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Xia M, Wei W, Jiang Z, He D, Li Z, Yu S, Wang Q, Liu H, Chen J. A Functional Mutation in KIAA1462 Promoter Decreases Glucocorticoid Receptor Affinity and Affects Egg-Laying Performance in Yangzhou Geese. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051531. [PMID: 29883426 PMCID: PMC5983849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of genetic markers is valuable for improving the egg-laying performance in goose production. The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1714766362 in an intron of the goose KIAA1462 gene was found to be relevant to laying performance in our previous study. However, its function remains unclear. In this study, the full-length coding sequence of KIAA1462 gene was firstly characterized in Yangzhou geese. Q-PCR (Quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction) results showed that KIAA1462 was highly expressed in the liver, ovary, and mature F1 follicles. For SNP rs1714766362, geese with the AA genotype showed better laying performance than the TT ones and exhibited a higher KIAA1462 expression level in the ovary. Gain- and loss-of function experiments in granulosa cells revealed that KIAA1462 affected the expression of the apoptosis marker gene caspase-3. Considering that rs1714766362 locates in an intron area, we compared the KIAA1462 promoter regions of AA and TT individuals and identified the SNP c.-413C>G (Genbank ss2137504176), which was completely linked to SNP rs1714766362. According to the transcription factor prediction results, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) would bind to the SNP site containing the C but not the G allele. In this study, we proved this hypothesis by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). In summary, we identified a novel mutation in the promoter of KIAA1462 gene which can modulate GR binding affinity and affect the laying performance of geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Xia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zaohang Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Dandan He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Shigang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Qiushi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Honglin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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52
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Oakley RH, Ramamoorthy S, Foley JF, Busada JT, Lu NZ, Cidlowski JA. Glucocorticoid receptor isoform-specific regulation of development, circadian rhythm, and inflammation in mice. FASEB J 2018; 32:5258-5271. [PMID: 29672221 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701153r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are primary stress hormones, and their synthetic derivatives are widely used clinically. The therapeutic efficacy of these steroids is limited by side effects and glucocorticoid resistance. Multiple glucocorticoid receptor (GR) isoforms are produced from a single gene by alternative translation initiation; however, the role individual isoforms play in tissue-specific responses to glucocorticoids is unknown. We have generated knockin mice that exclusively express the most active receptor isoform, GR-C3. GR-C3 knockin mice die at birth due to respiratory distress. Microarray analysis of fibroblasts from wild-type and GR-C3 mice indicated that most genes regulated by GR-C3 were unique to this isoform. Antenatal glucocorticoid administration rescued GR-C3 knockin mice from neonatal death. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry revealed no major alterations in body composition for rescued knockin mice. Rescued female, but not male, GR-C3 mice exhibited increased wheel running activity in the light portion of the day. LPS administration induced premature mortality in rescued GR-C3 knockin mice, and gene expression studies revealed a deficiency in the ability of GR-C3 to repress a large cohort of immune and inflammatory response genes. These findings demonstrate that specific GR translational isoforms can influence development, circadian rhythm, and inflammation through the regulation of distinct gene networks.-Oakley, R. H., Ramamoorthy, S., Foley, J. F., Busada, J. T., Lu, N. Z., Cidlowski, J. A. Glucocorticoid receptor isoform-specific regulation of development, circadian rhythm, and inflammation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Oakley
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sivapriya Ramamoorthy
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julie F Foley
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jonathan T Busada
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nick Z Lu
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - John A Cidlowski
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Arlıer S, Kayışlı ÜA, Arıcı A. Tumor necrosis factor alfa and interleukin 1 alfa induced phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitory kappa B alpha are regulated by estradiol in endometrial cells. Turk J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 15:50-59. [PMID: 29662717 PMCID: PMC5894537 DOI: 10.4274/tjod.47700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: When bound to the inhibitory kappa B (IкB) protein, the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-кB) remains inactively in the cytoplasm. Activated NF-кB upregulates the gene expression of many chemokines including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin (IL)-8. We hypothesized that estrogen may regulate IкB phosphorylation and degradation thus influencing NF-кB-dependent gene expression. Regulation of chemokines by estrogen is different in uterine endometrial cells when compared to ectopic endometrial cells of endometriosis. Materials and Methods: We investigated the in vivo expression of IкB in normal endometrium and in eutopic and ectopic endometrium of women with endometriosis. We then studied in cultured endometrial cells to assess the effects of estradiol on IкB and NF-кB function. Results: Normal endometrium from mid-late proliferative phase revealed the strongest IкB immunoreactivity throughout the cycle (p<0.05). When compared to paired homologous eutopic endometrium, ectopic endometrium revealed significantly less immunoreactivity for IкB (p<0.05). Moreover, estradiol induced a decrease in tumor necrosis factor-and IL-1-induced IкB phosphorylation, and also decreased the levels of active-NF-кB (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our results support the conclusion that one pathway for estradiol-mediated NF-кB inhibition occurs through the down-regulation of IкB phosphorylation. We propose that the estradiol-induced regulation of IкB and consequent reduction in active-NF-кB may affect inflammatory responses in human endometrial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefa Arlıer
- University of South Florida Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tampa, USA.,University of Health Sciences, Adana Numune Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ümit Ali Kayışlı
- University of South Florida Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tampa, USA
| | - Aydın Arıcı
- Yale University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, New Haven, USA.,Anadolu Medical Center, Clinic of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, İstanbul, Turkey
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54
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Lockwood KG, John-Henderson NA, Marsland AL. Early life socioeconomic status associates with interleukin-6 responses to acute laboratory stress in adulthood. Physiol Behav 2018; 188:212-220. [PMID: 29438661 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It is proposed that environmental exposures in early life influence immune programming. Specifically, socioeconomic disadvantage is thought to program an immune phenotype that is prone to inflammation and associated with increased risk for inflammatory disease later in life. Existing literature shows an inverse association of early childhood socioeconomic status (SES) with adult levels of systemic inflammation. Here, we extend that literature to examine whether early childhood SES also relates to the magnitude of inflammatory response to acute psychological stress in adulthood. Healthy volunteers (N = 110; 40-58 years; 59% female; 90% white) performed a laboratory stress protocol, with blood samples drawn at the end of a 30-min baseline, a 5-min speech task, and a 30-min recovery to assess interleukin (IL)-6 stress responses. An early childhood SES index was derived from reports of parental home and vehicle ownership, and number of bedrooms per child in the home across ages 1-2, 3-4, and 5-6. Regressions adjusted for current age, sex, race, and BMI showed that lower SES at age 1-2 was associated with larger IL-6 stress responses in adulthood (ΔR2 = 0.05, β = -0.24, p = .03). This association was independent of adult SES and task-evoked affective responses. No association was found between SES at ages 3-4 or 5-6 and IL-6 responses. These results provide initial evidence for a link between disadvantage in the first 2 years of life and heightened inflammatory response to stress in adulthood; this link may contribute to the increased disease risk that accompanies being raised in disadvantaged socioeconomic circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly G Lockwood
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | | | - Anna L Marsland
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Gaffer GG, Elgawish RA, Abdelrazek HMA, Ebaid HM, Tag HM. Dietary soy isoflavones during pregnancy suppressed the immune function in male offspring albino rats. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:296-301. [PMID: 29854598 PMCID: PMC5978017 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Less attention has been paid to the immune effects of phytoestrogens during pregnancy on the first generation. Soy isoflavones fed to pregnant rats could modulate the immune response of the male offspring. Isoflavones reduced spleen and thymus weights in rats born to dams fed dietary soy. Soy isoflavones possibly mediated its effect through reduction of IFN-γ that interacts with the IL-12 production pathway.
Phytoestrogens have an impact on both animals and humans due to use of legumes in animal diets as well as the increase of vegetarian diets in some human populations. Phytoestrogens thought to have varieties of adverse effects, among which immune system was involved. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of prenatal exposure to dietary soy isoflavones on some immunological parameters in male albino rat offspring. The pregnant rats were divided to three groups (12/group). Control group (free soy isoflavones), low soy isoflavones group (6.5%) and high soy isoflavones group (26%). The male offspring cell-mediated immune response was determined using phytohemagglutinin (PHA) injection and the intumesce index which was calculated on postnatal day 50 (PND 50). At PND 50, blood samples were collected for interleukin 12 (IL-12), interferon γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) determination. Spleen, thymus, and PHA injected footpads were fixed for histopathology. Intumesce index, IL-12, IFN-γ, spleen and thymus relative weights were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in offspring born to dams fed low and high dietary soy isoflavones. In contrary, TNF-α was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in offspring born to dams fed high dietary soy isoflavones. Spleen of rats born to dams fed high dose of dietary soy isoflavones showed coagulative necrosis in white pulp. In conclusion, male offspring born to dams fed different levels of soy isoflavones showed marked immunosuppression after PHA stimulation. This effect was mediated through the reduced IFN-γ that interacts with the IL-12 production pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Gamal Gaffer
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Rania Abdelrahman Elgawish
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Heba M A Abdelrazek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Hala M Ebaid
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Hend M Tag
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.,University of Jeddah Branch of Khulais Governorate - Girls Section, Saudi Arabia
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56
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Adzic M, Brkic Z, Mitic M, Francija E, Jovicic MJ, Radulovic J, Maric NP. Therapeutic Strategies for Treatment of Inflammation-related Depression. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:176-209. [PMID: 28847294 PMCID: PMC5883379 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170828163048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mounting evidence demonstrates enhanced systemic levels of inflammatory mediators in depression, indicating that inflammation may play a role in the etiology and course of mood disorders. Indeed, proinflammatory cytokines induce a behavioral state of conservation- withdrawal resembling human depression, characterized by negative mood, fatigue, anhedonia, psychomotor retardation, loss of appetite, and cognitive deficits. Neuroinflammation also contributes to non-responsiveness to current antidepressant (AD) therapies. Namely, response to conventional AD medications is associated with a decrease in inflammatory biomarkers, whereas resistance to treatment is accompanied by increased inflammation. METHODS In this review, we will discuss the utility and shortcomings of pharmacologic AD treatment strategies focused on inflammatory pathways, applied alone or as an adjuvant component to current AD therapies. RESULTS Mechanisms of cytokine actions on behavior involve activation of inflammatory pathways in the brain, resulting in changes of neurotransmitter metabolism, neuroendocrine function, and neuronal plasticity. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors exhibit the most beneficial effects in restraining the inflammation markers in depression. Different anti-inflammatory agents exhibit AD effects via modulating neurotransmitter systems, neuroplasticity markers and glucocorticoid receptor signaling. Anti-inflammatory add-on therapy in depression highlights such treatment as a candidate for enhancement strategy in patients with moderate-to-severe depression. CONCLUSION The interactions between the immune system and CNS are not only involved in shaping behavior, but also in responding to therapeutics. Even though, substantial evidence from animal and human research support a beneficial effect of anti-inflammatory add-on therapy in depression, further research with special attention on safety, particularly during prolonged periods of antiinflammatory co-treatments, is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Adzic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zeljka Brkic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milos Mitic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ester Francija
