite nanocomposite hydrogels enhance the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Furthermore, micro-CT and histological analysis of rat cranial bone defect demonstrated that feather keratin-montmorillonite nanocomposite hydrogels dramatically stimulated bone regeneration in vivo. Collectively, feather keratin-montmorillonite nanocomposite hydrogels can regulate BMP/SMAD signaling pathway to stimulate osteogenic differentiation of endogenous stem cells and promote bone defect healing, indicating their promising candidate in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ke
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Stomatology, East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China; Department of Endodontic, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jintao Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Endodontic, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Ye
- Institute of Periodontology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Endodontic, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingjie Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Endodontic, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Endodontic, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of General Dentistry, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China; Department of Endodontic, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jinhua Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China; Department of Endodontic, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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80
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He X, Wang S, Yu X, Zhou X. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells response on collagen/hyaluronan/chondroitin scaffold enriched with gentamicin -loaded gelatin microparticles for skin tissue engineering. J Biomater Appl 2023:8853282231180714. [PMID: 37276487 DOI: 10.1177/08853282231180714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The repair and functional reconstruction of large skin defects caused by burn remains an intractable clinical problem. Collagen type I (ColI) was extracted from carp scales and confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ultraviolet adsorption spectra and automatic amino acid analyzer. Then the scaffolds containing the purified ColI, hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) were constructed and examined. The results showed that the scaffold (ColI:CS:HA=9:1:1) had larger pore diameter, porosity, water absorption, degradation rate and tensile strength. gentamycin sulphate (GS) - gelatin microspheres (GMSs) were prepared by emulsion cross-linking method. The drug release study of the ColI-CS-HA-GS/GMSs scaffold with antibacterial property showed a prolonged, continuous, and sustained release of GS. The bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were extracted from rat and inoculated into the ColI-HA-CS-GS/GMSs scaffold. The results performed that the scaffold could accelerate proliferation of the BMSCs and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang He
- Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xinran Yu
- Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
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81
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O’Brien TJ, Hollinshead F, Goodrich LR. Extracellular vesicles in the treatment and prevention of osteoarthritis: can horses help us translate this therapy to humans? EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES AND CIRCULATING NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 4:151-169. [PMID: 37829144 PMCID: PMC10568983 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2023.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease affecting humans and horses, resulting in significant morbidity, financial expense, and loss of athletic use. While the pathogenesis is incompletely understood, inflammation is considered crucial in the development and progression of the disease. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have received increasing scientific attention for their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and pro-regenerative effects. However, there are concerns about their ability to become a commercially available therapeutic. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are now recognized to play a crucial role in the therapeutic efficacy observed with MSCs and offer a potentially novel cell-free therapeutic that may negate many of the concerns with MSCs. There is evidence that EVs have profound anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and pro-regenerative effects equal to or greater than the MSCs they are derived from in the treatment of OA. Most of these studies are in small animal models, limiting the translation of these results to humans. However, highly translational animal models are crucial for further understanding the efficacy of potential therapeutics and for close comparisons with humans. For this reason, the horse, which experiences the same gravitational impacts on joints similar to people, is a highly relevant large animal species for testing. The equine species has well-designed and validated OA models, and additionally, therapies can be further tested in naturally occurring OA to validate preclinical model testing. Therefore, the horse is a highly suitable model to increase our knowledge of the therapeutic potential of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J O’Brien
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Fiona Hollinshead
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Laurie R Goodrich
- Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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82
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Shi X, Mai Y, Fang X, Wang Z, Xue S, Chen H, Dang Q, Wang X, Tang S, Ding C, Zhu Z. Bone marrow lesions in osteoarthritis: From basic science to clinical implications. Bone Rep 2023; 18:101667. [PMID: 36909666 PMCID: PMC9996250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2023.101667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent musculoskeletal disease characterized by multiple joint structure damages, including articular cartilage, subchondral bone and synovium, resulting in disability and economic burden. Bone marrow lesions (BMLs) are common and important magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features in OA patients. Basic and clinical research on subchondral BMLs in the pathogenesis of OA has been a hotspot. New evidence shows that subchondral bone degeneration, including BML and angiogenesis, occurs not only at or after cartilage degeneration, but even earlier than cartilage degeneration. Although BMLs are recognized as important biomarkers for OA, their exact roles in the pathogenesis of OA are still unclear, and disputes about the clinical impact and treatment of BMLs remain. This review summarizes the current basic and clinical research progress of BMLs. We particularly focus on molecular pathways, cellular abnormalities and microenvironmental changes of subchondral bone that contributed to the formation of BMLs, and emphasize the crosstalk between subchondral bone and cartilage in OA development. Finally, potential therapeutic strategies targeting BMLs in OA are discussed, which provides novel strategies for OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Shi
