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Nixon M, Stewart-Fitzgibbon R, Fu J, Akhmedov D, Rajendran K, Mendoza-Rodriguez MG, Rivera-Molina YA, Gibson M, Berglund ED, Justice NJ, Berdeaux R. Skeletal muscle salt inducible kinase 1 promotes insulin resistance in obesity. Mol Metab 2015; 5:34-46. [PMID: 26844205 PMCID: PMC4703802 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance causes type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia due to excessive hepatic glucose production and inadequate peripheral glucose uptake. Our objectives were to test the hypothesis that the proposed CREB/CRTC2 inhibitor salt inducible kinase 1 (SIK1) contributes to whole body glucose homeostasis in vivo by regulating hepatic transcription of gluconeogenic genes and also to identify novel SIK1 actions on glucose metabolism. METHODS We created conditional (floxed) SIK1-knockout mice and studied glucose metabolism in animals with global, liver, adipose or skeletal muscle Sik1 deletion. We examined cAMP-dependent regulation of SIK1 and the consequences of SIK1 depletion on primary mouse hepatocytes. We probed metabolic phenotypes in tissue-specific SIK1 knockout mice fed high fat diet through hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps and biochemical analysis of insulin signaling. RESULTS SIK1 knockout mice are viable and largely normoglycemic on chow diet. On high fat diet, global SIK1 knockout animals are strikingly protected from glucose intolerance, with both increased plasma insulin and enhanced peripheral insulin sensitivity. Surprisingly, liver SIK1 is not required for regulation of CRTC2 and gluconeogenesis, despite contributions of SIK1 to hepatocyte CRTC2 and gluconeogenesis regulation ex vivo. Sik1 mRNA accumulates in skeletal muscle of obese high fat diet-fed mice, and knockout of SIK1 in skeletal muscle, but not liver or adipose tissue, improves insulin sensitivity and muscle glucose uptake on high fat diet. CONCLUSIONS SIK1 is dispensable for glycemic control on chow diet. SIK1 promotes insulin resistance on high fat diet by a cell-autonomous mechanism in skeletal muscle. Our study establishes SIK1 as a promising therapeutic target to improve skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in obese individuals without deleterious effects on hepatic glucose production.
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Key Words
- AKT, protein kinase B
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- CHX, cycloheximide
- CREB
- CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein
- CRTC
- CRTC, CREB regulated transcription coactivator
- EndoRa, endogenous rate of glucose appearance
- FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21
- FOXO1, forkhead box protein O1
- FSK, forskolin
- G6pase, glucose 6-phosphatase
- GDR, glucose disposal rate
- GIR, glucose infusion rate
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- Glgn, glucagon
- Gluconeogenesis
- Glut, glucose transporter
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- HFD, high fat diet
- HSP, heat shock protein
- IBMX, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxantine
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- Insulin resistance
- PTT, pyruvate tolerance test
- Pepck, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
- Pgc, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator
- SIK, salt inducible kinase
- SIK1
- Salt inducible kinase
- WAT, white adipose tissue
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Nixon
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Randi Stewart-Fitzgibbon
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Cell and Regulatory Biology, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - Jingqi Fu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dmitry Akhmedov
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kavitha Rajendran
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maria G Mendoza-Rodriguez
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yisel A Rivera-Molina
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Micah Gibson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eric D Berglund
- Advanced Imaging Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, USA
| | - Nicholas J Justice
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Cell and Regulatory Biology, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - Rebecca Berdeaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Institute of Molecular Medicine Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Cell and Regulatory Biology, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston TX 77030, USA
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Bradley EW, Carpio LR, van Wijnen AJ, McGee-Lawrence ME, Westendorf JJ. Histone Deacetylases in Bone Development and Skeletal Disorders. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:1359-81. [PMID: 26378079 PMCID: PMC4600951 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00004.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (Hdacs) are conserved enzymes that remove acetyl groups from lysine side chains in histones and other proteins. Eleven of the 18 Hdacs encoded by the human and mouse genomes depend on Zn(2+) for enzymatic activity, while the other 7, the sirtuins (Sirts), require NAD2(+). Collectively, Hdacs and Sirts regulate numerous cellular and mitochondrial processes including gene transcription, DNA repair, protein stability, cytoskeletal dynamics, and signaling pathways to affect both development and aging. Of clinical relevance, Hdacs inhibitors are United States Food and Drug Administration-approved cancer therapeutics and are candidate therapies for other common diseases including arthritis, diabetes, epilepsy, heart disease, HIV infection, neurodegeneration, and numerous aging-related disorders. Hdacs and Sirts influence skeletal development, maintenance of mineral density and bone strength