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica J. Jovicic
- Clinic for Psychiatry, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Pasterova 2, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Radulovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Asher Center of Study and Treatment of Depressive Disorders, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nadja P. Maric
- Clinic for Psychiatry, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Pasterova 2, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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57
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Fan W, Xu Y, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Lu L, Ding Z. Obesity or Overweight, a Chronic Inflammatory Status in Male Reproductive System, Leads to Mice and Human Subfertility. Front Physiol 2018; 8:1117. [PMID: 29354072 PMCID: PMC5758580 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is frequently accompanied with chronic inflammation over the whole body and is always associated with symptoms that include those arising from metabolic and vascular alterations. On the other hand, the chronic inflammatory status in the male genital tract may directly impair spermatogenesis and is even associated with male subfertility. However, it is still unclear if the chronic inflammation induced by obesity damages spermatogenesis in the male genital tract. To address this question, we used a high fat diet (HFD) induced obese mouse model and recruited obese patients from the clinic. We detected increased levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing-3 (NLRP3) in genital tract tissues including testis, epididymis, seminal vesicle, prostate, and serum from obese mice. Meanwhile, the levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and corticosterone were significantly higher than those in the control group in serum. Moreover, signal factors regulated by TNF-α, i.e., p38, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and their phosphorylated status, and inflammasome protein NLRP3 were expressed at higher levels in the testis. For overweight and obese male patients, the increased levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were also observed in their seminal plasma. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the TNF-α and IL-6 levels and BMI whereas they were inversely correlated with the sperm concentration and motility. In conclusion, impairment of male fertility may stem from a chronic inflammatory status in the male genital tract of obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology Embryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Reproductive Medicine Center, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yali Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology Embryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology Embryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengqing Zhang
- The Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai No.9 People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Lu
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhide Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology Embryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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58
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Iro MA, Martin NG, Absoud M, Pollard AJ. Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of childhood encephalitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 10:CD011367. [PMID: 28967695 PMCID: PMC6485509 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011367.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Encephalitis is a syndrome of neurological dysfunction due to inflammation of the brain parenchyma, caused by an infection or an exaggerated host immune response, or both. Attenuation of brain inflammation through modulation of the immune response could improve patient outcomes. Biological agents such as immunoglobulin that have both anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties may therefore be useful as adjunctive therapies for people with encephalitis. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) as add-on treatment for children with encephalitis. SEARCH METHODS The Cochrane Multiple Sclerosis and Rare Diseases of the CNS group's Information Specialist searched the following databases up to 30 September 2016: CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the WHO ICTRP Search Portal. In addition, two review authors searched Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) & Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science (CPCI-S) (Web of Science Core Collection, Thomson Reuters) (1945 to January 2016), Global Health Library (Virtual Health Library), and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing IVIG in addition to standard care versus standard care alone or placebo. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected articles for inclusion, extracted relevant data, and assessed quality of trials. We resolved disagreements by discussion among the review authors. Where possible, we contacted authors of included studies for additional information. We presented results as risk ratios (RR) or mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS The search identified three RCTs with 138 participants. All three trials included only children with viral encephalitis, one of these included only children with Japanese encephalitis, a specific form of viral encephalitis. Only the trial of Japanese encephalitis (22 children) contributed to the primary outcome of this review and follow-up in that study was for three to six months after hospital discharge. There was no follow-up of participants in the other two studies. We identified one ongoing trial.For the primary outcomes, the results showed no significant difference between IVIG and placebo when used in the treatment of children with Japanese encephalitis: significant disability (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.22 to 2.60; P = 0.65) and serious adverse events (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.07 to 14.05; P = 1.00).For the secondary outcomes, the study of Japanese encephalitis showed no significant difference between IVIG and placebo when assessing significant disability at hospital discharge (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.60 to 1.67). There was no significant difference (P = 0.53) in Glasgow Coma Score at discharge between IVIG (median score 14; range 3 to 15) and placebo (median 14 score; range 7 to 15) in the Japanese encephalitis study. The median length of hospital stay in the Japanese encephalitis study was similar for IVIG-treated (median 13 days; range 9 to 21) and placebo-treated (median 12 days; range 6 to 18) children (P = 0.59).Pooled analysis of the results of the other two studies resulted in a significantly lower mean length of hospital stay (MD -4.54 days, 95% CI -7.47 to -1.61; P = 0.002), time to resolution of fever (MD -0.97 days, 95% CI -1.25 to -0.69; P < 0.00001), time to stop spasms (MD -1.49 days, 95% CI -1.97 to -1.01; P < 0.00001), time to regain consciousness (MD -1.10 days, 95% CI -1.48 to -0.72; P < 0.00001), and time to resolution of neuropathic symptoms (MD -3.20 days, 95% CI -3.34 to -3.06; P < 0.00001) in favour of IVIG when compared with standard care.None of the included studies reported other outcomes of interest in this review including need for invasive ventilation, duration of invasive ventilation, cognitive impairment, poor adaptive functioning, quality of life, number of seizures, and new diagnosis of epilepsy.The quality of evidence was very low for all outcomes of this review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest a clinical benefit of adjunctive IVIG treatment for children with viral encephalitis for some clinical measures (i.e. mean length of hospital stay, time (days) to stop spasms, time to regain consciousness, and time to resolution of neuropathic symptoms and fever. For children with Japanese encephalitis, IVIG had a similar effect to placebo when assessing significant disability and serious adverse events.Despite these findings, the risk of bias in the included studies and quality of the evidence make it impossible to reach any firm conclusions on the efficacy and safety of IVIG as add-on treatment for children with encephalitis. Furthermore, the included studies involved only children with viral encephalitis, therefore findings of this review cannot be generalised to all forms of encephalitis. Future well-designed RCTs are needed to assess the efficacy and safety of IVIG in the management of children with all forms of encephalitis. There is a need for internationally agreed core outcome measures for clinical trials in childhood encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mildred A Iro
- University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research CentreDepartment of PaediatricsChurchill Hospital, Old Road, HeadingtonOxfordUK
| | - Natalie G Martin
- Christchurch School of Medicine, University of OtagoDepartment of PaediatricsChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Michael Absoud
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, King's Health PartnersChildren's Neurosciences CentreWestminster Bridge RoadLondonUKSE1 7EH
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Children's HospitalDepartment of Paediatrics, University of OxfordOxfordUKOX3 9DU
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Al-Tarrah K, Moiemen N, Lord JM. The influence of sex steroid hormones on the response to trauma and burn injury. BURNS & TRAUMA 2017; 5:29. [PMID: 28920065 PMCID: PMC5597997 DOI: 10.1186/s41038-017-0093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Trauma and related sequelae result in disturbance of homeostatic mechanisms frequently leading to cellular dysfunction and ultimately organ and system failure. Regardless of the type and severity of injury, gender dimorphism in outcomes following trauma have been reported, with females having lower mortality than males, suggesting that sex steroid hormones (SSH) play an important role in the response of body systems to trauma. In addition, several clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated the effects of SSH on the clinical course and outcomes following injury. Animal studies have reported the ability of SSH to modulate immune, inflammatory, metabolic and organ responses following traumatic injury. This indicates that homeostatic mechanisms, via direct and indirect pathways, can be maintained by SSH at local and systemic levels and hence result in more favourable prognosis. Here, we discuss the role and mechanisms by which SSH modulates the response of the body to injury by maintaining various processes and organ functions. Such properties of sex hormones represent potential novel therapeutic strategies and further our understanding of current therapies used following injury such as oxandrolone in burn-injured patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Al-Tarrah
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Birmingham University Medical School, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK.,Scar Free Foundation Centre for Burns Research, University Hospital Birmingham Foundation Trust, B15 2WB, Birmingham, UK
| | - N Moiemen
- Scar Free Foundation Centre for Burns Research, University Hospital Birmingham Foundation Trust, B15 2WB, Birmingham, UK
| | - J M Lord
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Birmingham University Medical School, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
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60
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Sperlich J, Kerr R, Teusch N. The Marine Natural Product Pseudopterosin Blocks Cytokine Release of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and Monocytic Leukemia Cells by Inhibiting NF-κB Signaling. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E262. [PMID: 28832545 PMCID: PMC5618401 DOI: 10.3390/md15090262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudopterosins are a group of marine diterpene glycosides which possess an array of biological activities including anti-inflammatory effects. However, despite the striking in vivo anti-inflammatory potential, the underlying in vitro molecular mode of action remains elusive. To date, few studies have examined pseudopterosin effects on cancer cells. However, to our knowledge, no studies have explored their ability to block cytokine release in breast cancer cells and the respective bidirectional communication with associated immune cells. The present work demonstrates that pseudopterosins have the ability to block the key inflammatory signaling pathway nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) by inhibiting the phosphorylation of p65 and IκB (nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor) in leukemia and in breast cancer cells, respectively. Blockade of NF-κB leads to subsequent reduction of the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1). Furthermore, pseudopterosin treatment reduces cytokine expression induced by conditioned media in both cell lines investigated. Interestingly, the presence of pseudopterosins induces a nuclear translocation of the glucocorticoid receptor. When knocking down the glucocorticoid receptor, the natural product loses the ability to block cytokine expression. Thus, we hypothesize that pseudopterosins inhibit NF-κB through activation of the glucocorticoid receptor in triple negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sperlich
- Bio-Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, Technische Hochschule Koeln, Chempark, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany.
| | - Russell Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Nicole Teusch
- Bio-Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, Technische Hochschule Koeln, Chempark, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany.