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiying Mai
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Fang
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Xue
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haowei Chen
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Dang
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Wang
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Su'an Tang
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changhai Ding
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Rheumatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Zhaohua Zhu
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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83
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Warmink K, Rios JL, Varderidou-Minasian S, Torres-Torrillas M, van Valkengoed DR, Versteeg S, Eijkelkamp N, Weinans H, Korthagen NM, Lorenowicz MJ. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells-derived extracellular vesicles as a potentially more beneficial therapeutic strategy than MSC-based treatment in a mild metabolic osteoarthritis model. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:137. [PMID: 37226203 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03368-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) and MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) hold promise as a disease modifying treatment in osteoarthritis (OA). Obesity, and its associated inflammation, contribute to OA development and metabolic OA represents a specific and significant group of the OA patient population. Given their immunomodulatory properties, MSC and MSC-EVs are especially interesting for this group of patients as a therapeutic option. Here, we were the first to compare the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs and MSC-EVs in a mild OA model taking these metabolic aspects into consideration. METHODS Male Wistar-Han rats (Crl:WI(Han) (n = 36) were fed a high fat diet for 24 weeks, with unilateral induction of OA by groove surgery after 12 weeks. Eight days after surgery rats were randomized in three treatment groups receiving MSCs, MSC-EVs or vehicle injection. Pain-associated behavior, joint degeneration, and local and systemic inflammation were measured. RESULTS We demonstrated that despite not having a significant therapeutic effect, MSC-EV treatment results in lower cartilage degeneration, less pain behaviour, osteophytosis and joint inflammation, than MSC treatment. Suggesting that MSC-EVs could be a more promising therapeutic strategy than MSCs in this mild metabolic OA model. CONCLUSION In summary, we find that MSC treatment has negative effects on the joint in metabolic mild OA. This is an essential finding for the significant group of patients with metabolic OA phenotype, and might help to understand why clinical translation of MSC treatment shows varying therapeutic efficacy thus far. Our results also suggest that MSC-EV-based treatment might be a promising option for these patients, however MSC-EV therapeutic efficacy will need improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Warmink
- Regenerative Medicine Center, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaqueline L Rios
- Regenerative Medicine Center, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzy Varderidou-Minasian
- Regenerative Medicine Center, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Torres-Torrillas
- Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
- García Cugat Foundation CEU-UCH Chair of Medicine and Regenerative Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Devin R van Valkengoed
- Regenerative Medicine Center, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Versteeg
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, PO Box 85090, 3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Eijkelkamp
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, PO Box 85090, 3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harrie Weinans
- Regenerative Medicine Center, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, TU Delft, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Nicoline M Korthagen
- Regenerative Medicine Center, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Magdalena J Lorenowicz
- Regenerative Medicine Center, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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84
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Duan J, Li H, Wang C, Yao J, Jin Y, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Liu M, Sun H. BMSC-derived extracellular vesicles promoted osteogenesis via Axin2 inhibition by delivering MiR-16-5p. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110319. [PMID: 37216799 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic bone disease caused by an imbalance in osteogenesis and osteoclastic resorption. Extracellular vesicles (EVs)-encapsulated miRNAs from bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have been reported to participate in osteogenesis. MiR-16-5p is one of the miRNAs that regulates osteogenic differentiation; however, studies have shown that its role in osteogenesis is controversial. Thus, this study aims to investigate the role of miR-16-5p from BMSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in osteogenic differentiation and uncover the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we used an ovariectomized (OVX) mouse model and an H2O2-treated BMSCs model to investigate the effects of BMSC-derived EVs and EV-encapsulated miR-16-5p on OP and the underlying mechanisms. Our results proved that the miR-16-5p level was significantly decreased in H2O2-treated BMSCs, bone tissues of OVX mice, and lumbar lamina tissues from osteoporotic women. EVs-encapsulated miR-16-5p from BMSCs could promote osteogenic differentiation. Moreover, the miR-16-5p mimics promoted osteogenic differentiation of H2O2-treated BMSCs, and the effects exerted by miR-16-5p were mediated by targeting Axin2, a scaffolding protein of GSK3β that negatively regulates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. This study provides evidence that EVs-encapsulated miR-16-5p from BMSCs could promote osteogenic differentiation by repressing Axin2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Duan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Lvshunkou District, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Changyuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Jialin Yao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Yue Jin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Jianyu Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Yukun Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Genuine Medicinal Materials in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Department of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China.
| | - Mozhen Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Huijun Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Lvshunkou District, Dalian 116044, China.
