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Peres Valgas da Silva C, Shettigar VK, Baer LA, Abay E, Madaris KL, Mehling MR, Hernandez-Saavedra D, Pinckard KM, Seculov NP, Ziolo MT, Stanford KI. Brown adipose tissue prevents glucose intolerance and cardiac remodeling in high-fat-fed mice after a mild myocardial infarction. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:350-358. [PMID: 34716427 PMCID: PMC8794788 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity increases the risk of developing impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) after myocardial infarction (MI). Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is important to combat obesity and T2D, and increasing BAT mass by transplantation improves glucose metabolism and cardiac function. The objective of this study was to determine if BAT had a protective effect on glucose tolerance and cardiac function in high-fat diet (HFD) fed mice subjected to a mild MI. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a HFD for eight weeks and then divided into Sham (Sham-operated) and +BAT (mice receiving 0.1 g BAT into their visceral cavity). Sixteen weeks post-transplantation, mice were further subdivided into ±MI (Sham; Sham-MI; +BAT; +BAT-MI) and maintained on a HFD. Cardiac (echocardiography) and metabolic function (glucose and insulin tolerance tests, body composition and exercise tolerance) were assessed throughout 22 weeks post-MI. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed to determine the expression of genes related to metabolic function of perigonadal adipose tissue (pgWAT), subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT), liver, heart, tibialis anterior skeletal muscle (TA); and BAT. RESULTS +BAT prevented the increase in left ventricle mass (LVM) and exercise intolerance in response to MI. Similar to what is observed in humans, Sham-MI mice developed IGT post-MI, but this was negated in +BAT-MI mice. IGT was independent of changes in body composition. Genes involved in inflammation, insulin resistance, and metabolism were significantly altered in pgWAT, scWAT, and liver in Sham-MI mice compared to all other groups. CONCLUSIONS BAT transplantation prevents IGT, the increase in LVM, and exercise intolerance following MI. MI alters the expression of several metabolic-related genes in WAT and liver in Sham-MI mice, suggesting that these tissues may contribute to the impaired metabolic response. Increasing BAT may be an important intervention to prevent the development of IGT or T2D and cardiac remodeling in obese patients post-MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmem Peres Valgas da Silva
- grid.412332.50000 0001 1545 0811Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Vikram K. Shettigar
- grid.412332.50000 0001 1545 0811Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Lisa A. Baer
- grid.412332.50000 0001 1545 0811Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Eaman Abay
- grid.412332.50000 0001 1545 0811Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Kendra L. Madaris
- grid.412332.50000 0001 1545 0811Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Mikayla R. Mehling
- grid.412332.50000 0001 1545 0811Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Diego Hernandez-Saavedra
- grid.412332.50000 0001 1545 0811Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Kelsey M. Pinckard
- grid.412332.50000 0001 1545 0811Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Nickolai P. Seculov
- grid.412332.50000 0001 1545 0811Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Mark T. Ziolo
- grid.412332.50000 0001 1545 0811Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Kristin I. Stanford
- grid.412332.50000 0001 1545 0811Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH USA
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Niclou A, Ocobock C. Weather permitting: Increased seasonal efficiency of nonshivering thermogenesis through brown adipose tissue activation in the winter. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 34:e23716. [PMID: 34942026 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated seasonal changes in brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation and metabolism in a temperate-climate Albany, NY population. METHODS Data were collected among 58 participants (21 males, 37 females, ages: 18-51) in the summer and 59 participants (23 males, 36 females, ages: 18-63) in the winter in Albany, New York. BAT activity was inferred by comparing metabolic rate, heat dissipation in the supraclavicular area, and respiratory quotient at room temperature and cold exposure. Seasonal variation in BAT was determined by comparing these measurements from summer and winter. RESULTS At mild cold exposure, heat dissipation of the supraclavicular area was significantly greater in the winter compared to summer (p < .001); however, no significant differences were found between seasons in metabolic rate measurements. This suggests BAT activation may be metabolically more efficient in the winter, due to prolonged lower seasonal temperatures relative to summer. Respiratory quotient significantly increased upon mild cold exposure in the winter compared to summer (p < .001). While carbohydrate utilization increased in the winter, fat remained the primary metabolic substrate for BAT activity across both seasons. CONCLUSION The seasonal variations in the effects of nonshivering thermogenesis on metabolic rate and substrate metabolism suggest a buffering of energy expenditure and an increased use of glucose as fuel by BAT as a result of acclimatization to cold in the winter. These findings point towards a potential role of BAT in human whole-body mediated glucose disposal and cold adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Niclou
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Cara Ocobock
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Institute for Educational Initiatives, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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Herz CT, Kulterer OC, Prager M, Schmöltzer C, Langer FB, Prager G, Marculescu R, Kautzky-Willer A, Hacker M, Haug AR, Kiefer FW. Active Brown Adipose Tissue is Associated With a Healthier Metabolic Phenotype in Obesity. Diabetes 2021; 71:db210475. [PMID: 34957487 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increasing cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality worldwide. Not everyone with obesity, however, develops metabolic complications. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been suggested as a promoter of leanness and metabolic health. To date, little is known about the prevalence and metabolic function of BAT in subjects with severe obesity, a population at high cardiometabolic risk. In this cross-sectional study, we included 40 individuals with WHO class II-III obesity (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2). Employing a 150-minute personalized cooling protocol and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography, cold-activated BAT was detectable in 14 (35%) of the participants. Cold-induced thermogenesis was significantly higher in participants with detectable BAT compared to those without. Notably, individuals with obesity and active BAT had 28.8% lower visceral fat mass despite slightly higher total fat mass compared to those without detectable BAT 18F-FDG uptake. This was accompanied by lower insulin resistance and systemic inflammation and improved NAFLD parameters, all adjusted for age, sex, and percent body fat. Contrary to previous assumptions, we show here that a significant fraction of individuals with severe obesity has active BAT. We found that decreased BAT 18F-FDG uptake was not associated with adiposity per se but with higher visceral fat mass. In summary, active BAT is linked to a healthier metabolic phenotype in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten T Herz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oana C Kulterer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene Prager
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Schmöltzer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix B Langer
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Prager
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rodrig Marculescu
- Division of Medical-Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kautzky-Willer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander R Haug
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian W Kiefer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Mirzaei H, Sharafati Chaleshtori R. Role of fermented goat milk as a nutritional product to improve anemia. J Food Biochem 2021; 46:e13969. [PMID: 34658048 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Goat milk, like cow milk, needs some modifications to be used as the sole source of nutrition during early infancy. For goat milk to be more like human milk and more nutritionally complete, sugar, vitamins and minerals need to be added to it and for reduction of renal solute load, it needs to be diluted. To prevent megaloblastic anemia in infants fed exclusively on goat milk, folic acid should be supplied either by adding it to goat milk or by an oral folic acid supplement. In fortification of milk products, thermal processing, fermentation, and species differences in milk folate bioavailability are three additional factors that should be considered besides absolute difference in folate concentration between goat and human milk. Whether different feeding regimes (e.g., iron and folate content of diets) influence milk folate content needs to be elucidated by more research. Our findings showed that fermented goat milk during anemia recovery can be improve antioxidant status, protection from oxidative damage to biomolecules, protective effects on testis, improve Fe and skeletal muscle homeostasis as well as improve cardiovascular health. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: To be used as part of a postweaning nutritionally well-balanced diet, fermented goat milk is most likely an excellent source of nutrition for the human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Reza Sharafati Chaleshtori
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Miranda GDS, de Lima TAL, Costermani HDO, Ricken CLRDS, Parrela JPSDS, Membrive BLA, de Almeida RE, Facchi JC, de Oliveira LR, Miranda RA, de Moura EG, Lisboa PC, de Oliveira JC. Breastfeeding undernutrition changes iBAT-involved thermogenesis protein expression and leads to a lean phenotype in adult rat offspring. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 99:108857. [PMID: 34520852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional insults early in life have been associated with metabolic diseases in adulthood. We aimed to evaluate the effects of maternal food restriction during the suckling period on metabolism and interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) thermogenically involved proteins in adult rat offspring. Wistar rats underwent food restriction by 50% during the first two-thirds of lactation (FR50 group). Control rats were fed ad libitum throughout lactation (CONT group). At birth, the litter size was adjusted to eight pups, and weaning was performed at 22 days old. Body weight and food and water intake were assessed every two days. High- (HCD, 4,589 cal) and normal-caloric diet (NCD, 3,860 cal) preferences, as well as food intake during the dark part of the cycle, were assessed. At 100 days old, the rats were euthanized, and blood and tissues were removed for further analyses. Adult FR50 rats, although hyperphagic and preferring to eat HCD (P<.001), were leaner (P<.001) than the CONT group. The FR50 rats, were normoglycemic (P=.962) and had hypertriglyceridemia (P<.01). In addition, the FR50 rats were dyslipidemic (P<.01), presenting with a high atherogenic risk by the Castelli indexes (P<.01), had a higher iBAT mass (P<.01), fewer β3 adrenergic receptors (β3-AR, P<.05) and higher iBAT expression of uncoupled protein 1 (UCP1, P<.05) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α, P<.001) than the CONT rats. In conclusion, maternal food restriction during early breastfeeding programs rat offspring to have a lean phenotype, despite hyperphagia, and increased iBAT UCP1 and PGC-1α protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginislene Dias Souza Miranda
- Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Thalyne Aparecida Leite de Lima
- Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Hercules de Oliveira Costermani
- Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Camila Luiza Rodrigues Dos Santos Ricken
- Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Jocemara Patrícia Silva de Souza Parrela
- Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Letícia Antonio Membrive
- Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Raul Evangelista de Almeida
- Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Júlia Cristina Facchi
- Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Lucas Ryba de Oliveira
- Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Rosiane Aparecida Miranda
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Egberto Gaspar de Moura
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Cristina Lisboa
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Júlio Cezar de Oliveira
- Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brazil.