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Abstract
The relationship between Behcet's disease (BD) and pregnancy is only reported in limited number of studies. We retrospectively collected data of 26 women with BD diagnosis and their 66 pregnancies. We analysed patients according to disease activity, age at BD diagnosis, age at first/last pregnancy, obstetric history, obstetric complications, neonatal birthweight, associated foetal abnormalities and pregnancy-related complications. Sixteen miscarriages (24.2%), two intrauterine deaths (3%) and 48 live births (72.8%) were identified. Preterm labour was observed in 12 (24%) of 50 deliveries. Colchicine was used in six pregnancies, however, there was no drug treatment for BD in the remaining 59. There was a higher rate of preterm labour and low birthweight in patients using colchicine. BD was in remission in 60 (90.9%) of 66 pregnancies, and disease flared up only in six cases. In conclusion, BD patients with altered symptoms during pregnancy carry an increased risk of obstetric complications. IMPACT STATEMENT What is already known on this subject: There are limited and conflicting data about the interaction between BD and gestation. What the results of this study add: Our findings indicated that patients who were in an active symptomatic phase of BD and were being treated with colchicine had an increased risk of preterm delivery and low birthweight. What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research: Clinicians should consider increased obstetric complication risk among patients with active BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokcen Orgul
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Perinatology , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Fatih Aktoz
- b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sinan Beksac
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Perinatology , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
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Wynne BM, Zou L, Linck V, Hoover RS, Ma HP, Eaton DC. Regulation of Lung Epithelial Sodium Channels by Cytokines and Chemokines. Front Immunol 2017; 8:766. [PMID: 28791006 PMCID: PMC5524836 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury leading to acute respiratory distress (ARDS) is a global health concern. ARDS patients have significant pulmonary inflammation leading to flooding of the pulmonary alveoli. This prevents normal gas exchange with consequent hypoxemia and causes mortality. A thin fluid layer in the alveoli is normal. The maintenance of this thin layer results from fluid movement out of the pulmonary capillaries into the alveolar interstitium driven by vascular hydrostatic pressure and then through alveolar tight junctions. This is then balanced by fluid reabsorption from the alveolar space mediated by transepithelial salt and water transport through alveolar cells. Reabsorption is a two-step process: first, sodium enters via sodium-permeable channels in the apical membranes of alveolar type 1 and 2 cells followed by active extrusion of sodium into the interstitium by the basolateral Na+, K+-ATPase. Anions follow the cationic charge gradient and water follows the salt-induced osmotic gradient. The proximate cause of alveolar flooding is the result of a failure to reabsorb sufficient salt and water or a failure of the tight junctions to prevent excessive movement of fluid from the interstitium to alveolar lumen. Cytokine- and chemokine-induced inflammation can have a particularly profound effect on lung sodium transport since they can alter both ion channel and barrier function. Cytokines and chemokines affect alveolar amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs), which play a crucial role in sodium transport and fluid reabsorption in the lung. This review discusses the regulation of ENaC via local and systemic cytokines during inflammatory disease and the effect on lung fluid balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi M Wynne
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,The Center for Cell and Molecular Signaling, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Li Zou
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Valerie Linck
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Robert S Hoover
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Research Service, Atlanta Veteran's Administration Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States
| | - He-Ping Ma
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,The Center for Cell and Molecular Signaling, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Douglas C Eaton
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,The Center for Cell and Molecular Signaling, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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63
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Rudzki L, Pawlak D, Pawlak K, Waszkiewicz N, Małus A, Konarzewska B, Gałęcka M, Bartnicka A, Ostrowska L, Szulc A. Immune suppression of IgG response against dairy proteins in major depression. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:268. [PMID: 28738849 PMCID: PMC5525306 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1431-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interactions between the digestive system, brain functions and immunoglobulin G (IgG) mediated immunity against food antigens became recently a topic of growing interest in psychiatry research. Psychological stress can activate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) with subsequent hypercortisolemia. It can also influence intestinal permeability and dynamics of IgG response. Major depression can by accompanied either by activation of inflammatory response or by immune suppression (e.g. decreased antibody production) where hypercortisolemia is a significant immune modulator. The aim of our study was to assess IgG immune response against 44 food products in depressed patients and controls along with markers of psychological stress, inflammation, psychometric and dietary parameters. METHODS Serum IgG concentrations against 44 food antigens, plasma cortisol, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1b concentrations were measured and psychometric parameters were evaluated using Hamilton Depression Rating (HAM-D 17), Perceived Stress (PSS-10), and Symptom Checklist (SCL-90) scales in 34 depressed patients and 29 controls. Dietary parameters such as frequency of exposure to food antigens, appetite and weight change were assessed. RESULTS There was a significantly lower IgG concentration against dairy in depressed patients compared to controls (post hoc p < 0.05) when there was a high exposure (consumption) to dairy. Our research revealed a significant interaction of IgG concentration against dairy proteins and exposure to dairy between groups (F (2.63) = 3.92, p = 0.025, η2 = 0.12). There was no significant difference in mean IgG concentration against food antigens between patients and controls. We found increased concentration of cortisol in depressed patients (t (1.61) = 2.37, p = 0.02) compared to controls. Patients with melancholic depression had significantly higher (M rank = 21.27) concentration of cortisol (U = 41, p = 0.006), when compared with the non-melancholic group of patients (M rank = 12.16). Cortisol concentration significantly positively correlated with HAM-D 17 (r = 0.442, p = 0.009) and with phobias in SCL-90 scale in patients' group (r = 0.531, p = 0.001). There was decreased concentration of TNF-α (t = 4.256, p < 0.001) in depressed patients compared to controls. IgG concentration of 38.63% food products positively correlated with TNF-α concentration in depressed patients compared to 9.09% of those in healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS We observed an immune suppression of IgG response to dairy proteins in depressed patients. Hypercortisolemia with involvement of decreased concentration of TNF-α might play a significant role in suppression of IgG response in depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Rudzki
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland. .,Argyll and Bute Hospital, Blarbuie Road, Lochgilphead, PA31 8LD, Scotland, UK.
| | - Dariusz Pawlak
- 0000000122482838grid.48324.39Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Krystyna Pawlak
- 0000000122482838grid.48324.39Department of Monitored Pharmacotherapy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Napoleon Waszkiewicz
- 0000000122482838grid.48324.39Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Małus
- 0000000122482838grid.48324.39Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Beata Konarzewska
- 0000000122482838grid.48324.39Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | | | - Lucyna Ostrowska
- 0000000122482838grid.48324.39Department of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agata Szulc
- 0000000122482838grid.48324.39Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland ,0000000113287408grid.13339.3bDepartment of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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64
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Barrette AM, Roberts JK, Chapin C, Egan EA, Segal MR, Oses-Prieto JA, Chand S, Burlingame AL, Ballard PL. Antiinflammatory Effects of Budesonide in Human Fetal Lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 55:623-632. [PMID: 27281349 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0068oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung inflammation in premature infants contributes to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung disease with long-term sequelae. Pilot studies administering budesonide suspended in surfactant have found reduced BPD without the apparent adverse effects that occur with systemic dexamethasone therapy. Our objective was to determine budesonide potency, stability, and antiinflammatory effects in human fetal lung. We cultured explants of second-trimester fetal lung with budesonide or dexamethasone and used microscopy, immunoassays, RNA sequencing, liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, and pulsating bubble surfactometry. Budesonide suppressed secreted chemokines IL-8 and CCL2 (MCP-1) within 4 hours, reaching a 90% decrease at 12 hours, which was fully reversed 72 hours after removal of the steroid. Half-maximal effects occurred at 0.04-0.05 nM, representing a fivefold greater potency than for dexamethasone. Budesonide significantly induced 3.6% and repressed 2.8% of 14,500 sequenced mRNAs by 1.6- to 95-fold, including 119 genes that contribute to the glucocorticoid inflammatory transcriptome; some are known targets of nuclear factor-κB. By global proteomics, 22 secreted inflammatory proteins were hormonally regulated. Two glucocorticoid-regulated genes of interest because of their association with lung disease are CHI3L1 and IL1RL1. Budesonide retained activity in the presence of surfactant and did not alter its surface properties. There was some formation of palmitate-budesonide in lung tissue but no detectable metabolism to inactive 16α-hydroxy prednisolone. We concluded that budesonide is a potent and stable antiinflammatory glucocorticoid in human fetal lung in vitro, supporting a beneficial antiinflammatory response to lung-targeted budesonide:surfactant treatment of infants for the prevention of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica K Roberts
- 2 Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
| | | | - Edmund A Egan
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - Juan A Oses-Prieto
- 5 Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Shreya Chand
- 5 Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- 5 Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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65
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Chu W, Wei W, Han H, Gao Y, Liu K, Tian Y, Jiang Z, Zhang L, Chen J. Muscle-specific downregulation of GR levels inhibits adipogenesis in porcine intramuscular adipocyte tissue. Sci Rep 2017; 7:510. [PMID: 28360421 PMCID: PMC5428816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00615-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular adipose is conducive to good pork quality, whereas subcutaneous adipose is considered as waste in pig production. So uncovering the regulation differences between these two adiposes is helpful to tissue-specific control of fat deposition. In this study, we found the sensitivity to glucocorticoids (GCs) was lower in intramuscular adipocytes (IMA) compared with subcutaneous adipocytes (SA). Comparison of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) revealed that IMA had lower GR level which contributed to its reduced GCs sensitivity. Higher methylation levels of GR promotor 1-C and 1-H were detected in IMA compared with SA. GR expression decrease was also found in adipocytes when treated with muscle conditioned medium (MCM) in vitro, which resulted in significant inhibition of adipocytes proliferation and differentiation. Since abundant myostatin (MSTN) was detected in MCM by ELISA assay, we further investigated the effect of this myokine on adipocytes. MSTN treatment suppressed adipocytes GR expression, cell proliferation and differentiation, which mimicked the effects of MCM. The methylation levels of GR promotor 1-C and 1-H were also elevated after MSTN treatment. Our study reveals the role of GR in muscle fiber inhibition on intramuscular adipocytes, and identifies myostatin as a muscle-derived modulator for adipose GR level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Chu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China.,Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Haiyin Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Ying Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Kaiqing Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Ye Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Zaohang Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Lifan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China.
