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Adjamian P. The application of electro- and magneto-encephalography in tinnitus research - methods and interpretations. Front Neurol 2014; 5:228. [PMID: 25431567 PMCID: PMC4230045 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the use of electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate changes in oscillatory brain activity associated with tinnitus with many conflicting results. Current view of the underlying mechanism of tinnitus is that it results from changes in brain activity in various structures of the brain as a consequence of sensory deprivation. This in turn gives rise to increased spontaneous activity and/or synchrony in the auditory centers but also involves modulation from non-auditory processes from structures of the limbic and paralimbic system. Some of the neural changes associated with tinnitus may be assessed non-invasively in human beings with MEG and EEG (M/EEG) in ways, which are superior to animal studies and other non-invasive imaging techniques. However, both MEG and EEG have their limitations and research results can be misinterpreted without appropriate consideration of these limitations. In this article, I intend to provide a brief review of these techniques, describe what the recorded signals reflect in terms of the underlying neural activity, and their strengths and limitations. I also discuss some pertinent methodological issues involved in tinnitus-related studies and conclude with suggestions to minimize possible discrepancies between results. The overall message is that while MEG and EEG are extremely useful techniques, the interpretation of results from tinnitus studies requires much caution given the individual variability in oscillatory activity and the limits of these techniques.
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Meyer M, Luethi MS, Neff P, Langer N, Büchi S. Disentangling tinnitus distress and tinnitus presence by means of EEG power analysis. Neural Plast 2014; 2014:468546. [PMID: 25276437 PMCID: PMC4168245 DOI: 10.1155/2014/468546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated 24 individuals suffering from chronic tinnitus (TI) and 24 nonaffected controls (CO). We recorded resting-state EEG and collected psychometric data to obtain information about how chronic tinnitus experience affects the cognitive and emotional state of TI. The study was meant to disentangle TI with high distress from those who suffer less from persistent tinnitus based on both neurophysiological and behavioral data. A principal component analysis of psychometric data uncovers two distinct independent dimensions characterizing the individual tinnitus experience. These independent states are distress and presence, the latter is described as the perceived intensity of sound experience that increases with tinnitus duration devoid of any considerable emotional burden. Neuroplastic changes correlate with the two independent components. TI with high distress display increased EEG activity in the oscillatory range around 25 Hz (upper β-band) that agglomerates over frontal recording sites. TI with high presence show enhanced EEG signal strength in the δ-, α-, and lower γ-bands (30-40 Hz) over bilateral temporal and left perisylvian electrodes. Based on these differential patterns we suggest that the two dimensions, namely, distress and presence, should be considered as independent dimensions of chronic subjective tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Meyer
- Neuroplasticity and Learning in the Healthy Aging Brain (HAB LAB), Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15/2, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland
- International Normal Aging and Plasticity Imaging Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program “Dynamics of Healthy Aging”, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Cognitive Psychology Unit (CPU), University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria
| | - Matthias S. Luethi
- Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Neff
- Neuroplasticity and Learning in the Healthy Aging Brain (HAB LAB), Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15/2, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program “Dynamics of Healthy Aging”, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Computer Music and Sound Technology (ICST), University of the Arts (ZHdK), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Langer
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- City College New York, New York, NY, USA
- Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefan Büchi
- Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Clinic for Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics “Hohenegg”, Meilen, Switzerland
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De Ridder D, Vanneste S, Weisz N, Londero A, Schlee W, Elgoyhen AB, Langguth B. An integrative model of auditory phantom perception: Tinnitus as a unified percept of interacting separable subnetworks. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 44:16-32. [PMID: 23597755 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Diffusion imaging of auditory and auditory-limbic connectivity in tinnitus: preliminary evidence and methodological challenges. Neural Plast 2014; 2014:145943. [PMID: 25050181 PMCID: PMC4090469 DOI: 10.1155/2014/145943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Subjective tinnitus, or “ringing in the ears,” is perceived by 10 to 15 percent of the adult population and causes significant suffering in a subset of patients. While it was originally thought of as a purely auditory phenomenon, there is increasing evidence that the limbic system influences whether and how tinnitus is perceived, far beyond merely determining the patient's emotional reaction to the phantom sound. Based on functional imaging and electrophysiological data, recent articles frame tinnitus as a “network problem” arising from abnormalities in auditory-limbic interactions. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging is a noninvasive method for investigating anatomical connections in vivo. It thus has the potential to provide anatomical evidence for the proposed changes in auditory-limbic connectivity. However, the few diffusion imaging studies of tinnitus performed to date have inconsistent results. In the present paper, we briefly summarize the results of previous studies, aiming to reconcile their results. After detailing analysis methods, we then report findings from a new dataset. We conclude that while there is some evidence for tinnitus-related increases in auditory and auditory-limbic connectivity that counteract hearing-loss related decreases in auditory connectivity, these results should be considered preliminary until several technical challenges have been overcome.
