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Maetzler W, Schmid SP, Wurster I, Liepelt I, Gaenslen A, Gasser T, Berg D. Reduced but not oxidized cerebrospinal fluid glutathione levels are lowered in Lewy body diseases. Mov Disord 2010; 26:176-81. [PMID: 20842692 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced (GSH(R)) but not oxidized glutathione (GSSG) has been shown to be dramatically altered in the substantia nigra (SN) of Lewy body disease (LBD) patients post mortem; but up to now, there is no convincing evidence that these changes can be monitored in vivo. We investigated GSH(R) and GSSG in rapidly processed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma samples of 80 LBD and 35 control subjects and detected reduced CSF GSH(R) levels in LBD subjects. The reduction was negatively associated with age but not with disease-associated parameters. Plasma GSH(R), CSF GSSG, and plasma GSSG levels did not significantly differ between the groups. Our findings confirm the results from neuropathologic studies, which demonstrated an alteration of the glutathione system in LBD. We hypothesize that alterations of the glutathione system occur in a very early stage of the disease or may even represent a risk marker for LBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Zhang ZT, Cao XB, Xiong N, Wang HC, Huang JS, Sun SG, Wang T. Morin exerts neuroprotective actions in Parkinson disease models in vitro and in vivo. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:900-6. [PMID: 20644549 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the neuroprotective effects of morin on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+))-induced apoptosis in neuronal differentiated PC12 cells as well as in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS PC12 cells were challenged with MPP(+) in the presence or absence of morin. Cell viability was determined using MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was measured using flow cytometry. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was assayed using fluorescence assay. In an MPTP mouse model of PD, behavioral deficits, striatal dopamine content, and number of dopaminergic neurons were measured. RESULTS MPP(+) induced apoptosis and ROS formation in PC12 cells. Concomitant treatment with morin (5-50 mumol/L) significantly attenuated the loss of cell viability and apoptosis when compared with MPP(+) treatment alone. Morin also attenuated ROS formation induced by MPP(+). MPTP induced permanent behavioral deficits and nigrostriatal lesions in mice. When administered prior to MPTP, morin (20 to 100 mg/kg) attenuated behavioral deficits, dopaminergic neuronal death and striatal dopamine depletion in the MPTP mouse model. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that morin has neuroprotective actions both in vitro and in vivo, and may provide a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of PD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Hayes MW, Fung VS, Kimber TE, O'Sullivan JD. Current concepts in the management of Parkinson disease. Med J Aust 2010; 192:144-9. [DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor S Fung
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Thomas E Kimber
- Department of Neurology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA
| | - John D O'Sullivan
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD
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Arthur CR, Morton SL, Dunham LD, Keeney PM, Bennett JP. Parkinson's disease brain mitochondria have impaired respirasome assembly, age-related increases in distribution of oxidative damage to mtDNA and no differences in heteroplasmic mtDNA mutation abundance. Mol Neurodegener 2009; 4:37. [PMID: 19775436 PMCID: PMC2761382 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-4-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sporadic Parkinson's disease (sPD) is a nervous system-wide disease that presents with a bradykinetic movement disorder and is frequently complicated by depression and cognitive impairment. sPD likely has multiple interacting causes that include increased oxidative stress damage to mitochondrial components and reduced mitochondrial bioenergetic capacity. We analyzed mitochondria from postmortem sPD and CTL brains for evidence of oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), heteroplasmic mtDNA point mutations and levels of electron transport chain proteins. We sought to determine if sPD brains possess any mtDNA genotype-respiratory phenotype relationships. Results Treatment of sPD brain mtDNA with the mitochondrial base-excision repair enzyme 8-oxyguanosine glycosylase-1 (hOGG1) inhibited, in an age-dependent manner, qPCR amplification of overlapping ~2 kbase products; amplification of CTL brain mtDNA showed moderate sensitivity to hOGG1 not dependent on donor age. hOGG1 mRNA expression was not different between sPD and CTL brains. Heteroplasmy analysis of brain mtDNA using Surveyor nuclease® showed asymmetric distributions and levels of heteroplasmic mutations across mtDNA but no patterns that statistically distinguished sPD from CTL. sPD brain mitochondria displayed reductions of nine respirasome proteins (respiratory complexes I-V). Reduced levels of sPD brain mitochondrial complex II, III and V, but not complex I or IV proteins, correlated closely with rates of NADH-driven electron flow. mtDNA levels and PGC-1α expression did not differ between sPD and CTL brains. Conclusion PD brain mitochondria have reduced mitochondrial respiratory protein levels in complexes I-V, implying a generalized defect in respirasome assembly. These deficiencies do not appear to arise from altered point mutational burden in mtDNA or reduction of nuclear signaling for mitochondrial biogenesis, implying downstream etiologies. The origin of age-related increases in distribution of oxidative mtDNA damage in sPD but not CTL brains is not clear, tracks with but does not determine the sPD phenotype, and may indicate a unique consequence of aging present in sPD that could contribute to mtDNA deletion generation in addition to mtDNA replication, transcription and sequencing errors. sPD frontal cortex experiences a generalized bioenergetic deficiency above and beyond aging that could contribute to mood disorders and cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Arthur
