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Lin D, Potiaumpai M, Schmitz K, Sturgeon K. Increased Duration of Exercise Decreases Rate of Nonresponse to Exercise but May Not Decrease Risk for Cancer Mortality. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:928-935. [PMID: 33044435 PMCID: PMC8026778 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have observed an inverse relationship between exercise and breast cancer risk. However, there is interindividual variability in response to exercise training interventions. We investigated whether increasing the dose of aerobic exercise (150 or 300 min·wk-1), while keeping intensity of exercise constant (70%-80% HRmax), decreases the number of exercise nonresponders and further decreases associated risk for cancer mortality in our study population of women genetically predisposed for breast cancer. METHODS Healthy premenopausal women at elevated risk of breast cancer were randomized into control (<75 min·wk-1, n = 47), low-dose exercise (150 min·wk-1, n = 39), and high-dose exercise groups (300 min·wk-1, n = 39) for approximately 6 months. We assessed 1) clinical effectiveness (CE), defined as an improvement in predicted V˙O2max of ≥1 mL·kg-1·min-1, and twice the typical error (2× TE) of V˙O2max as thresholds to classify exercise "nonresponders"; 2) CE and 2× TE relative to exercise adherence levels; and 3) related changes in V˙O2max to predicted cancer mortality risk. RESULTS After our 6-month intervention, we observed that 23.5% of women in the low-dose group and 5.6% of women in the high-dose group were clinical nonresponders (P = 0.04). Clinical nonresponder status was independent of adherence level. Associated reduction in risk for cancer mortality was observed among 87.2% of women in the low-dose group and 94.9% in the high-dose group (P = 0.43). CONCLUSION Increasing volume (not intensity) of exercise via time spent exercising significantly decreases the number of "nonresponders." True nonresponders were observed as some women did not improve their fitness capacity despite high exercise adherence levels. Lastly, it appears 150 min·wk-1 is sufficient to decrease the predicted risk of cancer mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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Ramírez-Vélez R, Tordecilla-Sanders A, Téllez-T LA, Camelo-Prieto D, Hernández-Quiñonez PA, Correa-Bautista JE, Garcia-Hermoso A, Ramírez-Campillo R, Izquierdo M. Effect of Moderate- Versus High-Intensity Interval Exercise Training on Heart Rate Variability Parameters in Inactive Latin-American Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 34:3403-3415. [PMID: 28198783 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ramírez-Vélez, R, Tordecilla-Sanders, A, Téllez-T, LA, Camelo-Prieto, D, Hernández-Quiñonez, PA, Correa-Bautista, JE, Garcia-Hermoso, A, Ramírez-Campillo, R, and Izquierdo, M. Effect of moderate- versus high-intensity interval exercise training on heart rate variability parameters in inactive Latin-American adults: a randomized clinical trial. J Strength Cond Res 34(12): 3403-3415, 2020-We investigated the effect of moderate versus high-intensity interval exercise training on the heart rate variability (HRV) indices in physically inactive adults. Twenty inactive adults were randomly allocated to receive either moderate-intensity training (MCT group) or high-intensity interval training (HIT group). The MCT group performed aerobic training at an intensity of 55-75%, which consisted of walking on a treadmill at 60-80% of the maximum heart rate (HRmax) until the expenditure of 300 kcal. The HIT group ran on a treadmill for 4 minutes at 85-95% peak HRmax and had a recovery of 4 minutes at 65% peak HRmax until the expenditure of 300 kcal. Supine resting HRV indices (time domain: SDNN = SD of normal-to-normal intervals; rMSSD = root mean square successive difference of R-R intervals and frequency domain: HFLn = high-frequency spectral power; LF = low-frequency spectral power and HF/LF ratio) were measured at baseline and 12 weeks thereafter. The SDNN changes were 3.4 (8.9) milliseconds in the MCT group and 29.1 (7.6) milliseconds in the HIT group {difference between groups 32.6 (95% confidence interval, 24.9 to 40.4 [p = 0.01])}. The LF/HFLn ratio changes were 0.19 (0.03) milliseconds in the MCT group and 0.13 (0.01) milliseconds in the HIT group (p between groups = 0.016). No significant group differences were observed for the rMSSD, HF, and LF parameters. In inactive adults, this study showed that a 12-week HIT training program could increase short-term HRV, mostly in vagally mediated indices such as SDNN and HF/LFLn ratio power. Trial registration. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02738385 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01796275, registered on March 23, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Center of Studies in Physical Activity Measurements, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rosario, Bogotá, District Capital, Colombia
| | - Alejandra Tordecilla-Sanders
- Center of Studies in Physical Activity Measurements, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rosario, Bogotá, District Capital, Colombia
| | - Luis A Téllez-T
- GICAEDS Group, Faculty of Physical Culture, Sport and Recreation, Saint Thomas University, Bogotá, District Capital, Colombia
| | - Diana Camelo-Prieto
- GICAEDS Group, Faculty of Physical Culture, Sport and Recreation, Saint Thomas University, Bogotá, District Capital, Colombia
| | - Paula A Hernández-Quiñonez
- Center of Studies in Physical Activity Measurements, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rosario, Bogotá, District Capital, Colombia
| | - Jorge E Correa-Bautista
- Center of Studies in Physical Activity Measurements, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rosario, Bogotá, District Capital, Colombia
| | - Antonio Garcia-Hermoso
- School of Physical Activity, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Santiago, Chile, USACH, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Center for Biomedical Research in Network (CIBER) of Fragility and Healthy Aging (CB16/10/00315), Pamplona, Navarre, Spain
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Effects of 4 Weeks of a Technique-Specific Protocol with High-Intensity Intervals on General and Specific Physical Fitness in Taekwondo Athletes: An Inter-Individual Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073643. [PMID: 33807435 PMCID: PMC8037394 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to compare the effects of a technique-specific high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocol vs. traditional taekwondo training on physical fitness and body composition in taekwondo athletes, as well as to analyse the inter-individual response. Utilising a parallel controlled design, sixteen male and female athletes (five females and 11 males) were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG) that participated in the technique-specific HIIT and a control group (CG) that participated in traditional taekwondo training. Both groups trained three days/week for four weeks. Squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), 5-metre sprint (5M), 20-metre shuttle run (20MSR), taekwondo specific agility test (TSAT), multiple frequency speed of kick test (FSKTMULT), total kicks, and kick decrement index (KDI), as well as body composition were evaluated. Results indicate that there are no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the factors group and time factor and group by time interaction (p > 0.05). Although percentage and effect size increases were documented for post-intervention fitness components in TSAT, total kicks, KDI, and 20MSR, responders and non-responders were also documented. In conclusion, a HIIT protocol based on taekwondo-specific technical movements does not report significant differences in fitness and body composition compared to traditional taekwondo training, nor inter-individual differences between athletes.
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Hung A, Roig M, Gillen JB, Sabiston CM, Swardfager W, Chen JL. Aerobic exercise and aerobic fitness level do not modify motor learning. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5366. [PMID: 33686100 PMCID: PMC7970889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor learning may be enhanced when a single session of aerobic exercise is performed immediately before or after motor skill practice. Most research to date has focused on aerobically trained (AT) individuals, but it is unknown if aerobically untrained (AU) individuals would equally benefit. We aimed to: (a) replicate previous studies and determine the effect of rest (REST) versus exercise (EXE) on motor skill retention, and (b) explore the effect of aerobic fitness level (AU, AT), assessed by peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), on motor skill retention after exercise. Forty-four participants (20-29 years) practiced a visuomotor tracking task (acquisition), immediately followed by 25-min of high-intensity cycling or rest. Twenty-four hours after acquisition, participants completed a motor skill retention test. REST and EXE groups significantly improved motor skill performance during acquisition [F(3.17, 133.22) = 269.13, P = 0.001], but had no group differences in motor skill retention across time. AU-exercise (VO2peak = 31.6 ± 4.2 ml kg-1 min-1) and AT-exercise (VO2peak = 51.5 ± 7.6 ml kg-1 min-1) groups significantly improved motor skill performance during acquisition [F(3.07, 61.44) = 155.95, P = 0.001], but had no group differences in motor skill retention across time. Therefore, exercise or aerobic fitness level did not modify motor skill retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hung
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2W6, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc Roig
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jenna B Gillen
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2W6, Canada
| | - Catherine M Sabiston
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2W6, Canada
| | - Walter Swardfager
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joyce L Chen
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2W6, Canada.