by affecting intramembranous and endochondral ossification, as well as bone resorption. With few exceptions, inhibition of Hdac or Sirt activity though either loss-of-function mutations or prolonged chemical inhibition has negative and/or toxic effects on skeletal development and bone mineral density. Specifically, Hdac/Sirt suppression causes abnormalities in physiological development such as craniofacial dimorphisms, short stature, and bone fragility that are associated with several human syndromes or diseases. In contrast, activation of Sirts may protect the skeleton from aging and immobilization-related bone loss. This knowledge may prolong healthspan and prevent adverse events caused by epigenetic therapies that are entering the clinical realm at an unprecedented rate. In this review, we summarize the general properties of Hdacs/Sirts and the research that has revealed their essential functions in bone forming cells (e.g., osteoblasts and chondrocytes) and bone resorbing osteoclasts. Finally, we offer predictions on future research in this area and the utility of this knowledge for orthopedic applications and bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W Bradley
- Mayo Clinic, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, Minnesota; and Georgia Regents University, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Lomeli R Carpio
- Mayo Clinic, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, Minnesota; and Georgia Regents University, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Mayo Clinic, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, Minnesota; and Georgia Regents University, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Meghan E McGee-Lawrence
- Mayo Clinic, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, Minnesota; and Georgia Regents University, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer J Westendorf
- Mayo Clinic, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, Minnesota; and Georgia Regents University, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta, Georgia
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Itoh Y, Sanosaka M, Fuchino H, Yahara Y, Kumagai A, Takemoto D, Kagawa M, Doi J, Ohta M, Tsumaki N, Kawahara N, Takemori H. Salt-inducible Kinase 3 Signaling Is Important for the Gluconeogenic Programs in Mouse Hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:17879-17893. [PMID: 26048985 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.640821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt-inducible kinases (SIKs), members of the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family, are proposed to be important suppressors of gluconeogenic programs in the liver via the phosphorylation-dependent inactivation of the CREB-specific coactivator CRTC2. Although a dramatic phenotype for glucose metabolism has been found in SIK3-KO mice, additional complex phenotypes, dysregulation of bile acids, cholesterol, and fat homeostasis can render it difficult to discuss the hepatic functions of SIK3. The aim of this study was to examine the cell autonomous actions of SIK3 in hepatocytes. To eliminate systemic effects, we prepared primary hepatocytes and screened the small compounds suppressing SIK3 signaling cascades. SIK3-KO primary hepatocytes produced glucose more quickly after treatment with the cAMP agonist forskolin than the WT hepatocytes, which was accompanied by enhanced gluconeogenic gene expression and CRTC2 dephosphorylation. Reporter-based screening identified pterosin B as a SIK3 signaling-specific inhibitor. Pterosin B suppressed SIK3 downstream cascades by up-regulating the phosphorylation levels in the SIK3 C-terminal regulatory domain. When pterosin B promoted glucose production by up-regulating gluconeogenic gene expression in mouse hepatoma AML-12 cells, it decreased the glycogen content and stimulated an association between the glycogen phosphorylase kinase gamma subunit (PHKG2) and SIK3. PHKG2 phosphorylated the peptides with sequences of the C-terminal domain of SIK3. Here we found that the levels of active AMPK were higher both in the SIK3-KO hepatocytes and in pterosin B-treated AML-12 cells than in their controls. These results suggest that SIK3, rather than SIK1, SIK2, or AMPKs, acts as the predominant suppressor in gluconeogenic gene expression in the hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Itoh
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disease, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Masato Sanosaka
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disease, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fuchino
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, Tsukuba Division, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Yahara
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ayako Kumagai
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disease, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Daisaku Takemoto
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disease, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan; Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kansai University, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Mai Kagawa
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disease, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Junko Doi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Senri Kinran University, Osaka, 565-0873 Japan
| | - Miho Ohta
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Human Development, Soai University, Osaka, 559-0033, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Tsumaki
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kawahara
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, Tsukuba Division, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takemori
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disease, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan.