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66
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Shahraki O, Edraki N, Khoshneviszadeh M, Zargari F, Ranjbar S, Saso L, Firuzi O, Miri R. Novel 5-oxo-hexahydroquinoline derivatives: design, synthesis, in vitro P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance reversal profile and molecular dynamics simulation study. Drug Des Devel Ther 2017; 11:407-418. [PMID: 28243063 PMCID: PMC5317256 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s119995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is one of the important mechanisms of multidrug resistance (MDR) in many tumor cells. In this study, 26 novel 5-oxo-hexahydroquinoline derivatives containing different nitrophenyl moieties at C4 and various carboxamide substituents at C3 were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit P-gp by measuring the amount of rhodamine 123 (Rh123) accumulation in uterine sarcoma cells that overexpress P-gp (MES-SA/Dx5) using flow cytometry. The effect of compounds with highest MDR reversal activities was further evaluated by measuring the alterations of MES-SA/Dx5 cells’ sensitivity to doxorubicin (DXR) using MTT assay. The results of both biological assays indicated that compounds bearing 2-nitrophenyl at C4 position and compounds with 4-chlorophenyl carboxamide at C3 demonstrated the highest activities in resistant cells, while they were devoid of any effect in parental nonresistant MES-SA cells. One of the active derivatives, 5c, significantly increased intracellular Rh123 at 100 µM, and it also significantly reduced the IC50 of DXR by 70.1% and 88.7% at 10 and 25 µM, respectively, in MES-SA/Dx5 cells. The toxicity of synthesized compounds against HEK293 as a noncancer cell line was also investigated. All tested derivatives except for 2c compound showed no cytotoxicity. A molecular dynamics simulation study was also performed to investigate the possible binding site of 5c in complex with human P-gp, which showed that this compound formed 11 average H-bonds with Ser909, Thr911, Arg547, Arg543 and Ser474 residues of P-gp. A good agreement was found between the results of the computational and experimental studies. The findings of this study show that some 5-oxo-hexahydroquinoline derivatives could serve as promising candidates for the discovery of new agents for P-gp-mediated MDR reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omolbanin Shahraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center
| | - Mehdi Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Sara Ranjbar
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Ersparmer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ramin Miri
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center
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67
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Shahraki O, Zargari F, Edraki N, Khoshneviszadeh M, Firuzi O, Miri R. Molecular dynamics simulation and molecular docking studies of 1,4-Dihydropyridines as P-glycoprotein’s allosteric inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:112-125. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1268976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omolbanin Shahraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farshid Zargari
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ramin Miri
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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68
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Hamidzadeh K, Christensen SM, Dalby E, Chandrasekaran P, Mosser DM. Macrophages and the Recovery from Acute and Chronic Inflammation. Annu Rev Physiol 2017; 79:567-592. [PMID: 27959619 PMCID: PMC5912892 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, researchers have devoted much attention to the diverse roles of macrophages and their contributions to tissue development, wound healing, and angiogenesis. What should not be lost in the discussions regarding the diverse biology of these cells is that when perturbed, macrophages are the primary contributors to potentially pathological inflammatory processes. Macrophages stand poised to rapidly produce large amounts of inflammatory cytokines in response to danger signals. The production of these cytokines can initiate a cascade of inflammatory mediator release that can lead to wholesale tissue destruction. The destructive inflammatory capability of macrophages is amplified by exposure to exogenous interferon-γ, which prolongs and heightens inflammatory responses. In simple terms, macrophages can thus be viewed as incendiary devices with hair triggers waiting to detonate. We have begun to ask questions about how these cells can be regulated to mitigate the collateral destruction associated with macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Hamidzadeh
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742;
| | - Stephen M Christensen
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742;
| | - Elizabeth Dalby
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742;
| | - Prabha Chandrasekaran
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742;
| | - David M Mosser
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742;
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69
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Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper in Central Nervous System Health and Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:8063-8070. [PMID: 27889894 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is a large network of intercommunicating cells that function to maintain tissue health and homeostasis. Considerable evidence suggests that glucocorticoids exert both neuroprotective and neurodegenerative effects on the CNS. Glucocorticoids act by binding two related receptors in the cytoplasm, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The glucocorticoid receptor complex mediates cellular responses by transactivating target genes and by protein: protein interactions. The paradoxical effects of glucocorticoids on neuronal survival and death have been attributed to the concentration and the ratio of mineralocorticoid to glucocorticoid receptor activation. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) is a recently identified protein transcriptionally upregulated by glucocorticoids. Constitutively, expressed in many tissues including brain, GILZ mediates many of the actions of glucocorticoids. It mimics the anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects of glucocorticoids but exerts differential effects on stem cell differentiation and lineage development. Recent experimental data on the effects of GILZ following induced stress or trauma suggest potential roles in CNS diseases. Here, we provide a short overview of the role of GILZ in CNS health and discuss three potential rationales for the role of GILZ in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
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70
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Abstract
Immunosuppression strategies that selectively inhibit effector T cells while preserving and even enhancing CD4FOXP3 regulatory T cells (Treg) permit immune self-regulation and may allow minimization of immunosuppression and associated toxicities. Many immunosuppressive drugs were developed before the identity and function of Treg were appreciated. A good understanding of the interactions between Treg and immunosuppressive agents will be valuable to the effective design of more tolerable immunosuppression regimens. This review will discuss preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the influence of current and emerging immunosuppressive drugs on Treg homeostasis, stability, and function as a guideline for the selection and development of Treg-friendly immunosuppressive regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Furukawa
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Steven A Wisel
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Qizhi Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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71
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Fink AL, Klein SL. Sex and Gender Impact Immune Responses to Vaccines Among the Elderly. Physiology (Bethesda) 2016; 30:408-16. [PMID: 26525340 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00035.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to the recommended vaccines in older-aged individuals, sex differences occur in response to those that protect against influenza, tetanus, pertussis, shingles, and pneumococcal infections. The efficacy of vaccines recommended for older-aged adults is consistently greater for females than for males. Gender differences as well as biological sex differences can influence vaccine uptake, responses, and outcome in older-aged individuals, which should influence guidelines, formulations, and dosage recommendations for vaccines in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Fink
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sabra L Klein
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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72
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An BC, Jung NK, Park CY, Oh IJ, Choi YD, Park JI, Lee SW. Epigenetic and Glucocorticoid Receptor-Mediated Regulation of Glutathione Peroxidase 3 in Lung Cancer Cells. Mol Cells 2016; 39:631-8. [PMID: 27484907 PMCID: PMC4990756 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3), an antioxidant enzyme, acts as a modulator of redox signaling, has immunomodulatory function, and catalyzes the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS). GPx3 has been identified as a tumor suppressor in many cancers. Although hyper-methylation of the GPx3 promoter has been shown to down-regulate its expression, other mechanisms by which GPx3 expression is regulated have not been reported. The aim of this study was to further elucidate the mechanisms of GPx3 regulation. GPx3 gene analysis predicted the presence of ten glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) on the GPx3 gene. This result prompted us to investigate whether GPx3 expression is regulated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which is implicated in tumor response to chemotherapy. The corticosteroid dexamethasone (Dex) was used to examine the possible relationship between GR and GPx3 expression. Dex significantly induced GPx3 expression in H1299, H1650, and H1975 cell lines, which exhibit low levels of GPx3 expression under normal conditions. The results of EMSA and ChIP-PCR suggest that GR binds directly to GRE 6 and 7, both of which are located near the GPx3 promoter. Assessment of GPx3 transcription efficiency using a luciferase reporter system showed that blocking formation of the GR-GRE complexes reduced luciferase activity by 7-8-fold. Suppression of GR expression by siRNA transfection also induced down-regulation of GPx3. These data indicate that GPx3 expression can be regulated independently via epigenetic or GR-mediated mechanisms in lung cancer cells, and suggest that GPx3 could potentiate glucocorticoid (GC)-mediated anti-inflammatory signaling in lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Chull An
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128,
Korea
| | - Nak-Kyun Jung
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128,
Korea
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Hwasun 58128,
Korea
| | - Chun Young Park
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128,
Korea
| | - In-Jae Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128,
Korea
| | - Yoo-Duk Choi
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128,
Korea
| | - Jae-Il Park
- Animal Facility of Aging Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwangju 61186,
Korea
| | - Seung-won Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128,
Korea
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Hwasun 58128,
Korea
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73
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Abstract
Males and females differ in their immunological responses to foreign and self-antigens and show distinctions in innate and adaptive immune responses. Certain immunological sex differences are present throughout life, whereas others are only apparent after puberty and before reproductive senescence, suggesting that both genes and hormones are involved. Furthermore, early environmental exposures influence the microbiome and have sex-dependent effects on immune function. Importantly, these sex-based immunological differences contribute to variations in the incidence of autoimmune diseases and malignancies, susceptibility to infectious diseases and responses to vaccines in males and females. Here, we discuss these differences and emphasize that sex is a biological variable that should be considered in immunological studies.
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Conti F, Ceccarelli F, Iaiani G, Perricone C, Giordano A, Amori L, Miranda F, Massaro L, Pacucci VA, Truglia S, Girelli G, Fakeri A, Taliani G, Temperoni C, Spinelli FR, Alessandri C, Valesini G. Association between Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and disease phenotype in patients affected by systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:177. [PMID: 27475749 PMCID: PMC4967505 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a commensal bacterium representing one of the most important components of the skin microbiome, mostly isolated in the anterior nares. A higher rate of SA nasal colonization in patients affected by Wegener’s granulomatosis and rheumatoid arthritis compared with healthy subjects (HS) has been described. No studies focusing on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are available. We aimed at analyzing the prevalence of SA nasal carriers in an SLE cohort and evaluating correlation between nasal colonization and clinical, laboratory and therapeutic features. Methods We enrolled 84 patients with SLE (number of male/female patients 6/78; mean age 41.3 ± 12.2 years, mean disease duration 142.1 ± 103.8 months) and 154 HS blood donors. Patients with SLE underwent a physical examination and the clinical/laboratory data were collected. All the patients with SLE and the HS received a nasal swab for SA isolation and identification. Results SA nasal colonization prevalence was 21.4 % in patients with SLE and 28.6 % in HS (P not significant). We analyzed patients with SLE according to the presence (n = 18, SA-positive SLE) or the absence (n = 66, SA-negative SLE) of nasal colonization. Renal involvement was significantly more frequent in SA-positive SLE (11.6 % vs 3.0 %; P = 0.0009). Moreover, the presence of anti-dsDNA, anti-Sm, anti-SSA, anti-SSB, anti-RNP antibodies was significantly higher in SA-positive SLE (P < 0.0001, P = 0.01, P = 0.008, P = 0.03, P = 0.03, respectively). Conclusion SA colonization is a relatively frequent condition in patients with SLE, with a frequency similar to HS. The presence of SA seems associated with a peculiar SLE phenotype characterized by renal manifestations and autoantibody positivity, confirming the role of the microbiome in disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Conti
- Lupus Clinic, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Medica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvia Ceccarelli
- Lupus Clinic, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Medica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Iaiani
- DAI Malattie Infettive e Tropicali, Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Perricone
- Lupus Clinic, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Medica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Giordano
- Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigino Amori
- Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Miranda
- Lupus Clinic, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Medica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Massaro
- Lupus Clinic, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Medica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Antonella Pacucci
- Lupus Clinic, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Medica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Truglia
- Lupus Clinic, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Medica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Girelli
- UOC Immunoematologia e Medicina Trasfusionale, Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Azis Fakeri
- UOC Immunoematologia e Medicina Trasfusionale, Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Gloria Taliani
- Dipartimento Medicina Clinica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Temperoni
- Dipartimento Medicina Clinica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Spinelli
- Lupus Clinic, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Medica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiano Alessandri
- Lupus Clinic, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Medica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Guido Valesini
- Lupus Clinic, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Medica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
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75
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Cecropin B Represses CYP3A29 Expression through Activation of the TLR2/4-NF-κB/PXR Signaling Pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27876. [PMID: 27296244 PMCID: PMC4906279 DOI: 10.1038/srep27876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cecropins are peptide antibiotics used as drugs and feed additives. Cecropin B can inhibit the expression of CYP3A29, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The present study was designed to determine the mechanisms responsible for the effects of cecropin B on CYP3A29 expression, focusing on the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NF-κB pathways. Our results indicated that the CYP3A29 expression was inhibited by cecropin B, which was regulated by pregnane X receptor (PXR) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Cecropin B-induced NF-κB activation played a pivotal role in the suppression of CYP3A29 through disrupting the association of the PXR/retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR-α) complex with DNA sequences. NF-κB p65 directly interacted with the DNA-binding domain of PXR, suppressed its expression, and inhibited its transactivation, leading to the downregulation of the PXR-regulated CYP3A29 expression. Furthermore, cecropin B activated pig liver cells by interacting with TLRs 2 and 4, which modulated NF-κB-mediated signaling pathways. In conclusion, cecropin B inhibited the expression of CYP3A29 in a TLR/NF-κB/PXR-dependent manner, which should be considered in future development of cecropins and other antimicrobial peptides.