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Yang J, Zhang H, Parhat K, Xu H, Li M, Wang X, Ran C. Molecular Imaging of Brown Adipose Tissue Mass. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179436. [PMID: 34502347 PMCID: PMC8431742 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT), a uniquely thermogenic tissue that plays an important role in metabolism and energy expenditure, has recently become a revived target in the fight against metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Different from white adipose tissue (WAT), the brown adipocytes have distinctive features including multilocular lipid droplets, a large number of mitochondria, and a high expression of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1), as well as abundant capillarity. These histologic characteristics provide an opportunity to differentiate BAT from WAT using imaging modalities, such as PET/CT, SPECT/CT, MRI, NIRF and Ultrasound. However, most of the reported imaging methods were BAT activation dependent, and the imaging signals could be affected by many factors, including environmental temperatures and the states of the sympathetic nervous system. Accurate BAT mass detection methods that are independent of temperature and hormone levels have the capacity to track the development and changes of BAT throughout the lifetime of mammals, and such methods could be very useful for the investigation of potential BAT-related therapies. In this review, we focus on molecular imaging modalities that can detect and quantify BAT mass. In addition, their detection mechanism and limitations will be discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (K.P.); (H.X.); (M.L.); (X.W.)
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (C.R.)
| | - Haili Zhang
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (K.P.); (H.X.); (M.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Kadirya Parhat
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (K.P.); (H.X.); (M.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (K.P.); (H.X.); (M.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Mingshuang Li
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (K.P.); (H.X.); (M.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (K.P.); (H.X.); (M.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (C.R.)
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Pan R, Chen Y. Fat biology and metabolic balance: On the significance of sex. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 533:111336. [PMID: 34090969 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and its related metabolic disorders have become prevalent and fatal, which are faced by the entire human beings since decades. An energy equilibrium is urgently important for human metabolic health, which requires the participation of multiple organs, such as adipose tissues, liver and skeletal muscles. It seems that both sex and age play a role in the above processes. In this review, we focus on the sexual dimorphism in energy metabolism mediated by adipose tissues, including white and thermogenic (brown/beige) adipose tissues. Remarkably, past investigations have focused on targeting brown/beige adipose tissues to combat obesity because of their contributions to non-shivering thermogenesis. However, sex differences in the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism are likely overlooked. Particularly, increasing data show that males display more visceral fat than females, and females show increased visceral fat after menopause. Visceral adiposity is more deleterious and closely related to metabolic disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we discuss current findings on sexual dimorphism in WAT and BAT biology for a better metabolic balance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruping Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China; Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hubei, PR China.
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PET/MRI of glucose metabolic rate, lipid content and perfusion in human brown adipose tissue. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14955. [PMID: 34294741 PMCID: PMC8298487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87768-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the MRI-derived fat fraction (FF), from a Cooling-reheating protocol, for estimating the cold-induced brown adipose tissue (BAT) metabolic rate of glucose (MRglu) and changes in lipid content, perfusion and arterial blood volume (VA) within cervical-supraclavicular fat (sBAT). Twelve volunteers underwent PET/MRI at baseline, during cold exposure and reheating. For each temperature condition, perfusion and VA were quantified with dynamic [15O]water-PET, and FF, with water-fat MRI. MRglu was assessed with dynamic [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-PET during cold exposure. sBAT was defined using anatomical criteria, and its subregion sBATHI, by MRglu > 11 μmol/100 cm3/min. For all temperature conditions, sBAT-FF correlated negatively with sBAT-MRglu (ρ ≤ - 0.87). After 3 h of cold, sBAT-FF decreased (- 2.13 percentage points) but tended to normalize during reheating although sBATHI-FF remained low. sBAT-perfusion and sBAT-VA increased during cold exposure (perfusion: + 5.2 ml/100 cm3/min, VA: + 4.0 ml/100 cm3). sBAT-perfusion remained elevated and sBAT-VA normalized during reheating. Regardless of temperature condition during the Cooling-reheating protocol, sBAT-FF could predict the cold-induced sBAT-MRglu. The FF decreases observed after reheating were mainly due to lipid consumption, but could potentially be underestimated due to intracellular lipid replenishment. The influence of perfusion and VA, on the changes in FF observed during cold exposure, could not be ruled out.
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Porro S, Genchi VA, Cignarelli A, Natalicchio A, Laviola L, Giorgino F, Perrini S. Dysmetabolic adipose tissue in obesity: morphological and functional characteristics of adipose stem cells and mature adipocytes in healthy and unhealthy obese subjects. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:921-941. [PMID: 33145726 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The way by which subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) expands and undergoes remodeling by storing excess lipids through expansion of adipocytes (hypertrophy) or recruitment of new precursor cells (hyperplasia) impacts the risk of developing cardiometabolic and respiratory diseases. In unhealthy obese subjects, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and obstructive sleep apnoea are typically associated with pathologic SAT remodeling characterized by adipocyte hypertrophy, as well as chronic inflammation, hypoxia, increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and fatty liver. In contrast, metabolically healthy obese individuals are generally associated with SAT development characterized by the presence of smaller and numerous mature adipocytes, and a lower degree of VAT inflammation and ectopic fat accumulation. The remodeling of SAT and VAT is under genetic regulation and influenced by inherent depot-specific differences of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs). ASCs have multiple functions such as cell renewal, adipogenic capacity, and angiogenic properties, and secrete a variety of bioactive molecules involved in vascular and extracellular matrix remodeling. Understanding the mechanisms regulating the proliferative and adipogenic capacity of ASCs from SAT and VAT in response to excess calorie intake has become a focus of interest over recent decades. Here, we summarize current knowledge about the biological mechanisms able to foster or impair the recruitment and adipogenic differentiation of ASCs during SAT and VAT development, which regulate body fat distribution and favorable or unfavorable metabolic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Porro
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - V A Genchi
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - A Cignarelli
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - A Natalicchio
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - L Laviola
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - F Giorgino
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.
| | - S Perrini
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
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Syamsunarno MRAA, Alia F, Anggraeni N, Sumirat VA, Praptama S, Atik N. Ethanol extract from Moringa oleifera leaves modulates brown adipose tissue and bone morphogenetic protein 7 in high-fat diet mice. Vet World 2021; 14:1234-1240. [PMID: 34220125 PMCID: PMC8243698 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1234-1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Brown adipose tissue's (BAT) ability to increase energy expenditure has become a new focus in obesity research. The amount and activity of BAT are inversely correlated with body-mass index and body fat percentage. Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) plays a role in the differentiation and development of BAT, which can be increased by bioactive compounds from several medicinal plants. Moringa oleifera (MO) leaves are rich with vitamin, minerals, and bioactive compounds and have been used for treating obesity-related diseases in the past. The aim of this study was to explore the potency of MO leaf extract (MOLE) to modulate BAT differentiation in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four, 5-week-old male Deutsche Denken Yoken mice (Mus musculus) were randomly divided into four groups: The normal chow diet group was fed a normal diet, the HFD group was fed a HFD, the HFD+MOLE1, and the HFD+MOLE2 groups were fed HFD and MOLE in a dose of 280 and 560 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day, respectively. The experiment was performed for 7 weeks. At the end of the experiment, histological analysis was performed on the interscapular BAT, and blood was drawn for BMP7 protein levels. RESULTS After 7 weeks, BAT weight in the HFD group was nearly twice in the weight of the HFD+MOLE1 group (125±13.78 mg vs. 75±13.78 mg; p<0.001). There was also a significant increase in BAT cell density in the HFD+MOLE1 group. BMP7 serum protein levels were significantly higher in the HFD+MOLE1 group compared to the HFD group. CONCLUSIONS The administration of MOLE in a dose of 280 mg/kg BW/day in HFD-mice induces BAT differentiation and proliferation by upregulating BMP7 protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mas Rizky A. A. Syamsunarno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, 45363, Indonesia
- Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, 45363, Indonesia
- Working Group of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Fenty Alia
- Study Program of Biomedical Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Telkom University, 40257, Indonesia
| | - Neni Anggraeni
- Medical Laboratory Technologist, Bakti Asih School of Analyst, Bandung, 40192, Indonesia
| | - Vanessa Ayu Sumirat
- Medical Laboratory Technologist, Bakti Asih School of Analyst, Bandung, 40192, Indonesia
- Study Program of Magister of Biotechnology, Postgraduate School, Universitas Padjadjaran, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Suhendra Praptama
- Working Group of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Nur Atik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, 45363, Indonesia
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Hollstein T, Vinales K, Chen KY, Cypess AM, Basolo A, Schlögl M, Krakoff J, Piaggi P. Reduced brown adipose tissue activity during cold exposure is a metabolic feature of the human thrifty phenotype. Metabolism 2021; 117:154709. [PMID: 33476636 PMCID: PMC7956243 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently demonstrated that thrifty subjects, characterized by a greater decrease in 24 h energy expenditure (24hEE) during short-term fasting, have less capacity for cold-induced thermogenesis (CIT) during 24 h of mild cold exposure. OBJECTIVE As cold-induced brown adipose tissue activation (CIBA) is a determinant of CIT, we sought to investigate whether thrifty individuals also have reduced CIBA. METHODS Twenty-four healthy subjects (age: 29.8 ± 9.5y, body fat: 27.3 ± 12.4%, 63% male) were admitted to our clinical research unit and underwent two 24hEE assessments in a whole-room indirect calorimeter during energy balance and fasting conditions at thermoneutrality to quantify their degree of thriftiness. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography scans were performed after exposure to 16 °C for 2 h to quantify peak CIBA. RESULTS A greater decrease in 24hEE during fasting was associated with lower peak CIBA (r = 0.50, p = 0.01), such that a 100 kcal/day greater reduction in 24hEE related to an average 3.2 g/mL lower peak CIBA. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that reduced CIBA is a metabolic trait of the thrifty phenotype which might explain reduced CIT capacity and greater predisposition towards weight gain in individuals with a thrifty metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hollstein
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 4212 N 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Kiel, Arnold Heller Straße 3, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Karyne Vinales
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 4212 N 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA; Endocrinology Division, Medicine Department, Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
| | - Kong Y Chen
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alessio Basolo
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 4212 N 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
| | - Mathias Schlögl
- Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 4212 N 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 4212 N 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA; Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa 56122, Italy.