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Papaioannou G, Mirzamohammadi F, Lisse TS, Nishimori S, Wein MN, Kobayashi T. MicroRNA-140 Provides Robustness to the Regulation of Hypertrophic Chondrocyte Differentiation by the PTHrP-HDAC4 Pathway. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1044-52. [PMID: 25529628 PMCID: PMC5380142 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Growth plate chondrocytes go through multiple differentiation steps and eventually become hypertrophic chondrocytes. The parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related peptide (PTHrP) signaling pathway plays a central role in regulation of hypertrophic differentiation, at least in part, through enhancing activity of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4), a negative regulator of MEF2 transcription factors that drive hypertrophy. We have previously shown that loss of the chondrocyte-specific microRNA (miRNA), miR-140, alters chondrocyte differentiation including mild acceleration of hypertrophic differentiation. Here, we provide evidence that miR-140 interacts with the PTHrP-HDAC4 pathway to control chondrocyte differentiation. Heterozygosity of PTHrP or HDAC4 substantially impaired animal growth in miR-140 deficiency, whereas these mutations had no effect in the presence of miR-140. miR-140-deficient chondrocytes showed increased MEF2C expression with normal levels of total and phosphorylated HDAC4, indicating that the miR-140 pathway merges with the PTHrP-HDAC4 pathway at the level of MEF2C. miR-140 negatively regulated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, and inhibition of p38 MAPK signaling reduced MEF2C expression. These results demonstrate that miR-140 ensures the robustness of the PTHrP/HDAC4 regulatory system by suppressing MEF2C-inducing stimuli. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garyfallia Papaioannou
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fatemeh Mirzamohammadi
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas S Lisse
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shigeki Nishimori
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc N Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tatsuya Kobayashi
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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55
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Tsang KY, Tsang SW, Chan D, Cheah KSE. The chondrocytic journey in endochondral bone growth and skeletal dysplasia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 102:52-73. [PMID: 24677723 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The endochondral bones of the skeleton develop from a cartilage template and grow via a process involving a cascade of chondrocyte differentiation steps culminating in formation of a growth plate and the replacement of cartilage by bone. This process of endochondral ossification, driven by the generation of chondrocytes and their subsequent proliferation, differentiation, and production of extracellular matrix constitute a journey, deviation from which inevitably disrupts bone growth and development, and is the basis of human skeletal dysplasias with a wide range of phenotypic severity, from perinatal lethality to progressively deforming. This highly coordinated journey of chondrocyte specification and fate determination is controlled by a myriad of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. SOX9 is the master transcription factor that, in concert with varying partners along the way, directs the different phases of the journey from mesenchymal condensation, chondrogenesis, differentiation, proliferation, and maturation. Extracellular signals, including bone morphogenetic proteins, wingless-related MMTV integration site (WNT), fibroblast growth factor, Indian hedgehog, and parathyroid hormone-related peptide, are all indispensable for growth plate chondrocytes to align and organize into the appropriate columnar architecture and controls their maturation and transition to hypertrophy. Chondrocyte hypertrophy, marked by dramatic volume increase in phases, is controlled by transcription factors SOX9, Runt-related transcription factor, and FOXA2. Hypertrophic chondrocytes mediate the cartilage to bone transition and concomitantly face a live-or-die situation, a subject of much debate. We review recent insights into the coordination of the phases of the chondrocyte journey, and highlight the need for a systems level understanding of the regulatory networks that will facilitate the development of therapeutic approaches for skeletal dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok Yeung Tsang
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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56
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Sun MMG, Beier F. Chondrocyte hypertrophy in skeletal development, growth, and disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 102:74-82. [PMID: 24677724 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Most of our bones form through the process of endochondral ossification, which is tightly regulated by the activity of the cartilage growth plate. Chondrocyte maturation through the various stages of growth plate physiology ultimately results in hypertrophy. Chondrocyte hypertrophy is an essential contributor to longitudinal bone growth, but recent data suggest that these cells also play fundamental roles in signaling to other skeletal cells, thus coordinating endochondral ossification. On the other hand, ectopic hypertrophy of articular chondrocytes has been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Thus, a better understanding of the processes that control chondrocyte hypertrophy in the growth plate as well as in articular cartilage is required for improved management of both skeletal growth disorders and osteoarthritis. This review summarizes recent findings on the regulation of hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation, the cellular mechanisms involved in hypertrophy, and the role of chondrocyte hypertrophy in skeletal physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Man-Ger Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, and Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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57
