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Buyuktimkin B, Saier MH. Comparative genomic analyses of transport proteins encoded within the genomes of Leptospira species. Microb Pathog 2015; 88:52-64. [PMID: 26247102 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Select species of the bacterial genus Leptospira are causative agents of leptospirosis, an emerging global zoonosis affecting nearly one million people worldwide annually. We examined two Leptospira pathogens, Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai str. 56601 and Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo-bovis str. L550, as well as the free-living leptospiral saprophyte, Leptospira biflexa serovar Patoc str. 'Patoc 1 (Ames)'. The transport proteins of these leptospires were identified and compared using bioinformatics to gain an appreciation for which proteins may be related to pathogenesis and saprophytism. L. biflexa possesses a disproportionately high number of secondary carriers for metabolite uptake and environmental adaptability as well as an increased number of inorganic cation transporters providing ionic homeostasis and effective osmoregulation in a rapidly changing environment. L. interrogans and L. borgpetersenii possess far fewer transporters, but those that they have are remarkably similar, with near-equivalent representation in most transporter families. These two Leptospira pathogens also possess intact sphingomyelinases, holins, and virulence-related outer membrane porins. These virulence-related factors, in conjunction with decreased transporter substrate versatility, indicate that pathogenicity was accompanied by progressively narrowing ecological niches and the emergence of a limited set of proteins responsible for host invasion. The variability of host tropism and mortality rates by infectious leptospires suggests that small differences in individual sets of proteins play important physiological and pathological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Buyuktimkin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Milton H Saier
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA.
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Comparison of Bacterial Burden and Cytokine Gene Expression in Golden Hamsters in Early Phase of Infection with Two Different Strains of Leptospira interrogans. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132694. [PMID: 26146835 PMCID: PMC4492770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis, a zoonotic infection with worldwide prevalence, is caused by pathogenic spirochaetes of Leptospira spp., and exhibits an extremely broad clinical spectrum in human patients. Although previous studies indicated that specific serovars or genotypes of Leptospira spp. were associated with severe leptospirosis or its outbreak, the mechanism underlying the difference in virulence of the various Leptospira serotypes or genotypes remains unclear. The present study addresses this question by measuring and comparing bacterial burden and cytokine gene expression in hamsters infected with strains of two L. interrogans serovars Manilae (highly virulent) and Hebdomadis (less virulent). The histopathology of kidney, liver, and lung tissues was also investigated in infected hamsters. A significantly higher bacterial burden was observed in liver tissues of hamsters infected with serovar Manilae than those infected with serovar Hebdomadis (p < 0.01). The average copy number of the leptospiral genome was 1,302 and 20,559 in blood and liver, respectively, of hamsters infected with serovar Manilae and 1,340 and 4,896, respectively, in hamsters infected with serovar Hebdomadis. The expression levels of mip1alpha in blood; tgfbeta, il1beta, mip1alpha, il10, tnfalpha and cox2 in liver; and tgfbeta, il6, tnfalpha and cox2 in lung tissue were significantly higher in hamsters infected with serovar Manilae than those infected with serovar Hebdomadis (p < 0.05). In addition, infection with serovar Manilae resulted in a significantly larger number of hamsters with tnfalpha upregulation (p = 0.04). Severe distortion of tubular cell arrangement and disruption of renal tubules in kidney tissues and hemorrhage in lung tissues were observed in Manilae-infected hamsters. These results demonstrate that serovar Manilae multiplied more efficiently in liver tissues and induced significantly higher expression of genes encoding pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines than serovar Hebdomadis even in tissues for which a significant difference in leptospiral load was not observed. In addition, our results suggest a serovar Manilae-specific mechanism responsible for inducing severe damage in kidneys and hemorrhage in lung.