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Santhanam P, Rowe SP, Solnes LB, Quainoo B, Ahima RS. A systematic review of imaging studies of human brown adipose tissue. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1495:5-23. [PMID: 33604891 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is involved in energy dissipation and has been linked to weight loss, insulin sensitivity, and reduced risk of atherosclerotic disease. BAT is found most often in the supraclavicular region, as well as mediastinal and paravertebral areas, and it is predominantly seen in young persons. BAT is activated by cold temperature and the sympathetic nervous system. In humans, BAT was initially detected via 2-deoxy-2-[18 F]fluoro-d-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), a high-resolution molecular imaging modality used to identify and stage malignancies. Recent studies have shown that BAT can be localized using conventional imaging modalities, such as CT or magnetic resonance imaging, as well as radiotracers used for single-photon emission CT. In this systematic review, we have summarized the evidence for BAT detection in humans using various imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Santhanam
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steven P Rowe
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lilja B Solnes
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brittany Quainoo
- Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Rexford S Ahima
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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Van Schaik L, Kettle C, Green R, Irving HR, Rathner JA. Effects of Caffeine on Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis and Metabolic Homeostasis: A Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:621356. [PMID: 33613184 PMCID: PMC7889509 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.621356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of brown adipose tissue (BAT) metabolism on understanding energy balance in humans is a relatively new and exciting field of research. The pathogenesis of obesity can be largely explained by an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure, but the underlying mechanisms are far more complex. Traditional non-selective sympathetic activators have been used to artificially elevate energy utilization, or suppress appetite, however undesirable side effects are apparent with the use of these pharmacological interventions. Understanding the role of BAT, in relation to human energy homeostasis has the potential to dramatically offset the energy imbalance associated with obesity. This review discusses paradoxical effects of caffeine on peripheral adenosine receptors and the possible role of adenosine in increasing metabolism is highlighted, with consideration to the potential of central rather than peripheral mechanisms for caffeine mediated BAT thermogenesis and energy expenditure. Research on the complex physiology of adipose tissue, the embryonic lineage and function of the different types of adipocytes is summarized. In addition, the effect of BAT on overall human metabolism and the extent of the associated increase in energy expenditure are discussed. The controversy surrounding the primary β-adrenoceptor involved in human BAT activation is examined, and suggestions as to the lack of translational findings from animal to human physiology and human in vitro to in vivo models are provided. This review compares and distinguishes human and rodent BAT effects, thus developing an understanding of human BAT thermogenesis to aid lifestyle interventions targeting obesity and metabolic syndrome. The focus of this review is on the effect of BAT thermogenesis on overall metabolism, and the potential therapeutic effects of caffeine in increasing metabolism via its effects on BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Van Schaik
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine Kettle
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Rodney Green
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen R. Irving
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph A. Rathner
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Central Apolipoprotein A-IV Stimulates Thermogenesis in Brown Adipose Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031221. [PMID: 33513710 PMCID: PMC7865537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) could have far-reaching health benefits in combatting obesity and obesity-related complications. Apolipoprotein A-IV (ApoA-IV), produced by the gut and the brain in the presence of dietary lipids, is a well-known short-term satiating protein. While our previous studies have demonstrated reduced diet-induced thermogenesis in ApoA-IV-deficient mice, it is unclear whether this reduction is due to a loss of peripheral or central effects of ApoA-IV. We hypothesized that central administration of ApoA-IV stimulates BAT thermogenesis and that sympathetic and sensory innervation is necessary for this action. To test this hypothesis, mice with unilateral denervation of interscapular BAT received central injections of recombinant ApoA-IV protein or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The effects of central ApoA-IV on BAT temperature and thermogenesis in mice with unilateral denervation of the intrascapular BAT were monitored using transponder probe implantation, qPCR, and immunoblots. Relative to CSF, central administration of ApoA-IV significantly increased temperature and UCP expression in BAT. However, all of these effects were significantly attenuated or prevented in mice with unilateral denervation. Together, these results clearly demonstrate that ApoA-IV regulates BAT thermogenesis centrally, and this effect is mediated through sympathetic and sensory nerves.
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65
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Flier JS. Might β3-adrenergic receptor agonists be useful in disorders of glucose homeostasis? J Clin Invest 2021; 130:2180-2182. [PMID: 32202511 DOI: 10.1172/jci136476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown and beige adipose tissues contain thermogenic fat cells that can be activated by β3-adrenergic receptor agonists. In rodents, such drugs both diminish obesity and improve glucose homeostasis. In this issue of the JCI, O'Mara et al. and Finlin and Memetimin et al. report that chronic administration of the approved β3 agonist mirabegron to human subjects was without effect on body weight or fat mass, but improved several measures of glucose homeostasis. Though the mechanisms mediating these metabolic effects are uncertain, the data suggest that β3 agonists could have therapeutic utility in disorders of glucose homeostasis.
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Healthy Lifestyle Recommendations: Do the Beneficial Effects Originate from NAD + Amount at the Cellular Level? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2020:8819627. [PMID: 33414897 PMCID: PMC7752291 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8819627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we describe the role of oxidized forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as a molecule central to health benefits as the result from observing selected healthy lifestyle recommendations. Namely, NAD+ level can be regulated by lifestyle and nutrition approaches such as fasting, caloric restriction, sports activity, low glucose availability, and heat shocks. NAD+ is reduced with age at a cellular, tissue, and organismal level due to inflammation, defect in NAMPT-mediated NAD+ biosynthesis, and the PARP-mediated NAD+ depletion. This leads to a decrease in cellular energy production and DNA repair and modifies genomic signalling leading to an increased incidence of chronic diseases and ageing. By implementing healthy lifestyle approaches, endogenous intracellular NAD+ levels can be increased, which explains the molecular mechanisms underlying health benefits at the organismal level. Namely, adherence to here presented healthy lifestyle approaches is correlated with an extended life expectancy free of major chronic diseases.
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67
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Connell NJ, Doligkeit D, Andriessen C, Kornips-Moonen E, Bruls YMH, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, van de Weijer T, van Marken-Lichtenbelt WD, Havekes B, Kazak L, Spiegelman BM, Hoeks J, Schrauwen P. No evidence for brown adipose tissue activation after creatine supplementation in adult vegetarians. Nat Metab 2021; 3:107-117. [PMID: 33462512 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Creatine availability in adipose tissue has been shown to have profound effects on thermogenesis and energy balance in mice. However, whether dietary creatine supplementation affects brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation in humans is unclear. In the present study, we report the results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial (NCT04086381) in which 14 young, healthy, vegetarian adults, who are characterized by low creatine levels, received 20 g of creatine monohydrate per day or placebo. Participants were eligible if they met the following criteria: male or female, white, aged 18-30 years, consuming a vegetarian diet (≥6 months) and body mass index 20-25 kg m-2. BAT activation after acute cold exposure was determined by calculating standard uptake values (SUVs) acquired by [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance imaging. BAT volume (-31.32 (19.32) SUV (95% confidence interval (CI) -73.06, 10.42; P = 0.129)), SUVmean (-0.34 (0.29) SUV (95% CI -0.97, 0.28; P = 0.254)) and SUVmax (-2.49 (2.64) SUV (95% CI -8.20, 3.21; P = 0.362)) following acute cold exposure were similar between placebo and creatine supplementation. No side effects of creatine supplementation were reported; one participant experienced bowel complaints during placebo, which resolved without intervention. Our data show that creatine monohydrate supplementation in young, healthy, lean, vegetarian adults does not enhance BAT activation after acute cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels J Connell
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Doligkeit
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Andriessen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Kornips-Moonen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M H Bruls
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tineke van de Weijer
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken-Lichtenbelt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Havekes
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lawrence Kazak
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bruce M Spiegelman
- Department of Cell Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Alipoor E, Hosseinzadeh-Attar MJ, Rezaei M, Jazayeri S, Chapman M. White adipose tissue browning in critical illness: A review of the evidence, mechanisms and future perspectives. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e13085. [PMID: 32608573 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Observational studies suggest better clinical outcomes following critical illness in patients with overweight and obesity (obesity paradox). An understanding of the morphologic, physiologic and metabolic changes in adipose tissue in critical illness may provide an explanation. Recent studies have demonstrated the transformation of white to brown-like adipocytes due to the "browning process," which has been of interest as a potential novel therapy in obesity during the last decade. The characteristics of the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) include the appearance of smaller, multilocular adipocytes, increased UCP1 mRNA expression, mitochondrial density and respiratory capacity. These changes have been identified in some critical illnesses, which specifically refers to burns, sepsis and cancer cachexia in this study. The pathophysiological nature of WAT browning, underlying mechanisms, main regulators and potential benefits and harms of this process are interesting new areas that warrants further investigations. In this review, we discuss emerging scientific discipline of adipose tissue physiology in metabolic stress, available data, gaps of knowledge and future perspectives. Future investigations in this field may provide insights into the underlying mechanisms and clinical aspects of browning that may further our understanding of the proposed obesity paradox following critical illness, which may in turn open up opportunities for novel therapies to save lives and improve recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Alipoor
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Hosseinzadeh-Attar
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center (CPPRC), Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Rezaei
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Jazayeri
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marianne Chapman
- Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Intensive Care Research Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre for Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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69
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Soundarrajan M, Deng J, Kwasny M, Rubert NC, Nelson PC, El-Seoud DA, Landsberg L, Neff LM. Activated brown adipose tissue and its relationship to adiposity and metabolic markers: an exploratory study. Adipocyte 2020; 9:87-95. [PMID: 32043413 PMCID: PMC7039639 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2020.1724740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To explore relationships between PET/CT characteristics of cold-activated brown adipose tissue (BAT), measures of adiposity and metabolic markers.Methods: We conducted a post-hoc analysis of a study which utilized PET/CT to characterize BAT. 25 men ages 18-24 (BMI 19.4 to 35.9 kg/m2) were studied. Fasting blood samples were collected. Body composition was measured using DXA. An individualized cooling protocol was utilized to activate BAT prior to imaging with PET/CT.Results: There was an inverse relationship between fasting serum glucose and BAT volume (r = -0.40, p = 0.048). A marginally significant inverse relationship was also noted between fasting glucose and total BAT activity (r = -0.40, p = 0.05). In addition, a positive correlation was observed between serum FGF21 and SUVmax (r = 0.51, p = 0.01). No significant correlations were noted for measures of BAT activity or volume and other indicators of adiposity or glucose metabolism.Conclusions: The presence of active BAT may be associated with lower fasting glucose in young men. BAT activity may also be correlated with levels of FGF21, suggesting that BAT may lower glucose levels via an FGF21 dependent pathway. Further studies are needed to clarify mechanisms by which BAT may impact glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Soundarrajan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jie Deng
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mary Kwasny
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Rubert
- Department of Medical Imaging, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paige C. Nelson
- Department of Medical Imaging, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dalya A. El-Seoud
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lewis Landsberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lisa M. Neff
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Gharanei S, Shabir K, Brown JE, Weickert MO, Barber TM, Kyrou I, Randeva HS. Regulatory microRNAs in Brown, Brite and White Adipose Tissue. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112489. [PMID: 33207733 PMCID: PMC7696849 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a class of short noncoding RNAs which regulate gene expression by targeting messenger RNA, inducing translational repression and messenger RNA degradation. This regulation of gene expression by miRNAs in adipose tissue (AT) can impact on the regulation of metabolism and energy homeostasis, particularly considering the different types of adipocytes which exist in mammals, i.e., white adipocytes (white AT; WAT), brown adipocytes (brown AT; BAT), and inducible brown adipocytes in WAT (beige or brite or brown-in-white adipocytes). Indeed, an increasing number of miRNAs has been identified to regulate key signaling pathways of adipogenesis in BAT, brite AT, and WAT by acting on transcription factors that promote or inhibit adipocyte differentiation. For example, MiR-328, MiR-378, MiR-30b/c, MiR-455, MiR-32, and MiR-193b-365 activate brown adipogenesis, whereas MiR-34a, MiR-133, MiR-155, and MiR-27b are brown adipogenesis inhibitors. Given that WAT mainly stores energy as lipids, whilst BAT mainly dissipates energy as heat, clarifying the effects of miRNAs in different types of AT has recently attracted significant research interest, aiming to also develop novel miRNA-based therapies against obesity, diabetes, and other obesity-related diseases. Therefore, this review presents an up-to-date comprehensive overview of the role of key regulatory miRNAs in BAT, brite AT, and WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seley Gharanei
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; (S.G.); (M.O.W.); (T.M.B.); (I.K.)