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Alves AR, Marta C, Neiva HP, Nunes C, Izquierdo M, Marques MC. Modeling Fitness Variable Responses to Training in Prepubescent Children. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 34:2352-2359. [PMID: 29189583 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alves, AR, Marta, C, Neiva, HP, Nunes, C, Izquierdo, M, and Marques, MC. Modeling fitness variable responses to training in prepubescent children. J Strength Cond Res 34(8): 2352-2359, 2020-The aim of this study was to determine strength and oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max) performances according to different training program intervention design with 8-week duration in prepubescent children through a multiple linear regression models. Two hundred forty-five healthy prepubescent children (aged 10.9 ± 0.5 years) were randomly assigned to a specific training program (strength training only-S; aerobic training only-A; intrasession aerobic and strength training-AS; intrasession strength and aerobic training-SA; or concurrent training performed in different sessions-CT) or a control group (no training regimen-C). It was possible to develop indirect predictive models for each training method, by including each variable pretraining, body fat percentage and body mass index. The models provided explained 82% of variance in the V[Combining Dot Above]O2max, 98% in the 1 kg ball-throw, 96% in the 3 kg ball-throw, 92% in the countermovement jump, 93% in the standing long jump and 98% in the 20 m sprint performances. This novel approach to training evaluation and control aims to provide a tool to allow professionals to calculate changes with a high confidence level (CI 95%), to control gains and to choose the best training methodology to apply according to the defined purposes. The results of this study could be a great support to teachers, coaches, and professionals providing important tools to improve the efficacy and individualization of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Alves
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Carlos Marta
- Department of Sport Sciences, Guarda Polytechnique Institute, Guarda, Portugal.,Research Unit for Inland Development, UDI, Guarda, Portugal
| | - Henrique P Neiva
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Célia Nunes
- Department of Mathematics, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Center of Mathematics and Applications, CMA-UBI, Covilhã, Portugal; and
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Navarre, Spain
| | - Mário C Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal
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Kim M, Kim SK. Genetic approaches toward understanding the individual variation in cardiac structure, function and responses to exercise training. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 25:1-14. [PMID: 33361533 PMCID: PMC7756535 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2021.25.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for approximately 30% of all deaths worldwide and its prevalence is constantly increasing despite advancements in medical treatments. Cardiac remodeling and dysfunction are independent risk factors for CVD. Recent studies have demonstrated that cardiac structure and function are genetically influenced, suggesting that understanding the genetic basis for cardiac structure and function could provide new insights into developing novel therapeutic targets for CVD. Regular exercise has long been considered a robust non-therapeutic method of treating or preventing CVD. However, recent studies also indicate that there is inter-individual variation in response to exercise. Nevertheless, the genetic basis for cardiac structure and function as well as their responses to exercise training have yet to be fully elucidated. Therefore, this review summarizes accumulated evidence supporting the genetic contribution to these traits, including findings from population-based studies and unbiased large genomic-scale studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsun Kim
- Department of Sports Science, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea
| | - Seung Kyum Kim
- Department of Sports Science, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea
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57
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Linares AM, Goncin N, Stuckey M, Burgomaster KA, Dogra S. Acute Cardiopulmonary Response to Interval and Continuous Exercise in Older Adults: A Randomized Crossover Study. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2920-2926. [PMID: 33337698 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Linares, AM, Goncin, N, Stuckey, M, Burgomaster, KA, and Dogra, S. Acute cardiopulmonary response to interval and continuous exercise in older adults: a randomized crossover study. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The purpose of this study was to compare the cardiopulmonary response with different exercise protocols in healthy older adults. Subjects (n = 30; 15 women, age: 69.6 ± 6.2 years) completed an exercise test (MAX) on a cycle ergometer to determine maximal oxygen consumption (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max) and peak power output (PPO). Exercise sessions were randomized: high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE, 1 minute 90% PPO followed by 1 minute 10% PPO, ×10), moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MOD, 20 minutes at 50% PPO), and sprint-interval exercise (SPRT, 20 seconds "all-out" sprints followed by 2 minutes at 50 W, ×3). V[Combining Dot Above]O2max was highest during MAX in men (MAX: 28.2 ± 6.3; MOD: 22.6 ± 4.5; HIIE: 26.7 ± 5.7; SPRT: 26.0 ± 4.3; F(2.1) = 28.6, p = 0.0001, = 0.67), whereas similar peaks were observed between HIIE, SPRT, and MAX in women (MAX: 21.9 ± 6.1; MOD: 18.9 ± 4.5; HIIE: 21.6 ± 5.3; SPRT: 21.7 ± 3.9; F(2.2) = 10.2, p = 0.0001, = 0.42). The peak heart rate (b·min-1) was similar across all exercise sessions in both men (MAX: 148.1 ± 17.1; MOD: 132.6 ± 21.8; HIIE: 144.9 ± 16.6; SPRT: 148.6 ± 14.2; F(1.9) = 9.1, p = 0.001, = 0.41) and women (MAX: 148.1 ± 13.1; MOD: 136.3 ± 18.2; HIIE: 147.0 ± 16.4; SPRT: 148.5 ± 18.0; F(2.0) = 5.3, p = 0.011, = 0.27). The %V[Combining Dot Above]O2 at which sessions were performed varied significantly across individual subjects. In conclusion, older women work at near maximal V[Combining Dot Above]O2 when performing HIIE and SPRT; this has implications for exercise testing and prescription protocols in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Linares
- Health and Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences (Kinesiology), Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada; National Circus School, Quebec, Canada; and Lakeridge Health, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
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Schulhauser KT, Bonafiglia JT, McKie GL, McCarthy SF, Islam H, Townsend LK, Grisebach D, Todd C, Gurd BJ, Hazell T. Individual patterns of response to traditional and modified sprint interval training. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:1077-1087. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1857507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T. Schulhauser
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacob T. Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg L. McKie
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Seth F. McCarthy
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hashim Islam
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Logan K. Townsend
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Grisebach
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Curtis Todd
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendon J. Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Bonet JB, Magalhães J, Viscor G, Pagès T, Ventura JL, Torrella JR, Javierre C. Inter-Individual Different Responses to Continuous and Interval Training in Recreational Middle-Aged Women Runners. Front Physiol 2020; 11:579835. [PMID: 33192585 PMCID: PMC7642248 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.579835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A crucial subject in sports is identifying the inter-individual variation in response to training, which would allow creating individualized pre-training schedules, improving runner’s performance. We aimed to analyze heterogeneity in individual responses to two half-marathon training programs differing in running volume and intensity in middle-aged recreational women. 20 women (40 ± 7 years, 61 ± 7 kg, 167 ± 6 cm, and VO2max = 48 ± 6 mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1) underwent either moderate-intensity continuous (MICT) or high-intensity interval (HIIT) 12-week training. They were evaluated before and after training with maximal incremental tests in the laboratory (VO2max) and in the field (time to exhaustion, TTE; short interval series and long run). All the women participated in the same half-marathon and their finishing times were compared with their previous times. Although the improvements in the mean finishing times were not significant, MICT elicited a greater reduction (3 min 50 s, P = 0.298), with more women (70%) improving on their previous times, than HIIT (reduction of 2 min 34 s, P = 0.197, 50% responders). Laboratory tests showed more differences in the HIIT group (P = 0.008), while both groups presented homogeneous significant (P < 0.05) increases in TTE. Both in the short interval series and in the long run, HIIT induced better individual improvements, with a greater percentage of responders compared to MICT (100% vs 50% in the short series and 78% vs 38% in the long run). In conclusion, variability in inter-individual responses was observed after both MICT and HIIT, with some participants showing improvements (responders) while others did not (non-responders) in different performance parameters, reinforcing the idea that individualized training prescription is needed to optimize performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jèssica B Bonet
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Magalhães
- LaMetEx-Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise, Faculdade de Desporto, Centro de Investigação em Atividade Física e Lazer, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ginés Viscor
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Pagès
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep L Ventura
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan R Torrella
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Casimiro Javierre
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Bonafiglia JT, Ramic L, Islam H. Challenges to personalized exercise medicine: lack of repeatability and influence of genetics. J Physiol 2020; 598:5021-5023. [DOI: 10.1113/jp280499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T. Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies Queen's University Kingston ON Canada
| | - Lana Ramic
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies Queen's University Kingston ON Canada
| | - Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies Queen's University Kingston ON Canada
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Haines M, Broom D, Stephenson J, Gillibrand W. Influence of Sprint Duration during Minimal Volume Exercise on Aerobic Capacity and Affect. Int J Sports Med 2020; 42:357-364. [PMID: 33022736 DOI: 10.1055/a-1255-3161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the influence of reduced-exertion, high-intensity interval training (REHIT), comparing a novel shortened-sprint protocol (SSREHIT) against a traditional protocol (TREHIT), on perceptual responses and to determine if changes in peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak) are attenuated with shorter sprints. Twenty-four healthy men undertook 15 sessions of SSREHIT or TREHIT. V˙O2peak was determined at baseline and after completion of each exercise condition. Affective (pleasure-displeasure) responses and perceived exertion were assessed during exercise to capture peak responses. Enjoyment was recorded 5-min after cessation of exercise. Compared to baseline, V˙O2peak increased in both groups (6% for SSREHIT [d=- 0.36] and 9% for TREHIT [d=- 0.53], p=0.01). Affective responses were more favourable for SSREHIT (p=0.001, d=1.62), but both protocols avoided large negative peaks of displeasure. Peak ratings of perceived exertion were lower for SSREHIT (p=0.001, d=- 1.71), although there were no differences in enjoyment (d=0.25). The results demonstrate both exercise conditions can increase V˙O2peak without overly compromising perceptual responses. Decreased sprint duration might further circumvent negative perceptual responses but might also attenuate physiological adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Haines
- Department of Allied Health Professions, Sport and Exercise, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield
| | - David Broom
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry
| | - John Stephenson
- Department of Allied Health Professions, Sport and Exercise, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield
| | - Warren Gillibrand
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield
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MacDonald TL, Pattamaprapanont P, Pathak P, Fernandez N, Freitas EC, Hafida S, Mitri J, Britton SL, Koch LG, Lessard SJ. Hyperglycaemia is associated with impaired muscle signalling and aerobic adaptation to exercise. Nat Metab 2020; 2:902-917. [PMID: 32694831 PMCID: PMC8278496 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased aerobic exercise capacity, as a result of exercise training, has important health benefits. However, some individuals are resistant to improvements in exercise capacity, probably due to undetermined genetic and environmental factors. Here, we show that exercise-induced improvements in aerobic capacity are blunted and aerobic remodelling of skeletal muscle is impaired in several animal models associated with chronic hyperglycaemia. Our data point to chronic hyperglycaemia as a potential negative regulator of aerobic adaptation, in part, via glucose-mediated modifications of the extracellular matrix, impaired vascularization and aberrant mechanical signalling in muscle. We also observe low exercise capacity and enhanced c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation in response to exercise in humans with impaired glucose tolerance. Our work indicates that current shifts in dietary and metabolic health, associated with increasing incidence of hyperglycaemia, might impair muscular and organismal adaptations to exercise training, including aerobic capacity as one of its key health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L MacDonald
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pattarawan Pattamaprapanont
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Prerana Pathak
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ellen C Freitas
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Samar Hafida
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joanna Mitri
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven L Britton
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lauren G Koch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Sarah J Lessard
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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63