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Fernandes LG, de Morais ZM, Vasconcellos SA, Nascimento ALTO. Leptospira interrogans reduces fibrin clot formation by modulating human thrombin activity via exosite I. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv001. [PMID: 25834144 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria of the genus Leptospira are the etiological agents of leptospirosis, a disease that affects humans and animals worldwide. Although there are an increasing number of studies on the biology of Leptospira, the mechanisms of pathogenesis are not yet understood. We report in this work that Leptospira interrogans FIOCRUZ L1-130 virulent, M20 culture attenuated and the saprophyte L. biflexa Patoc 1 strains do not bind prothrombin. Leptospiral binding to thrombin was detected with the virulent, followed by culture-attenuated M20, and practically none was observed with the saprophyte strain. The interaction of Leptospira with thrombin mostly occurs via exosite I, with a minor participation of catalytic site, as determined by employing the thrombin inhibitors hirugen, hirudin and argatroban. Leptospira interrogans binding to thrombin inhibits its catalytic activity reducing fibrin clot formation in thrombin-catalyzed reaction of fibrinogen. This inhibition was more efficient with the virulent FIOCRUZ L1-130 than with the M20 culture attenuated, while none was seen with the saprophyte strain, suggesting that this binding might be important for bacterial virulence. This is the first study reporting the binding of pathogenic Leptospira to thrombin promoting a decrease in fibrin clotting that could lead to hemorrhage, helping bacteria dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G Fernandes
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900, Brazil Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Zenaide M de Morais
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de MedicinaVeterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Silvio A Vasconcellos
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de MedicinaVeterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Ana L T O Nascimento
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900, Brazil Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
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Komi KK, Ge YM, Xin XY, Ojcius DM, Sun D, Hu WL, Zhao X, Lin X, Yan J. RETRACTED: ChpK and MazF of the toxin-antitoxin modules are involved in the virulence of Leptospira interrogans during infection. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:34-47. [PMID: 25461800 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the corresponding author and the editorial office of Microbes and Infection. An independent reviewer of the retraction request was also appointed given that one of the authors is the Editor-in- Chief. For figure 1C, Lanes 1 and 2 appear to share some unexpected similarities, except for the bottom band, which also appear to be the band of interest. Sections of Figure 2C appear similar to sections of Figure 5D of a paper that had already appeared in Molecular Microbiology, volume 83, issue 5 (2012) 1006-1023. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.07985.x. In figure 3A, Flow cytograms share identical/similar patterns highlighted in various colours. Peculiarly, some of these patterns can be seen as horizontal rotations of others along the axis that separates different quadrants. (ie red green & purple). Moreover, some quadrants appear to have very high densities of events that are suprisingly limited by quadrant gates (most noticeably quadrants B2 from the second column of panels. Figure 5A-B it was found that there were duplicated bands were produced. Figures 5C and 5D, it was found that bands across each individual gel appear identical. One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is that authors declare explicitly that the paper has not been previously published and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. Re-use of any data should be appropriately cited. As such this article represents a misuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komi Koukoura Komi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
| | - Yu-Mei Ge
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Yang Xin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
| | - David M Ojcius
- Health Sciences Research Institute and Molecular Cell Biology Department, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Dexter Sun
- New York Presbyterian Hospital & Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Wei-Lin Hu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
| | - Xu'ai Lin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
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Abstract
Pathogenic Leptospira has the capacity to infect a broad range of mammalian hosts. Leptospirosis may appear as an acute, potentially fatal infection in accidental hosts, or progress into a chronic, largely asymptomatic infection in natural maintenance hosts. The course that Leptospira infection follows is dependent upon poorly understood factors, but is heavily influenced by both the host species and bacterial serovar involved in infection. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by a variety of host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activates the host immune system. The outcome of this response may result in bacterial clearance, limited bacterial colonization of a few target organs, principally the kidney, or induction of sepsis as the host succumbs to infection and dies. This chapter describes current knowledge of how the host recognizes Leptospira and responds to infection using innate and acquired immune responses. Aspects of immune-mediated pathology and pathogen strategies to evade the host immune response are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Zuerner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University for Agricultural Sciences, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden,
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Li L, Lin M, Li L, Wang R, Zhang C, Qi G, Xu M, Rong R, Zhu T. Renal telocytes contribute to the repair of ischemically injured renal tubules. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:1144-56. [PMID: 24758589 PMCID: PMC4508154 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs), a distinct type of interstitial cells, have been identified in many organs via electron microscopy. However, their precise function in organ regeneration remains unknown. This study investigated the paracrine effect of renal TCs on renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) in vitro, the regenerative function of renal TCs in renal tubules after ischaemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) in vivo and the possible mechanisms involved. In a renal IRI model, transplantation of renal TCs was found to decrease serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, while renal fibroblasts exerted no such effect. The results of histological injury assessments and the expression levels of cleaved caspase-3 were consistent with a change in kidney function. Our data suggest that the protective effect of TCs against IRI occurs via inflammation-independent mechanisms in vivo. Furthermore, we found that renal TCs could not directly promote the proliferation and anti-apoptosis properties of TECs in vitro. TCs did not display any advantage in paracrine growth factor secretion in vitro compared with renal fibroblasts. These data indicate that renal TCs protect against renal IRI via an inflammation-independent pathway and that growth factors play a significant role in this mechanism. Renal TCs may protect TECs in certain microenvironments while interacting with other cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Li
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Lab of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the past years, the importance of studying leptospirosis in a translational context has become more evident. This review addresses recent findings in the study of leptospirosis infection, focusing on those applicable to public health, or that will affect management and diagnosis of cases of leptospirosis. RECENT FINDINGS We review here recent findings regarding translational aspects of leptospirosis research. Briefly, PCR or a combination of serology and PCR seem to have a higher sensitivity than the current gold standard (microagglutination test). More clinical trials are needed to determine the best treatment for mild and severe leptospirosis. Dendritic cells and γδ T cells seem to have an important role in the immune response to leptospirosis. Environmental assessment is emerging as a very useful tool. SUMMARY In order to understand leptospirosis, multiple aspects need to be considered, including host, pathogen and environment. In this review, we will address newer diagnostics, current advances in immunology and treatment and the growing role of environmental assessment.