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Kiran Shabir
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (K.S.); (J.E.B.)
| | - James E. Brown
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (K.S.); (J.E.B.)
- School of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Martin O. Weickert
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; (S.G.); (M.O.W.); (T.M.B.); (I.K.)
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Centre of Applied Biological & Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Thomas M. Barber
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; (S.G.); (M.O.W.); (T.M.B.); (I.K.)
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; (S.G.); (M.O.W.); (T.M.B.); (I.K.)
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (K.S.); (J.E.B.)
| | - Harpal S. Randeva
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; (S.G.); (M.O.W.); (T.M.B.); (I.K.)
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (K.S.); (J.E.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Nishio M, Saeki K. The Remaining Mysteries about Brown Adipose Tissues. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112449. [PMID: 33182625 PMCID: PMC7696203 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT), which is a thermogenic fat tissue originally discovered in small hibernating mammals, is believed to exert anti-obesity effects in humans. Although evidence has been accumulating to show the importance of BAT in metabolism regulation, there are a number of unanswered questions. In this review, we show the remaining mysteries about BATs. The distribution of BAT can be visualized by nuclear medicine examinations; however, the precise localization of human BAT is not yet completely understood. For example, studies of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT scans have shown that interscapular BAT (iBAT), the largest BAT in mice, exists only in the neonatal period or in early infancy in humans. However, an old anatomical study illustrated the presence of iBAT in adult humans, suggesting that there is a discrepancy between anatomical findings and imaging data. It is also known that BAT secretes various metabolism-improving factors, which are collectively called as BATokines. With small exceptions, however, their main producers are not BAT per se, raising the possibility that there are still more BATokines to be discovered. Although BAT is conceived as a favorable tissue from the standpoint of obesity prevention, it is also involved in the development of unhealthy conditions such as cancer cachexia. In addition, a correlation between browning of mammary gland and progression of breast cancers was shown in a xenotransplantation model. Therefore, the optimal condition should be carefully determined when BAT is considered as a measure the prevention of obesity and improvement of metabolism. Solving BAT mysteries will open a new door for health promotion via advanced understanding of metabolism regulation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwako Nishio
- Department of Laboratory Molecular Genetics of Hematology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan;
| | - Kumiko Saeki
- Department of Laboratory Molecular Genetics of Hematology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan;
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3202-7181
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72
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Berezin AE, Berezin AA, Lichtenauer M. Emerging Role of Adipocyte Dysfunction in Inducing Heart Failure Among Obese Patients With Prediabetes and Known Diabetes Mellitus. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:583175. [PMID: 33240938 PMCID: PMC7667132 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.583175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue dysfunction is a predictor for cardiovascular (CV) events and heart failure (HF) in patient population with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and known type 2 diabetes mellitus. Previous preclinical and clinical studies have yielded controversial findings regarding the role of accumulation of adipose tissue various types in CV risk and HF-related clinical outcomes in obese patients. There is evidence for direct impact of infiltration of epicardial adipocytes into the underlying myocardium to induce adverse cardiac remodeling and mediate HF development and atrial fibrillation. Additionally, perivascular adipocytes accumulation is responsible for release of proinflammatory adipocytokines (adiponectin, leptin, resistin), stimulation of oxidative stress, macrophage phenotype switching, and worsening vascular reparation, which all lead to microvascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis acceleration, and finally to increase in CV mortality. However, systemic effects of white and brown adipose tissue can be different, and adipogenesis including browning of adipose tissue and deficiency of anti-inflammatory adipocytokines (visfatin, omentin, zinc-α2-glycoprotein, glypican-4) was frequently associated with adipose triglyceride lipase augmentation, altered glucose homeostasis, resistance to insulin of skeletal muscles, increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis, lowered survival, and weak function of progenitor endothelial cells, which could significantly influence on HF development, as well as end-organ fibrosis and multiple comorbidities. The exact underlying mechanisms for these effects are not fully understood, while they are essential to help develop improved treatment strategies. The aim of the review is to summarize the evidence showing that adipocyte dysfunction may induce the onset of HF and support advance of HF through different biological mechanisms involving inflammation, pericardial, and perivascular adipose tissue accumulation, adverse and electrical cardiac remodeling, and skeletal muscle dysfunction. The unbalancing effects of natriuretic peptides, neprilysin, and components of renin–angiotensin system, as exacerbating cause of altered adipocytokine signaling on myocardium and vasculature, in obesity patients at high risk of HF are disputed. The profile of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory adipocytokines as promising biomarker for HF risk stratification is discussed in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Berezin
- Internal Medicine Department, State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Zaporozhye, Ukraine
| | - Alexander A Berezin
- Internal Medicine Department, Medical Academy of Post-Graduate Education, Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Zaporozhye, Ukraine
| | - Michael Lichtenauer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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73
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Xiao Y, Liu D, Cline MA, Gilbert ER. Chronic stress, epigenetics, and adipose tissue metabolism in the obese state. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2020; 17:88. [PMID: 33088334 PMCID: PMC7574417 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-020-00513-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In obesity, endocrine and metabolic perturbations, including those induced by chronic activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, are associated with the accumulation of adipose tissue and inflammation. Such changes are attributable to a combination of genetic and epigenetic factors that are influenced by the environment and exacerbated by chronic activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Stress exposure at different life stages can alter adipose tissue metabolism directly through epigenetic modification or indirectly through the manipulation of hypothalamic appetite regulation, and thereby contribute to endocrine changes that further disrupt whole-body energy balance. This review synthesizes current knowledge, with an emphasis on human clinical trials, to describe metabolic changes in adipose tissue and associated endocrine, genetic and epigenetic changes in the obese state. In particular, we discuss epigenetic changes induced by stress exposure and their contribution to appetite and adipocyte dysfunction, which collectively promote the pathogenesis of obesity. Such knowledge is critical for providing future directions of metabolism research and targets for treating metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiao
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Dongmin Liu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Mark A Cline
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA USA.,School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Elizabeth R Gilbert
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA USA.,School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA USA
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Jeddi S, Yousefzadeh N, Afzali H, Ghasemi A. Long-term nitrate administration increases expression of browning genes in epididymal adipose tissue of male type 2 diabetic rats. Gene 2020; 766:145155. [PMID: 32950634 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Expression of browning genes are lower in both humans and animals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aims at determining effects of long-term nitrate administration on protein and mRNA levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), and PPAR-γ coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1-α) in epididymal adipose tissue (eAT) of rats with T2D. Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 6/group): Control, diabetes, control + nitrate (CN), and diabetes + nitrate (DN). T2D was induced using high fat diet combined with a low-dose of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg body weight). Sodium nitrate was administrated at a dose of 100 mg/L for 6 months in nitrate-treated rats. Fasting serum glucose and insulin concentrations were measured at months 0 (i.e. at start of the protocol), 3, and 6. At month 6, protein and mRNA levels of UCP1, PPAR-γ, and PGC1-α were measured in eAT samples. In addition, tissue concentration of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) was measured and histological analyses were done at month 6. In rats with T2D, 6-month administration of nitrate decreased serum glucose and insulin concentrations by 13% and 23%, respectively and increased cGMP level by 85%. Rats with T2D had lower mRNA and protein levels of PPAR-γ (62%, P < 0.0001 and 18%, P = 0.0472), PGC1-α (49%, P = 0.0019 and 21%, P = 0.0482), and UCP1 (35%, P = 0.0613 and 30%, P = 0.0031) in eAT; 6-month nitrate administration restored these decreased levels to near control values. In addition, nitrate increased adipocyte density by 193% and decreased adipocyte area by 53% in rats with T2D. In conclusion, long-term low-dose nitrate administration increased mRNA and protein expressions of browning genes in white adipose tissue of male rats with T2D; these findings partly explain favorable metabolic effects of nitrate administration in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasibeh Yousefzadeh
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Afzali
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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75
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Gillis DJ, Capone S, Nestor K, Snell M. The influence of menthol dose on human temperature regulation and perception. J Therm Biol 2020; 92:102659. [PMID: 32888563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study assessed the influence of High (H, 4.13%), Medium (M, 2.0%) and Low (L, 0.1%) doses of menthol on temperature perception and regulation, compared to a Placebo Condition (P). METHOD Sixteen participants underwent the aforementioned conditions on four separate days. During each test participants rested supine (Environmental conditions: 30 °C, 50% rh) for 30-min before 40 mL of L, M, H or P gel was applied to the anterior upper body, then rested 30-min thereafter. Primary measures included thermal sensation (TS), thermal comfort (TC), irritation (IRR), rectal temperature (Tre), and skin temperature (chest, forearm, thigh, calf), and EMG (trapezius, pectoralis major, sternocleidomastoid). The area under the curve (AUC) from minute 30 to 60 was compared between conditions using relevant non/parametric tests (alpha level = 0.05). RESULTS A cooling trend in Tre was observed following Placebo gel application, but this significantly (p < 0.05) reversed into a heat storage response in M and H. Both TS and TC significantly differed by condition (p < 0.001) in a dose-dependent manner, with L, M, and H doses eliciting significantly cooler sensations and more discomfort than P (p < 0.05). Irritation significantly differed by condition (p < 0.01) in a dose-dependent manner, with L and M eliciting significantly greater irritation than P (p < 0.01). No other differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS Menthol exerts perceptual and thermoregulatory effects independent of skin temperature. A menthol dose-dependent perceptual cooling effect was evident with possible saturation at the moderate dose. A dose-dependent alteration in deep body temperature was also evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jason Gillis
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Sport and Movement Science, Salem State University, 225 Canal Street, Salem, MA, 01970, USA.