- Morris K Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Iwasaki Y, Saito Y, Nakano Y, Mochizuki K, Sakata O, Ito R, Saito K, Nakazawa H. Chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis of glutathione in biological samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3309-17. [PMID: 19620027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Biological thiol compounds are classified into high-molecular-mass protein thiols and low-molecular-mass free thiols. Endogenous low-molecular-mass thiol compounds, namely, reduced glutathione (GSH) and its corresponding disulfide, glutathione disulfide (GSSG), are very important molecules that participate in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. GSH plays an essential role in protecting cells from oxidative and nitrosative stress and GSSG can be converted into the reduced form by action of glutathione reductase. Measurement of GSH and GSSG is a useful indicator of oxidative stress and disease risk. Many publications have reported successful determination of GSH and GSSG in biological samples. In this article, we review newly developed techniques, such as liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry, for identifying GSH bound to proteins, or for localizing GSH in bound or free forms at specific sites in organs and in cellular locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Iwasaki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Lewis MM, Smith AB, Styner M, Gu H, Poole R, Zhu H, Li Y, Barbero X, Gouttard S, McKeown MJ, Mailman RB, Huang X. Asymmetrical lateral ventricular enlargement in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 2009; 16:475-81. [PMID: 19187264 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent case report suggested the presence of asymmetrical lateral ventricular enlargement associated with motor asymmetry in Parkinson's disease (PD). The current study explored these associations further. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging (3T) scans were obtained on 17 PD and 15 healthy control subjects at baseline and 12-43 months later. Baseline and longitudinal lateral ventricular volumetric changes were compared between contralateral and ipsilateral ventricles in PD subjects relative to symptom onset side and in controls relative to their dominant hand. Correlations between changes in ventricular volume and United Parkinson's disease rating scale motor scores (UPDRS-III) whilst on medication were determined. RESULTS The lateral ventricle contralateral to symptom onset side displayed a faster rate of enlargement compared to the ipsilateral (P = 0.004) in PD subjects, with no such asymmetry detected (P = 0.312) in controls. There was a positive correlation between ventricular enlargement and worsening motor function assessed by UPDRS-III scores (r = 0.96, P < 0.001). DISCUSSION There is asymmetrical lateral ventricular enlargement that is associated with PD motor asymmetry and progression. Further studies are warranted to investigate the underlying mechanism(s), as well as the potential of using volumetric measurements as a marker for PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Lewis
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA
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Jellinger KA. A critical evaluation of current staging of α-synuclein pathology in Lewy body disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:730-40. [PMID: 18718530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology Kenyongasse 18, Vienna, Austria.
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Linazasoro G. A global view of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis: Implications for natural history and neuroprotection. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009; 15:401-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2008] [Revised: 01/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Byler SL, Boehm GW, Karp JD, Kohman RA, Tarr AJ, Schallert T, Barth TM. Systemic lipopolysaccharide plus MPTP as a model of dopamine loss and gait instability in C57Bl/6J mice. Behav Brain Res 2008; 198:434-9. [PMID: 19070633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 11/08/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In most environmental models of Parkinson's disease (PD), a single neurodegenerative agent is introduced to cause nigrostriatal dopamine depletion. However, cell loss in human PD often might derive, at least in part, from multiple toxins or vulnerabilities, any one of which alone does not inevitably lead to chronic dopamine depletion. In the present research, male C57BL/6J mice were systemically administered the inflammatory bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) alone or in combination and the behavior as well as striatal dopamine levels were compared to saline-treated mice. Mice in the combination (LPS+MPTP) group, but not in the single-factor groups, showed both dopamine depletion and parkinsonian symptoms, i.e., reduced stride length, at 4 months post-injection. MPTP alone acutely reduced striatal dopamine levels but this effect was transient as striatal dopamine recovered to normal levels after time (4 months). The LPS-only group showed no dopamine depletion or reduced stride length. These data are consistent with the view that nigrostriatal dopamine neurons might succumb after time to multiple toxic agents that independently may have only a transient, adverse effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie L Byler
- Texas Christian University, Department of Psychology, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
