51
|
McGuinness BF, Cole AG, Dong G, Brescia MR, Shao Y, Henderson I, Rokosz LL, Stauffer TM, Mannava N, Kimble EF, Hicks C, White N, Wines PG, Quadros E. Discovery of 2-aminoimidazopyridine adenosine A2A receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6845-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
52
|
Prediction of the binding affinities of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists based on the heuristic method and support vector machine. Med Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-010-9431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
53
|
Shinkre BA, Kumar TS, Gao ZG, Deflorian F, Jacobson KA, Trenkle WC. Synthesis and evaluation of 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine derivatives as A2A receptor-selective antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5690-4. [PMID: 20801028 PMCID: PMC2946083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease are serious life-limiting and debilitating movement disorders. Their onset typically occurs from mid-life to late in life, and effective diagnostic techniques for detecting and following the disease course are lacking. Our goal is to develop receptor imaging agents for positron emission tomography (PET) that selectively target the most relevant subtype of adenosine receptors (AR) that are highly expressed in the striatum, that is, the A(2A) AR. To further this goal, we have synthesized and characterized pharmacologically a family of high affinity A(2A) AR ligands, based on the known antagonist, SCH 442416 (R=-Me), which have structural variability on the terminus (R=-Et, -i-Pr, -allyl, and others). A O-fluoroethyl analogue suitable for use as a PET tracer had a K(i) value of 12.4 nM and was highly selective for the A(2A) AR in comparison to the A(1) and A(3) ARs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bidhan A. Shinkre
- Chemical Biology Unit, Laboratory of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - T. Santhosh Kumar
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Francesca Deflorian
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - William C. Trenkle
- Chemical Biology Unit, Laboratory of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
|
55
|
Rappold PM, Tieu K. Astrocytes and therapeutics for Parkinson's disease. Neurotherapeutics 2010; 7:413-23. [PMID: 20880505 PMCID: PMC2948546 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play direct, active, and critical roles in mediating neuronal survival and function in various neurodegenerative disorders. This role of astrocytes is well illustrated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), in which the removal of glutamate from the extracellular space by astrocytes confers neuroprotection, whereas astrocytic release of soluble toxic molecules promotes neurodegeneration. In recent years, this context-dependent dual role of astrocytes has also been documented in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. The present review addresses these studies and some potential mechanisms by which astrocytes may influence the neurodegenerative processes in Parkinson's disease, and in particular examines how astrocytes confer neuroprotection either through the removal of toxic molecules from the extracellular space or through the release of trophic factors and antioxidant molecules. In contrast, under pathological conditions, astrocytes release proinflammatory cytokines and other toxic molecules that are detrimental to dopaminergic neurons. These emerging roles of astrocytes in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease constitute an exciting development with promising novel therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip M. Rappold
- grid.16416.340000000419369174Department of Neurology in the Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, 575 Elmwood Avenue, Box 645, 14642 Rochester, NY
| | - Kim Tieu
- grid.16416.340000000419369174Department of Neurology in the Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, 575 Elmwood Avenue, Box 645, 14642 Rochester, NY
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Cepeda C, Cummings DM, Hickey MA, Kleiman-Weiner M, Chen JY, Watson JB, Levine MS. Rescuing the Corticostriatal Synaptic Disconnection in the R6/2 Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease: Exercise, Adenosine Receptors and Ampakines. PLOS CURRENTS 2010; 2:k/-/-/2j9e2hu5xyoq0/2. [PMID: 20877458 PMCID: PMC2945295 DOI: 10.1371/currents.rrn1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD) we examined the effects of a number of behavioral and pharmacological manipulations aimed at rescuing the progressive loss of synaptic communication between cerebral cortex and striatum. Two cohorts of transgenic mice with ~110 and 210 CAG repeats were utilized. Exercise prevented the reduction in striatal medium-sized spiny neuron membrane capacitance but did not reestablish synaptic communication. Activation of adenosine A2A type receptors renormalized postsynaptic activity to some extent. Finally, the ampakine Cx614, which has been shown to prevent α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA) receptor desensitization, slow deactivation, and facilitate glutamate release, induced significant increases in synaptic activity, albeit the effect was somewhat reduced in fully symptomatic, compared to control mice. With some limitations, each of these strategies can be used to delay and partially rescue phenotypic progression of HD in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cepeda