| | - Selena Capone
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Sport and Movement Science, Salem State University, 225 Canal Street, Salem, MA, 01970, USA
| | - Kacey Nestor
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Sport and Movement Science, Salem State University, 225 Canal Street, Salem, MA, 01970, USA
| | - Mitchel Snell
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Sport and Movement Science, Salem State University, 225 Canal Street, Salem, MA, 01970, USA
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Ketones Elicit Distinct Alterations in Adipose Mitochondrial Bioenergetics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176255. [PMID: 32872407 PMCID: PMC7503338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The rampant growth of obesity worldwide has stimulated explosive research into human metabolism. Energy expenditure has been shown to be altered by diets differing in macronutrient composition, with low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diets eliciting a significant increase over other interventions. The central aim of this study was to explore the effects of the ketone β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) on mitochondrial bioenergetics in adipose tissue. Methods: We employed three distinct systems—namely, cell, rodent, and human models. Following exposure to elevated βHB, we obtained adipose tissue to quantify mitochondrial function. Results: In every model, βHB robustly increased mitochondrial respiration, including an increase of roughly 91% in cultured adipocytes, 113% in rodent subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and 128% in human SAT. However, this occurred without a commensurate increase in adipose ATP production. Furthermore, in cultured adipocytes and rodent adipose, we quantified and observed an increase in the gene expression involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and uncoupling status following βHB exposure. Conclusions: In conclusion, βHB increases mitochondrial respiration, but not ATP production, in mammalian adipocytes, indicating altered mitochondrial coupling. These findings may partly explain the increased metabolic rate evident in states of elevated ketones, and may facilitate the development of novel anti-obesity interventions.
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Panic V, Pearson S, Banks J, Tippetts TS, Velasco-Silva JN, Lee S, Simcox J, Geoghegan G, Bensard CL, van Ry T, Holland WL, Summers SA, Cox J, Ducker GS, Rutter J, Villanueva CJ. Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier is required for optimal brown fat thermogenesis. eLife 2020; 9:e52558. [PMID: 32795388 PMCID: PMC7476754 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is composed of thermogenic cells that convert chemical energy into heat to maintain a constant body temperature and counteract metabolic disease. The metabolic adaptations required for thermogenesis are not fully understood. Here, we explore how steady state levels of metabolic intermediates are altered in brown adipose tissue in response to cold exposure. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis revealed changes in pathways involved in amino acid, glucose, and TCA cycle metabolism. Using isotopic labeling experiments, we found that activated brown adipocytes increased labeling of pyruvate and TCA cycle intermediates from U13C-glucose. Although glucose oxidation has been implicated as being essential for thermogenesis, its requirement for efficient thermogenesis has not been directly tested. We show that mitochondrial pyruvate uptake is essential for optimal thermogenesis, as conditional deletion of Mpc1 in brown adipocytes leads to impaired cold adaptation. Isotopic labeling experiments using U13C-glucose showed that loss of MPC1 led to impaired labeling of TCA cycle intermediates. Loss of MPC1 in BAT increased 3-hydroxybutyrate levels in blood and BAT in response to the cold, suggesting that ketogenesis provides an alternative fuel source to compensate. Collectively, these studies highlight that complete glucose oxidation is essential for optimal brown fat thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Panic
- Department of Biochemistry, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Stephanie Pearson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - James Banks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Trevor S Tippetts
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | | | - Sanghoon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Judith Simcox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Gisela Geoghegan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Claire L Bensard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Tyler van Ry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Will L Holland
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Scott A Summers
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - James Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Gregory S Ducker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Jared Rutter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Claudio J Villanueva
- Department of Biochemistry, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
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78
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Fischer AW, Behrens J, Sass F, Schlein C, Heine M, Pertzborn P, Scheja L, Heeren J. Brown adipose tissue lipoprotein and glucose disposal is not determined by thermogenesis in uncoupling protein 1-deficient mice. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1377-1389. [PMID: 32769145 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive thermogenesis is highly dependent on uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), a protein expressed by thermogenic adipocytes present in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT). Thermogenic capacity of human and mouse BAT can be measured by positron emission tomography-computed tomography quantifying the uptake of 18F-fluodeoxyglucose or lipid tracers. BAT activation is typically studied in response to cold exposure or treatment with β-3-adrenergic receptor agonists such as CL316,243 (CL). Currently, it is unknown whether cold-stimulated uptake of glucose or lipid tracers is a good surrogate marker of UCP1-mediated thermogenesis. In metabolic studies using radiolabeled tracers, we found that glucose uptake is increased in mildly cold-activated BAT of Ucp1 -/- versus WT mice kept at subthermoneutral temperature. Conversely, lower glucose disposal was detected after full thermogenic activation achieved by sustained cold exposure or CL treatment. In contrast, uptake of lipoprotein-derived fatty acids into chronically activated thermogenic adipose tissues was substantially increased in UCP1-deficient mice. This effect is linked to higher sympathetic tone in adipose tissues of Ucp1 -/- mice, as indicated by elevated levels of thermogenic genes in BAT and WAT. Thus, glucose and lipoprotein handling does not necessarily reflect UCP1-dependent thermogenic activity, but especially lipid uptake rather mirrors sympathetic activation of adipose tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janina Behrens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frederike Sass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Pertzborn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Wang L, Zhu L, Meister J, Bone DBJ, Pydi SP, Rossi M, Wess J. Use of DREADD Technology to Identify Novel Targets for Antidiabetic Drugs. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 61:421-440. [PMID: 32746768 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030220-121042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) form a superfamily of plasma membrane receptors that couple to four major families of heterotrimeric G proteins, Gs, Gi, Gq, and G12. GPCRs represent excellent targets for drug therapy. Since the individual GPCRs are expressed by many different cell types, the in vivo metabolic roles of a specific GPCR expressed by a distinct cell type are not well understood. The development of designer GPCRs known as DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by a designer drug) that selectively couple to distinct classes of heterotrimeric G proteins has greatly facilitated studies in this area. This review focuses on the use of DREADD technology to explore the physiological and pathophysiological roles of distinct GPCR/G protein cascades in several metabolically important cell types. The novel insights gained from these studies should stimulate the development of GPCR-based treatments for major metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Lu Zhu
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Jaroslawna Meister
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Derek B J Bone
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Sai P Pydi
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Mario Rossi
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
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Sievers W, Rathner JA, Green RA, Kettle C, Irving HR, Whelan DR, Fernandez RGD, Zacharias A. Innervation of supraclavicular adipose tissue: A human cadaveric study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236286. [PMID: 32702004 PMCID: PMC7377457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) was identified in adult humans only in 2007 with the use of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging. Previous studies have demonstrated a negative correlation between obesity and BAT presence in humans. It is proposed that BAT possesses the capacity to increase metabolism and aid weight loss. In rodents it is well established that BAT is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system with the interscapular BAT being innervated via branches of intercostal nerves. Whilst there is evidence to suggest that BAT possesses beta-3 adrenoceptors, no studies have identified the specific nerve branch that carries sympathetic innervation to BAT in humans. The aim of this study was to identify and trace the peripheral nerve or nerves that innervate human BAT in the supraclavicular region. The posterior triangle region of the neck of cadaveric specimens were dissected in order to identify any peripheral nerve branches piercing and/or terminating in supraclavicular BAT. A previously undescribed branch of the cervical plexus terminating in a supraclavicular adipose depot was identified in all specimens. This was typically an independent branch of the plexus, from the third cervical spinal nerve, but in one specimen was a branch of the supraclavicular nerve. Histological analysis revealed the supraclavicular adipose depot contained tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive structures, which likely represent sympathetic axons. This is the first study that identifies a nerve branch to supraclavicular BAT-like tissue. This finding opens new avenues for the investigation of neural regulation of fat metabolism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Sievers
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph A. Rathner
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rodney A. Green
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christine Kettle
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen R. Irving
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Donna R. Whelan
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard G. D. Fernandez
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anita Zacharias
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
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Maurer S, Harms M, Boucher J. The colorful versatility of adipocytes: white-to-brown transdifferentiation and its therapeutic potential in humans. FEBS J 2020; 288:3628-3646. [PMID: 32621398 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brown and brite adipocytes contribute to energy expenditure through nonshivering thermogenesis. Though these cell types are thought to arise primarily from the de novo differentiation of precursor cells, their abundance is also controlled through the transdifferentiation of mature white adipocytes. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the regulation of white-to-brown transdifferentiation, as well as the conversion of brown and brite adipocytes to dormant, white-like fat cells. Converting mature white adipocytes into brite cells or reactivating dormant brown and brite adipocytes has emerged as a strategy to ameliorate human metabolic disorders. We analyze the evidence of learning from mice and how they translate to humans to ultimately scrutinize the relevance of this concept. Moreover, we estimate that converting a small percentage of existing white fat mass in obese subjects into active brite adipocytes could be sufficient to achieve meaningful benefits in metabolism. In conclusion, novel browning agents have to be identified before adipocyte transdifferentiation can be realized as a safe and efficacious therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Maurer
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthew Harms
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jeremie Boucher
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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82
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Prevalence and Associated Factor of Brown Adipose Tissue: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9106976. [PMID: 32685543 PMCID: PMC7317326 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9106976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Brown adipose tissue generates heat instead of storing energy. It is important in the regulation of body weight, and individual variation in adaptive thermogenesis can be attributed to variations in the amount or activity of BAT. Objective The objective of this study was to systematically review different articles to assess the prevalence of BAT and its associated factors and relation with obesity and diabetes mellitus. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis were employed on published research works from different electronic databases using keywords. Cross-sectional studies and a few experimental studies were included for systematic review, and only studies done on human population were used for quantitative analysis. Twenty-two peer-reviewed papers were included in the systematic review, and eight papers were used for the meta-analysis for estimation of pooled prevalence of brown adipose tissue using selection criteria. Results The pooled prevalence of brown adipose tissue among adults was 6.97% (95% CI: 6.51-7.43), and it was 7.4% (95% CI 6.51-7.43) after sequential omission of a single study. The heterogeneity in estimating the pooled prevalence among the studies was statistically significant (Cochran Q test, P < 0.001, I 2 = 71.2%), and after sequential omission of a single study, it becomes Cochran Q test, P = 0.065, I 2 = 49.4%. The brown adipose tissue activity was significantly lower in overweight or obese subjects than in lean subjects. Conclusion The percentage of adult individuals with brown adipose tissue was high, and its activity was reduced in obese individuals. Although it is reduced in amount, still it presents in obese individuals. So, activation of the brown adipose tissue in adult and older individuals should be a target for the treatment of obesity.