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Kozhemyakina E, Lassar AB, Zelzer E. A pathway to bone: signaling molecules and transcription factors involved in chondrocyte development and maturation. Development 2015; 142:817-31. [PMID: 25715393 DOI: 10.1242/dev.105536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Decades of work have identified the signaling pathways that regulate the differentiation of chondrocytes during bone formation, from their initial induction from mesenchymal progenitor cells to their terminal maturation into hypertrophic chondrocytes. Here, we review how multiple signaling molecules, mechanical signals and morphological cell features are integrated to activate a set of key transcription factors that determine and regulate the genetic program that induces chondrogenesis and chondrocyte differentiation. Moreover, we describe recent findings regarding the roles of several signaling pathways in modulating the proliferation and maturation of chondrocytes in the growth plate, which is the 'engine' of bone elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kozhemyakina
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Building C-Room 305A, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew B Lassar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Building C-Room 305A, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elazar Zelzer
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Genetics, PO Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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58
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Wolber LE, Girotto G, Buniello A, Vuckovic D, Pirastu N, Lorente-Cánovas B, Rudan I, Hayward C, Polasek O, Ciullo M, Mangino M, Steves C, Concas MP, Cocca M, Spector TD, Gasparini P, Steel KP, Williams FMK. Salt-inducible kinase 3, SIK3, is a new gene associated with hearing. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6407-18. [PMID: 25060954 PMCID: PMC4222365 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing function is known to be heritable, but few significant and reproducible associations of genetic variants have been identified to date in the adult population. In this study, genome-wide association results of hearing function from the G-EAR consortium and TwinsUK were used for meta-analysis. Hearing ability in eight population samples of Northern and Southern European ancestry (n = 4591) and the Silk Road (n = 348) was measured using pure-tone audiometry and summarized using principal component (PC) analysis. Genome-wide association analyses for PC1-3 were conducted separately in each sample assuming an additive model adjusted for age, sex and relatedness of subjects. Meta-analysis was performed using 2.3 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) tested against each of the three PCs of hearing ability in 4939 individuals. A single SNP lying in intron 6 of the salt-inducible kinase 3 (SIK3) gene was found to be associated with hearing PC2 (P = 3.7×10(-8)) and further supported by whole-genome sequence in a subset. To determine the relevance of this gene in the ear, expression of the Sik3 protein was studied in mouse cochlea of different ages. Sik3 was expressed in murine hair cells during early development and in cells of the spiral ganglion during early development and adulthood. Our results suggest a developmental role of Sik3 in hearing and may be required for the maintenance of adult auditory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Wolber
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Medical Genetics, Department of Reproductive Sciences, Development and Public Health, IRCCS-Burlo Garofolo Children Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Annalisa Buniello
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- Medical Genetics, Department of Reproductive Sciences, Development and Public Health, IRCCS-Burlo Garofolo Children Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Nicola Pirastu
- Medical Genetics, Department of Reproductive Sciences, Development and Public Health, IRCCS-Burlo Garofolo Children Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | | | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" CNR, Naples 80131, Italy and
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Claire Steves
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, Italy
| | - Massilimiliano Cocca
- Medical Genetics, Department of Reproductive Sciences, Development and Public Health, IRCCS-Burlo Garofolo Children Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Medical Genetics, Department of Reproductive Sciences, Development and Public Health, IRCCS-Burlo Garofolo Children Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Karen P Steel
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Frances M K Williams
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK,
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Salt-inducible kinase 3 is a novel mitotic regulator and a target for enhancing antimitotic therapeutic-mediated cell death. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1177. [PMID: 24743732 PMCID: PMC4001308 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Many mitotic kinases are both critical for maintaining genome stability and are important targets for anticancer therapies. We provide evidence that SIK3 (salt-inducible kinase 3), an AMP-activated protein kinase-related kinase, is important for mitosis to occur properly in mammalian cells. Downregulation of SIK3 resulted in an extension of mitosis in both mouse and human cells but did not affect the DNA damage checkpoint. Time-lapse microscopy and other approaches indicated that mitotic exit but not mitotic entry was delayed. Although repression of SIK3 alone simply delayed mitotic exit, it was able to sensitize cells to various antimitotic chemicals. Both mitotic arrest and cell death caused by spindle poisons were enhanced after SIK3 depletion. Likewise, the antimitotic effects due to pharmacological inhibition of mitotic kinases including Aurora A, Aurora B, and polo-like kinase 1 were enhanced in the absence of SIK3. Finally, in addition to promoting the sensitivity of a small-molecule inhibitor of the mitotic kinesin Eg5, SIK3 depletion was able to overcome cells that developed drug resistance. These results establish the importance of SIK3 as a mitotic regulator and underscore the potential of SIK3 as a druggable antimitotic target.