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Rizzo MG, Best TM, Huard J, Philippon M, Hornicek F, Duan Z, Griswold AJ, Kaplan LD, Hare JM, Kouroupis D. Therapeutic Perspectives for Inflammation and Senescence in Osteoarthritis Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Senolytic Agents. Cells 2023; 12:1421. [PMID: 37408255 PMCID: PMC10217382 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common cause of disability worldwide among the elderly. Alarmingly, the incidence of OA in individuals less than 40 years of age is rising, likely due to the increase in obesity and post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). In recent years, due to a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of OA, several potential therapeutic approaches targeting specific molecular pathways have been identified. In particular, the role of inflammation and the immune system has been increasingly recognized as important in a variety of musculoskeletal diseases, including OA. Similarly, higher levels of host cellular senescence, characterized by cessation of cell division and the secretion of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) within the local tissue microenvironments, have also been linked to OA and its progression. New advances in the field, including stem cell therapies and senolytics, are emerging with the goal of slowing disease progression. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are a subset of multipotent adult stem cells that have demonstrated the potential to modulate unchecked inflammation, reverse fibrosis, attenuate pain, and potentially treat patients with OA. Numerous studies have demonstrated the potential of MSC extracellular vesicles (EVs) as cell-free treatments that comply with FDA regulations. EVs, including exosomes and microvesicles, are released by numerous cell types and are increasingly recognized as playing a critical role in cell-cell communication in age-related diseases, including OA. Treatment strategies for OA are being developed that target senescent cells and the paracrine and autocrine secretions of SASP. This article highlights the encouraging potential for MSC or MSC-derived products alone or in combination with senolytics to control patient symptoms and potentially mitigate the progression of OA. We will also explore the application of genomic principles to the study of OA and the potential for the discovery of OA phenotypes that can motivate more precise patient-driven treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Rizzo
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33146, USA; (M.G.R.); (T.M.B.)
| | - Thomas M. Best
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33146, USA; (M.G.R.); (T.M.B.)
| | - Johnny Huard
- Center for Regenerative and Personalized Medicine (CRPM), Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA (M.P.)
| | - Marc Philippon
- Center for Regenerative and Personalized Medicine (CRPM), Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA (M.P.)
| | - Francis Hornicek
- Department of Orthopedics, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (F.H.); (Z.D.)
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Department of Orthopedics, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (F.H.); (Z.D.)
| | - Anthony J. Griswold
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Lee D. Kaplan
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33146, USA; (M.G.R.); (T.M.B.)
| | - Joshua M. Hare
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Dimitrios Kouroupis
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33146, USA; (M.G.R.); (T.M.B.)
- Diabetes Research Institute, Cell Transplant Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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86
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Taninaka A, Kabata T, Hayashi K, Kajino Y, Inoue D, Ohmori T, Ueoka K, Yamamuro Y, Kataoka T, Saiki Y, Yanagi Y, Ima M, Iyobe T, Tsuchiya H. Chondroprotective Effects of Chondrogenic Differentiated Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Sheet on Degenerated Articular Cartilage in an Experimental Rabbit Model. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050574. [PMID: 37237645 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have been studied for many years as a therapeutic option for osteoarthritis (OA); however, their efficacy remains insufficient. Since platelet-rich plasma (PRP) induces chondrogenic differentiation in ADSCs and the formation of a sheet structure by ascorbic acid can increase the number of viable cells, we hypothesized that the injection of chondrogenic cell sheets combined with the effects of PRP and ascorbic acid may hinder the progression of OA. The effects of induction of differentiation by PRP and formation of sheet structure by ascorbic acid on changes in chondrocyte markers (collagen II, aggrecan, Sox9) in ADSCs were evaluated. Changes in mucopolysaccharide and VEGF-A secretion from cells injected intra-articularly in a rabbit OA model were also evaluated. ADSCs treated by PRP strongly chondrocyte markers, including type II collagen, Sox9, and aggrecan, and their gene expression was maintained even after sheet-like structure formation induced by ascorbic acid. In this rabbit OA model study, the inhibition of OA progression by intra-articular injection was improved by inducing chondrocyte differentiation with PRP and sheet structure formation with ascorbic acid in ADSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Taninaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tamon Kabata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Hayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Kajino
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Daisuke Inoue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Takaaki Ohmori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Ken Ueoka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamamuro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kataoka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Saiki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yu Yanagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Musashi Ima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iyobe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