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Lin M, Li L, Li L, Pokhrel G, Qi G, Rong R, Zhu T. The protective effect of baicalin against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury through inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:19. [PMID: 24417870 PMCID: PMC3893527 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) increases the rates of acute kidney failure, delayed graft function, and early mortality after kidney transplantation. The pathophysiology involved includes oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and immune-mediated injury. The anti-oxidation, anti-apoptosis, and anti-inflammation properties of baicalin, a flavonoid glycoside isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, have been verified. This study therefore assessed the effects of baicalin against renal IRI in rats. Methods Baicalin was intraperitoneally injected 30 min before renal ischemia. Serum and kidneys were harvested 24 h after reperfusion. Renal function and histological changes were assessed. Markers of oxidative stress, the Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 signaling pathway, mitochondrial stress, and cell apoptosis were also evaluated. Results Baicalin treatment decreased oxidative stress and histological injury, and improved kidney function, as well as inhibiting proinflammatory responses and tubular apoptosis. Baicalin pretreatment also reduced the expression of TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, p-NF-κB, and p-IκB proteins, as well as decreasing caspase-3 activity and increasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Conclusions Baicalin may attenuate renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting proinflammatory responses and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. These effects are associated with the TLR2/4 signaling pathway and mitochondrial stress.
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Ray S, Patel SK, Kumar V, Damahe J, Srivastava S. Differential expression of serum/plasma proteins in various infectious diseases: specific or nonspecific signatures. Proteomics Clin Appl 2013; 8:53-72. [PMID: 24293340 PMCID: PMC7168033 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Apart from direct detection of the infecting organisms or biomarker of the pathogen itself, surrogate host markers are also useful for sensitive and early diagnosis of pathogenic infections. Early detection of pathogenic infections, discrimination among closely related diseases with overlapping clinical manifestations, and monitoring of disease progression can be achieved by analyzing blood biomarkers. Therefore, over the last decade large numbers of proteomics studies have been conducted to identify differentially expressed human serum/plasma proteins in different infectious diseases with the intent of discovering novel potential diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers. However, in-depth review of the literature indicates that many reported biomarkers are altered in the same way in multiple infectious diseases, regardless of the type of infection. This might be a consequence of generic acute phase reactions, while the uniquely modulated candidates in different pathogenic infections could be indicators of some specific responses. In this review article, we will provide a comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed serum/plasma proteins in various infectious diseases and categorize the protein markers associated with generic or specific responses. The challenges associated with the discovery, validation, and translational phases of serum/plasma biomarker establishment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Ray
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Wadhwani Research Centre for Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
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Kassegne K, Hu W, Ojcius DM, Sun D, Ge Y, Zhao J, Yang XF, Li L, Yan J. Identification of collagenase as a critical virulence factor for invasiveness and transmission of pathogenic Leptospira species. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:1105-15. [PMID: 24277745 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is a global zoonotic disease. Transmission of Leptospira from animals to humans occurs through contact with water contaminated with leptospire-containing urine of infected animals. However, the molecular basis for the invasiveness of Leptospira and transmission of leptospirosis remains unknown. METHODS Activity of Leptospira interrogans strain Lai colA gene product (ColA) to hydrolyze different collagenic substrates was determined by spectrophotometry. Expression and secretion of ColA during infection were detected by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assay. The colA gene-deleted (ΔcolA) and colA gene-complemented (CΔcolA) mutants were generated to determine the roles of ColA in transcytosis in vitro and virulence in hamsters. RESULTS Recombinant or native ColA hydrolyzed all the tested substrates in which type III collagen was the favorite substrate with 2.16 mg/mL Km and 35.6 h(-)(1) Kcat values. Coincubation of the spirochete with HUVEC or HEK293 cells directly caused the significant elevation of ColA expression and secretion. Compared with wild-type strain, ΔcolA mutant displayed much-attenuated transcytosis through HEK293 and HUVEC monolayers, and less leptospires in blood, lung, liver, kidney and urine and 25-fold-decreased 50% lethal dose and milder histopathological injury in hamsters. CONCLUSIONS The product of colA gene is a collagenase as a crucial virulence factor in the invasiveness and transmission of L. interrogans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kokouvi Kassegne
- Division of Basic Medical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