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Current Management of the Cognitive Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease: How Far Have We Come? Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:941-51. [DOI: 10.3181/0707-mr-193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) clinical features comprise both motor and nonmotor manifestations. Among the nonmotor complications, dementia is the most important. Approximately 40% of PD patients are affected by cognitive impairment. Remarkably, in addition to age, dementia is an independent predictor of mortality, whereas age at onset of PD and severity of neurological symptoms are not. In this review, I summarize the current knowledge of the pathogenesis of the PD cognitive impairment in relation to the therapies presently accessible and those that could become strategic in the near future. It is hypothesized that patients with PD show two components of cognitive dysfunction (CD): a generalized profile of subcortical dementia (PDsCD), and an overlapped pattern suggesting specific prefrontal damage with CD (PDpFCD). PDsCD is associated with structural neocortical/subcortical changes in the brain (in frontal, parietal, limbic, and temporal lobes, as well as in midbrain structures). In PDpFCD cognitive deficits comprise impairments in neuropsychological tests sensitive for frontal lobe function (discrete elements of episodic and working memory for instance), which are considered to be the consequence of dysfunction in neuronal loops connecting the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. Drugs reviewed for targeting PDsCD include: cholinesterase inhibitors, agents with mixed cholinergic and dopaminergic properties, antiglutamatergic drugs, mixed antiglutamatergic/dopaminergic agents; antioxidants and enhancers of mitochondrial functions, and anti-COX-2, as well as other anti-inflammatory mediators. Preliminary studies with vehicles that may target PDpFCD include piribedil, tolcapone, amantadine, and farampator. Additional agents (citicoline and neuroimmuniphilines, among others) will be outlined. A brief overview on neuroprotection and promising new biological advances in PD (deep brain stimulation, stem cells, gene therapy) also will be summarized.
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Jellinger KA. A critical reappraisal of current staging of Lewy-related pathology in human brain. Acta Neuropathol 2008; 116:1-16. [PMID: 18592254 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-008-0406-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic Parkinson disease (sPD) or brainstem-predominant type of Lewy body (LB) disease, and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), the two most frequent alpha-synucleinopathies, are progressive multisystem neurodegenerative disorders with widespread occurrence of alpha-synuclein (AS) deposits in the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous system. For both LB-related disorders, staging/classification systems based on semiquantitative assessment of the distribution and progression pattern of Lewy-related/AS pathology are used that are considered to be linked to clinical dysfunctions. In PD, a six-stage system (Braak) has been suggested to indicate a predictable sequence of lesions with ascending progression from medullary and olfactory nuclei to the cortex, the first two presymptomatic stages being related to incidental LB disease, stages 3 and 4 with motor symptoms, and the last two (cortical) stages may be frequently associated with cognitive impairment. DLB, according to consensus pathologic guidelines, by semiquantitative scoring of AS pathology (LB density and distribution) in specific brain regions, is distinguished into three phenotypes (brainstem, transitional/limbic, and diffuse neocortical), also considering concomitant Alzheimer-related pathology. Retrospective clinico-pathologic studies, although largely confirming the staging system, particularly for younger onset PD with long duration, have shown that between 6.3 and 43% of the cases did not follow the proposed caudo-rostral progression pattern of AS pathology. There was sparing of medullary nuclei in 7-8.3% of clinically manifested PD cases with AS inclusions in midbrain and cortex corresponding to Braak stages 4 and 5, whereas mild parkinsonian symptoms were already observed in stages 2 and 3. There is considerable clinical and pathologic overlap between PD (with or without dementia) and DLB, corresponding to Braak LB stages 5 and 6, both frequently associated with variable Alzheimer-type pathology. Dementia often does not correlate with progressed stages of LB pathology, but may also be related to concomitant Alzheimer lesions or mixed pathologies. There is no relationship between Braak LB stage and the clinical severity of PD, and the predictive validity of this concept is doubtful, since large unselected, retrospective autopsy series in 30-55% of elderly subjects with widespread AS/Lewy-related pathology (Braak stages 5 and 6) reported no definite neuropsychiatric symptoms, suggesting considerable cerebral compensatory mechanisms. Applying the original criteria to large dementia samples, 49% of positive cases were not classifiable. Therefore, modified criteria for the categorization of Lewy-related pathology were proposed for patients with a history of dementia. The causes and molecular basis of the not infrequent deviations from the current staging schemes of AS pathology in PD and DLB, its relation to the onset of classical parkinsonian symptoms and for the lack of definite clinical deficits despite widespread AS pathology in the nervous system remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Kenyongasse 18, 1070, Vienna, Austria.
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Clarke CE. Are delayed-start design trials to show neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease fundamentally flawed? Mov Disord 2008; 23:784-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.21918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Postuma RB, Gagnon JF, Montplaisir J. Autonomic dysfunction in RBD--what can it teach us about disease progression? Sleep Med 2007; 9:473-4. [PMID: 18024175 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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