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83
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New Role for Growth/Differentiation Factor 15 in the Survival of Transplanted Brown Adipose Tissues in Cooperation with Interleukin-6. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061365. [PMID: 32492819 PMCID: PMC7349565 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify factors involved in the earliest phase of the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into brown adipocytes (BAs), we performed multi-time point microarray analyses. We found that growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) expressions were specifically upregulated within three days of differentiation, when expressions of immature hESC markers were sustained. Although GDF15 expressions continued to increase in the subsequent differentiation phases, GDF15-deficient hESCs differentiated into mature BAs (Day 10) without apparent abnormalities. In addition, GDF15-deficient mice had normal brown adipose tissue (BAT) and were metabolically healthy. Unexpectedly, we found that interleukin-6 (IL6) expression was significantly lowered in the BAT of GDF15-/- mice. In addition, GDF15-/- hESCs showed abortive IL6 expressions in the later phase (>Day 6) of the differentiation. Interestingly, GDF15 expression was markedly repressed throughout the whole course of the differentiation of IL6-/- hESCs into BAs, indicating IL6 is essential for the induction of GDF15 in the differentiation of hESCs. Finally, intraperitoneally transplanted BAT grafts of GDF15-/- donor mice, but not those of wild-type (WT) mice, failed in the long-term survival (12 weeks) in GDF15-/- recipient mice. Collectively, GDF15 is required for long-term survival of BAT grafts by creating a mutual gene induction loop with IL6.
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84
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Finlin BS, Memetimin H, Zhu B, Confides AL, Vekaria HJ, El Khouli RH, Johnson ZR, Westgate PM, Chen J, Morris AJ, Sullivan PG, Dupont-Versteegden EE, Kern PA. The β3-adrenergic receptor agonist mirabegron improves glucose homeostasis in obese humans. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:2319-2331. [PMID: 31961829 PMCID: PMC7190997 DOI: 10.1172/jci134892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDBeige adipose tissue is associated with improved glucose homeostasis in mice. Adipose tissue contains β3-adrenergic receptors (β3-ARs), and this study was intended to determine whether the treatment of obese, insulin-resistant humans with the β3-AR agonist mirabegron, which stimulates beige adipose formation in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (SC WAT), would induce other beneficial changes in fat and muscle and improve metabolic homeostasis.METHODSBefore and after β3-AR agonist treatment, oral glucose tolerance tests and euglycemic clamps were performed, and histochemical analysis and gene expression profiling were performed on fat and muscle biopsies. PET-CT scans quantified brown adipose tissue volume and activity, and we conducted in vitro studies with primary cultures of differentiated human adipocytes and muscle.RESULTSThe clinical effects of mirabegron treatment included improved oral glucose tolerance (P < 0.01), reduced hemoglobin A1c levels (P = 0.01), and improved insulin sensitivity (P = 0.03) and β cell function (P = 0.01). In SC WAT, mirabegron treatment stimulated lipolysis, reduced fibrotic gene expression, and increased alternatively activated macrophages. Subjects with the most SC WAT beiging showed the greatest improvement in β cell function. In skeletal muscle, mirabegron reduced triglycerides, increased the expression of PPARγ coactivator 1 α (PGC1A) (P < 0.05), and increased type I fibers (P < 0.01). Conditioned media from adipocytes treated with mirabegron stimulated muscle fiber PGC1A expression in vitro (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONMirabegron treatment substantially improved multiple measures of glucose homeostasis in obese, insulin-resistant humans. Since β cells and skeletal muscle do not express β3-ARs, these data suggest that the beiging of SC WAT by mirabegron reduces adipose tissue dysfunction, which enhances muscle oxidative capacity and improves β cell function.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicaltrials.gov NCT02919176.FUNDINGNIH: DK112282, P30GM127211, DK 71349, and Clinical and Translational science Awards (CTSA) grant UL1TR001998.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S. Finlin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, College of Medicine
| | - Hasiyet Memetimin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, College of Medicine
| | - Beibei Zhu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, College of Medicine
| | - Amy L. Confides
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences
- Center for Muscle Biology
| | | | | | - Zachary R. Johnson
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, College of Medicine
| | | | - Jianzhong Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Andrew J. Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | | | - Philip A. Kern
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, College of Medicine
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85
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Mihalopoulos NL, Yap JT, Beardmore B, Holubkov R, Nanjee MN, Hoffman JM. Cold-Activated Brown Adipose Tissue is Associated with Less Cardiometabolic Dysfunction in Young Adults with Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:916-923. [PMID: 32170839 PMCID: PMC7180112 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to test the hypothesis that young adults with obesity and cold-activated brown adipose tissue (BAT) are less likely to have metabolic dysfunction (dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and hypertension) than those without cold-activated BAT. Previous studies have noted a potentially protective effect of BAT and higher adiponectin/leptin ratios, but they have acknowledged that the clinical implications of these findings remain uncertain. METHODS Twenty-one females and twenty-three males with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 ) underwent a 2-hour cooling protocol before 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18 F-FDG)-positron emission tomography/x-ray computed tomography scan to determine the prevalence, volume, and 18 F-FDG uptake of cold-activated BAT. RESULTS Cold-activated BAT was identified in 43% of participants (11 female, 8 male); females had greater 18 F-FDG uptake. Those with cold-activated BAT had a lesser degree of metabolic dysfunction. Cold-activated BAT volume correlated with triglycerides (inversely) and adiponectin (concordantly). Body-mass-adjusted cold-activated BAT activity correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (concordantly). Males with cold-activated BAT had lower leptin and higher adiponectin/leptin ratio. CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of cold-activated BAT was found in the study participants. BAT could be important in decreasing metabolic dysfunction among young adults with obesity, making it a potential target for treating metabolically unhealthy obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Mihalopoulos
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Yap
- Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Britney Beardmore
- Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Richard Holubkov
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - M Nazeem Nanjee
- Department of Cardiovascular Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - John M Hoffman
- Center for Quantitative Cancer Imaging, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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86
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Feeding brown fat: dietary phytochemicals targeting non-shivering thermogenesis to control body weight. Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 79:338-356. [PMID: 32290888 PMCID: PMC7663322 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120006928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Excessive adipose accumulation, which is the main driver for the development of secondary metabolic complications, has reached epidemic proportions and combined pharmaceutical, educational and nutritional approaches are required to reverse the current rise in global obesity prevalence rates. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a unique organ able to dissipate energy and thus a promising target to enhance BMR to counteract a positive energy balance. In addition, active BAT might support body weight maintenance after weight loss to prevent/reduce relapse. Natural products deliver valuable bioactive compounds that have historically helped to alleviate disease symptoms. Interest in recent years has focused on identifying nutritional constituents that are able to induce BAT activity and thereby enhance energy expenditure. This review provides a summary of selected dietary phytochemicals, including isoflavones, catechins, stilbenes, the flavonoids quercetin, luteolin and resveratrol as well as the alkaloids berberine and capsaicin. Most of the discussed phytochemicals act through distinct molecular pathways e.g. sympathetic nerve activation, AMP-kinase signalling, SIRT1 activity or stimulation of oestrogen receptors. Thus, it might be possible to utilise this multitude of pathways to co-activate BAT using a fine-tuned combination of foods or combined nutritional supplements.