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Chirathaworn C, Kongpan S. Immune responses to Leptospira infection: roles as biomarkers for disease severity. Braz J Infect Dis 2013; 18:77-81. [PMID: 24275371 PMCID: PMC9425245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Various leptospiral components have been identified and shown to be involved in tissue destruction. In addition, immune responses to leptospires have been implicated in target organ damages in severe leptospirosis cases. Several inflammatory mediators were shown to be higher in susceptible animals than in resistant hosts. Moreover, cytokines/chemokines and serum proteins induced following Leptospira infection were suggested to be biomarkers for disease severity in human leptospirosis. This review focuses on the role of immune responses in the severity of leptospirosis. Studies in both animal models and humans are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintana Chirathaworn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Sutthikarn Kongpan
- Master of Science Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Lin W, Ding M, Xue J, Leng W. The role of TLR2/JNK/NF-κB pathway in amyloid β peptide-induced inflammatory response in mouse NG108-15 neural cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:880-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zhao JF, Chen HH, Ojcius DM, Zhao X, Sun D, Ge YM, Zheng LL, Lin X, Li LJ, Yan J. Identification of Leptospira interrogans phospholipase C as a novel virulence factor responsible for intracellular free calcium ion elevation during macrophage death. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75652. [PMID: 24124502 PMCID: PMC3790881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospira-induced macrophage death has been confirmed to play a crucial role in pathogenesis of leptospirosis, a worldwide zoonotic infectious disease. Intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) elevation induced by infection can cause cell death, but [Ca(2+)]i changes and high [Ca(2+)]i-induced death of macrophages due to infection of Leptospira have not been previously reported. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We first used a Ca(2+)-specific fluorescence probe to confirm that the infection of L. interrogans strain Lai triggered a significant increase of [Ca(2+)]i in mouse J774A.1 or human THP-1 macrophages. Laser confocal microscopic examination showed that the [Ca(2+)]i elevation was caused by both extracellular Ca(2+) influx through the purinergic receptor, P2X7, and Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum, as seen by suppression of [Ca(2+)]i elevation when receptor-gated calcium channels were blocked or P2X7 was depleted. The LB361 gene product of the spirochete exhibited phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C (L-PI-PLC) activity to hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), which in turn induces intracellular Ca(2+) release from endoplasmic reticulum, with the Km of 199 µM and Kcat of 8.566E-5 S(-1). Secretion of L-PI-PLC from the spirochete into supernatants of leptospire-macrophage co-cultures and cytosol of infected macrophages was also observed by Western Blot assay. Lower [Ca(2+)]i elevation was induced by infection with a LB361-deficient leptospiral mutant, whereas transfection of the LB361 gene caused a mild increase in [Ca(2+)]i. Moreover, PI-PLCs (PI-PLC-β3 and PI-PLC-γ1) of the two macrophages were activated by phosphorylation during infection. Flow cytometric detection demonstrated that high [Ca(2+)]i increases induced apoptosis and necrosis of macrophages, while mild [Ca(2+)]i elevation only caused apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrated that L. interrogans infection induced [Ca(2+)]i elevation through extracellular Ca(2+) influx and intracellular Ca(2+) release cause macrophage apoptosis and necrosis, and the LB361 gene product was shown to be a novel PI-PLC of L. interrogans responsible for the [Ca(2+)]i elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Fang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Depatment of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Hu Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - David M. Ojcius
- Health Sciences Research Institute and Department Molecular Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Dexter Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, New York Presbyterian Hospital and Hospital for Special Surgery, Cornell University Weill Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yu-Mei Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Li Zheng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xu’ai Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Lan-Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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Reis EAG, Hagan JE, Ribeiro GS, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA, Montgomery RR, Shaw AC, Ko AI, Reis MG. Cytokine response signatures in disease progression and development of severe clinical outcomes for leptospirosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2457. [PMID: 24069500 PMCID: PMC3777885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of the immune response in influencing leptospirosis clinical outcomes is not yet well understood. We hypothesized that acute-phase serum cytokine responses may play a role in disease progression, risk for death, and severe pulmonary hemorrhage syndrome (SPHS). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We performed a case-control study design to compare cytokine profiles in patients with mild and severe forms of leptospirosis. Among patients hospitalized with severe disease, we compared those with fatal and nonfatal outcomes. During active outpatient and hospital-based surveillance we prospectively enrolled 172 patients, 23 with mild disease (outpatient) and 149 with severe leptospirosis (hospitalized). Circulating concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines at the time of patient presentation were measured using a multiplex bead array assay. Concentrations of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A, and TNF-α were significantly higher (P<0.05) in severe disease compared to mild disease. Among severe patients, levels of IL-6 (P<0.001), IL-8 (P = 0.0049) and IL-10 (P<0.001), were higher in fatal compared to non-fatal cases. High levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were independently associated (P<0.05) with case fatality after adjustment for age and days of symptoms. IL-6 levels were higher (P = 0.0519) among fatal cases who developed SPHS than among who did not. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE This study shows that severe cases of leptospirosis are differentiated from mild disease by a "cytokine storm" process, and that IL-6 and IL-10 may play an immunopathogenic role in the development of life-threatening outcomes in human leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana A. G. Reis
- Laboratory of Pathology and Molecular Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - José E. Hagan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Molecular Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Guilherme S. Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Pathology and Molecular Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ruth R. Montgomery
- Yale Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Albert C. Shaw
- Yale Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Laboratory of Pathology and Molecular Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Laboratory of Pathology and Molecular Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Ohnishi T, Oyama R, Furusawa H, Ohba N, Kamata Y, Sugita-Konishi Y. Kudoa septempunctata was recognised by toll-like receptor 2 produced by a RAW 264 macrophage-like cell line. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1365-9. [PMID: 23713717 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.790084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Kudoa septempunctata is a myxosporean parasite that infects Paralichthys olivaceus (olive flounder). Previously, we reported that the consumption of raw P. olivaceus meat containing a high concentration of K. septempunctata spores induces transient but severe diarrhoea and emesis. In this study, we investigated the cytokine production of mouse macrophage-like RAW 264 cells stimulated with K. septempunctata. When the RAW 264 cells were incubated with the spores of K. septempunctata for 24 h, they secreted tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and several chemokines, such as IP-10, MIP-1β, and MIP-2. The secretion of TNF-α was induced in a dose-dependent manner in a bioassay using L929 cells and mouse TNF-α-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To identify the macrophage receptor of K. septempunctata, activation of HEK 293 cells expressing one of the Toll-like receptors (TLR) was measured using an NF-κB-dependent reporter assay. TLR2-expressing HEK 293 cells were strongly activated following stimulation with the spores. These results suggested that K. septempunctata was recognised by TLR2 on the macrophages, which were then activated and produced TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ohnishi
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan.
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Monshupanee T. Increased Bacterial Hemolytic Activity is Conferred by Expression of TlyA Methyltransferase but not by its 2′-O-methylation of the Ribosome. Curr Microbiol 2013; 67:61-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-013-0332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tomofuji T, Ekuni D, Azuma T, Irie K, Endo Y, Kasuyama K, Yoneda T, Morita M. Involvement of toll-like receptor 2 and 4 in association between dyslipidemia and osteoclast differentiation in apolipoprotein E deficient rat periodontium. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:1. [PMID: 23295061 PMCID: PMC3599925 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dyslipidemia increases circulating levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) and this may induce alveolar bone loss through toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dyslipidemia on osteoclast differentiation associated with TLR2 and TLR4 in periodontal tissues using a rat dyslipidemia (apolipoprotein E deficient) model. Methods Levels of plasma OxLDL, and the cholesterol and phospholipid profiles in plasma lipoproteins were compared between apolipoprotein E-deficient rats (16-week-old males) and wild-type (control) rats. In the periodontal tissue, we evaluated the changes in TLR2, TLR4, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) expression. Results Apolipoprotein E-deficient rats showed higher plasma levels of OxLDL than control rats (p<0.05), with higher plasma levels of total cholesterol (p<0.05) and LDL-cholesterol (p<0.05) and lower plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0.05). Their periodontal tissue also exhibited a higher ratio of RANKL-positive cells and a higher number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts than control rats (p<0.05). Furthermore, periodontal gene expression of TLR2, TLR4 and RANKL was higher in apolipoprotein E-deficient rats than in control rats (p<0.05). Conclusion These findings underscore the important role for TLR2 and TLR4 in mediating the osteoclast differentiation on alveolar bone response to dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Tomofuji
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, 700-8558, Okayama, Kita-ku, Japan
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