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Wang DR, Pan J. Extracellular vesicles: Emerged as a promising strategy for regenerative medicine. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:165-181. [PMID: 37181006 PMCID: PMC10173817 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i4.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell transplantation therapy has certain limitations including immune rejection and limited cell viability, which seriously hinder the transformation of stem cell-based tissue regeneration into clinical practice. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) not only possess the advantages of its derived cells, but also can avoid the risks of cell transplantation. EVs are intelligent and controllable biomaterials that can participate in a variety of physiological and pathological activities, tissue repair and regeneration by transmitting a variety of biological signals, showing great potential in cell-free tissue regeneration. In this review, we summarized the origins and characteristics of EVs, introduced the pivotal role of EVs in diverse tissues regeneration, discussed the underlying mechanisms, prospects, and challenges of EVs. We also pointed out the problems that need to be solved, application directions, and prospects of EVs in the future and shed new light on the novel cell-free strategy for using EVs in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Ri Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jian Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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Almahasneh F, Abu-El-Rub E, Khasawneh RR. Mechanisms of analgesic effect of mesenchymal stem cells in osteoarthritis pain. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:196-208. [PMID: 37181003 PMCID: PMC10173815 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i4.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common musculoskeletal disease, and it is a major cause of pain, disability and health burden. Pain is the most common and bothersome presentation of OA, but its treatment is still suboptimal, due to the short-term action of employed analgesics and their poor adverse effect profile. Due to their regenerative and anti-inflammatory properties, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively investigated as a potential therapy for OA, and numerous preclinical and clinical studies found a significant improvement in joint pathology and function, pain scores and/or quality of life after administration of MSCs. Only a limited number of studies, however, addressed pain control as the primary end-point or investigated the potential mechanisms of analgesia induced by MSCs. In this paper, we review the evidence reported in literature that support the analgesic action of MSCs in OA, and we summarize the potential mechanisms of these antinociceptive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah Almahasneh
- Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine -Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Ejlal Abu-El-Rub
- Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine -Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Ramada R Khasawneh
- Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine -Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
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Meng S, Tang C, Deng M, Yuan J, Fan Y, Gao S, Feng Y, Yang J, Chen C. Tropoelastin-Pretreated Exosomes from Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Improve the Synthesis of Cartilage Matrix and Alleviate Osteoarthritis. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14040203. [PMID: 37103293 PMCID: PMC10143921 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14040203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have recently been widely used to treat osteoarthritis (OA). Our prior research shows that tropoelastin (TE) increases MSC activity and protects knee cartilage from OA-related degradation. The underlying mechanism might be that TE regulates the paracrine of MSCs. Exosomes (Exos), the paracrine secretion of MSCs, have been found to protect chondrocytes, reduce inflammation, and preserve the cartilage matrix. In this study, we used Exos derived from TE-pretreated adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) (TE-ExoADSCs) as an injection medium, and compared it with Exos derived from unpretreated ADSCs (ExoADSCs). We found that TE-ExoADSCs could effectively enhance the matrix synthesis of chondrocytes in vitro. Moreover, TE pretreatment increased the ability of ADSCs to secrete Exos. In addition, compared with ExoADSCs, TE-ExoADSCs exhibited therapeutic effects in the anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT)-induced OA model. Further, we observed that TE altered the microRNA expression in ExoADSCs and identified one differentially upregulated microRNA: miR-451-5p. In conclusion, TE-ExoADSCs helped maintain the chondrocyte phenotype in vitro, and promoted cartilage repair in vivo. These therapeutic effects might be related with the altered expression of miR-451-5p in the ExoADSCs. Thus, the intra-articular delivery of Exos derived from ADSCs with TE pretreatment could be a new approach to treat OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Meng
- College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Cong Tang
- College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Muhai Deng
- College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yanli Fan
- College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shasha Gao
- College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yong Feng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Junjun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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90
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Chen LY, Kao TW, Chen CC, Niaz N, Lee HL, Chen YH, Kuo CC, Shen YA. Frontier Review of the Molecular Mechanisms and Current Approaches of Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071018. [PMID: 37048091 PMCID: PMC10093591 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are effective therapeutic vehicles that may transport their substances across cells. They are shown to possess the capacity to affect cell proliferation, migration, anti-apoptosis, anti-scarring, and angiogenesis, via the action of transporting molecular components. Possessing immense potential in regenerative medicine, exosomes, especially stem cell-derived exosomes, have the advantages of low immunogenicity, minimal invasiveness, and broad clinical applicability. Exosome biodistribution and pharmacokinetics may be altered, in response to recent advancements in technology, for the purpose of treating particular illnesses. Yet, prior to clinical application, it is crucial to ascertain the ideal dose and any potential negative consequences of an exosome. This review focuses on the therapeutic potential of stem cell-derived exosomes and further illustrates the molecular mechanisms that underpin their potential in musculoskeletal regeneration, wound healing, female infertility, cardiac recovery, immunomodulation, neurological disease, and metabolic regulation. In addition, we provide a summary of the currently effective techniques for isolating exosomes, and describe the innovations in biomaterials that improve the efficacy of exosome-based treatments. Overall, this paper provides an updated overview of the biological factors found in stem cell-derived exosomes, as well as potential targets for future cell-free therapeutic applications.