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76
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Ghasemi M, Nematbakhsh M, Pezeshki Z, Soltani N, Moeini M, Talebi A. Nephroprotective effect of estrogen and progesterone combination on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in ovariectomized female rats. Indian J Nephrol 2016; 26:167-75. [PMID: 27194830 PMCID: PMC4862261 DOI: 10.4103/0971-4065.160337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported that estrogen (Es) has no beneficial effect on cisplatin (CP)-induced nephrotoxicity, but the role of progesterone (Pr) and the combination of Es and Pr are not yet well-defined. In this study, we investigated the protective role of Pr, and co-administration of Es/Pr on CP-induced nephrotoxicity. Eighty-six ovariectomized female Wistar rats were divided into 13 groups, and the experiments were performed in two phases. In Phase I, Groups 1-4 received 2, 5, 10, and 25 mg/kg, IM Pr dissolved in sesame oil every 5 days for four doses. Groups 5-8 had the same treatment regimen as Groups 1-4, but after the third injection the animals also received continuous dose of CP (2.5 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 8 days. Group 9, as the positive control group, received sesame oil instead of Pr plus CP. Group 10, as the negative control group, received sesame oil instead of Pr. After the most effective dose of Pr was determined in Phase I, Groups 11-13 in Phase II received 10 mg/kg Pr plus either 0.25, 0.5, or 1 mg/kg, IM estradiol valerate every 5 days for four doses. After the third injection, they also received a continuous dose of CP for 8 days. The levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr), kidney tissue damage score (KTDS), and kidney weight (KW) increased and body weight (BW) decreased in the positive control group (P < 0.05). Administration of Pr (10 mg/kg) plus CP decreased KTDS and BW loss and KW. Co-administration of ES/Pr at specific doses improved Cr, BUN, and KTDS; and resulted in reduced CP-induced nephrotoxicity. The results obtained suggest that the beneficial effect of Pr on CP-induced nephrotoxicity is dose-dependent. In addition, combination of Es/Pr with a specific dose decreased CP-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ghasemi
- Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M Nematbakhsh
- Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Physiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Isfahan Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences Research, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Z Pezeshki
- Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - N Soltani
- Department of Physiology, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M Moeini
- Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - A Talebi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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77
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The Interactome of the Glucocorticoid Receptor and Its Influence on the Actions of Glucocorticoids in Combatting Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:495-522. [PMID: 27169854 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00064-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) have been widely used for decades as a first-line treatment for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, their use is often hampered by the onset of adverse effects or resistance. GCs mediate their effects via binding to glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a transcription factor belonging to the family of nuclear receptors. An important aspect of GR's actions, including its anti-inflammatory capacity, involves its interactions with various proteins, such as transcription factors, cofactors, and modifying enzymes, which codetermine receptor functionality. In this review, we provide a state-of-the-art overview of the protein-protein interactions (PPIs) of GR that positively or negatively affect its anti-inflammatory properties, along with mechanistic insights, if known. Emphasis is placed on the interactions that affect its anti-inflammatory effects in the presence of inflammatory and microbial diseases.
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78
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Roach BL, Kelmendi-Doko A, Balutis EC, Marra KG, Ateshian GA, Hung CT. Dexamethasone Release from Within Engineered Cartilage as a Chondroprotective Strategy Against Interleukin-1α. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 22:621-32. [PMID: 26956216 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While significant progress has been made toward engineering functional cartilage constructs with mechanical properties suitable for in vivo loading, the impact on these grafts of inflammatory cytokines, chemical factors that are elevated with trauma or osteoarthritis, is poorly understood. Previous work has shown dexamethasone to be a critical compound for cultivating cartilage with functional properties, while also providing chondroprotection from proinflammatory cytokines. This study tested the hypothesis that the incorporation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) (75:25) microspheres that release dexamethasone from within chondrocyte-seeded agarose hydrogel constructs would promote development of constructs with functional properties and protect constructs from the deleterious effects of interleukin-1α (IL-1α). After 28 days of growth culture, experimental groups were treated with IL-1α (10 ng/mL) for 7 days. Reaching native equilibrium moduli and proteoglycan levels, dexamethasone-loaded microsphere constructs exhibited tissue properties similar to microsphere-free control constructs cultured in dexamethasone-supplemented culture media and were insensitive to IL-1α exposure. These findings are in stark contrast to constructs containing dexamethasone-free microspheres or no microspheres, cultured without dexamethasone, where IL-1α exposure led to significant tissue degradation. These results support the use of dexamethasone delivery from within engineered cartilage, through biodegradable microspheres, as a strategy to produce mechanically functional tissues that can also combat the deleterious effects of local proinflammatory cytokine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan L Roach
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Arta Kelmendi-Doko
- 2 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elaine C Balutis
- 3 Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Mount Sinai Health System , New York, New York
| | - Kacey G Marra
- 2 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,5 Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerard A Ateshian
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York.,6 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Clark T Hung
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
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79
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Homma T, Kato A, Sakashita M, Norton JE, Suh LA, Carter RG, Schleimer RP. Involvement of Toll-like receptor 2 and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in epithelial expression of airway remodeling factors. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 52:471-81. [PMID: 25180535 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0240oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) colonization and infection is common, and may promote allergic or inflammatory airway diseases, such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, and chronic rhinosinusitis by interacting with airway epithelial cells. Airway epithelial cells not only comprise a physical barrier, but also play key roles in immune, inflammatory, repair, and remodeling responses upon encounters with pathogens. To elucidate the impact of SA on epithelial-mediated remodeling of allergic airways, we tested the hypothesis that SA can enhance the remodeling process. Normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells were stimulated with heat-killed SA (HKSA) or transforming growth factor (TGF) α. Cell extracts were collected to measure mRNA (real-time RT-PCR) and signaling molecules (Western blot); supernatants were collected to measure protein (ELISA) after 24 hours of stimulation. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling inhibition experiments were performed using a specific EGFR kinase inhibitor (AG1478) and TGF-α was blocked with an anti-TGF-α antibody. HKSA induced both mRNA and protein for TGF-α and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1 from NHBE cells by a Toll-like receptor 2-dependent mechanism. Recombinant human TGF-α also induced mRNA and protein for MMP-1 from NHBE cells; anti-TGF-α antibody inhibited HKSA-induced MMP-1, suggesting that endogenous TGF-α mediates the MMP-1 induction by HKSA. HKSA-induced MMP-1 expression was suppressed when a specific EGFR kinase inhibitor was added, suggesting that EGFR signaling was mediating the HKSA-induced MMP-1 release. Exposure or colonization by SA in the airway may enhance the remodeling of tissue through a TGF-α-dependent induction of MMP-1 expression, and may thereby promote remodeling in airway diseases in which SA is implicated, such as asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Homma
- 1 Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
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80
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Furcron AE, Romero R, Plazyo O, Unkel R, Xu Y, Hassan SS, Chaemsaithong P, Mahajan A, Gomez-Lopez N. Vaginal progesterone, but not 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate, has antiinflammatory effects at the murine maternal-fetal interface. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 213:846.e1-846.e19. [PMID: 26264823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Progestogen (vaginal progesterone or 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate [17OHP-C]) administration to patients at risk for preterm delivery is widely used for the prevention of preterm birth (PTB). The mechanisms by which these agents prevent PTB are poorly understood. Progestogens have immunomodulatory functions; therefore, we investigated the local effects of vaginal progesterone and 17OHP-C on adaptive and innate immune cells implicated in the process of parturition. STUDY DESIGN Pregnant C57BL/6 mice received vaginal progesterone (1 mg per 200 μL, n = 10) or Replens (control, 200 μL, n = 10) from 13 to 17 days postcoitum (dpc) or were subcutaneously injected with 17OHP-C (2 mg per 100 μL, n = 10) or castor oil (control, 100 μL, n = 10) on 13, 15, and 17 dpc. Decidual and myometrial leukocytes were isolated prior to term delivery (18.5 dpc) for immunophenotyping by flow cytometry. Cervical tissue samples were collected to determine matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity by in situ zymography and visualization of collagen content by Masson's trichrome staining. Plasma concentrations of progesterone, estradiol, and cytokines (interferon [IFN]γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, keratinocyte-activated chemokine/growth-related oncogene, and tumor necrosis factor-α) were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Pregnant mice pretreated with vaginal progesterone or Replens were injected with 10 μg of an endotoxin on 16.5 dpc (n = 10 each) and monitored via infrared camera until delivery to determine the effect of vaginal progesterone on the rate of PTB. RESULTS The following results were found: (1) vaginal progesterone, but not 17OHP-C, increased the proportion of decidual CD4+ regulatory T cells; (2) vaginal progesterone, but not 17OHP-C, decreased the proportion of decidual CD8+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells and macrophages; (3) vaginal progesterone did not result in M1→M2 macrophage polarization but reduced the proportion of myometrial IFNγ+ neutrophils and cervical active MMP-9-positive neutrophils and monocytes; (4) 17OHP-C did not reduce the proportion of myometrial IFNγ+ neutrophils; however, it increased the abundance of cervical active MMP-9-positive neutrophils and monocytes; (5) vaginal progesterone immune effects were associated with reduced systemic concentrations of IL-1β but not with alterations in progesterone or estradiol concentrations; and (6) vaginal progesterone pretreatment protected against endotoxin-induced PTB (effect size 50%, P = 0.011). CONCLUSION Vaginal progesterone, but not 17OHP-C, has local antiinflammatory effects at the maternal-fetal interface and the cervix and protects against endotoxin-induced PTB.
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81
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Marine Diterpenoids as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:263543. [PMID: 26538822 PMCID: PMC4619941 DOI: 10.1155/2015/263543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response is a highly regulated process, and its dysregulation can lead to the establishment of chronic inflammation and, in some cases, to death. Inflammation is the cause of several diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, multiple sclerosis, and asthma. The search for agents inhibiting inflammation is a great challenge as the inflammatory response plays an important role in the defense of the host to infections. Marine invertebrates are exceptional sources of new natural products, and among those diterpenoids secondary metabolites exhibit notable anti-inflammatory properties. Novel anti-inflammatory diterpenoids, exclusively produced by marine organisms, have been identified and synthetic molecules based on those structures have been obtained. The anti-inflammatory activity of marine diterpenoids has been attributed to the inhibition of Nuclear Factor-κB activation and to the modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism. However, more research is necessary to describe the mechanisms of action of these secondary metabolites. This review is a compilation of marine diterpenoids, mainly isolated from corals, which have been described as potential anti-inflammatory molecules.