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Bonafiglia JT, Brennan AM, Ross R, Gurd BJ. An appraisal of the SD IR as an estimate of true individual differences in training responsiveness in parallel-arm exercise randomized controlled trials. Physiol Rep 2020; 7:e14163. [PMID: 31325240 PMCID: PMC6642277 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Calculating the standard deviation of individual responses (SDIR) is recommended for estimating the magnitude of individual differences in training responsiveness in parallel‐arm exercise randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The purpose of this review article is to discuss potential limitations of parallel‐arm exercise RCTs that may confound/complicate the interpretation of the SDIR. To provide context for this discussion, we define the sources of variation that contribute to variability in the observed responses to exercise training and review the assumptions that underlie the interpretation of SDIR as a reflection of true individual differences in training responsiveness. This review also contains two novel analyses: (1) we demonstrate differences in variability in changes in diet and physical activity habits across an intervention period in both exercise and control groups, and (2) we examined participant dropout data from six RCTs and found that significantly (P < 0.001) more participants in control groups (12.8%) dropped out due to dissatisfaction with group assignment compared to exercise groups (3.4%). These novel analyses raise the possibility that the magnitude of within‐subject variability may not be equal between exercise and control groups. Overall, this review highlights that potential limitations of parallel‐arm exercise RCTs can violate the underlying assumptions of the SDIR and suggests that these limitations should be considered when interpreting the SDIR as an estimate of true individual differences in training responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario
| | - Andrea M Brennan
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario
| | - Robert Ross
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario
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64
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Marsh CE, Thomas HJ, Naylor LH, Scurrah KJ, Green DJ. Fitness and strength responses to distinct exercise modes in twins: Studies of Twin Responses to Understand Exercise as a THerapy (STRUETH) study. J Physiol 2020; 598:3845-3858. [DOI: 10.1113/jp280048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Channa E. Marsh
- School of Human Sciences Exercise and Sport Science The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Hannah J. Thomas
- School of Human Sciences Exercise and Sport Science The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Louise H. Naylor
- School of Human Sciences Exercise and Sport Science The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Katrina J. Scurrah
- Twins Research Australia Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics Melbourne School of Population and Global Health The University of Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Daniel J. Green
- School of Human Sciences Exercise and Sport Science The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
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65
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Khadir A, Kavalakatt S, Madhu D, Devarajan S, Abubaker J, Al-Mulla F, Tiss A. Spexin as an indicator of beneficial effects of exercise in human obesity and diabetes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10635. [PMID: 32606431 PMCID: PMC7327065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67624-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spexin is a novel neuropeptide playing an emerging role in metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes via involvement in energy homeostasis and food intake. The present study investigated the effects of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) on circulating levels of spexin and its modulation by physical exercise. Normal-weight (n = 50) and obese adults with and without T2D (n = 69 and n = 66, respectively) were enrolled in the study. A subgroup of obese participants (n = 47) underwent a supervised 3-month exercise programme. Plasma spexin levels were measured by ELISA and correlated with various markers. Plasma spexin levels decreased in obese participants with or without T2D compared with those of normal-weight participants (0.43 ± 0.11, 0.44 ± 0.12 and 0.61 ± 0.23 ng/ml, respectively; P < 0.001). Spexin levels negatively correlated with adiposity markers and blood pressure in the whole study population (P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis revealed blood pressure was the greatest predictive determinant of plasma spexin levels, which significantly increased in response to physical exercise in obese participants without and with T2D (P < 0.05). Spexin levels significantly increased only in responders to exercise (those with increased oxygen consumption, VO2 max) with a concomitant improvement in metabolic profile. In conclusion, plasma spexin levels may be an indicator of response to physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkrim Khadir
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Research Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, P.O. Box1180, 15462, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Sina Kavalakatt
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Research Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, P.O. Box1180, 15462, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Dhanya Madhu
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Research Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, P.O. Box1180, 15462, Dasman, Kuwait
| | | | - Jehad Abubaker
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Research Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, P.O. Box1180, 15462, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Research Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Ali Tiss
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Research Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, P.O. Box1180, 15462, Dasman, Kuwait.
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66
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A Discussion on Different Approaches for Prescribing Physical Interventions - Four Roads Lead to Rome, but Which One Should We Choose? J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10030055. [PMID: 32605044 PMCID: PMC7565695 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well recognized that regular physical exercise has positive effects on physical and mental health. To use the beneficial health effects of physical exercise, there are worldwide movements encouraging health care providers to include physical exercise in their care and treatments strategies. However, a crucial point in administering the "exercise polypill" is the dosing and, in turn, the prescription of the physical intervention (PI). In this perspective article, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches to prescribe PI. In this context, we also highlight outstanding questions and potential areas of opportunity for further investigations.
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67
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AMPD1 C34T Polymorphism (rs17602729) Is Not Associated with Post-Exercise Changes of Body Weight, Body Composition, and Biochemical Parameters in Caucasian Females. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11050558. [PMID: 32429460 PMCID: PMC7288308 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The C34T polymorphism (rs 17602729) in adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1 gene (AMPD1) is associated with muscular energy metabolism in exercise. However, the role of its potential modifying impact on exercise-induced changes in obesity related parameters is unknown. The aim of the study was to determine if the C34T polymorphism influences the effects of an exercise training. Methods: This study examines a group of one hundred and sixty-eight, young, non-obese Caucasian women in Poland who took part in a 12-week aerobic training program to determine the impact of allele and genotype distribution on training outcomes. Results: A two-way analysis of variance ANOVA was conducted assuming a dominant model by pooling rare homozygotes and heterozygotes (TT + CT, n = 79) and comparing against common homozygotes (CC, n = 89). Our results showed that the AMPD1 C34T polymorphism was not related with selected parameters in study group. After completing the 12-week training program, a wide array of parameters (body mass, body mass index, fat mass, free fat mass, total body water) were significantly changed in the study participants with the exception of AMPD1 genotypes, among whom no significant changes were observed. Conclusions: The results did not confirm that harboring the rs 17602729 T allele influences the effects of the training program.
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68
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Chaire A, Becke A, Düzel E. Effects of Physical Exercise on Working Memory and Attention-Related Neural Oscillations. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:239. [PMID: 32296302 PMCID: PMC7136837 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive functions, such as working memory (WM) and attention, have been shown to benefit from physical exercise. Quantifying frequency-band-specific neural oscillatory patterns during the use of such cognitive functions can provide insight into exercise-induced benefits in the brain. Specifically, we investigated whether a 4-month physical exercise training influenced theta and alpha power measured in visual WM and attention tasks. The delayed match-to-sample (DMS) task required mnemonic discrimination of similar visual stimuli, akin to pattern separation, while the visual-attention search (VAS) task required detecting the presence of a specific object (i.e., target) in an image. Behavioral and electroencephalographic data were acquired during a DMS visual WM task and VAS task both before and after the intervention. Forty-three sedentary young adults (19–34 years) were pseudorandomly assigned to a training group (indoor treadmill, n = 20) or to a control group (n = 23). Compared to the preintervention baseline, the exercise group showed increased frontal alpha power (9–12 Hz) during the VAS task after the intervention. In addition, alpha power changes correlated positively with fitness changes. Behaviorally, there were no exercise-related effects on reaction times or accuracy in either task. Our findings substantiate that aerobic training of sedentary young adults may influence neural dynamics underlying visual attention rather than visual WM and mnemonic discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alondra Chaire
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Becke
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Emrah Düzel
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany
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69
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Moran J, Blagrove RC, Drury B, Fernandes JFT, Paxton K, Chaabene H, Ramirez-Campillo R. Effects of Small-Sided Games vs. Conventional Endurance Training on Endurance Performance in Male Youth Soccer Players: A Meta-Analytical Comparison. Sports Med 2020; 49:731-742. [PMID: 30868441 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01086-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small-sided games have been suggested as a viable alternative to conventional endurance training to enhance endurance performance in youth soccer players. This has important implications for long-term athlete development because it suggests that players can increase aerobic endurance through activities that closely resemble their sport of choice. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this meta-analysis were to compare male youth soccer players' adaptability to small-sided games vs. conventional endurance training and to establish exercise prescription guidelines for this population. DATA SOURCES The data sources utilised were Google Scholar, PubMed and Microsoft Academic. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies were eligible for inclusion if interventions were carried out in male soccer players (aged < 18 years) and compared the effects of small-sided games and conventional endurance training on aerobic endurance performance. We defined small-sided games as "modified [soccer] games played on reduced pitch areas, often using adapted rules and involving a smaller number of players than traditional games". We defined conventional endurance training as continuous running or extensive interval training consisting of work durations > 3 min. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS The inverse-variance random-effects model for meta-analyses was used because it allocates a proportionate weight to trials based on the size of their individual standard errors and facilitates analysis whilst accounting for heterogeneity across studies. Effect sizes were represented by the standardised mean difference and presented alongside 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Seven studies were included in this meta-analysis. Both modes of training were effective in increasing endurance performance. Within-mode effect sizes were both of moderate magnitude [small-sided games: 0.82 (95% confidence interval 0.05, 1.60), Z = 2.07 (p = 0.04); conventional endurance training: 0.89 (95% confidence interval 0.06, 1.72), Z = 2.10 (p = 0.04)]. There were only trivial differences [0.04 (95% confidence interval - 0.36, 0.43), Z = 0.18 (p = 0.86)] between the effects on aerobic endurance performance of small-sided games and conventional endurance training. Subgroup analyses showed mostly trivial differences between the training methods across key programming variables such as set duration (≥ or < 4 min) and recovery period between sets (≥ or < 3 min). Programmes that were longer than 8 weeks favoured small-sided games [effect size = 0.45 (95% confidence interval - 0.12, 1.02), Z = 1.54 (p = 0.12)], with the opposite being true for conventional endurance training [effect size = - 0.33 (95% confidence interval - 0.79, 0.14), Z = 1.39 (p = 0.16)]. Programmes with more than 4 sets per session favoured small-sided games [effect size = 0.53 (95% confidence interval - 0.52, 1.58), Z = 0.98 (p = 0.33)] with only a trivial difference between those with 4, or fewer, sets [effect size = - 0.13 (95% confidence interval - 0.52, 0.26), Z = 0.65 (p = 0.52)]. CONCLUSIONS Small-sided games are as effective as conventional endurance training for increasing aerobic endurance performance in male youth soccer players. This is important for practitioners as it means that small-sided games can allow both endurance and skills training to be carried out simultaneously, thus providing a more efficient training stimulus. Small-sided games offer the same benefits as conventional endurance training with two sessions per week, with ≥ 4 sets of 4 min of activity, interspersed with recovery periods of 3 min, recommended in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Moran
- Department of Sport, Hartpury University, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, GL19 3BE, UK.