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91
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Liu S, Liu W, Yang Q, Yang S, Yang Y, Fan L, Zhang Y, Qi B, Shi Z, Wei X, Zhu L, Li T. Non-Coding-RNA-Activated Core/Chitosan Shell Nanounits Coated with Polyetheretherketone for Promoting Bone Regeneration and Osseointegration via Osteoimmunology. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:12653-12668. [PMID: 36868875 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bone implant outcome and bone regeneration properties can be improved by the immunomodulation of exosomes (Exos) derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), which contain cytokines, signaling lipids, and regulatory miRNAs. Analysis of miRNAs in BMSCs-derived exosomes showed that miR-21a-5p exhibited the highest expression and was associated with the NF-κB pathway. Hence, we developed an implant with miR-21a-5p functionality to promote bone incorporation by immunoregulation. Mediated by the potent interaction between tannic acid (TA) and biomacromolecules, the tannic acid modified mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles coated with miR-21a-5p (miR-21a-5p@T-MBGNs) were reversibly attached to TA-modified polyetheretherketone (T-PEEK). Cocultured cells could phagocytose miR-21a-5p@T-MBGNs slowly released from miR-21a-5p@T-MBGNs loaded T-PEEK (miMT-PEEK). Moreover, miMT-PEEK boosted macrophage M2 polarization via the NF-κB pathway to increase BMSCs osteogenic differentiation. In vivo testing of miMT-PEEK in the rat air-pouch model and rat femoral drilling model indicated effective macrophage M2 polarization, new bone formation, and excellent osseointegration. Overall, the osteoimmunomodulation of the miR-21a-5p@T-MBGNs-functionalized implant promoted osteogenesis and osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shencai Liu
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Weilu Liu
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Qinfeng Yang
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yusheng Yang
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Lei Fan
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yili Zhang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, China
| | - Baoyu Qi
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Zhanjun Shi
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xu Wei
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Liguo Zhu
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Tao Li
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
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Cai J, Xu J, Ye Z, Wang L, Zheng T, Zhang T, Li Y, Jiang J, Zhao J. Exosomes Derived From Kartogenin-Preconditioned Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Cartilage Formation and Collagen Maturation for Enthesis Regeneration in a Rat Model of Chronic Rotator Cuff Tear. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51:1267-1276. [PMID: 36917828 DOI: 10.1177/03635465231155927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor tendon-to-bone healing in chronic rotator cuff tears (RCTs) is related to unsatisfactory outcomes. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells reportedly enhance rotator cuff healing. However, the difficulty in producing exosomes with a stronger effect on enthesis regeneration must be resolved. PURPOSE To study the effect of exosomes derived from kartogenin (KGN)-preconditioned human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (KGN-Exos) on tendon-to-bone healing in a rat model of chronic RCT. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Exosome-loaded sodium alginate hydrogel (SAH) was prepared. Moreover, exosomes were labeled with 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide (DiR) or 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3'3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (Dil) for in vivo tracking. Bilateral rotator cuff repair (RCR) was conducted in an established chronic RCT rat model. A total of 66 rats were randomized to control, untreated exosome (un-Exos), and KGN-Exos groups to receive local injections of pure SAH, un-Exos, or KGN-Exos SAH at the repaired site. The presence of DiR/Dil-labeled exosomes was assessed at 1 day and 1 week, and tendon-to-bone healing was evaluated histologically, immunohistochemically, and biomechanically at 4 and 8 weeks. RESULTS Both un-Exos and KGN-Exos exhibited sustained release from SAH for up to 96 hours. In vivo study revealed that un-Exos and KGN-Exos were localized to the repaired site at 1 week. Moreover, the KGN-Exos group showed a higher histological score and increased glycosaminoglycan and collagen II expression at 4 and 8 weeks. In addition, more mature and better-organized collagen fibers with higher ratios of collagen I to collagen III were observed at 8 weeks in the tendon-to-bone interface compared with those in the control and un-Exos groups. Biomechanically, the KGN-Exos group had the highest failure load (28.12 ± 2.40 N) and stiffness (28.57 ± 2.49 N/mm) among the 3 groups at 8 weeks. CONCLUSION Local injection of SAH with sustained KGN-Exos release could effectively promote cartilage formation as well as collagen maturation and organization for enthesis regeneration, contributing to enhanced biomechanical properties after RCR. CLINICAL RELEVANCE KGN-Exos injection may be used as a cell-free therapeutic option to accelerate tendon-to-bone healing in chronic RCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyu Cai
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zipeng Ye
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liren Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianlun Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Jiang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinzhong Zhao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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93
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Fu Y, Cui S, Zhou Y, Qiu L. Dental Pulp Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Alleviate Mice Knee Osteoarthritis by Inhibiting TRPV4-Mediated Osteoclast Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4926. [PMID: 36902356 PMCID: PMC10003468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease that causes chronic pain and joint swelling and even disables millions of patients. However, current non-surgical treatment for OA can only relieve pain without obvious cartilage and subchondral bone repair. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-secreted exosomes have promising therapeutic effects on knee OA, but the efficacy of MSC-exosome therapy is not well determined, and the mechanisms involved are still unclear. In this study, we isolated dental pulp stem cell (DPSC)-derived exosomes by ultracentrifugation and determined the therapeutic effects of a single intra-articular injection of DPSC-derived exosomes in a mice knee OA model. The results showed that the DPSC-derived exosomes effectively improved abnormal subchondral bone remodeling, inhibited the occurrence of bone sclerosis and osteophytes, and alleviated cartilage degradation and synovial inflammation in vivo. Moreover, transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) was activated during the progression of OA. Enhanced TRPV4 activation facilitated osteoclast differentiation, and TRPV4 inhibition blocked this process in vitro. DPSC-derived exosomes repressed osteoclast activation in vivo by inhibiting TRPV4 activation. Our findings demonstrated that a topical, single injection of DPSC-derived exosomes is a potential strategy for knee OA treatment, and that the exosomes regulated osteoclast activation by TRPV4 inhibition, which may act as a promising target for clinical OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Fourth Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shengjie Cui