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87
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Wang Y, Gao M, Zhu F, Li X, Yang Y, Yan Q, Jia L, Xie L, Chen Z. METTL3 is essential for postnatal development of brown adipose tissue and energy expenditure in mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1648. [PMID: 32245957 PMCID: PMC7125133 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) undergoes rapid postnatal development and then protects against cold and obesity into adulthood. However, the molecular mechanism that determines postnatal development and maturation of BAT is largely unknown. Here we show that METTL3 (a key RNA methyltransferase) expression increases significantly in interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) after birth and plays an essential role in the postnatal development and maturation of iBAT. BAT-specific deletion of Mettl3 severely impairs maturation of BAT in vivo by decreasing m6A modification and expression of Prdm16, Pparg, and Ucp1 transcripts, which leads to a marked reduction in BAT-mediated adaptive thermogenesis and promotes high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and systemic insulin resistance. These data demonstrate that METTL3 is an essential regulator that controls iBAT postnatal development and energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ming Gao
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Fuxing Zhu
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xinzhi Li
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ying Yang
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Qiuxin Yan
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Linna Jia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Liwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.
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88
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Brasil S, Renck AC, de Meneck F, Brioschi ML, Costa EF, Teixeira MJ. A systematic review on the role of infrared thermography in the Brown adipose tissue assessment. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2020; 21:37-44. [PMID: 31965434 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09539-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an endocrine adipose tissue with attributes to dissipate energy as heat in response to changes in temperature and diet. Infrared thermography (IRT) has been studied in recent years in the assessment of BAT thermogenesis, as an option to positron emission tomography - computed tomography (PET-CT), because of several advantages. We performed a systematic review on the use of IRT in BAT assessment. Comprehensive online search was performed in different databases. The QUADAS 2 tool was used to evaluate studies' quality. 12 studies fit the inclusion criteria, whereas only one of these was considered of low risk of bias. 10 studies were favorable to IRT appliance in BAT evaluation, observing elevation of supraclavicular skin temperature correlated with BAT activity. Studies were heterogeneous in design, and a meta-analysis was precluded. Further studies with similar methodologies are needed. Conclusion: Despite the large number of published methodologies, IRT is a promising method for detecting BAT activation. Current knowledge already allows a better understanding of thermography to improve and standardize the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Brasil
- Division of Neurological Surgery. Hospital das Clínicas, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Alessandra C Renck
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Franciele de Meneck
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos L Brioschi
- Division of Neurological Surgery. Hospital das Clínicas, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine F Costa
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel J Teixeira
- Division of Neurological Surgery. Hospital das Clínicas, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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89
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Metabolic regulation and the anti-obesity perspectives of brown adipose tissue (BAT); a systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obmed.2019.100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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90
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Maurer SF, Fromme T, Mocek S, Zimmermann A, Klingenspor M. Uncoupling protein 1 and the capacity for nonshivering thermogenesis are components of the glucose homeostatic system. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E198-E215. [PMID: 31714796 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00121.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) provides nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) fueled by the dissipation of energy from macronutrients in brown and brite adipocytes. The availability of thermogenic fuels is facilitated by the uptake of extracellular glucose. This conjunction renders thermogenic adipocytes in brown and white adipose tissue (WAT) a potential target against obesity and glucose intolerance. We employed wild-type (WT) and Ucp1-ablated mice to elucidate this relationship. In three experiments of similar setup, Ucp1-ablated mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) had either reduced or similar body mass gain, food intake, and metabolic efficiency compared with WT mice, challenging the hypothesized role of this protein in the development of diet-induced obesity. Despite the absence of increased body mass, oral glucose tolerance was robustly impaired in Ucp1-ablated mice in response to HFD. Postprandial glucose uptake was attenuated in brown adipose tissue but enhanced in subcutaneous WAT of Ucp1-ablated mice. These differences were explainable by expression of the insulin-responsive member 4 of the facilitated glucose transporter family and fully in line with the capacity for NST in these very tissues. Thus, the postprandial glucose uptake of adipose tissues serves as a surrogate measure for Ucp1-dependent and independent capacity for NST. Collectively, our findings corroborate Ucp1 as a modulator of adipose tissue glucose uptake and systemic glucose homeostasis but challenge its hypothesized causal effect on the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie F Maurer
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Freising, Germany
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Tobias Fromme
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Freising, Germany
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Sabine Mocek
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Freising, Germany
| | - Anika Zimmermann
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Freising, Germany
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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91
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Abstract
Obesity is characterized by a state of chronic inflammation in adipose tissue mediated by the secretion of a range of inflammatory cytokines. In comparison to WAT, relatively little is known about the inflammatory status of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in physiology and pathophysiology. Because BAT and brown/beige adipocytes are specialized in energy expenditure they have protective roles against obesity and associated metabolic diseases. BAT appears to be is less susceptible to developing inflammation than WAT. However, there is increasing evidence that inflammation directly alters the thermogenic activity of brown fat by impairing its capacity for energy expenditure and glucose uptake. The inflammatory microenvironment can be affected by cytokines secreted by immune cells as well as by the brown adipocytes themselves. Therefore, pro-inflammatory signals represent an important component of the thermogenic potential of brown and beige adipocytes and may contribute their dysfunction in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Omran
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Christian
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Mark Christian
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92
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Vinaik R, Barayan D, Abdullahi A, Jeschke MG. NLRP3 inflammasome mediates white adipose tissue browning after burn. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E751-E759. [PMID: 31453709 PMCID: PMC6879867 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00180.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark after burn is the stress and inflammatory-induced hypermetabolic response. Recently, we and others found that browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) is a critical component of this complex detrimental response. Although browning and inflammation have been independently delineated to occur after injury, their interaction is currently not well defined. One of the master regulators of inflammation and adipose tissue remodeling after burns is nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. The aim of this this study was to determine whether NLRP3 modulates and activates WAT browning after burn. To obtain molecular and mechanistic insights, we used an NLRP3 knockout (NLRP3-/-) murine burn model. We demonstrated that genetic deletion of NLRP3 promoted persistent and augmented browning in adipocytes, evidenced by increased gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and CIDEA at 3 days (5.74 vs. 0.29, P < 0.05; 26.0 vs. 0.71, P < 0.05) and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and PGC1α at 7 days (7,406 vs. 3,894, P < 0.05; 20.6 vs. 2.52, P < 0.01) and enhanced UCP1 staining and multilocularity. Additionally, the main regulator of postburn WAT browning, IL-6, was elevated in the plasma acutely after burn in NLRP3-/- compared with wild-type counterparts (478.9 vs. 67.1 pg/mL, P < 0.05 at 3 days). These results suggest that NLRP3 has antibrowning effects and that blocking NLRP3 increases thermogenesis and augments browning via increased levels of IL-6. Our findings provide insights into targeting innate inflammatory systems for regulation of adaptive thermogenesis, a critical response after burns and other hypermetabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohi Vinaik
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dalia Barayan
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Marc G Jeschke
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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93
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Cheng CF, Ku HC, Cheng JJ, Chao SW, Li HF, Lai PF, Chang CC, Don MJ, Chen HH, Lin H. Adipocyte browning and resistance to obesity in mice is induced by expression of ATF3. Commun Biol 2019; 2:389. [PMID: 31667363 PMCID: PMC6813364 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Billions of people have obesity-related metabolic syndromes such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Promoting the browning of white adipose tissue has been suggested as a potential strategy, but a drug still needs to be identified. Here, genetic deletion of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3-/- ) in mice under a high-fat diet (HFD) resulted in obesity and insulin resistance, which was abrogated by virus-mediated ATF3 restoration. ST32da, a synthetic ATF3 inducer isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza, promoted ATF3 expression to downregulate adipokine genes and induce adipocyte browning by suppressing the carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein-stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 axis. Furthermore, ST32da increased white adipose tissue browning and reduced lipogenesis in HFD-induced obese mice. The anti-obesity efficacy of oral ST32da administration was similar to that of the clinical drug orlistat. Our study identified the ATF3 inducer ST32da as a promising therapeutic drug for treating diet-induced obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3-L1 Cells
- Activating Transcription Factor 3/deficiency
- Activating Transcription Factor 3/genetics
- Activating Transcription Factor 3/metabolism
- Adipocytes, Brown/metabolism
- Adipocytes, Brown/pathology
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/pathology
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/pathology
- Animals
- Anti-Obesity Agents/pharmacology
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Body Temperature Regulation/physiology
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Insulin Resistance
- Lipogenesis/drug effects
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/prevention & control
- Orlistat/pharmacology
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plants, Medicinal/chemistry
- Salvia miltiorrhiza/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Feng Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chen Ku
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Jy Cheng
- Ph.D. Program in Clinical Drug Discovery from Botanical Herbs, Taipei Medical, University, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Wei Chao
- Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Fen Li
- Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Fang Lai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Che-Chang Chang
- Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jaw Don
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Hsien Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Heng Lin
- Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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94
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Brychta RJ, Huang S, Wang J, Leitner BP, Hattenbach JD, Bell SL, Fletcher LA, Perron Wood R, Idelson CR, Duckworth CJ, McGehee S, Courville AB, Bernstein SB, Reitman ML, Cypess AM, Chen KY. Quantification of the Capacity for Cold-Induced Thermogenesis in Young Men With and Without Obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:4865-4878. [PMID: 31150063 PMCID: PMC6733495 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cold exposure increases energy expenditure (EE) and could have a role in combating obesity. To understand this potential, we determined the capacity for cold-induced thermogenesis (CIT), the EE increase above the basal metabolic rate at the individualized coldest tolerable temperature before overt shivering. DESIGN During a 13-day inpatient protocol, we quantitated the EE of 12 lean men and 9 men with obesity at various randomly ordered ambient temperatures in a room calorimeter. Subjects underwent brown fat imaging after exposure to their coldest tolerable temperature. RESULTS CIT capacity was 300 ± 218 kcal/d (mean ± SD) or 17 ± 11% in lean men and 125 ± 146 kcal/d or 6 ± 7% in men with obesity (P = 0.01). The temperature below which EE increased, lower critical temperature (Tlc), was warmer in lean men than men with obesity (22.9 ± 1.2 vs 21.1 ± 1.7°C, P = 0.03), but both had similar skin temperature (Tskin) changes and coldest tolerable temperatures. Whereas lean subjects had higher brown fat activity, skeletal muscle activity increased synchronously with CIT beginning at the Tlc in both groups, indicating that muscle is recruited for CIT in parallel with brown fat, not sequentially after nonshivering thermogenesis is maximal. CONCLUSIONS Despite greater insulation from fat, men with obesity had a narrower range of tolerable cool temperatures available for increasing EE and less capacity for CIT than lean men, likely as a result of greater basal heat production and similar perception to Tskin cooling. Further study of the reduced CIT capacity in men with obesity may inform treatment opportunities for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Brychta