| | - Richard C Blagrove
- Department of Sport and Exercise, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Benjamin Drury
- Department of Sport, Hartpury University, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, GL19 3BE, UK
| | - John F T Fernandes
- Department of Sport, Hartpury University, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, GL19 3BE, UK
| | | | - Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, University of Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, Laboratory of Measurement and Assessment in Sport, University of Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
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70
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Abstract
It is well established that exercise is an important component in the maintenance of good health, and yet recent studies have demonstrated that a sub-section of individuals experience no significant improvements following an exercise training intervention. Such individuals are commonly termed “non-responders”. However, recently a number of researchers have taken a skeptical view as to whether exercise non-response either exists, or is clinically relevant. Here, we explore the research underpinning exercise response, to determine whether non-response to exercise actually exists. We discuss the impact of measurement error and assessment type on the identification of “non-responders”, and whether such non-response is global- or modality-specific. Additionally, we discuss whether, if non-response to an exercise intervention is meaningful and relevant, certain additional interventions—in the form of increasing exercise intensity, volume, or duration—could be made in order to enhance training adaptations. Consequently, based on our interpretations of the available evidence, we suggest that it is unlikely that global non-responders to exercise exist. Furthermore, we suggest this realization effectively counters the perception that some individuals will not positively respond to exercise, and that in turn, this insight serves to encourage health professionals to create more nuanced, efficacious, and individually-focused exercise prescriptions designed to circumvent and overcome apparent non-responsiveness. Adopting a more individually-adaptive approach to exercise prescription could, subsequently, prove a powerful tool in promoting population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Pickering
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Road, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK. .,Exercise and Nutritional Genomics Research Centre, DNAFit Ltd, London, UK.
| | - John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Road, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
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71
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Brand C, Martins CMDL, Lemes VB, Pessoa MLF, Dias AF, Cadore EL, Mota J, Gaya ACA, Gaya AR. Effects and prevalence of responders after a multicomponent intervention on cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents with overweight/obesity: Action for health study. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:682-691. [PMID: 32050850 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1725384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to verify the effect of a multicomponent intervention on cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF), and to determine the prevalence of responders on CMRF among children and adolescents with overweight/obesity. This is a quasi-experimental study, developed with 35 children and adolescents with overweight/obesity (control group (CG) = 18; intervention group (IG) = 17), aged between 7 and 13 years. Participants in IG underwent a multicomponent intervention for 12 weeks. The following variables were evaluated: anthropometric measures, maturational stages and CMRF (body fatness, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, high-density and low-density lipoprotein) (HDL-C, LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and AST/ALT ratio. Mixed analysis of variance and the prevalence of responders were used for statistical analysis. There was a significant time x group interaction on body fatness (p < 0.001), HOMA-IR (p = 0.01), HDL-C (p < 0.001), LDL-C (p = 0.009) and TC (p < 0.001). The prevalence of responders for CMRF in IG and CG was respectively: body fatness (47%; 0%; p = 0.04), HOMA-IR (58.8%; 16.6%; p = 0.04); triglycerides (17.6%; 5.5%; p = 0.31); HDL-C (76.4%; 5.5%; p = 0.01), LDL-C (35.3%; 5%; p = 0.08), TC (64.7%; 5%; p = 0.01), AST (5.8%; 0%; p = 0.87), ALT (29.4%; 11.1%; p = 0.24) and AST/ALT ratio (24.4%; 22.2%; p = 0.67). Multicomponent intervention induced positive changes on CMRF along with a higher prevalence of positive adaptations in IG than the CG in some of the cardiometabolic outcomes assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Brand
- Projeto Esporte Brasil (PROESP-Br). School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Post-graduation Program in Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Vanilson Batista Lemes
- Projeto Esporte Brasil (PROESP-Br). School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Post-graduation Program in Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria Luisa Félix Pessoa
- Research Center on Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Health Science Centre, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Arieli Fernandes Dias
- Projeto Esporte Brasil (PROESP-Br). School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Post-graduation Program in Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Lusa Cadore
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Post-graduation Program in Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jorge Mota
- Research Center on Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Adroaldo Cezar Araujo Gaya
- Projeto Esporte Brasil (PROESP-Br). School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Post-graduation Program in Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Anelise Reis Gaya
- Projeto Esporte Brasil (PROESP-Br). School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Post-graduation Program in Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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72
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Ross LM, Slentz CA, Kraus WE. Evaluating Individual Level Responses to Exercise for Health Outcomes in Overweight or Obese Adults. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1401. [PMID: 31798463 PMCID: PMC6867965 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding group responses to a given exercise exposure is becoming better developed; however, understanding of individual responses to specific exercise exposures is significantly underdeveloped and must advance before personalized exercise medicine can become a functional reality. Herein, utilizing data from the STRRIDE studies, we address some of the key issues surrounding our efforts to develop better understanding of individual exercise responsiveness. Methods We assessed individual cardiometabolic and cardiorespiratory fitness responses in subjects successfully completing STRRIDE I (n = 227) and STRRIDE II (n = 155). Subjects were previously sedentary, overweight or obese men and women with mild-to-moderate dyslipidemia. Subjects were randomized to either an inactive control group or to an exercise training program. Training groups varied to test the differential effects of exercise amount, intensity, and mode on cardiometabolic health outcomes. Measures included fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and lipids; blood pressure, minimal waist circumference, visceral adipose tissue, and peak VO2. Absolute change scores were calculated for each subject as post-intervention minus pre-intervention values in order to evaluate the heterogeneity of health factor responsiveness to exercise training. Results For subjects completing one of the aerobic training programs, change in peak VO2 ranged from a loss of 37% to a gain of 77%. When ranked by magnitude of change, we observed discordant responses among changes in peak VO2 with changes in visceral adipose tissue, HDL-C, triglycerides, and fasting plasma insulin. There was also not a clear, direct relationship observed between magnitudes of individual response in the aforementioned variables with aerobic training adherence levels. This same pattern of highly variable and discordant responses was displayed even when considering subjects with adherence levels greater than 70%. Conclusion Our findings illustrate the unclear relationship between magnitude of individual response for a given outcome with training adherence and specific exercise exposure. These discordant and heterogeneous responses highlight the difficult nature of developing understanding for how individuals will respond to any given exposure. Further investigation into the biological, physiological, and genetics factors affecting individual responsiveness is vital to making personalized exercise medicine a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna M Ross
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Cris A Slentz
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC, United States.,Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - William E Kraus
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC, United States.,Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Urbaniak Sports Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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73
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Islam H, Siemens TL, Matusiak JBL, Sawula L, Bonafiglia JT, Preobrazenski N, Jung ME, Gurd BJ. Cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular endurance responses immediately and 2 months after a whole-body Tabata or vigorous-intensity continuous training intervention. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:650-658. [PMID: 31782930 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Young adults (52 females, 16 males; age = 21 ± 3 years; V̇O2peak: 41 ± 6 mL/(kg·min)) were randomized into 3 groups: (i) no-exercise control (CTL; n = 15), (ii) Tabata (n = 27), or (iii) vigorous-intensity continuous training (VICT; n = 26) groups for a 4-week supervised training period (4 sessions/week). V̇O2peak, time-to-fatigue (TTF), 5 km time-trial performance (TT), and muscular endurance were assessed at baseline, post-training (POST), and 2-month follow-up (FU). Response confidence intervals (CI) were used to classify individuals as likely responders (R; CI > 0). Both exercise interventions increased TTF and TT at POST (both p < 0.01), but these benefits were maintained at FU after VICT only (p < 0.01). Push-up performance was increased at POST and FU (both p < 0.01) after Tabata. VICT resulted in a greater proportion of TTF R versus both groups at POST (CTL: 1/15; VICT: 19/26; Tabata: 9/27) and versus Tabata at FU (3/15; 13/26; 4/27). VICT also had a greater proportion of TT R versus CTL at POST (2/15; 17/26; 10/27). Tabata had a greater proportion of R for maximum push-up repetitions versus both groups at POST (3/15; 6/26; 18/27) and versus CTL at FU (2/15; 10/26; 18/27). Collectively, VICT appears to be more effective for improving cardiorespiratory fitness, whereas whole-body Tabata confers larger improvements in push-up performance following short-term training. Novelty: Vigorous-intensity continuous training elicits larger improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness versus whole-body Tabata. Individual response profiles parallel group-level changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Tina L Siemens
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jennifer B L Matusiak
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Laura Sawula
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Nicholas Preobrazenski
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Mary E Jung
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia Okanagan, 1147 Research Road, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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74
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Herold F, Müller P, Gronwald T, Müller NG. Dose-Response Matters! - A Perspective on the Exercise Prescription in Exercise-Cognition Research. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2338. [PMID: 31736815 PMCID: PMC6839278 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In general, it is well recognized that both acute physical exercises and regular physical training influence brain plasticity and cognitive functions positively. However, growing evidence shows that the same physical exercises induce very heterogeneous outcomes across individuals. In an attempt to better understand this interindividual heterogeneity in response to acute and regular physical exercising, most research, so far, has focused on non-modifiable factors such as sex and different genotypes, while relatively little attention has been paid to exercise prescription as a modifiable factor. With an adapted exercise prescription, dosage can be made comparable across individuals, a procedure that is necessary to better understand the dose-response relationship in exercise-cognition research. This improved understanding of dose-response relationships could help to design more efficient physical training approaches against, for instance, cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herold
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Department Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Notger G. Müller
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
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75
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Dankel SJ, Bell ZW, Spitz RW, Wong V, Viana RB, Chatakondi RN, Buckner SL, Jessee MB, Mattocks KT, Mouser JG, Abe T, Loenneke JP. Assessing differential responders and mean changes in muscle size, strength, and the crossover effect to 2 distinct resistance training protocols. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:463-470. [PMID: 31553889 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine differences in 2 distinct resistance training protocols and if true variability can be detected after accounting for random error. Individuals (n = 151) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: (i) a traditional exercise group performing 4 sets to failure; (ii) a group performing a 1-repetition maximum (1RM) test; and (iii) a time-matched nonexercise control group. Both exercise groups performed 18 sessions of elbow flexion exercise over 6 weeks. While both training groups increased 1RM strength similarly (∼2.4 kg), true variability was only present in the traditional exercise group (true variability = 1.80 kg). Only the 1RM group increased untrained arm 1RM strength (1.5 kg), while only the traditional group increased ultrasound measured muscle thickness (∼0.23 cm). Despite these mean increases, no true variability was present for untrained arm strength or muscle hypertrophy in either training group. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate the importance of taking into consideration the magnitude of random error when classifying differential responders, as many studies may be classifying high and low responders as those who have the greatest amount of random error present. Additionally, our mean results demonstrate that strength is largely driven by task specificity, and the crossover effect of strength may be load dependent. Novelty Many studies examining differential responders to exercise do not account for random error. True variability was present in 1RM strength gains, but the variability in muscle hypertrophy and isokinetic strength changes could not be distinguished from random error. The crossover effect of strength may differ based on the protocol employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Dankel
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Rowan University, Goassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ricardo B Viana
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.,Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74000-000, Brazil
| | - Raksha N Chatakondi
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Samuel L Buckner
- USF Muscle Laboratory, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33606, USA
| | - Matthew B Jessee
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Kevin T Mattocks
- Department of Exercise Science, Lindenwood University - Belleville, Belleville, IL 63301, USA
| | - J Grant Mouser
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Troy University, Troy, AL 36082, USA
| | - Takashi Abe
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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Bonafiglia JT, Nelms MW, Preobrazenski N, LeBlanc C, Robins L, Lu S, Lithopoulos A, Walsh JJ, Gurd BJ. Moving beyond threshold-based dichotomous classification to improve the accuracy in classifying non-responders. Physiol Rep 2019; 6:e13928. [PMID: 30488594 PMCID: PMC6429972 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined maximal oxygen consumption responses following exercise training to demonstrate the limitations associated with threshold‐based dichotomous classification of responders and non‐responders and proposed alternative methods for classification. Specifically, we: 1) calculated individual probabilities of response, and 2) classified individuals using response confidence intervals (CI) and reference points of zero and a smallest worthwhile change of 0.5 METs. Our findings support the use of individual probabilities and individual CIs to improve the accuracy in non‐response classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew W Nelms
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Camille LeBlanc
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren Robins
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simo Lu
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander Lithopoulos
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy J Walsh
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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77
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Investigating the reproducibility of maximal oxygen uptake responses to high-intensity interval training. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 23:94-99. [PMID: 31606316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that observed maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and time to fatigue (TTF) responses to two identical periods of standardized high-intensity interval training are reproducible. DESIGN Fourteen recreationally active and healthy young males completed two identical four-week periods of high-intensity interval training (4×4-min intervals at 90-95% maximum heart rate [HRmax] separated by 3-min periods of active recovery at 70-75% HRmax). Training periods were separated by a three-month washout period. METHODS VO2max and TTF were assessed via incremental tests with supramaximal verification before and after each training period. Pearson correlation coefficients (r), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and within-subjects coefficients of variation (CV) were used to assess reproducibility of observed VO2max and TTF responses. RESULTS VO2max and TTF values before the second training period were not significantly higher than baseline values and there were no significant (p>0.05) interaction effects (period 1: VO2max: +4.04±2.29mL/kg/min, TTF: +70.75±35.87s; period 2: VO2max: +2.83±2.74mL/kg/min, TTF: +83.46±34.55s). We found very weak-to-moderate correlations and poor reproducibility for observed VO2max (mL/kg/min: r=0.40, ICC=0.369, CV=74.4) and TTF (r=0.11. ICC=0.048, CV=45.6) responses to training periods 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS Our ANOVA results confirmed that the three-month washout period returned VO2max and TTF levels to baseline and prevented carryover effects. Contrary to our hypothesis, our results suggest that individual observed VO2max and TTF responses to identical training stimuli are not reproducible.