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanheng Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lixin Qiu
- Fourth Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, China
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94
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Yang X, Lin Y, Chen T, Hu W, Li P, Qiu X, Yang B, Liang A, Gao W. YTHDF1 Enhances Chondrogenic Differentiation by Activating the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Stem Cells Dev 2023; 32:115-130. [PMID: 36647682 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage is derived from the chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells, for which the regulatory mechanism has not been fully elucidated. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) messenger RNA (mRNA) methylation is the most common posttranscriptional modification in eukaryotic mRNAs and is mediated by m6A regulators. However, whether m6A regulators play roles in chondrogenic differentiation is unknown. Herein, we aim to determine the role of a main m6A reader protein, YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 1 (YTHDF1), in chondrogenic differentiation regulation. Western blotting (WB) assays found that the expression of YTHDF1 increased during chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). The results of quantitative polymerase chain reaction, WB, immunohistochemistry, and Alcian blue staining revealed that overexpression of YTHDF1 increased cartilage matrix synthesis and the expression of chondrogenic markers when hBMSCs, ATDC5 cells, or C3H10T1/2 cells were induced to undergo chondrogenesis. Conversely, chondrogenesis was clearly inhibited when YTHDF1 was knocked down in hBMSCs, ATDC5 cells, or C3H10T1/2 cells. Further RNA sequencing and molecular biology experiments found that YTHDF1 activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway during chondrogenic differentiation. Finally, the effects of overexpression and knockdown of YTHDF1 on chondrogenic differentiation were reversed by inhibiting or activating β-catenin activity. Therefore, we demonstrated that YTDHF1 promoted chondrogenic differentiation through activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China.,Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Youxi Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Taiqiu Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Anjing Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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95
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van de Looij SM, de Jong OG, Vermonden T, Lorenowicz MJ. Injectable hydrogels for sustained delivery of extracellular vesicles in cartilage regeneration. J Control Release 2023; 355:685-708. [PMID: 36739906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a population of small vesicles secreted by essentially all cell types, containing a wide variety of biological macromolecules. Due to their intrinsic capabilities for efficient intercellular communication, they are involved in various aspects of cellular functioning. In the past decade, EVs derived from stem cells attracted interest in the field of regenerative medicine. Owing to their regenerative properties, they have great potential for use in tissue repair, in particular for tissues with limited regenerative capabilities such as cartilage. The maintenance of articular cartilage is dependent on a precarious balance of many different components that can be disrupted by the onset of prevalent rheumatic diseases. However, while cartilage is a tissue with strong mechanical properties that can withstand movement and heavy loads for years, it is virtually incapable of repairing itself after damage has occurred. Stem cell-derived EVs (SC-EVs) transport regenerative components such as proteins and nucleic acids from their parental cells to recipient cells, thereby promoting cartilage healing. Many possible pathways through which SC-EVs execute their regenerative function have been reported, but likely there are still numerous other pathways that are still unknown. This review discusses various preclinical studies investigating intra-articular injections of free SC-EVs, which, while often promoting chondrogenesis and cartilage repair in vivo, showed a recurring limitation of the need for multiple administrations to achieve sufficient tissue regeneration. Potentially, this drawback can be overcome by making use of an EV delivery platform that is capable of sustainably releasing EVs over time. With their remarkable versatility and favourable chemical, biological and mechanical properties, hydrogels can facilitate this release profile by encapsulating EVs in their porous structure. Ideally, the optimal delivery platform can be formed in-situ, by means of an injectable hydrogel that can be administered directly into the affected joint. Relevant research fulfilling these criteria is discussed in detail, including the steps that still need to be taken before injectable hydrogels for sustained delivery of EVs can be applied in the context of cartilage regeneration in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne M van de Looij
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Science for Life, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier G de Jong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Science for Life, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tina Vermonden
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Science for Life, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Magdalena J Lorenowicz
- Regenerative Medicine Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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96
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You B, Zhou C, Yang Y. MSC-EVs alleviate osteoarthritis by regulating microenvironmental cells in the articular cavity and maintaining cartilage matrix homeostasis. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 85:101864. [PMID: 36707035 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), a common cause of chronic articular cartilage degeneration, is the main cause of disability in older adults and severely affects quality of life. Multiple factors are involved in the pathogenesis of OA, resulting in imbalance in the homeostasis of the joint cavity microenvironment, which exacerbates the disease. Because of the deficiency of blood vessels and nerves in cartilage, existing therapies to promote cartilage healing are relatively ineffective. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-related therapies have achieved positive outcomes for the treatment of OA, and these beneficial effects have been confirmed to be largely mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs). MSC-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) have been demonstrated to participate in the regulation of chondrocyte function, to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, and to alleviate metabolic disorders of the extracellular matrix, thereby slowing the progression of OA. In addition, engineered MSC-EVs can enrich therapeutic molecules and optimize administration to enhance their therapeutic effects on OA. A thorough understanding of the endogenous properties of EVs and related engineering strategies could help researchers develop more precise control therapy for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benshuai You
- Clinical Laboratory Center, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenglin Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory Center, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Clinical Laboratory Center, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu, China.