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Robert J. Brychta, PhD, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 5-5740, Bethesda, Maryland 20892. E-mail:
| | - Shan Huang
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Juan Wang
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brooks P Leitner
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jacob D Hattenbach
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sarah L Bell
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Laura A Fletcher
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rachel Perron Wood
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christopher R Idelson
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Courtney J Duckworth
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Suzanne McGehee
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amber B Courville
- Nutrition Department, Hatfield Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shanna B Bernstein
- Nutrition Department, Hatfield Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marc L Reitman
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kong Y Chen
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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95
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Pereira RO, McFarlane SI. The Role of Brown Adipose Tissue in Cardiovascular Disease Protection: Current Evidence and Future Directions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 4. [PMID: 31650091 PMCID: PMC6812533 DOI: 10.15344/2456-8007/2019/136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renata O Pereira
- Department of Internal Medicine - Endocrinology and Metabolism, FOE Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Samy I McFarlane
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NYC 11203, USA
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96
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Lundström E, Ljungberg J, Andersson J, Manell H, Strand R, Forslund A, Bergsten P, Weghuber D, Mörwald K, Zsoldos F, Widhalm K, Meissnitzer M, Ahlström H, Kullberg J. Brown adipose tissue estimated with the magnetic resonance imaging fat fraction is associated with glucose metabolism in adolescents. Pediatr Obes 2019; 14:e12531. [PMID: 31290284 PMCID: PMC6771901 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite therapeutic potential against obesity and diabetes, the associations of brown adipose tissue (BAT) with glucose metabolism in young humans are relatively unexplored. OBJECTIVES To investigate possible associations between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) estimates of BAT and glucose metabolism, whilst considering sex, age, and adiposity, in adolescents with normal and overweight/obese phenotypes. METHODS In 143 subjects (10-20 years), MRI estimates of BAT were assessed as cervical-supraclavicular adipose tissue (sBAT) fat fraction (FF) and T2* from water-fat MRI. FF and T2* of neighbouring subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were also assessed. Adiposity was estimated with a standardized body mass index, the waist-to-height ratio, and abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue volumes. Glucose metabolism was represented by the 2h plasma glucose concentration, the Matsuda index, the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, and the oral disposition index; obtained from oral glucose tolerance tests. RESULTS sBAT FF and T2* correlated positively with adiposity before and after adjustment for sex and age. sBAT FF, but not T2* , correlated with 2h glucose and Matsuda index, also after adjustment for sex, age, and adiposity. The association with 2h glucose persisted after additional adjustment for SAT FF. CONCLUSIONS The association between sBAT FF and 2h glucose, observed independently of sex, age, adiposity, and SAT FF, indicates a role for BAT in glucose metabolism, which potentially could influence the risk of developing diabetes. The lacking association with sBAT T2* might be due to FF being a superior biomarker for BAT and/or to methodological limitations in the T2* quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Lundström
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of RadiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Joy Ljungberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of RadiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Jonathan Andersson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of RadiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Hannes Manell
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden,Children Obesity ClinicUppsala University HospitalUppsalaSweden,Department of Medical Cell BiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Robin Strand
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of RadiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden,Department of Information TechnologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Anders Forslund
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden,Children Obesity ClinicUppsala University HospitalUppsalaSweden
| | - Peter Bergsten
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden,Children Obesity ClinicUppsala University HospitalUppsalaSweden,Department of Medical Cell BiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Daniel Weghuber
- Department of PediatricsParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria,Obesity Research UnitParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Katharina Mörwald
- Department of PediatricsParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria,Obesity Research UnitParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Fanni Zsoldos
- Department of PediatricsParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria,Obesity Research UnitParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Kurt Widhalm
- Department of PediatricsParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria,Obesity Research UnitParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria,Department of PediatricsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Håkan Ahlström
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of RadiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden,Antaros MedicalBioVenture HubMölndalSweden
| | - Joel Kullberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of RadiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden,Antaros MedicalBioVenture HubMölndalSweden
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97
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Programming mediated by fatty acids affects uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) in brown adipose tissue. Br J Nutr 2019; 120:619-627. [PMID: 30176958 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518001629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has recently been given more attention for the part it plays in obesity. BAT can generate great amounts of heat through thermogenesis by the activation of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1), which can be regulated by many environmental factors such as diet. Moreover, the build-up of BAT relates to maternal nutritional changes during pregnancy and lactation. However, at present, there is a limited number of studies looking at maternal nutrition and BAT development, and it seems that the research trend in this field has been considerably declining since the 1980s. There is much to discover yet about the role of different fatty acids on the development of BAT and the activation of UCP-1 during the fetal and the postnatal periods of life. A better understanding of the impact of nutritional intervention on the epigenetic regulation of BAT could lead to new preventive care for metabolic diseases such as obesity. It is important to know in which circumstances lipids could programme BAT during pregnancy and lactation. The modification of maternal dietary fatty acids, amount and composition, during pregnancy and lactation might be a promising strategy for the prevention of obesity in the offspring and future generations.
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98
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Suppression of Brown Adipocyte Autophagy Improves Energy Metabolism by Regulating Mitochondrial Turnover. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143520. [PMID: 31323770 PMCID: PMC6678363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The high abundance of mitochondria and the expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) confer upon brown adipose tissue (BAT) the unique capacity to convert chemical energy into heat at the expense of ATP synthesis. It was long believed that BAT is present only in infants, and so, it was not considered as a potential therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome; however, the discovery of metabolically active BAT in adult humans has re-stimulated interest in the contributions of BAT metabolic regulation and dysfunction to health and disease. Here we demonstrate that brown adipocyte autophagy plays a critical role in the regulation BAT activity and systemic energy metabolism. Mice deficient in brown adipocyte autophagy due to BAT-specific deletion of Atg7-a gene essential for autophagosome generation-maintained higher mitochondrial content due to suppression of mitochondrial clearance and exhibited improved insulin sensitivity and energy metabolism. Autophagy was upregulated in BAT of older mice compared to younger mice, suggesting its involvement in the age-dependent decline of BAT activity and metabolic rate. These findings suggest that brown adipocyte autophagy plays a crucial role in metabolism and that targeting this pathway may be a potential therapeutic strategy for metabolic syndrome.
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99
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Contribution of brown adipose tissue to human energy metabolism. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 68:82-89. [PMID: 31306668 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present "obesogenic' environment has favored excessive energy intake resulting in the current obesity epidemic and its associated diseases. The epidemic has incentivized scientists to develop novel behavioral and pharmacological strategies that enhance energy expenditure to compensate for excessive energy intake. Although physical activity is effective to increase total energy expenditure, it is insufficient to induce negative energy balance and weight loss. With the discovery of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans, BAT activation soon emerged as a potential strategy for elevating energy expenditure. BAT is the only tissue that expresses uncoupling protein 1, conferring on this tissue high thermogenic capacity due to a low efficiency for mitochondrial ATP generation. Potential manipulation of BAT mass and activity has fueled the interest in altering whole-body energy balance through increased energy expenditure. Remarkable advances have been made in quantifying the amount and activity of BAT in humans. Many studies have concluded that the amount of active BAT appears insufficient to induce meaningful increases in energy expenditure. Thus, the majority of studies report that BAT activation does not influence body weight and metabolic control in humans. Strategies to increase BAT mass and/or to potentiate BAT activity seem necessary.
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100
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Pence S, Zhu Q, Binne E, Liu M, Shi H, Lo CC. Reduced Diet-induced Thermogenesis in Apolipoprotein A-IV Deficient Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3176. [PMID: 31261740 PMCID: PMC6651278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the presence of dietary lipids, both apolipoprotein A-IV (ApoA-IV) production and brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis are increased. The effect of dietary lipid-induced AproA-IV on BAT thermogenesis and energy expenditure remains unknown. In the present study, we hypothesized that ApoA-IV knockout (ApoA-IV-KO) mice exhibited decreased BAT thermogenesis to affect energy homeostasis. To test this hypothesis, BAT thermogenesis in wildtype (WT) and ApoA-IV-KO mice fed either a standard low-fat chow diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) was investigated. When fed a chow diet, energy expenditure and food intake were comparable between WT and ApoA-IV-KO mice. After 1 week of HFD consumption, ApoA-IV-KO mice had comparable energy intake but produced lower energy expenditure relative to their WT controls in the dark phase. After an acute feeding of dietary lipids or 1-week HFD feeding, ApoA-IV-KO mice produced lower levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and exhibited reduced expression of thermogenic genes in the BAT compared with WT controls. In response to cold exposure, however, ApoA-IV-KO mice had comparable energy expenditure and BAT temperature relative to WT mice. Thus, ApoA-IV-KO mice exhibited reduced diet-induced BAT thermogenesis and energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Pence
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Diabetes Institute and Honor Tutorial College, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Qi Zhu
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Erin Binne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Diabetes Institute and Honor Tutorial College, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45215, USA
| | - Haifei Shi
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Chunmin C Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Diabetes Institute and Honor Tutorial College, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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