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Brennan AM, Day AG, Cowan TE, Clarke GJ, Lamarche B, Ross R. Individual Response to Standardized Exercise: Total and Abdominal Adipose Tissue. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 52:490-497. [PMID: 31479006 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE (1) Determine the effect of exercise amount and intensity on the proportion of individuals for whom the adipose tissue (AT) response is above the minimal clinically important difference (MCID); and (2) Examine whether clinically meaningful anthropometric changes reflect individual AT responses above the MCID. METHODS Men (n = 41) and women (n = 62) (52.7 ± 7.6 yr) were randomized to control (n = 20); low amount low intensity (n = 24); high amount low intensity (n = 30); and high amount high intensity (n = 29) treadmill exercise for 24 wk. The AT changes were measured by MRI. 90% confidence intervals for each individual's observed response were calculated as the observed score ±1.64 × TE (technical error of measurement). RESULTS For visceral AT, HAHI and HALI had a greater proportion of individuals whose AT change and 90% confidence interval were beyond the MCID compared to controls (P < 0.006). For all other AT depots, all exercise groups had significantly more individuals whose changes were beyond the MCID compared with controls. Of those who achieved a waist circumference or body weight reduction ≥ the MCID, 76% to 93% achieved abdominal, abdominal subcutaneous, and visceral AT changes ≥ the MCID. CONCLUSIONS Increasing exercise amount and/or intensity may increase the proportion of individuals who achieve clinically meaningful visceral AT reductions. Waist circumference or body weight changes beyond a clinically meaningful threshold are predictive of clinically meaningful abdominal adiposity changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Brennan
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, CANADA
| | | | - Theresa E Cowan
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, CANADA
| | - Gregory J Clarke
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, CANADA
| | - Benoit Lamarche
- Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CANADA
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79
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Slysz JT, Petrick HL, Marrow JP, Burr JF. An examination of individual responses to ischemic preconditioning and the effect of repeated ischemic preconditioning on cycling performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:633-640. [PMID: 31429381 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1651401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To use repeated control trials to measure within-subject variability and assess the existence of responders to ischemic preconditioning (IPC). Secondly, to determine whether repeated IPC can evoke a dosed ergogenic response. METHODS Twelve aerobically fit individuals each completed three control and three IPC 5-km cycling time trials. IPC trials included: (i) IPC 15-min preceding the trial (traditional IPC), (ii) IPC 24-h and 15-min preceding (IPC × 2), (iii) IPC 48-h, 24-h, and 15-min preceding (IPC × 3). IPC consisted of 3 × 5-min cycles of occlusion and reperfusion at the upper thighs. To assess the existence of a true response to IPC, individual performance following traditional IPC was compared to each individual's own 5-km TT coefficient of variation. In individuals who responded to IPC, all three IPC conditions were compared to the mean of the three control trials (CONavg) to determine whether repeated IPC can evoke a dosed ergogenic response. RESULTS 9 of 12 (75%) participants improved 5-km time (-1.8 ± 1.7%) following traditional IPC, however, only 7 of 12 (58%) improved greater than their own variability between repeated controls (true responders). In true responders only, we observed a significant mean improvement in 5-km TT completion following traditional IPC (478 ± 50 s), IPC × 2 (481 ± 51 s), and IPC × 3 (480.5 ± 49 s) compared to mean CONavg (488 ± 51s; p < 0.006), with no differences between various IPC trials (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION A majority of participants responded to IPC, providing support for a meaningful IPC-mediated performance benefit. However, repeated bouts of IPC on consecutive days do not enhance the ergogenic effect of a single bout of IPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Slysz
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - H L Petrick
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - J P Marrow
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - J F Burr
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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80
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Chrzanowski-Smith OJ, Piatrikova E, Betts JA, Williams S, Gonzalez JT. Variability in exercise physiology: Can capturing intra-individual variation help better understand true inter-individual responses? Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:452-460. [PMID: 31397212 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1655100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Exploring individual responses to exercise training is a growing area of interest. Understanding reasons behind true observed inter-individual responses may help personalise exercise training to maximise the benefits received. While numerous factors have been explored, an often underappreciated consideration in the sport and exercise science field is the influence intra-individual variation, both in a single measurement and in response to an intervention, may have on training outcomes. Several study designs and statistical approaches are available to incorporate intra-individual variation into interventions and accordingly provide information on whether 'true' inter-individual responses are present or if they are an artefact of intra-individual variation. However, such approaches are sparingly applied. Moreover, intra-individual variation may also be important when true inter-individual response differences are present. In this perspective piece, the concept of intra-individual variation is described before briefly summarising study designs and statistical practices to account for intra-individual variation. We then outline two examples of physiological practices (stratified randomisation and prescribing exercise programmes upon training parameters) to demonstrate why sport and exercise scientists should acknowledge intra-individual variation prior to the implementation of an intervention, which potentially offers an additional explanation behind observed true inter-individual responses to training. Repeated testing pre-implementation of exercise training would conceptually provide more confident estimates of training parameters, which if utilised in a study design will help attenuate biases that may dictate inter-individual differences. Moreover, the incorporation of intra-individual differences will facilitate insights into alternative factors that may predict and/or explain true observed individual responses to an exercise training programme.
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81
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Schwarck S, Müller P, Rehfeld K, Müller N. FV 44 Interindividual differences in cognitive response to acute exercise – A randomized controlled cross-over study. Clin Neurophysiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.04.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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83
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Inter-Individual Differences in Cognitive Response to a Single Bout of Physical Exercise-A Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Study. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8081101. [PMID: 31349593 PMCID: PMC6723732 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reviews have shown that acute exercise can improve cognitive functions, especially executive functions. However, a closer look at the included studies revealed a wide inter-individual variability in the effects of exercise on cognition. Therefore, thirty-nine healthy adults (age: 19–30 years) were analyzed in a randomized, controlled cross-over study with two exercise groups (n = 13 each) and a sedentary control group (n = 13). The exercise conditions included moderate (30 min at 40–59% VO2max) and high intensity interval (five × 2 min at 90% VO2max with 3 min active recovery at 40% VO2max) treadmill exercise. The main outcome assessed was cognitive performance (attention, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility) and underlying inter-individual variability in young adults. On the group level no significant group or group × time interaction effects were observed. Using a median split, we found significant differences between low and high cognitive performers regarding cognitive function following moderate and high intensity interval treadmill exercise. Furthermore, using a pre-determined threshold we could identify responders and non-responders to acute exercise. Therefore, future research should consider individual performance requirements.