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60
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Abstract
Development of cartilage and bone, the core components of the mouse skeletal system, depends on the well-coordinated proliferation and differentiation of skeletogenic cells, including chondrocytes and osteoblasts. These cells differentiate from common progenitor cells originating in the mesoderm and neural crest. Multiple signaling pathways and transcription factors tightly regulate differentiation and proliferation of skeletal cells. In this chapter, we overview the process of mouse skeletal development and discuss major regulators of skeletal cells at each developmental stage.
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61
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van der Kraan PM. Understanding developmental mechanisms in the context of osteoarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2013; 15:333. [PMID: 23591824 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-013-0333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease that is highly related to aging. However, as OA development is the consequence of interplay between external stimuli, such as mechanical loading and the structure and physiology of the joint, it can be anticipated that variation in developmental processes early in life will affect OA development later in life. Genes involved in patterning processes, such as the Hox genes, but also genes that encode transcription factors, growth factors and cytokines and their respective receptors and those that encode molecules involved in formation of the extracellular matrix, will influence embryonic skeletal development and OA incidence and severity in the adult. The function of genes involved in patterning processes can be partly be understood by close analysis of inborn diseases that result in musculoskeletal syndromes, but a deeper understanding will be the result of specific gene knockouts or overexpression in transgenic mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M van der Kraan
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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62
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Walkinshaw DR, Weist R, Kim GW, You L, Xiao L, Nie J, Li CS, Zhao S, Xu M, Yang XJ. The tumor suppressor kinase LKB1 activates the downstream kinases SIK2 and SIK3 to stimulate nuclear export of class IIa histone deacetylases. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:9345-62. [PMID: 23393134 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.456996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases 4 (HDAC4), -5, -7, and -9 form class IIa within the HDAC superfamily and regulate diverse physiological and pathological cellular programs. With conserved motifs for phosphorylation-dependent 14-3-3 binding, these deacetylases serve as novel signal transducers that are able to modulate histone acetylation and gene expression in response to extracellular cues. Here, we report that in a PKA-sensitive manner the tumor suppressor kinase LKB1 acts through salt-inducible kinase 2 (SIK2) and SIK3 to promote nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of class IIa HDACs. Both SIK2 and SIK3 phosphorylate the deacetylases at the conserved motifs and stimulate 14-3-3 binding. SIK2 activates MEF2-dependent transcription and relieves repression of myogenesis by the deacetylases. Distinct from SIK2, SIK3 induces nuclear export of the deacetylases independent of kinase activity and 14-3-3 binding. These findings highlight the difference among members of the SIK family and indicate that LKB1-dependent SIK activation constitutes an important signaling module upstream from class IIa deacetylases for regulating cellular programs controlled by MEF2 and other transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Walkinshaw
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
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Finsterwald C, Carrard A, Martin JL. Role of salt-inducible kinase 1 in the activation of MEF2-dependent transcription by BDNF. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54545. [PMID: 23349925 PMCID: PMC3551851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence supports a role for myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2)-mediated transcription in neuronal survival, differentiation and synaptic function. In developing neurons, it has been shown that MEF2-dependent transcription is regulated by neurotrophins. Despite these observations, little is known about the cellular mechanisms by which neurotrophins activate MEF2 transcriptional activity. In this study, we examined the role of salt-inducible kinase 1 (SIK1), a member of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family, in the regulation of MEF2-mediated transcription by the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). We