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82
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Bahijri SM, Ajabnoor GM, Borai A, Al-Aama JY, Chrousos GP. Effect of Ramadan fasting in Saudi Arabia on serum bone profile and immunoglobulins. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2015; 6:223-32. [PMID: 26445645 PMCID: PMC4579416 DOI: 10.1177/2042018815594527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Each year Muslims fast from dawn to sunset for 1 month (Ramadan). In Saudi Arabia, the sleep-wake cycle during Ramadan is severely disturbed and is associated with abolition of the circadian cortisol rhythm, exposing Saudis to continuously increased cortisol levels, which may influence the immune response. In addition to cortisol, sleep and fasting affect the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and hence bone metabolism. METHODS Our objective was to investigate the effect of Ramadan type fasting on secretory patterns of PTH, markers of bone metabolism, and serum immunoglobulins. Blood samples from healthy young volunteers were collected at 9 a.m. and 9 p.m. (± 1 hour) before (Shaban) and 2 weeks into Ramadan. Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, 25-OH vitamin D, intact PTH (iPTH), and immunoglobulin (Ig) A, M and G were measured. RESULTS During Ramadan, evening-adjusted calcium was higher (p = 0.036) and phosphate lower (p < 0.001) than the corresponding morning value. Moreover, the Ramadan mean morning phosphate was higher and the evening level lower was than Shabaan values (p = 0.010 and p <0.001, respectively), while mean iPTH level was decreased compared with the morning value (p = 0.001), and the evening mean during Shabaan (p = 0.029). Mean IgG concentration was significantly lower during Ramadan (p = 0.003 and p = 0.021 for morning and evening, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Changes in dietary practices during Ramadan modulated PTH secretion to a pattern which might be beneficial to bone health. Combined effects of fasting and disturbed sleep led to a noted decrease in IgG level. Therefore, a possible beneficial effect of fasting on bone turnover is combined with decreased immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhard M. Bahijri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 4873, Jeddah 21412, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada M. Ajabnoor
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar Borai
- Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jumana Y. Al-Aama
- Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al Brahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders
| | - George P. Chrousos
- Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
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83
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Engström W, Darbre P, Eriksson S, Gulliver L, Hultman T, Karamouzis MV, Klaunig JE, Mehta R, Moorwood K, Sanderson T, Sone H, Vadgama P, Wagemaker G, Ward A, Singh N, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Colacci AM, Vaccari M, Mondello C, Scovassi AI, Raju J, Hamid RA, Memeo L, Forte S, Roy R, Woodrick J, Salem HK, Ryan EP, Brown DG, Bisson WH. The potential for chemical mixtures from the environment to enable the cancer hallmark of sustained proliferative signalling. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S38-60. [PMID: 26106143 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to review current knowledge relating the established cancer hallmark, sustained cell proliferation to the existence of chemicals present as low dose mixtures in the environment. Normal cell proliferation is under tight control, i.e. cells respond to a signal to proliferate, and although most cells continue to proliferate into adult life, the multiplication ceases once the stimulatory signal disappears or if the cells are exposed to growth inhibitory signals. Under such circumstances, normal cells remain quiescent until they are stimulated to resume further proliferation. In contrast, tumour cells are unable to halt proliferation, either when subjected to growth inhibitory signals or in the absence of growth stimulatory signals. Environmental chemicals with carcinogenic potential may cause sustained cell proliferation by interfering with some cell proliferation control mechanisms committing cells to an indefinite proliferative span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Engström
- Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7028, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden,
| | - Philippa Darbre
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6UB, UK
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 575, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Linda Gulliver
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9050, New Zealand
| | - Tove Hultman
- Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7028, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6UB, UK
| | - Michalis V Karamouzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry Medical School, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Biomedical Research, University of Athens, Marasli 3, Kolonaki, Athens 10676, Greece
| | - James E Klaunig
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington , 1025 E. 7th Street, Suite 111, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Rekha Mehta
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada, 251 Sir F.G. Banting Driveway, AL # 2202C, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Kim Moorwood
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Thomas Sanderson
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Hideko Sone
- Environmental Exposure Research Section, Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibraki 3058506, Japan
| | - Pankaj Vadgama
- IRC in Biomedical Materials, School of Engineering & Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Gerard Wagemaker
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Andrew Ward
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Neetu Singh
- Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | | | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze 50134, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Regulatoty Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Roslida A Hamid
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Urology Dept. kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Sciences, Colorado State University//Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins CO 80523-1680, USA and
| | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Sciences, Colorado State University//Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins CO 80523-1680, USA and
| | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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84
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Arloth J, Bogdan R, Weber P, Frishman G, Menke A, Wagner KV, Balsevich G, Schmidt MV, Karbalai N, Czamara D, Altmann A, Trümbach D, Wurst W, Mehta D, Uhr M, Klengel T, Erhardt A, Carey CE, Conley ED, Ruepp A, Müller-Myhsok B, Hariri AR, Binder EB. Genetic Differences in the Immediate Transcriptome Response to Stress Predict Risk-Related Brain Function and Psychiatric Disorders. Neuron 2015; 86:1189-202. [PMID: 26050039 PMCID: PMC4490780 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Depression risk is exacerbated by genetic factors and stress exposure; however, the biological mechanisms through which these factors interact to confer depression risk are poorly understood. One putative biological mechanism implicates variability in the ability of cortisol, released in response to stress, to trigger a cascade of adaptive genomic and non-genomic processes through glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activation. Here, we demonstrate that common genetic variants in long-range enhancer elements modulate the immediate transcriptional response to GR activation in human blood cells. These functional genetic variants increase risk for depression and co-heritable psychiatric disorders. Moreover, these risk variants are associated with inappropriate amygdala reactivity, a transdiagnostic psychiatric endophenotype and an important stress hormone response trigger. Network modeling and animal experiments suggest that these genetic differences in GR-induced transcriptional activation may mediate the risk for depression and other psychiatric disorders by altering a network of functionally related stress-sensitive genes in blood and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Arloth
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Ryan Bogdan
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Peter Weber
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Goar Frishman
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Andreas Menke
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Klaus V Wagner
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Georgia Balsevich
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Mathias V Schmidt
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Nazanin Karbalai
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Darina Czamara
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Andre Altmann
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Dietrich Trümbach
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Technische Universität München, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), Site Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Divya Mehta
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Manfred Uhr
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Torsten Klengel
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Angelika Erhardt
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Caitlin E Carey
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | | | | | - Andreas Ruepp
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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85
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Herrera AJ, Espinosa-Oliva AM, Carrillo-Jiménez A, Oliva-Martín MJ, García-Revilla J, García-Quintanilla A, de Pablos RM, Venero JL. Relevance of chronic stress and the two faces of microglia in Parkinson's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:312. [PMID: 26321913 PMCID: PMC4536370 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is aimed to highlight the importance of stress and glucocorticoids (GCs) in modulating the inflammatory response of brain microglia and hence its potential involvement in Parkinson’s disease (PD). The role of inflammation in PD has been reviewed extensively in the literature and it is supposed to play a key role in the course of the disease. Historically, GCs have been strongly associated as anti-inflammatory hormones. However, accumulating evidence from the peripheral and central nervous system have clearly revealed that, under specific conditions, GCs may promote brain inflammation including pro-inflammatory activation of microglia. We have summarized relevant data linking PD, neuroinflamamation and chronic stress. The timing and duration of stress response may be critical for delineating an immune response in the brain thus probably explain the dual role of GCs and/or chronic stress in different animal models of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Herrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana M Espinosa-Oliva
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alejandro Carrillo-Jiménez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla, Spain
| | - María J Oliva-Martín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan García-Revilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alberto García-Quintanilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío M de Pablos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla, Spain
| | - José L Venero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla, Spain
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86
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Luz JG, Carson MW, Condon B, Clawson D, Pustilnik A, Kohlman DT, Barr RJ, Bean JS, Dill MJ, Sindelar DK, Maletic M, Coghlan MJ. Indole Glucocorticoid Receptor Antagonists Active in a Model of Dyslipidemia Act via a Unique Association with an Agonist Binding Site. J Med Chem 2015. [PMID: 26218343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To further elucidate the structural activity correlation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonism, the crystal structure of the GR ligand-binding domain (GR LBD) complex with a nonsteroidal antagonist, compound 8, was determined. This novel indole sulfonamide shows in vitro activity comparable to known GR antagonists such as mifepristone, and notably, this molecule lowers LDL (-74%) and raises HDL (+73%) in a hamster model of dyslipidemia. This is the first reported crystal structure of the GR LBD bound to a nonsteroidal antagonist, and this article provides additional elements for the design and pharmacology of clinically relevant nonsteroidal GR antagonists that may have greater selectivity and fewer side effects than their steroidal counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Luz
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center , 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Matthew W Carson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co. , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 United States
| | - Bradley Condon
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center , 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - David Clawson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co. , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 United States
| | - Anna Pustilnik
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center , 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Daniel T Kohlman
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co. , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 United States
| | - Robert J Barr
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co. , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 United States
| | - James S Bean
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co. , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 United States
| | - M Joelle Dill
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co. , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 United States
| | - Dana K Sindelar
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co. , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 United States
| | - Milan Maletic
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center , 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Michael J Coghlan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co. , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 United States
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87
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Vlahopoulos SA, Cen O, Hengen N, Agan J, Moschovi M, Critselis E, Adamaki M, Bacopoulou F, Copland JA, Boldogh I, Karin M, Chrousos GP. Dynamic aberrant NF-κB spurs tumorigenesis: a new model encompassing the microenvironment. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:389-403. [PMID: 26119834 PMCID: PMC4526340 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently it was discovered that a transient activation of transcription factor NF-κB can give cells properties essential for invasiveness and cancer initiating potential. In contrast, most oncogenes to date were characterized on the basis of mutations or by their constitutive overexpression. Study of NF-κB actually leads to a far more dynamic perspective on cancer: tumors caused by diverse oncogenes apparently evolve into cancer after loss of feedback regulation for NF-κB. This event alters the cellular phenotype and the expression of hormonal mediators, modifying signals between diverse cell types in a tissue. The result is a disruption of stem cell hierarchy in the tissue, and pervasive changes in the microenvironment and immune response to the malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiros A Vlahopoulos
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Horemeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece.