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97
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Gerami MH, Khorram R, Rasoolzadegan S, Mardpour S, Nakhaei P, Hashemi S, Al-Naqeeb BZT, Aminian A, Samimi S. Emerging role of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and MSCs-derived exosomes in bone- and joint-associated musculoskeletal disorders: a new frontier. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:86. [PMID: 36803566 PMCID: PMC9939872 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membranous vesicles with a 30 to 150 nm diameter secreted by mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and other cells, such as immune cells and cancer cells. Exosomes convey proteins, bioactive lipids, and genetic components to recipient cells, such as microRNAs (miRNAs). Consequently, they have been implicated in regulating intercellular communication mediators under physiological and pathological circumstances. Exosomes therapy as a cell-free approach bypasses many concerns regarding the therapeutic application of stem/stromal cells, including undesirable proliferation, heterogeneity, and immunogenic effects. Indeed, exosomes have become a promising strategy to treat human diseases, particularly bone- and joint-associated musculoskeletal disorders, because of their characteristics, such as potentiated stability in circulation, biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and toxicity. In this light, a diversity of studies have indicated that inhibiting inflammation, inducing angiogenesis, provoking osteoblast and chondrocyte proliferation and migration, and negative regulation of matrix-degrading enzymes result in bone and cartilage recovery upon administration of MSCs-derived exosomes. Notwithstanding, insufficient quantity of isolated exosomes, lack of reliable potency test, and exosomes heterogeneity hurdle their application in clinics. Herein, we will deliver an outline respecting the advantages of MSCs-derived exosomes-based therapy in common bone- and joint-associated musculoskeletal disorders. Moreover, we will have a glimpse the underlying mechanism behind the MSCs-elicited therapeutic merits in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hadi Gerami
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Bone and Joint Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Roya Khorram
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Bone and Joint Diseases Research Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soheil Rasoolzadegan
- grid.411600.2Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Mardpour
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Radiology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooria Nakhaei
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheyla Hashemi
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XObstetrician, Gynaecology & Infertility Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Amir Aminian
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sahar Samimi
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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98
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He A, Liu Y, Sang S, Zhang R, Jiang Z, Mao Y, Liu W. Regulation of Chondrocyte Differentiation by miR-455-3p Secreted by Bone Marrow Stem Cells through Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog Deleted on Chromosome Ten/Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase-Protein Kinase B. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:6738768. [PMID: 36845968 PMCID: PMC9946738 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6738768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of the regulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) by microribonucleic acid- (miR-) 455-3p on bone marrow stem cells' (BMSCs') chondrogenic development were examined based on the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signal pathway. The alterations in miR-455-3p and PTEN were identified using osteoarthritis (OA) and healthy chondrocytes. Rats raised on the SD diet had their BMSCs isolated for chondrocyte-induced differentiation (blank group), transfected miR-455-3p mimic (mimic group), and inhibitor (inhibitor group). Besides, cell proliferation, alizarin red mineralization staining, and the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were detected. Real-time fluorescent quantitation polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot were utilized to detect Runx2, OPN, OSX, COL2A1 mRNA, and the difference between PI3K and AKT. Dual-luciferase reporter (DLR) genes were selected to analyze the target relationship of miR-455-3p to PTEN. It was demonstrated that miR-455-3p in OA was downregulated, while PTEN was upregulated (P < 0.05) in comparison to healthy chondrocytes (P < 0.05). Versus those in the blank group, alizarin red mineralization staining and the activity of ALP increased; RUNX, OPN, OSX, COL2A1 mRNA, p-PI3K, and p-AKT were elevated in the mimic group (P < 0.05). Versus those in the blank and mimic groups, alizarin red mineralization staining and the activity of ALP reduced; RUNX, OPN, OSX, COL2A1 mRNA, p-PI3K, and p-AKT were downregulated in the inhibitor group (P < 0.05). miR-455-3p could target PTEN to inhibit its expression, thus activating the PI3K/AKT signal pathway and promoting BMSCs chondrocyte-induced differentiation. The research results provided reference for the occurrence of OA and the study on therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axiang He
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yaru Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shang Sang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Renbo Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yanjie Mao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Wanjun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 201306, China
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99