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84
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Pickering C, Kiely J. Exercise Response Efficiency: A Novel Way to Enhance Population Health? Lifestyle Genom 2019; 11:129-135. [PMID: 31302657 DOI: 10.1159/000501206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The rates of obesity and its related comorbidities have increased substantially over the last 30 years, with approximately 35% of all US adults now classified as obese. Whilst the causes of obesity are both complex and multifactorial, one contributor is a reduction in leisure time physical activity, with no concurrent reduction in energy intake. Physical activity interventions have been demonstrated to promote fat loss, yet more than 50% of US adults undertake no leisure time physical activity at all, with a lack of time and enjoyment often cited as the main drivers of rising inactivity levels. Furthermore, recent evidence has demonstrated that a sub-group of individuals may experience no improvement in a given fitness or health-related measure following a specific training programme, suggesting that there may be optimal exercise types for different groups of individuals. In this paper, we introduce the concept of exercise response efficiency, whereby individuals are matched to the training type from which they are most likely to derive the greatest improvements for the least time commitment. We propose that a more precise targeting of exercise interventions is likely to drive more rapid improvements in health, thereby promoting exercise adherence and enjoyment, whilst simultaneously reducing obesity and mortality risks. Such an innovation would, we suggest, confer important public health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Pickering
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom,
| | - John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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85
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Garcia-Retortillo S, Gacto M, O'Leary TJ, Noon M, Hristovski R, Balagué N, Morris MG. Cardiorespiratory coordination reveals training-specific physiological adaptations. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1701-1709. [PMID: 31187282 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity training (CONT), matched for total work, on cardiorespiratory coordination and aerobic fitness. METHODS This is a two-arm parallel group single-blind randomised study. Twenty adults were assigned to 6 weeks of HIIT or volume-matched CONT. Participants completed a progressive maximal cycling test before and after the training period. Principal component (PC) analysis was performed on the series of cardiorespiratory variables to evaluate dimensionality of cardiorespiratory coordination, before and after lactate turnpoint. PC1 eigenvalues were compared. RESULTS Both HIIT and CONT improved aerobic fitness (main effects of time, p < 0.001, [Formula: see text] ≥ 0.580), with no differences between groups. CONT decreased the number of PCs from two to one at intensities both below and above the lactate turnpoint; PC1 eigenvalues increased after CONT both below (Z = 2.08; p = 0.04; d = 0.94) and above the lactate turnpoint (Z = 2.10; p = 0.04; d = 1.37). HIIT decreased the number of PCs from two to one after the lactate turnpoint only; PC1 eigenvalues increased after HIIT above the lactate turnpoint (Z = 2.31; p = 0.02; d = 0.42). CONCLUSIONS Although CONT and HIIT improved aerobic fitness to a similar extent, there were different patterns of change for cardiorespiratory coordination. These changes appear training-intensity specific and could be sensitive to investigate the individual response to endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Garcia-Retortillo
- University School of Health and Sport (EUSES), University of Girona, C. Francesc Macià 65, 17190, Girona, Spain.,Complex Systems in Sport, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. de l'Estadi 12-22, 08038, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Gacto
- University School of Health and Sport (EUSES), University of Girona, C. Francesc Macià 65, 17190, Girona, Spain
| | - T J O'Leary
- Army Personnel Research Capability, HQ Army, Andover, UK
| | - M Noon
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Whitefriars Street, Coventry, UK
| | - R Hristovski
- Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Zeleznicka BB, 1000, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - N Balagué
- Complex Systems in Sport, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. de l'Estadi 12-22, 08038, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M G Morris
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Whitefriars Street, Coventry, UK. .,Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, UK.
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Hammond BP, Stotz PJ, Brennan AM, Lamarche B, Day AG, Ross R. Individual Variability in Waist Circumference and Body Weight in Response to Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:315-322. [PMID: 30216237 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the magnitude of exercise-induced individual variability for waist circumference (WC) and body weight change after accounting for biological variability and measurement error. Determinants of response variability were also considered. METHODS Participants (53 ± 7.5 yr) were 181 adults (61% women) with abdominal obesity randomized to the following: control; low-amount, low-intensity exercise (LALI); high-amount, low-intensity exercise (HALI); or high-amount, high-intensity exercise (HAHI) for 24 wk. Unstructured physical activity was measured by accelerometer. The variability in response to exercise for WC and body weight (SDR) was isolated by subtracting the SD values for the change scores in the exercise group from that of the control group. RESULTS The variability of response due to exercise (SDR) for change in WC was 3.1, -0.3, and 3.1 cm for LALI, HALI, and HAHI groups, respectively. Corresponding values for body weight were 3.8, 2.0, and 3.5 kg for LALI, HALI, and HAHI, respectively. The high-amount exercise groups yielded the highest proportion of individuals with a clinically meaningful response. No variables predicted the response to exercise (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Substantial variability in response to standardized exercise was observed for change in both WC and body weight after accounting for the variability not attributed to exercise. Potential determinants of the interindividual variability in response to exercise remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Benoît Lamarche
- Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, CANADA
| | - Andrew G Day
- Kingston General Health Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Robert Ross
- School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, CANADA
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87
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Müllers P, Taubert M, Müller NG. Physical Exercise as Personalized Medicine for Dementia Prevention? Front Physiol 2019; 10:672. [PMID: 31244669 PMCID: PMC6563896 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence mainly from observational studies supports the notion that lifestyle factors such as regular physical activity can modulate potential risk factors of dementia. Regarding a potential mechanism for this interaction, results from intervention studies show that exercising can induce neuroplastic changes in the human brain. However, a detailed look at the study results reveals a wide interindividual variability in the observed effects. This heterogeneity may originate from the fact that there are “responders” and “non-responders” with respect to the impact of physical exercise on physiological outcome parameters (i.e., VO2 peak) and the brain. From this, it follows that recommendations for physical exercise programs should not follow a “one size fits all” approach. Instead, we propose that the exercises should be tailored to an individual in order to maximize the potential neuroplastic and preventive effects of regular exercise. These adaptations should take the individual performance levels into account and impact both the quality (i.e., type) and the quantity of exercises (i.e., intensity, duration, and volume).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Müllers
- Neuroprotection Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marco Taubert
- Institute of Sport Science, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Notger G Müller
- Neuroprotection Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Clinic for Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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88
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Walsh JJ, Bonafiglia JT, Goldfield GS, Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Doucette S, Hadjiyannakis S, Alberga AS, Prud'homme D, Gurd BJ. Interindividual variability and individual responses to exercise training in adolescents with obesity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:45-54. [PMID: 31121100 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of exercise training on interindividual variability and response rates in body composition and cardiometabolic outcomes in adolescents with obesity. Postpubertal males and females (n = 143) were randomly assigned to 6 months of a diet-only control or aerobic, resistance, or combined exercise training. Body composition indices were percentages of body fat mass and lean body mass and waist circumference. Biomarkers of cardiometabolic health were systolic blood pressure and plasma fasting glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Interindividual variability was examined by comparing the standard deviation of individual responses (SDIR) to a smallest robust change (SRC). The typical error of measurement was used to classify responses. SDIR exceeded the SRC for percent body fat mass in all exercise groups (SRC = 1.04%; aerobic SDIR = 1.50%; resistance SDIR = 1.22%; combined SDIR = 2.29%), percent lean body mass (SRC = 1.38%; SDIR = 3.2%,), systolic blood pressure (SRC = 2.06 mm Hg; SDIR = 4.92 mm Hg) in the resistance group, and waist circumference (SRC = 2.33 cm; SDIR = 4.09 cm), and fasting glucose (SRC = 0.08 mmol/L; SDIR = 0.28 mmol/L) in the combined group. However, half of the reported variables (11/21) did not have a positive SDIR. Importantly, adverse response rates were significantly lower in all 3 exercise groups compared with control for body composition. Although exercise had a small influence on interindividual variability for indices of body composition, the rate of adverse responses did not increase for any outcome. Novelty Interindividual variability and individual responses to exercise training have not been investigated in adolescents with obesity. Six months of exercise training does not increase interindividual variability in adolescents with obesity. Exercise created a positive, uniform shift in responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Walsh
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.,Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Gary S Goldfield
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ronald J Sigal
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada.,Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Glen P Kenny
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Steve Doucette
- Department of Community Health & Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Stasia Hadjiyannakis
- Centre for Healthy Active Living, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Angela S Alberga
- Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Denis Prud'homme
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, ON K1K 0T2, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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89
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Ruotsalainen I, Renvall V, Gorbach T, Syväoja HJ, Tammelin TH, Karvanen J, Parviainen T. Aerobic fitness, but not physical activity, is associated with grey matter volume in adolescents. Behav Brain Res 2019; 362:122-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Castro A, Duft RG, Ferreira MLV, de Andrade ALL, Gáspari AF, Silva LDM, de Oliveira-Nunes SG, Cavaglieri CR, Ghosh S, Bouchard C, Chacon- Mikahil MPT. Association of skeletal muscle and serum metabolites with maximum power output gains in response to continuous endurance or high-intensity interval training programs: The TIMES study - A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212115. [PMID: 30742692 PMCID: PMC6370248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have begun to identify the molecular determinants of inter-individual variability of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in response to exercise training programs. However, we still have an incomplete picture of the molecular mechanisms underlying trainability in response to exercise training. OBJECTIVE We investigated baseline serum and skeletal muscle metabolomics profile and its associations with maximal power output (MPO) gains in response to 8-week of continuous endurance training (ET) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) programs matched for total units of exercise performed (the TIMES study). METHODS Eighty healthy sedentary young adult males were randomized to one of three groups and 70 were defined as completers (> 90% of sessions): ET (n = 30), HIIT (n = 30) and control (CO, n = 10). For the CO, participants were asked to not exercise for 8 weeks. Serum and skeletal muscle samples were analyzed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The targeted screens yielded 43 serum and 70 muscle reproducible metabolites (intraclass > 0.75; coefficient of variation < 25%). Associations of baseline metabolites with MPO trainability were explored within each training program via three analytical strategies: (1) correlations with gains in MPO; (2) differences between high and low responders to ET and HIIT; and (3) metabolites contributions to the most significant pathways related to gains in MPO. The significance level was set at P < 0.01 or false discovery rate of 0.1. RESULTS The exercise programs generated similar gains in MPO (ET = 21.4 ± 8.0%; HIIT = 24.3 ± 8.5%). MPO associated baseline metabolites supported by all three levels of evidence were: serum glycerol, muscle alanine, proline, threonine, creatinine, AMP and pyruvate for ET, and serum lysine, phenylalanine, creatine, and muscle glycolate for HIIT. The most common pathways suggested by the metabolite profiles were aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, and carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. CONCLUSION We suggest that MPO gains in both programs are potentially associated with metabolites indicative of baseline amino acid and translation processes with additional evidence for carbohydrate metabolism in ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Castro