show that BDNF increases the expression of SIK1 in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)-signaling pathway. In addition to inducing SIK1 expression, BDNF triggers the phosphorylation of SIK1 at Thr182 and its translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of cortical neurons. The effects of BDNF on the expression, phosphorylation and, translocation of SIK1 are followed by the phosphorylation and nuclear export of histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5). Blockade of SIK activity with a low concentration of staurosporine abolished BDNF-induced phosphorylation and nuclear export of HDAC5 in cortical neurons. Importantly, stimulation of HDAC5 phosphorylation and nuclear export by BDNF is accompanied by the activation of MEF2-mediated transcription, an effect that is suppressed by staurosporine. Consistent with these data, BDNF induces the expression of the MEF2 target genes Arc and Nur77, in a staurosporine-sensitive manner. In further support of the role of SIK1 in the regulation of MEF2-dependent transcription by BDNF, we found that expression of wild-type SIK1 or S577A SIK1, a mutated form of SIK1 which is retained in the nucleus of transfected cells, is sufficient to enhance MEF2 transcriptional activity in cortical neurons. Together, these data identify a previously unrecognized mechanism by which SIK1 mediates the activation of MEF2-dependent transcription by BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Finsterwald
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry-CHUV, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Carrard
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry-CHUV, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Martin
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry-CHUV, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
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64
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Abstract
Much of the mammalian skeleton is composed of bones that originate from cartilage templates through endochondral ossification. Elucidating the mechanisms that control endochondral bone development is critical for understanding human skeletal diseases, injury response, and aging. Mouse genetic studies in the past 15 years have provided unprecedented insights about molecules regulating chondrocyte formation, chondrocyte maturation, and osteoblast differentiation, all key processes of endochondral bone development. These include the roles of the secreted proteins IHH, PTHrP, BMPs, WNTs, and FGFs, their receptors, and transcription factors such as SOX9, RUNX2, and OSX, in regulating chondrocyte and osteoblast biology. This review aims to integrate the known functions of extracellular signals and transcription factors that regulate development of the endochondral skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanxin Long
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Regulation of SIK1 abundance and stability is critical for myogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 110:117-22. [PMID: 23256157 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1212676110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
cAMP signaling can both promote and inhibit myogenic differentiation, but little is known about the mechanisms mediating promyogenic effects of cAMP. We previously demonstrated that the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) transcriptional target salt-inducible kinase 1 (SIK1) promotes MEF2 activity in myocytes via phosphorylation of class II histone deacetylase proteins (HDACs). However, it was unknown whether SIK1 couples cAMP signaling to the HDAC-MEF2 pathway during myogenesis and how this response could specifically occur in differentiating muscle cells. To address these questions, we explored SIK1 regulation and function in muscle precursor cells before and during myogenic differentiation. We found that in primary myogenic progenitor cells exposed to cAMP-inducing agents, Sik1 transcription is induced, but the protein is rapidly degraded by the proteasome. By contrast, sustained cAMP signaling extends the half-life of SIK1 in part by phosphorylation of Thr475, a previously uncharacterized site that we show can be phosphorylated by PKA in cell-free assays. We also identified a functional PEST domain near Thr475 that contributes to SIK1 degradation. During differentiation of primary myogenic progenitor cells, when PKA activity has been shown to increase, we observe elevated Sik1 transcripts as well as marked accumulation and stabilization of SIK1 protein. Depletion of Sik1 in primary muscle precursor cells profoundly impairs MEF2 protein accumulation and myogenic differentiation. Our findings support an emerging model in which SIK1 integrates cAMP signaling with the myogenic program to support appropriate timing of differentiation.