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De Ridder D, Vanneste S. Targeting the parahippocampal area by auditory cortex stimulation in tinnitus. Brain Stimul 2014; 7:709-17. [PMID: 25129400 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The final common pathway in tinnitus generation is considered to be synchronized auditory oscillatory hyperactivity. Intracranial auditory cortex stimulation (iACS) via implanted electrodes has been developed to treat severe cases of intractable tinnitus targeting this final common pathway, in the hope of being a panacea for tinnitus. However, not everybody responds to this treatment. OBJECTIVE The electrical brain activity and functional connectivity at rest might determine who is going to respond or not to iACS and might shed light on the pathophysiology of auditory phantom sound generation. METHOD The resting state electrical brain activity of 5 patients who responded and 5 patients who did not respond to auditory cortex implantation are compared using source localized spectral activity (Z-score of log transformed current density) and lagged phase synchronization. RESULTS sLORETA source localization reveals significant differences between responders vs non-responders for beta3 in left posterior parahippocampal, hippocampal and amygdala area extending into left insula. Gamma band differences exist in the posterior parahippocampal areas and BA10. Functional connectivity between the auditory cortex and the hippocampal area is increased for beta2, delta and theta2 in responders, as well as between the parahippocampal area and auditory cortex for beta3. CONCLUSION The resting state functional connectivity and activity between the auditory cortex and parahippocampus might determine whether a tinnitus patient will respond to a cortical implant. The auditory cortex may only be a functional entrance into a larger parahippocampal based tinnitus network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk De Ridder
- Brai²n, Sint Augustinus Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand.
| | - Sven Vanneste
- School for Behavioral & Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, USA; Department of Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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Campbell J, Sharma A. Cross-modal re-organization in adults with early stage hearing loss. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90594. [PMID: 24587400 PMCID: PMC3938766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical cross-modal re-organization, or recruitment of auditory cortical areas for visual processing, has been well-documented in deafness. However, the degree of sensory deprivation necessary to induce such cortical plasticity remains unclear. We recorded visual evoked potentials (VEP) using high-density electroencephalography in nine persons with adult-onset mild-moderate hearing loss and eight normal hearing control subjects. Behavioral auditory performance was quantified using a clinical measure of speech perception-in-noise. Relative to normal hearing controls, adults with hearing loss showed significantly larger P1, N1, and P2 VEP amplitudes, decreased N1 latency, and a novel positive component (P2') following the P2 VEP. Current source density reconstruction of VEPs revealed a shift toward ventral stream processing including activation of auditory temporal cortex in hearing-impaired adults. The hearing loss group showed worse than normal speech perception performance in noise, which was strongly correlated with a decrease in the N1 VEP latency. Overall, our findings provide the first evidence that visual cross-modal re-organization not only begins in the early stages of hearing impairment, but may also be an important factor in determining behavioral outcomes for listeners with hearing loss, a finding which demands further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Campbell
- University of Colorado at Boulder, Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Anu Sharma
- University of Colorado at Boulder, Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- University of Colorado at Boulder, Institute of Cognitive Science, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Vanneste S, Joos K, Langguth B, To WT, De Ridder D. Neuronal correlates of maladaptive coping: an EEG-study in tinnitus patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88253. [PMID: 24558383 PMCID: PMC3928191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we aimed to investigate the neuronal correlates of different coping styles in patients suffering from chronic tinnitus. Adaptive and maladaptive coping styles were determined in 85 tinnitus patients. Based on resting state EEG recordings, coping related differences in brain activity and connectivity were found. Maladaptive coping behavior was related to increases in subjective tinnitus loudness and distress, higher tinnitus severity and higher depression scores. EEG recordings demonstrated increased alpha activity over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) as well as increased connectivity in the default (i.e. resting state) network in tinnitus patients with a maladaptive coping style. Correlation analysis revealed that the changes in the DLPFC correlate primarily with maladaptive coping behavior, whereas the changes in the sgACC correlate with tinnitus severity and depression. Our findings are in line with previous research in the field of depression that during resting state a alpha band hyperconnectivity exists within the default network for patients who use a maladaptive coping style, with the sgACC as the dysfunctional node and that the strength of the connectivity is related to focusing on negative mood and catastrophizing about the consequences of tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Vanneste
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Joos
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Berthold Langguth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wing Ting To
- Faculty of Social Work and Welfare Studies, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk De Ridder