| | - Osman Cen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States
| | - Nina Hengen
- Bernard J. Dunn School of Pharmacy, Shenandoah University, United States
| | - James Agan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States
| | - Maria Moschovi
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Horemeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece
| | - Elena Critselis
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Horemeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Adamaki
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Horemeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece
| | - Flora Bacopoulou
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Horemeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece
| | - John A Copland
- Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, United States
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, United States
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - George P Chrousos
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Horemeio Research Laboratory, Athens, Greece
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88
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Ghayor C, Gjoksi B, Siegenthaler B, Weber FE. N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation by suppressing NF-κB signaling. Inflamm Res 2015; 64:527-36. [PMID: 26047594 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0833-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), a small bioactive molecule, stimulates bone formation and inhibits osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. The present study was aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potentials of NMP on the inflammatory process and the underlying molecular mechanisms in RAW264.7 macrophages. MATERIALS AND METHODS RAW264.7 macrophages and mouse primary bone marrow macrophages (mBMMs) were used as an in vitro model to investigate inflammatory processes. Cells were pre-treated with or without NMP and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The productions of cytokines and NO were determined by proteome profiler method and nitrite analysis, respectively. The expressions of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were measured by Western blotting and/or qPCR. Western blot, ELISA-base reporter assay, and immunofluorescence were used to evaluate the activation of MAP kinases and NF-κB. RESULTS LPS-induced mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 were inhibited by NMP in a dose-dependent manner. NMP also suppressed the LPS-increased productions of iNOS and NO. The proteome profiler array showed that several cytokines and chemokines involved in inflammation and up-regulated by LPS stimulation were significantly down-regulated by NMP. Additionally, this study shows that the effect of NMP is mediated through down-regulation of NFκB pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that NMP inhibits the inflammatory mediators in macrophages by an NFκB-dependent mechanism, based on the epigenetical activity of NMP as bromodomain inhibitor. In the light of its action on osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation process and its anti-inflammatory potential, NMP might be used in inflammation-related bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chafik Ghayor
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Oral Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Center for Dental Medicine, Zentrum für Zahnmedizin, University Zürich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zürich, Switzerland,
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89
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DeBo RJ, Register TC, Caudell DL, Sempowski GD, Dugan G, Gray S, Owzar K, Jiang C, Bourland JD, Chao NJ, Cline JM. Molecular and cellular profiling of acute responses to total body radiation exposure in ovariectomized female cynomolgus macaques. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:510-8. [PMID: 25786585 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2015.1028597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The threat of radiation exposure requires a mechanistic understanding of radiation-induced immune injury and recovery. The study objective was to evaluate responses to ionizing radiation in ovariectomized (surgically post-menopausal) female cynomolgus macaques. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals received a single total-body irradiation (TBI) exposure at doses of 0, 2 or 5 Gy with scheduled necropsies at 5 days, 8 weeks and 24 weeks post-exposure. Blood and lymphoid tissues were evaluated for morphologic, cellular, and molecular responses. RESULTS Irradiated animals developed symptoms of acute hematopoietic syndrome, and reductions in thymus weight, thymopoiesis, and bone marrow cellularity. Acute, transient increases in plasma monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) were observed in 5 Gy animals along with dose-dependent alterations in messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) signatures in thymus, spleen, and lymph node. Expression of T cell markers was lower in thymus and spleen, while expression of macrophage marker CD68 (cluster of differentiation 68) was relatively elevated in lymphoid tissues from irradiated animals. CONCLUSIONS Ovariectomized female macaques exposed to moderate doses of radiation experienced increased morbidity, including acute, dose-dependent alterations in systemic and tissue-specific biomarkers, and increased macrophage/T cell ratios. The effects on mortality exceeded expectations based on previous studies in males, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryne J DeBo
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, NC , USA
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90
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Greater glucocorticoid receptor activation in hippocampus of aged rats sensitizes microglia. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:1483-95. [PMID: 25559333 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Healthy aging individuals are more likely to suffer profound memory impairments following an immune challenge than are younger adults. These challenges produce a brain inflammatory response that is exaggerated with age. Sensitized microglia found in the normal aging brain are responsible for this amplified response, which in turn interferes with processes involved in memory formation. Here, we examine factors that may lead aging to sensitize microglia. Aged rats exhibited higher corticosterone levels in the hippocampus, but not in plasma, throughout the daytime (diurnal inactive phase). These elevated hippocampal corticosterone levels were associated with increased hippocampal 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 protein expression, the enzyme that catalyzes glucocorticoid formation and greater hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activation. Intracisternal administration of mifepristone, a GR antagonist, effectively reduced immune-activated proinflammatory responses, specifically from hippocampal microglia and prevented Escherichia coli-induced memory impairments in aged rats. Voluntary exercise as a therapeutic intervention significantly reduced total hippocampal GR expression. These data strongly suggest that increased GR activation in the aged hippocampus plays a critical role in sensitizing microglia.
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91
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Zhang EY, Zhu BT. Estriol strongly inhibits DNCB-induced contact dermatitis: role of antigen-specific antibodies in pathogenesis. Endocr Connect 2014; 3:161-72. [PMID: 25150251 PMCID: PMC4165036 DOI: 10.1530/ec-14-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous estrogens are important modulators of the immune system and its functions. However, their effects are rather complex and many aspects have not been studied. In this study, we used the 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB)-induced contact dermatitis as a disease model and investigated the effect of estriol (E3), along with two other estrogens, 17β-estradiol and estrone, on the pathogenesis of contact hypersensitivity. A series of parameters, such as ear swelling, skin inflammation, antigen-specific immunoglobulins, and lymphocyte compositions in peripheral lymphoid organs, were evaluated in mice following development of contact dermatitis. We found that administration of all three estrogens elicited strong inhibition of DNCB-induced dermatitis, while E3 exerted the strongest suppressive effect. Administration of E3 alleviated dermatitis, and this effect was accompanied by decreases in serum DNCB-specific immunoglobulins, such as IgA, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b. Besides, treatment with E3 reduced B cell population, especially IgG-producing cells in the peripheral lymphoid organs following the induction of dermatitis. These observations consistently suggest that the antibody (Ab)-mediated humoral immune reactions play a critical role in the pathogenesis of DNCB-induced contact dermatitis. The results from this study demonstrate, for the first time, that estrogen administration has a strong suppressive effect on the pathogenesis of contact dermatitis. These findings offer important insights concerning the pathogenic role of antigen-specific Abs in contact dermatitis and the treatment of chemical-induced, Ab-mediated skin hypersensitivity reactions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Yan Zhang
- Department of PharmacologyToxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Room 4061 of KLSIC Building, 2146 West 39th Street, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USADepartment of BiologySouth University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Bao-Ting Zhu
- Department of PharmacologyToxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Room 4061 of KLSIC Building, 2146 West 39th Street, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USADepartment of BiologySouth University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China Department of PharmacologyToxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Room 4061 of KLSIC Building, 2146 West 39th Street, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USADepartment of BiologySouth University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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92
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Slattery ML, Wolff RK, Lundgreen A. A pathway approach to evaluating the association between the CHIEF pathway and risk of colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis 2014; 36:49-59. [PMID: 25330801 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, hormones and energy-related factors have been associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) and it has been proposed that convergence and interactions of these factors importantly influence CRC risk. We have previously hypothesized that genetic variation in the CHIEF (convergence of hormones, inflammation and energy-related factors) pathway would influence risk of CRC. In this paper, we utilize an Adaptive Rank Truncation Product (ARTP) statistical method to determine the overall pathway significance and then use that method to identify the key elements within the pathway associated with disease risk. Data from two population-based case-control studies of colon (n = 1555 cases and 1956 controls) and rectal (n = 754 cases and 959 controls) cancer were used. We use ARTP to estimate pathway and gene significance and polygenic scores based on ARTP findings to further estimate the risk associated with the pathway. Associations were further assessed based on tumor molecular phenotype. The CHIEF pathway was statistically significant for colon cancer (P(ARTP)= 0.03) with the most significant interferons (P(ARTP) = 0.0253), JAK/STAT/SOCS (P(ARTP) = 0.0111), telomere (P(ARTP) = 0.0399) and transforming growth factor β (P(ARTP) = 0.0043) being the most significant subpathways for colon cancer. For rectal cancer, interleukins (P(ARTP) = 0.0235) and selenoproteins (P ARTP = 0.0047) were statistically significant although the pathway overall was of borderline significance (P(ARTP) = 0.06). Interleukins (P(ARTP) = 0.0456) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (P(ARTP) = 0.0392) subpathways were uniquely significant for CpG island methylator phenotype-positive colon tumors. Increasing number of at-risk alleles was significantly associated with both colon [odds ratio (OR) = 6.21, 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.72, 8.16] and rectal (OR = 7.82, 95% CI: 5.26, 11.62) cancer. We conclude that elements of the CHIEF pathway are important for CRC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha L Slattery
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Roger K Wolff
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Abbie Lundgreen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
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93
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Furman D. Sexual dimorphism in immunity: improving our understanding of vaccine immune responses in men. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 14:461-71. [PMID: 25278153 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.966694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Weaker immune responses are often observed in males compared to females. Since female hormones have proinflammatory properties and androgens have potent immunomodulatory effects, this sexual dimorphism in the immune response seems to be hormone dependent. Despite our current knowledge about the effect of sex hormones on immune cells, definition of the factors driving the sex differences in immunoclinical outcomes, such as the diminished response to infection and vaccination observed in men or the higher rates of autoimmunity observed in females, remains elusive. Recently, systems approaches to immune function have started to suggest a way toward establishing this connection. Such studies promise to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the sexual dimorphism observed in the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Furman
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, 279 Campus Drive, B240 Beckman Center, Stanford, CA 94305-5124, USA
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94
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Huijbregts RPH, Michel KG, Hel Z. Effect of progestins on immunity: medroxyprogesterone but not norethisterone or levonorgestrel suppresses the function of T cells and pDCs. Contraception 2014; 90:123-9. [PMID: 24674041 PMCID: PMC4874781 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The potential effect of hormonal contraception on HIV-1 acquisition and transmission represents an important public health issue. Several observational studies have suggested an association between the use of hormonal contraception, in particular injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), and an increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition and transmission. We and others have previously demonstrated that DMPA acts as a potent inhibitor of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. The study presented here addresses the immunomodulatory properties of several common progestins with a potential to replace DMPA. STUDY DESIGN To identify safe alternatives to DMPA, we tested the effect of commonly used progestins on the function of human primary T cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) obtained from the blood of healthy premenopausal women. RESULTS Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) inhibited the activation of T cells and pDCs in response to T cell receptor- and Toll-like receptor-mediated activation at physiological concentrations. Etonogestrel exerted a partial suppressive activity at high concentrations. In sharp contrast, norethisterone (NET) and levonorgestrel (LNG) did not exhibit detectable immunosuppressive activity. CONCLUSION Evidence indicating the immunosuppressive properties of DMPA strongly suggests that DMPA should be discontinued and replaced with other forms of long-term contraception. Since NET and LNG do not exert immunosuppressive properties at physiological concentrations, these progestins should be considered as alternative contraceptives for women at high risk for HIV-1 infection. IMPLICATIONS The presented data suggest that, at physiological levels, the progestins NET and LNG do not suppress cytokine production by immune cells and should be considered as alternatives to DMPA; however, more in vivo testing is needed to confirm this data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine G Michel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Zdenek Hel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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95