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Uebi T, Itoh Y, Hatano O, Kumagai A, Sanosaka M, Sasaki T, Sasagawa S, Doi J, Tatsumi K, Mitamura K, Morii E, Aozasa K, Kawamura T, Okumura M, Nakae J, Takikawa H, Fukusato T, Koura M, Nish M, Hamsten A, Silveira A, Bertorello AM, Kitagawa K, Nagaoka Y, Kawahara H, Tomonaga T, Naka T, Ikegawa S, Tsumaki N, Matsuda J, Takemori H. Involvement of SIK3 in glucose and lipid homeostasis in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37803. [PMID: 22662228 PMCID: PMC3360605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt-inducible kinase 3 (SIK3), an AMP-activated protein kinase-related kinase, is induced in the murine liver after the consumption of a diet rich in fat, sucrose, and cholesterol. To examine whether SIK3 can modulate glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver, we analyzed phenotypes of SIK3-deficent mice. Sik3(-/-) mice have a malnourished the phenotype (i.e., lipodystrophy, hypolipidemia, hypoglycemia, and hyper-insulin sensitivity) accompanied by cholestasis and cholelithiasis. The hypoglycemic and hyper-insulin-sensitive phenotypes may be due to reduced energy storage, which is represented by the low expression levels of mRNA for components of the fatty acid synthesis pathways in the liver. The biliary disorders in Sik3(-/-) mice are associated with the dysregulation of gene expression programs that respond to nutritional stresses and are probably regulated by nuclear receptors. Retinoic acid plays a role in cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis, wheras ALDH1a which produces retinoic acid, is expressed at low levels in Sik3(-/-) mice. Lipid metabolism disorders in Sik3(-/-) mice are ameliorated by the treatment with 9-cis-retinoic acid. In conclusion, SIK3 is a novel energy regulator that modulates cholesterol and bile acid metabolism by coupling with retinoid metabolism, and may alter the size of energy storage in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Uebi
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disease, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yumi Itoh
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disease, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Hatano
- Department of Anatomy, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Ayako Kumagai
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disease, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masato Sanosaka
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disease, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sasaki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoru Sasagawa
- Department of Bone and Cartilage Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junko Doi
- Food and Nutrition, Senri Kinran University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keita Tatsumi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kuniko Mitamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiichi Morii
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Aozasa
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kawamura
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Meinoshin Okumura
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Nakae
- Frontier Medicine on Metabolic Syndrome, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Takikawa
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Fukusato
- Department of Pathology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minako Koura
- Animal Models for Human Diseases, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nish
- Department of Anatomy, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Karolinska Institutet, CMM, Karolinska University Hospital-Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angela Silveira
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Karolinska Institutet, CMM, Karolinska University Hospital-Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alejandro M. Bertorello
- Membrane Signaling Networks, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Karolinska Institutet, CMM, Karolinska University Hospital-Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kazuo Kitagawa
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nagaoka
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Kawahara
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tomonaga
- Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Naka
- Laboratory for Immune Signal, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ikegawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Tsumaki
- Department of Bone and Cartilage Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junichiro Matsuda
- Animal Models for Human Diseases, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takemori
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disease, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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cAMP-elevation mediated by β-adrenergic stimulation inhibits salt-inducible kinase (SIK) 3 activity in adipocytes. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1863-71. [PMID: 22588126 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Salt-inducible kinase (SIK) 3 is a virtually unstudied, ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinase, belonging to the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-related family of kinases, all of which are regulated by LKB1 phosphorylation of a threonine residue in their activation (T)-loops. Findings in adrenal cells have revealed a role for cAMP in the regulation of SIK1, and recent findings suggest that insulin can regulate an SIK isoform in Drosophila. As cAMP has important functions in adipocytes, mainly in the regulation of lipolysis, we have evaluated a potential role for cAMP, as well as for insulin, in the regulation of SIK3 in these cells. We establish that raised cAMP levels in response to forskolin and the β-adrenergic receptor agonist CL 316,243 induce a phosphorylation of SIK3 in HEK293 cells and primary adipocytes. This phosphorylation coincides with increased 14-3-3 binding to SIK3 in these cell types. Our findings also show that cAMP-elevation results in reduced SIK3 activity in adipocytes. Phosphopeptide mapping and site-directed mutagenesis reveal that the cAMP-mediated regulation of SIK3 appears to depend on three residues, T469, S551 and S674, that all contribute to some extent to the cAMP-induced phosphorylation and 14-3-3-binding. As the cAMP-induced regulation can be reversed with the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89, and a role for other candidate kinases, including PKB and RSK, could be excluded, we believe that PKA is the kinase responsible for SIK3 regulation in response to elevated cAMP levels. Our findings of cAMP-mediated regulation of SIK3 suggest that SIK3 may mediate some of the effects of this important second messenger in adipocytes.
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