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Garbellini Duft
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - André Luís Lugnani de Andrade
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arthur Fernandes Gáspari
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Marchi Silva
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudia Regina Cavaglieri
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program and Center for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
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91
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Islam H, Edgett BA, Bonafiglia JT, Shulman T, Ma A, Quadrilatero J, Simpson CA, Gurd BJ. Repeatability of exercise-induced changes in mRNA expression and technical considerations for qPCR analysis in human skeletal muscle. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:407-420. [PMID: 30657617 DOI: 10.1113/ep087401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Are individual changes in exercise-induced mRNA expression repeatable (i.e. representative of the true response to exercise rather than random error)? What is the main finding and its importance? Exercise-induced changes in mRNA expression are not repeatable even under identical experimental conditions, thereby challenging the use of mRNA expression as a biomarker of adaptive potential and/or individual responsiveness to exercise. ABSTRACT It remains unknown if (1) the observed change in mRNA expression reflects an individual's true response to exercise or random (technical and/or biological) error, and (2) the individual responsiveness to exercise is protocol-specific. We examined the repeatability of skeletal muscle PGC-1α, PDK4, NRF-1, VEGF-A, HSP72 and p53 mRNA expression following two identical endurance exercise (END) bouts (END-1, END-2; 30 min of cycling at 65% of peak work rate (WRpeak ), n = 11) and inter-individual variability in PGC-1α and PDK4 mRNA expression following END and sprint interval training (SIT; 8 × 20 s cycling intervals at ∼170% WRpeak , n = 10) in active young males. The repeatability of key gene analysis steps (RNA extraction, reverse transcription, qPCR) and within-sample fibre-type distribution (n = 8) was also determined to examine potential sources of technical error in our analyses. Despite highly repeatable exercise bout characteristics (work rate, heart rate, blood lactate; ICC > 0.71; CV < 10%; r > 0.85, P < 0.01), gene analysis steps (ICC > 0.73; CV < 24%; r > 0.75, P < 0.01), and similar group-level changes in mRNA expression, individual changes in PGC-1α, PDK4, VEGF-A and p53 mRNA expression were not repeatable (ICC < 0.22; CV > 20%; r < 0.21). Fibre-type distribution in two portions of the same muscle biopsy was highly variable and not significantly related (ICC = 0.39; CV = 26%; r = 0.37, P = 0.37). Since individual changes in mRNA expression following identical exercise bouts were not repeatable, inferences regarding individual responsiveness to END or SIT were not made. Substantial random error exists in changes in mRNA expression following acute exercise, thereby challenging the use of mRNA expression for analysing individual responsiveness to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brittany A Edgett
- IMPART Team Canada Investigator Network, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.,Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Talya Shulman
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Ma
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig A Simpson
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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92
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Williams CJ, Gurd BJ, Bonafiglia JT, Voisin S, Li Z, Harvey N, Croci I, Taylor JL, Gajanand T, Ramos JS, Fassett RG, Little JP, Francois ME, Hearon CM, Sarma S, Janssen SLJE, Van Craenenbroeck EM, Beckers P, Cornelissen VA, Pattyn N, Howden EJ, Keating SE, Bye A, Stensvold D, Wisloff U, Papadimitriou I, Yan X, Bishop DJ, Eynon N, Coombes JS. A Multi-Center Comparison of O 2peak Trainability Between Interval Training and Moderate Intensity Continuous Training. Front Physiol 2019; 10:19. [PMID: 30804794 PMCID: PMC6370746 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is heterogeneity in the observed O2peak response to similar exercise training, and different exercise approaches produce variable degrees of exercise response (trainability). The aim of this study was to combine data from different laboratories to compare O2peak trainability between various volumes of interval training and Moderate Intensity Continuous Training (MICT). For interval training, volumes were classified by the duration of total interval time. High-volume High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) included studies that had participants complete more than 15 min of high intensity efforts per session. Low-volume HIIT/Sprint Interval Training (SIT) included studies using less than 15 min of high intensity efforts per session. In total, 677 participants across 18 aerobic exercise training interventions from eight different universities in five countries were included in the analysis. Participants had completed 3 weeks or more of either high-volume HIIT (n = 299), low-volume HIIT/SIT (n = 116), or MICT (n = 262) and were predominately men (n = 495) with a mix of healthy, elderly and clinical populations. Each training intervention improved mean O2peak at the group level (P < 0.001). After adjusting for covariates, high-volume HIIT had a significantly greater (P < 0.05) absolute O2peak increase (0.29 L/min) compared to MICT (0.20 L/min) and low-volume HIIT/SIT (0.18 L/min). Adjusted relative O2peak increase was also significantly greater (P < 0.01) in high-volume HIIT (3.3 ml/kg/min) than MICT (2.4 ml/kg/min) and insignificantly greater (P = 0.09) than low-volume HIIT/SIT (2.5 mL/kg/min). Based on a high threshold for a likely response (technical error of measurement plus the minimal clinically important difference), high-volume HIIT had significantly more (P < 0.01) likely responders (31%) compared to low-volume HIIT/SIT (16%) and MICT (21%). Covariates such as age, sex, the individual study, population group, sessions per week, study duration and the average between pre and post O2peak explained only 17.3% of the variance in O2peak trainability. In conclusion, high-volume HIIT had more likely responders to improvements in O2peak compared to low-volume HIIT/SIT and MICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla J Williams
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zhixiu Li
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas Harvey
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Ilaria Croci
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jenna L Taylor
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Trishan Gajanand
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joyce S Ramos
- SHAPE Research Centre, Exercise Science and Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Robert G Fassett
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Monique E Francois
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher M Hearon
- Internal Medicine, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Satyam Sarma
- Internal Medicine, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Sylvan L J E Janssen
- Internal Medicine, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Beckers
- Cardiology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Véronique A Cornelissen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences - Research Group for Rehabilitation in Internal Disorders, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Pattyn
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences - Research Group for Rehabilitation in Internal Disorders, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erin J Howden
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shelley E Keating
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anja Bye
- K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dorthe Stensvold
- K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ulrik Wisloff
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ioannis Papadimitriou
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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93
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Ramírez-Vélez R, Hernández-Quiñones PA, Tordecilla-Sanders A, Álvarez C, Ramírez-Campillo R, Izquierdo M, Correa-Bautista JE, Garcia-Hermoso A, Garcia RG. Effectiveness of HIIT compared to moderate continuous training in improving vascular parameters in inactive adults. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:42. [PMID: 30717757 PMCID: PMC6362599 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-0981-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strong evidence shows that physical inactivity increases the risk of many adverse health conditions, including major non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), metabolic syndrome, and breast and colon cancers, and shortens life expectancy. We aimed to determine the effects of moderate (MCT)- versus high-intensity interval training (HIT) on vascular function parameters in physically inactive adults. We hypothesized that individualized HIT prescription would improve the vascular function parameters more than the MCT in a greater proportion of individuals. METHODS Twenty-one inactive adults were randomly allocated to receive either MCT group (60-75% of their heart rate reserve, [HRR] or HIT group (4 min at 85-95% of peak HRR), 3 days a week for 12 weeks. Vascular function (brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, FMD [%], normalized brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, FMDn [%], aortic pulse wave velocity, PWV [m·s- 1], AIx, augmentation index: aortic and brachial [%]), were measured at baseline and over 12 weeks of training. In order for a participant to be considered a responder to improvements in vascular function parameters (FMDn and PWV), the typical error was calculated in a favorable direction. RESULTS FMD changed by - 1.0% (SE 2.1, d = 0.388) in the MCT group, and + 1.8% (SE 1.8, d = 0.699) in the HIT group (no significant difference between groups: 2.9% [95% CI, - 3.0 to 8.8]. PWV changed by + 0.1 m·s- 1 (SE 0.2, d = 0.087) in the MCT group but decreased by - 0.4 m·s- 1 in the HIT group (SE 0.2, d = 0.497), with significant difference between groups: - 0.4 [95% CI, - 0.2 to - 0.7]. There was not a significant difference in the prevalence of no-responder for FMD (%) between the MCT and HIT groups (66% versus 36%, P = 0.157). Regarding PWV (m·s- 1), an analysis showed that the prevalence of no-responder was 77% (7 cases) in the MCT group and 45% (5 cases) in the HIT group (P = 0.114). CONCLUSIONS Under the conditions of the present study, both groups experienced changed in vascular function parameters. Compared to MCT group, HIT is more efficacious for improving FMD and decreasing PWV, in physically inactive adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02738385 registered on 23 March 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Centro de Estudios para la Medición de la Actividad Física “CEMA”. Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, DC Colombia
| | | | - Alejandra Tordecilla-Sanders
- Centro de Estudios para la Medición de la Actividad Física “CEMA”. Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, DC Colombia
| | - Cristian Álvarez
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
- Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sports, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo
- Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sports, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CB16/10/00315), Tudela, Navarre Spain
| | - Jorge Enrique Correa-Bautista
- Centro de Estudios para la Medición de la Actividad Física “CEMA”. Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, DC Colombia
| | - Antonio Garcia-Hermoso
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ronald G. Garcia
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Neurovascular Science Group, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Floridablanca, Santander Colombia
- Connors Center for Women’s Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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94
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Tew GA, Leighton D, Carpenter R, Anderson S, Langmead L, Ramage J, Faulkner J, Coleman E, Fairhurst C, Seed M, Bottoms L. High-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training in adults with Crohn's disease: a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Gastroenterol 2019; 19:19. [PMID: 30696423 PMCID: PMC6352351 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-019-0936-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study assessed the feasibility and acceptability of two common types of exercise training-high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT)-in adults with Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS In this mixed-methods pilot trial, participants with quiescent or mildly-active CD were randomly assigned 1:1:1 to HIIT, MICT or usual care control, and followed up for 6 months. The HIIT and MICT groups were offered three exercise sessions per week for the first 12 weeks. Feasibility outcomes included rates of recruitment, retention, outcome completion, and exercise attendance. Data were collected on cardiorespiratory fitness (e.g., peak oxygen uptake), disease activity, fatigue, quality of life, adverse events, and intervention acceptability (via interviews). RESULTS Over 17 months, 53 patients were assessed for eligibility and 36 (68%) were randomised (47% male; mean age 36.9 [SD 11.2] years); 13 to HIIT, 12 to MICT, and 11 to control. The exercise session attendance rate was 62% for HIIT (288/465) and 75% for MICT (320/429), with 62% of HIIT participants (8/13) and 67% of MICT participants (8/12) completing at least 24 of 36 sessions. One participant was lost to follow-up. Outcome completion rates ranged from 89 to 97%. The mean increase in peak oxygen uptake, relative to control, was greater following HIIT than MICT (2.4 vs. 0.7 mL/kg/min). There were three non-serious exercise-related adverse events, and two exercise participants experienced disease relapse during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The findings support the feasibility and acceptability of the exercise programmes and trial procedures. A definitive trial is warranted. Physical exercise remains a potentially useful adjunct therapy in CD. [ID: ISRCTN13021107].