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Cheng Q, Morand E, Yang YH. Development of novel treatment strategies for inflammatory diseases-similarities and divergence between glucocorticoids and GILZ. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:169. [PMID: 25100999 PMCID: PMC4102084 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) are the most commonly prescribed medications for patients with inflammatory diseases, despite their well-known adverse metabolic effects. Previously, it was understood that the anti-inflammatory effects of the GC/GC receptor (GR) complex were mediated via transrepression, whilst the adverse metabolic effects were mediated via transactivation. It has recently become clear that this “divergent actions” paradigm of GC actions is likely insufficient. It has been reported that the GC/GR-mediated transactivation also contributes to the anti-inflammatory actions of GC, via up-regulation of key anti-inflammatory proteins. One of these is glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), which inhibits inflammatory responses in a number of important immune cell lineages in vitro, as well as in animal models of inflammatory diseases in vivo. This review aims to compare the GILZ and GC effects on specific cell lineages and animal models of inflammatory diseases. The fact that the actions of GILZ permit a GILZ-based gene therapy to lack GC-like adverse effects presents the potential for development of new strategies to treat patients with inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cheng
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Medical Centre Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Eric Morand
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Medical Centre Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Yuan Hang Yang
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Medical Centre Clayton, VIC, Australia
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96
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Govender Y, Avenant C, Verhoog NJD, Ray RM, Grantham NJ, Africander D, Hapgood JP. The injectable-only contraceptive medroxyprogesterone acetate, unlike norethisterone acetate and progesterone, regulates inflammatory genes in endocervical cells via the glucocorticoid receptor. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96497. [PMID: 24840644 PMCID: PMC4026143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies suggest that the injectable contraceptive medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) increases susceptibility to infections such as HIV-1, unlike the injectable contraceptive norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN). We investigated the differential effects, molecular mechanism of action and steroid receptor involvement in gene expression by MPA as compared to NET and progesterone (P4) in the End1/E6E7 cell line model for the endocervical epithelium, a key point of entry for pathogens in the female genital mucosa. MPA, unlike NET-acetate (NET-A) and P4, increases mRNA expression of the anti-inflammatory GILZ and IκBα genes. Similarly, MPA unlike NET-A, decreases mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory IL-6, IL-8 and RANTES genes, and IL-6 and IL-8 protein levels. The predominant steroid receptor expressed in the End1/E6E7 and primary endocervical epithelial cells is the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and GR knockdown experiments show that the anti-inflammatory effects of MPA are mediated by the GR. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation results suggest that MPA, unlike NET-A and P4, represses pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in cervical epithelial cells via a mechanism involving recruitment of the GR to cytokine gene promoters, like the GR agonist dexamethasone. This is at least in part consistent with direct effects on transcription, without a requirement for new protein synthesis. Dose response analysis shows that MPA has a potency of ∼24 nM for transactivation of the anti-inflammatory GILZ gene and ∼4–20 nM for repression of the pro-inflammatory genes, suggesting that these effects are likely to be relevant at injectable contraceptive doses of MPA. These findings suggest that in the context of the genital mucosa, these GR-mediated glucocorticoid-like effects of MPA in cervical epithelial cells are likely to play a critical role in discriminating between the effects on inflammation caused by different progestins and P4 and hence susceptibility to genital infections, given the predominant expression of the GR in primary endocervical epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashini Govender
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Province, South Africa
| | - Chanel Avenant
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Province, South Africa
| | - Nicolette J. D. Verhoog
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Province, South Africa
| | - Roslyn M. Ray
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Province, South Africa
| | - Nicholas J. Grantham
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Province, South Africa
| | - Donita Africander
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Province, South Africa
| | - Janet P. Hapgood
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Province, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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97
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Li R, Xu W, Chen Y, Qiu W, Shu Y, Wu A, Dai Y, Bao J, Lu Z, Hu X. Raloxifene suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and NF-κB-dependent CCL20 expression in reactive astrocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94320. [PMID: 24722370 PMCID: PMC3983123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical data have led to the consideration of sexual steroids as new potential therapeutic tools for multiple sclerosis. Selective estrogen receptor modulators can exhibit neuroprotective effects like estrogen, with fewer systemic estrogen side effects than estrogen, offering a more promising therapeutic modality for multiple sclerosis. The important role of astrocytes in a proinflammatory effect mediated by CCL20 signaling on inflammatory cells has been documented. Their potential contribution to selective estrogen receptor modulator-mediated protection is still unknown. Using a mouse model of chronic neuroinflammation, we report that raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, alleviated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis–an animal model of multiple sclerosis–and decreased astrocytic production of CCL20. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry imaging and transwell migration assays revealed that reactive astrocytes express CCL20, which promotes Th17 cell migration. In cultured rodent astrocytes, raloxifene inhibited IL-1β-induced CCL20 expression and chemotaxis ability for Th17 migration, whereas the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 blocked this effect. Western blotting further indicated that raloxifene suppresses IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation (phosphorylation of p65) and translocation but does not affect phosphorylation of IκB. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that raloxifene provides robust neuroprotection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, partially via an inhibitory action on CCL20 expression and NF-κB pathways in reactive astrocytes. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the critical roles of raloxifene in treating experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and uncover reactive astrocytes as a new target for the inhibitory action of estrogen receptors on chemokine CCL20 expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Astrocytes/pathology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL20/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokine CCL20/genetics
- Chemokine CCL20/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Estradiol/analogs & derivatives
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Female
- Fulvestrant
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Raloxifene Hydrochloride/pharmacology
- Receptors, Estrogen/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/immunology
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yaqing Shu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Aimin Wu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yongqiang Dai
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian Bao
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhengqi Lu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xueqiang Hu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- * E-mail:
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98
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Coelho ED, Arrais JP, Matos S, Pereira C, Rosa N, Correia MJ, Barros M, Oliveira JL. Computational prediction of the human-microbial oral interactome. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2014; 8:24. [PMID: 24576332 PMCID: PMC3975954 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-8-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oral cavity is a complex ecosystem where human chemical compounds coexist with a particular microbiota. However, shifts in the normal composition of this microbiota may result in the onset of oral ailments, such as periodontitis and dental caries. In addition, it is known that the microbial colonization of the oral cavity is mediated by protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between the host and microorganisms. Nevertheless, this kind of PPIs is still largely undisclosed. To elucidate these interactions, we have created a computational prediction method that allows us to obtain a first model of the Human-Microbial oral interactome. RESULTS We collected high-quality experimental PPIs from five major human databases. The obtained PPIs were used to create our positive dataset and, indirectly, our negative dataset. The positive and negative datasets were merged and used for training and validation of a naïve Bayes classifier. For the final prediction model, we used an ensemble methodology combining five distinct PPI prediction techniques, namely: literature mining, primary protein sequences, orthologous profiles, biological process similarity, and domain interactions. Performance evaluation of our method revealed an area under the ROC-curve (AUC) value greater than 0.926, supporting our primary hypothesis, as no single set of features reached an AUC greater than 0.877. After subjecting our dataset to the prediction model, the classified result was filtered for very high confidence PPIs (probability ≥ 1-10-7), leading to a set of 46,579 PPIs to be further explored. CONCLUSIONS We believe this dataset holds not only important pathways involved in the onset of infectious oral diseases, but also potential drug-targets and biomarkers. The dataset used for training and validation, the predictions obtained and the network final network are available at http://bioinformatics.ua.pt/software/oralint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar D Coelho
- Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics (DETI), Institute of Electronics and Telematics Engineering of Aveiro (IEETA), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joel P Arrais
- Department of Informatics Engineering (DEI), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Informatics and Systems of the University at Coimbra (CISUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Matos
- Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics (DETI), Institute of Electronics and Telematics Engineering of Aveiro (IEETA), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos Pereira
- Centre for Informatics and Systems of the University at Coimbra (CISUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Informatics Engineering and Systems, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Engineering Institute of Coimbra (IPC-ISEC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Rosa
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Portugal, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Maria José Correia
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Portugal, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Marlene Barros
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Portugal, Viseu, Portugal
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Luís Oliveira
- Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics (DETI), Institute of Electronics and Telematics Engineering of Aveiro (IEETA), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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99
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Khan RT, Yuki KE, Malo D. Fine-mapping and phenotypic analysis of the Ity3 Salmonella susceptibility locus identify a complex genetic structure. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88009. [PMID: 24505352 PMCID: PMC3913713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental animal models of Salmonella infections have been widely used to identify genes important in the host immune response to infection. Using an F2 cross between the classical inbred strain C57BL/6J and the wild derived strain MOLF/Ei, we have previously identified Ity3 (Immunity to Typhimurium locus 3) as a locus contributing to the early susceptibility of MOLF/Ei mice to infection with Salmonella Typhimurium. We have also established a congenic strain (B6.MOLF-Ity/Ity3) with the MOLF/Ei Ity3 donor segment on a C57BL/6J background. The current study was designed to fine map and characterize functionally the Ity3 locus. We generated 12 recombinant sub-congenic strains that were characterized for susceptibility to infection, bacterial load in target organs, cytokine profile and anti-microbial mechanisms. These analyses showed that the impact of the Ity3 locus on survival and bacterial burden was stronger in male mice compared to female mice. Fine mapping of Ity3 indicated that two subloci contribute collectively to the susceptibility of B6.MOLF-Ity/Ity3 congenic mice to Salmonella infection. The Ity3.1 sublocus controls NADPH oxidase activity and is characterized by decreased ROS production, reduced inflammatory cytokine response and increased bacterial burden, thereby supporting a role for Ncf2 (neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 a subunit of NADPH oxidase) as the gene underlying this sublocus. The Ity3.2 sub-locus is characterized by a hyperresponsive inflammatory cytokine phenotype after exposure to Salmonella. Overall, this research provides support to the combined action of hormonal influences and complex genetic factors within the Ity3 locus in the innate immune response to Salmonella infection in wild-derived MOLF/Ei mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia T. Khan
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kyoko E. Yuki
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Danielle Malo
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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100
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Aprile-Garcia F, Antunica-Noguerol M, Budziñski ML, Liberman AC, Arzt E. Novel insights into the neuroendocrine control of inflammation: the role of GR and PARP1. Endocr Connect 2014; 3:R1-R12. [PMID: 24243533 PMCID: PMC3869961 DOI: 10.1530/ec-13-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses are elicited after injury, involving release of inflammatory mediators that ultimately lead, at the molecular level, to the activation of specific transcription factors (TFs; mainly activator protein 1 and nuclear factor-κB). These TFs propagate inflammation by inducing the expression of cytokines and chemokines. The neuroendocrine system has a determinant role in the maintenance of homeostasis, to avoid exacerbated inflammatory responses. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the key neuroendocrine regulators of the inflammatory response. In this study, we describe the molecular mechanisms involved in the interplay between inflammatory cytokines, the neuroendocrine axis and GCs necessary for the control of inflammation. Targeting and modulation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and its activity is a common therapeutic strategy to reduce pathological signaling. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of PAR on target proteins, a post-translational modification termed PARylation. PARP1 has a central role in transcriptional regulation of inflammatory mediators, both in neuroendocrine tumors and in CNS cells. It is also involved in modulation of several nuclear receptors. Therefore, PARP1 and GR share common inflammatory pathways with antagonic roles in the control of inflammatory processes, which are crucial for the effective maintenance of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Aprile-Garcia
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos AiresArgentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - María Antunica-Noguerol
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos AiresArgentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Maia Ludmila Budziñski
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Ana C Liberman
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Eduardo Arzt
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos AiresArgentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
- Correspondence should be addressed to E Arzt
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