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Al-Awsi GRL, Alsaikhan F, Margiana R, Ahmad I, Patra I, Najm MAA, Yasin G, Rasulova I, Hammid AT, Kzar HH, Al-Gazally ME, Siahmansouri H. Shining the light on mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in breast cancer. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:21. [PMID: 36750912 PMCID: PMC9906907 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In women, breast cancer (BC) is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a subgroup of heterogeneous non-hematopoietic fibroblast-like cells that have the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types. Recent studies stated that MSCs can migrate into the tumor sites and exert various effect on tumor growth and development. Multiple researches have demonstrated that MSCs can favor tumor growth, while other groups have indicated that MSCs inhibit tumor development. Emerging evidences showed exosomes (Exo) as a new mechanism of cell communication which are essential for the crosstalk between MSCs and BC cells. MSC-derived Exo (MSCs-Exo) could mimic the numerous effects on the proliferation, metastasis, and drug response through carrying a wide scale of molecules, such as proteins, lipids, messenger RNAs, and microRNAs to BC cells. Consequently, in the present literature, we summarized the biogenesis and cargo of Exo and reviewed the role of MSCs-Exo in development of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaidaa Raheem Lateef Al-Awsi
- grid.517728.e0000 0004 9360 4144Department of Radiological Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- grid.449553.a0000 0004 0441 5588College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ria Margiana
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. .,Master's Programme Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. .,Andrology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia. .,Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- grid.412144.60000 0004 1790 7100Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mazin A. A. Najm
- grid.513203.6Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Ghulam Yasin
- grid.411501.00000 0001 0228 333XDepartment of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Iroda Rasulova
- Independent Researcher, “Kasmed” Private Medical Centre, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Ali Thaeer Hammid
- grid.513683.a0000 0004 8495 7394Computer Engineering Techniques Department, Faculty of Information Technology, Imam Ja’afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hamzah H. Kzar
- Veterinary Medicine College, Al-Qasim Green University, Al-Qasim, Iraq
| | | | - Homayoon Siahmansouri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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100
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Wu J, Fu L, Yan Z, Yang Y, Yin H, Li P, Yuan X, Ding Z, Kang T, Tian Z, Liao Z, Tian G, Ning C, Li Y, Sui X, Chen M, Liu S, Guo Q. Hierarchical porous ECM scaffolds incorporating GDF-5 fabricated by cryogenic 3D printing to promote articular cartilage regeneration. Biomater Res 2023; 27:7. [PMID: 36739446 PMCID: PMC9899401 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, there has been significant research progress on in situ articular cartilage (AC) tissue engineering with endogenous stem cells, which uses biological materials or bioactive factors to improve the regeneration microenvironment and recruit more endogenous stem cells from the joint cavity to the defect area to promote cartilage regeneration. METHOD In this study, we used ECM alone as a bioink in low-temperature deposition manufacturing (LDM) 3D printing and then successfully fabricated a hierarchical porous ECM scaffold incorporating GDF-5. RESULTS Comparative in vitro experiments showed that the 7% ECM scaffolds had the best biocompatibility. After the addition of GDF-5 protein, the ECM scaffolds significantly improved bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) migration and chondrogenic differentiation. Most importantly, the in vivo results showed that the ECM/GDF-5 scaffold significantly enhanced in situ cartilage repair. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study reports the construction of a new scaffold based on the concept of in situ regeneration, and we believe that our findings will provide a new treatment strategy for AC defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wu
- grid.413458.f0000 0000 9330 9891Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China
| | - Liwei Fu
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zineng Yan
- grid.413458.f0000 0000 9330 9891Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People’s Hospital of Guiyang, 547 Jinyang South Road, Guiyang, 550023 Guizhou China
| | - Han Yin
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China
| | - Pinxue Li
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xun Yuan
- grid.413458.f0000 0000 9330 9891Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengang Ding
- grid.413458.f0000 0000 9330 9891Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China
| | - Teng Kang
- grid.413458.f0000 0000 9330 9891Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Tian
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyao Liao
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangzhao Tian
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Ning
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuguo Li
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Sui
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingxue Chen
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China ,grid.414360.40000 0004 0605 7104Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, No. 31 Xinjiekou East Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100035 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuyun Liu
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China
| | - Quanyi Guo
- grid.413458.f0000 0000 9330 9891Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Beijing Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
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