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry A. Tew
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - Dean Leighton
- Centre for Immunobiology, Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Building, Newark Street, Whitechapel, London, E1 2AT UK
| | - Roger Carpenter
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, Stratford Campus, London, E15 4LZ UK
| | | | - Louise Langmead
- Digestive Diseases Clinical Academic Unit, Barts and the London NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - John Ramage
- Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hampshire, UK
| | - James Faulkner
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Winchester, Winchester, SO22 4NR UK
| | | | | | - Michael Seed
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, Stratford Campus, London, E15 4LZ UK
| | - Lindsay Bottoms
- Centre for Psychology and Sports Science, University of Hertfordshire, Life and Medical Sciences, CP Snow Building, College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB UK
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95
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Raleigh JP, Giles MD, Islam H, Nelms M, Bentley RF, Jones JH, Neder JA, Boonstra K, Quadrilatero J, Simpson CA, Tschakovsky ME, Gurd BJ. Contribution of central and peripheral adaptations to changes in maximal oxygen uptake following 4 weeks of sprint interval training. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 43:1059-1068. [PMID: 29733694 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the contribution of central and peripheral adaptations to changes in maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) following sprint interval training (SIT). Twenty-three males completed 4 weekly SIT sessions (8 × 20-s cycling bouts at ∼170% of work rate at V̇O2max, 10-s recovery) for 4 weeks. Following completion of training, the relationship between changes in V̇O2max and changes in central (cardiac output) and peripheral (arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference (a-vO2diff), muscle capillary density, oxidative capacity, fibre-type distribution) adaptations was determined in all participants using correlation analysis. Participants were then divided into tertiles on the basis of the magnitude of their individual V̇O2max responses, and differences in central and peripheral adaptations were examined in the top (HI; ∼10 mL·kg-1·min-1 increase in V̇O2max, p < 0.05) and bottom (LO; no change in V̇O2max, p > 0.05) tertiles (n = 8 each). Training had no impact on maximal cardiac output, and no differences were observed between the LO group and the HI group (p > 0.05). The a-vO2diff increased in the HI group only (p < 0.05) and correlated significantly (r = 0.71, p < 0.01) with changes in V̇O2max across all participants. Muscle capillary density (p < 0.02) and β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase maximal activity (p < 0.05) increased in both groups, with no between-group differences (p > 0.05). Citrate synthase maximal activity (p < 0.01) and type IIA fibre composition (p < 0.05) increased in the LO group only. Collectively, although the heterogeneity in the observed V̇O2max response following 4 weeks of SIT appears to be attributable to individual differences in systemic vascular and/or muscular adaptations, the markers examined in the current study were unable to explain the divergent V̇O2max responses in the LO and HI groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Raleigh
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Matthew D Giles
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Hashim Islam
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Matthew Nelms
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Robert F Bentley
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Joshua H Jones
- b Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - J Alberto Neder
- b Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kristen Boonstra
- c Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- c Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Craig A Simpson
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Michael E Tschakovsky
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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96
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Bonafiglia JT, Ross R, Gurd BJ. The application of repeated testing and monoexponential regressions to classify individual cardiorespiratory fitness responses to exercise training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:889-900. [PMID: 30666410 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04078-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We tested the hypothesis that monoexponential regressions will increase the certainty in response estimates and confidence in classification of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) responses compared to a recently proposed linear regression approach. METHODS We used data from a previously published RCT that involved 24 weeks of training at high amount-high intensity (HAHI; N = 28), high amount-low intensity (HALI; N = 48), or low amount-low intensity (LALI; N = 33). CRF was measured at 0, 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks. We fit the repeated CRF measures with monoexponential and linear regressions, and calculated individual response estimates, the error in these estimates (TEMONOEXP and TESLOPE, respectively), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Individuals were classified as responders, uncertain, or non-responders based on where their CI lay relative to a minimum clinically important difference. Additionally, responses were classified using observed pre-post-changes and the typical error of measurement. RESULTS Comparing the error in response estimates revealed that monoexponential regressions were a better fit than linear regressions for the majority of individual responses (N = 81/109) and mean CRF data (mean TEMONOEXP:TESLOPE; HAHI = 2.00:2.58, HALI = 1.91:2.46, LALI = 1.63:2.18; all p < 0.01). Fewer individuals were confidently classified as responders with linear regressions (N = 29/109) compared to monoexponential (N = 55/109). Additionally, response estimates were highly correlated across all three approaches (all r > 0.92). CONCLUSIONS Future studies should determine the type of regression that best fits their data prior to classifying responses. The similarity in response estimates and classification from regressions and observed pre-post-changes questions the purported benefit of using repeated measures to characterize CRF responses to training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Ross
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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97
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Voisin S, Jacques M, Lucia A, Bishop DJ, Eynon N. Statistical Considerations for Exercise Protocols Aimed at Measuring Trainability. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2019; 47:37-45. [PMID: 30334853 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The individual response to exercise training is of great interest with methods that have been proposed to measure this response reviewed in this paper. However, individual training response estimates may be biased by various sources of variability present in exercise studies, and in particular by within-subject variability. We propose the use of protocols that can separate trainability from within-subject variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- European University of Madrid (Faculty of Sports Sciences) and Research Institute 'i+12'.,Biomedical Research Centre, Network of Frailty and Healthy Aging, Madrid, Spain
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Victoria, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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98
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Pickering C, Kiely J, Suraci B, Collins D. The magnitude of Yo-Yo test improvements following an aerobic training intervention are associated with total genotype score. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207597. [PMID: 30485313 PMCID: PMC6261586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that there is considerable inter-individual variation in the response to aerobic training, and that this variation is partially mediated by genetic factors. As such, we aimed to investigate if a genetic based algorithm successfully predicted the magnitude of improvements following eight-weeks of aerobic training in youth soccer players. A genetic test was utilised to examine five single nucleotide polymorphisms (VEGF rs2010963, ADRB2 rs1042713 and rs1042714, CRP rs1205 & PPARGC1A rs8192678), whose occurrence is believed to impact aerobic training adaptations. 42 male soccer players (17.0 ± 1y, 176 ± 6 cm, 69 ± 9 kg) were tested and stratified into three different Total Genotype Score groups; "low", "medium"and "high", based on the possession of favourable polymorphisms. Subjects underwent two Yo-Yo tests separated by eight-weeks of sports-specific aerobic training. Overall, there were no significant differences between the genotype groups in pre-training Yo-Yo performance, but evident between-group response differentials emerged in post-training Yo-Yo test performance. Subjects in the "high" group saw much larger improvements (58%) than those in the 'medium" (35%) and "low" (7%) groups. There were significant (p<0.05) differences between the groups in the magnitude of improvement, with athletes in the "high" and medium group having larger improvements than the "low" group (d = 2.59 "high" vs "low"; d = 1.32 "medium" vs "low"). In conclusion, the magnitude of improvements in aerobic fitness following a training intervention were associated with a genetic algorithm comprised of five single nucleotide polymorphisms. This information could lead to the development of more individualised aerobic training designs, targeting optimal fitness adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Pickering
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport & Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
- Exercise and Nutritional Genomics Research Centre, DNAFit Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - J. Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport & Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - B. Suraci
- Exercise and Nutritional Genomics Research Centre, DNAFit Ltd, London, United Kingdom
- Suraci Consultancy, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - D. Collins
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport & Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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99
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Arm-crank training improves postural stability and physical functioning in older people. Exp Gerontol 2018; 113:218-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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100
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Álvarez C, Ramírez-Campillo R, Cristi-Montero C, Ramírez-Vélez R, Izquierdo M. Prevalence of Non-responders for Blood Pressure and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Among Prehypertensive Women After Long-Term High-Intensity Interval Training. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1443. [PMID: 30405426 PMCID: PMC6206174 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exercise is known to improve cardiometabolic outcomes; however, results are typically reported as mean values, and there is wide interindividual variability in terms of response that has not been explored in populations at risk for hypertension. Our aim was to investigate both the effects on and the prevalence of non-responders (NRs) for decreasing blood pressure (BP) and other risk factors among prehypertensive women after long-term high-intensity interval training (HIIT). A secondary aim was to report potential variables that can predict decreases in BP after HIIT. Methods: Sedentary overweight/obese women (age 35.9 ± 5.4 year; body mass index [BMI] 30.9 ± 6.2 kg/m2) were assigned to a prehypertensive (PreHTN; N = 44) or normotensive (NT; N = 40) group according to their ambulatory BP at baseline. Subjects underwent a thrice-weekly 16-week HIIT program (7-10 × 1 min exercise with 2 min of rest). Training-induced changes in body composition and cardiovascular, metabolic, strength, and endurance performance markers were measured, and the prevalence of NRs was reported as a percentage. All outcomes were analyzed by multivariable regression. Results: Statistically significant (P < 0.05) decreases in systolic BP (SBP) were detected in the PreHTN group (Δ -8 mmHg) compared with baseline, whereas the NT group (Δ + 3 mmHg) showed a non-significant increase in SBP. Diastolic BP (DBP) was significantly decreased in the PreHTN group (Δ -5.8 mmHg) and non-significantly decreased (Δ -2 mmHg) in the NT group. Also, there were significant differences (P < 0.0001) in the prevalence of NRs based on SBP between the PreHTN and NT groups (11.4 vs. 68.8%), but similar prevalence of NRs based on DBP. SBP alone was a powerful predictive factor for a beneficial SBP reduction, explaining 51.2% of the results, which was similar to other more complex models tested. Conclusion: The prevalence of NRs based on SBP and DBP was different between prehypertensive and normotensive subjects after 16 weeks of HIIT. Other comorbidities such as body composition and metabolic outcomes showed almost similar modifications between prehypertensive and normotensive subjects, being the most basic predictive factor for BP reduction baseline SBP, which we refer to as 'BP health status' (51.2%). This improvement in BP was accompanied by other known improvements of HIIT on body composition, metabolic and endurance performance in both study cohorts. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03000140 (Register 20 December, 2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Álvarez
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | | | - Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Centro de Estudios en Medición de la Actividad Física (CEMA), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Navarrabiomed, CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
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