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- BRAIN, Sint Augustinus Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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Laureano MR, Onishi ET, Bressan RA, Castiglioni MLV, Batista IR, Reis MA, Garcia MV, de Andrade AN, de Almeida RR, Garrido GJ, Jackowski AP. Memory networks in tinnitus: a functional brain image study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87839. [PMID: 24516567 PMCID: PMC3916334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tinnitus is characterized by the perception of sound in the absence of an external auditory stimulus. The network connectivity of auditory and non-auditory brain structures associated with emotion, memory and attention are functionally altered in debilitating tinnitus. Current studies suggest that tinnitus results from neuroplastic changes in the frontal and limbic temporal regions. The objective of this study was to use Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) to evaluate changes in the cerebral blood flow in tinnitus patients with normal hearing compared with healthy controls. METHODS Twenty tinnitus patients with normal hearing and 17 healthy controls, matched for sex, age and years of education, were subjected to Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography using the radiotracer ethylenedicysteine diethyl ester, labeled with Technetium 99 m (99 mTc-ECD SPECT). The severity of tinnitus was assessed using the "Tinnitus Handicap Inventory" (THI). The images were processed and analyzed using "Statistical Parametric Mapping" (SPM8). RESULTS A significant increase in cerebral perfusion in the left parahippocampal gyrus (pFWE <0.05) was observed in patients with tinnitus compared with healthy controls. The average total THI score was 50.8+18.24, classified as moderate tinnitus. CONCLUSION It was possible to identify significant changes in the limbic system of the brain perfusion in tinnitus patients with normal hearing, suggesting that central mechanisms, not specific to the auditory pathway, are involved in the pathophysiology of symptoms, even in the absence of clinically diagnosed peripheral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Regina Laureano
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ektor Tsuneo Onishi
- Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Affonseca Bressan
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Instituto do Cérebro – Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Ilza Rosa Batista
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Instituto do Cérebro – Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marilia Alves Reis
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Instituto do Cérebro – Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Michele Vargas Garcia
- Departamento de Fonoaudiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Roberta Ribeiro de Almeida
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Griselda J. Garrido
- Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Andrea Parolin Jackowski
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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Kumar S, Sedley W, Barnes GR, Teki S, Friston KJ, Griffiths TD. A brain basis for musical hallucinations. Cortex 2013; 52:86-97. [PMID: 24445167 PMCID: PMC3969291 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The physiological basis for musical hallucinations (MH) is not understood. One obstacle to understanding has been the lack of a method to manipulate the intensity of hallucination during the course of experiment. Residual inhibition, transient suppression of a phantom percept after the offset of a masking stimulus, has been used in the study of tinnitus. We report here a human subject whose MH were residually inhibited by short periods of music. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) allowed us to examine variation in the underlying oscillatory brain activity in different states. Source-space analysis capable of single-subject inference defined left-lateralised power increases, associated with stronger hallucinations, in the gamma band in left anterior superior temporal gyrus, and in the beta band in motor cortex and posteromedial cortex. The data indicate that these areas form a crucial network in the generation of MH, and are consistent with a model in which MH are generated by persistent reciprocal communication in a predictive coding hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhbinder Kumar
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, London, UK.
| | - William Sedley
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Sundeep Teki
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, London, UK
| | | | - Timothy D Griffiths
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, London, UK
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Kim DK, Chung DY, Bae SC, Park KH, Yeo SW, Park SN. Diagnostic value and clinical significance of stress hormones in patients with tinnitus. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 271:2915-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-013-2785-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Neural substrates predicting improvement of tinnitus after cochlear implantation in patients with single-sided deafness. Hear Res 2013; 299:1-9. [PMID: 23415916 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Noreña AJ, Farley BJ. Tinnitus-related neural activity: Theories of generation, propagation, and centralization. Hear Res 2013; 295:161-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Song JJ, Vanneste S, Van de Heyning P, De Ridder D. Transcranial direct current stimulation in tinnitus patients: a systemic review and meta-analysis. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:427941. [PMID: 23133339 PMCID: PMC3483673 DOI: 10.1100/2012/427941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has already been used to manage tinnitus patients, paucity of reports and variations in protocols preclude a comprehensive understanding. Hence, we conducted a meta-analysis based on systemic review to assess effectiveness of tDCS in tinnitus management and to compare stimulation parameters. PubMed was searched for tDCS studies in tinnitus. For randomized controlled trials (RCTs), a meta-analysis was performed. A total of 17 studies were identified and 6 of them were included in the systemic review and 2 RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. Overall 39.5% responded to active tDCS with a mean tinnitus intensity reduction of 13.5%. Additionally, left temporal area (LTA) and bifrontal tDCS indicated comparable results. Active tDCS was found to be more effective than sham tDCS for tinnitus intensity reduction (Hedges' g = .77, 95% confidence interval 0.23-1.31). The efficacy of tDCS in tinnitus could not be fully confirmed by the current study because of the limited number of studies, but all studies included in the current systemic review and meta-analysis demonstrated significant tinnitus intensity improvement. Therefore, tDCS may be a promising tool for tinnitus management. Future RCTs in a large series regarding the efficacy as well as the comparison between LTA- and bifrontal tDCS are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Jin Song
- Brain, TRI & Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, Edegem, Belgium.
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