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Buira SP, Dentesano G, Albasanz JL, Moreno J, Martín M, Ferrer I, Barrachina M. DNA methylation and Yin Yang-1 repress adenosine A2A receptor levels in human brain. J Neurochem 2010; 115:283-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
58
|
Kecskés M, Kumar TS, Yoo L, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA. Novel Alexa Fluor-488 labeled antagonist of the A(2A) adenosine receptor: Application to a fluorescence polarization-based receptor binding assay. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:506-11. [PMID: 20438717 PMCID: PMC2900413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence polarization (FP) assay has many advantages over the traditional radioreceptor binding studies. We developed an A(2A) adenosine receptor (AR) FP assay using a newly synthesized fluorescent antagonist of the A(2A)AR (MRS5346), a pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5-amine derivative conjugated to the fluorescent dye Alexa Fluor-488. MRS5346 displayed a K(i) value of 111+/-16nM in radioligand binding using [(3)H]CGS21680 and membranes prepared from HEK293 cells stably expressing the human A(2A)AR. In a cyclic AMP functional assay, MRS5346 was shown to be an A(2A)AR antagonist. MRS5346 did not show any effect on A(1) and A(3) ARs in binding or the A(2B)AR in a cyclic AMP assay at 10microM. Its suitability as a fluorescent tracer was indicated in an initial observation of an FP signal following A(2A)AR binding. The FP signal was optimal with 20nM MRS5346 and 150microg protein/mL HEK293 membranes. The association and dissociation kinetic parameters were readily determined using this FP assay. The K(d) value of MRS5346 calculated from kinetic parameters was 16.5+/-4.7nM. In FP competition binding experiments using MRS5346 as a tracer, K(i) values of known AR agonists and antagonists consistently agreed with K(i) values from radioligand binding. Thus, this FP assay, which eliminates using radioisotopes, appears to be appropriate for both routine receptor binding and high-throughput screening with respect to speed of analysis, displaceable signal and precision. The approach used in the present study could be generally applicable to other GPCRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Kecskés
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810 USA
| | - T. Santhosh Kumar
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810 USA
| | - Lena Yoo
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810 USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810 USA
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810 USA
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Press NJ, Fozard JR. Progress towards novel adenosine receptor therapeutics gleaned from the recent patent literature. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:987-1005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2010.495388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
60
|
Lester DB, Rogers TD, Blaha CD. Acetylcholine-dopamine interactions in the pathophysiology and treatment of CNS disorders. CNS Neurosci Ther 2010; 16:137-62. [PMID: 20370804 PMCID: PMC6493877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area of the midbrain form the nigrostriatal and mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic pathways that, respectively, project to dorsal and ventral striatum (including prefrontal cortex). These midbrain dopaminergic nuclei and their respective forebrain and cortical target areas are well established as serving a critical role in mediating voluntary motor control, as evidenced in Parkinson's disease, and incentive-motivated behaviors and cognitive functions, as exhibited in drug addiction and schizophrenia, respectively. Although it cannot be disputed that excitatory and inhibitory amino acid-based neurotransmitters, such as glutamate and GABA, play a vital role in modulating activity of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, recent evidence suggests that acetylcholine may be as important in regulating dopaminergic transmission. Midbrain dopaminergic cell tonic and phasic activity is closely dependent upon projections from hindbrain pedunculopontine and the laterodorsal tegmental nuclei, which comprises the only known cholinergic inputs to these neurons. In close coordination with glutamatergic and GABAergic activity, these excitatory cholinergic projections activate nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors within the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area to modulate dopamine transmission in the dorsal/ventral striatum and prefrontal cortex. Additionally, acetylcholine-containing interneurons in the striatum also constitute an important neural substrate to provide further cholinergic modulation of forebrain striatal dopaminergic transmission. In this review, we examine neurological and psychopathological conditions associated with dysfunctions in the interaction of acetylcholine and dopamine and conventional and new pharmacological approaches to treat these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deranda B Lester
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Tiffany D. Rogers
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Charles D. Blaha
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Riccioni T, Leonardi F, Borsini F. Adenosine A(2A) Receptor Binding Profile of Two Antagonists, ST1535 and KW6002: Consideration on the Presence of Atypical Adenosine A(2A) Binding Sites. Front Psychiatry 2010; 1:22. [PMID: 21423433 PMCID: PMC3059644 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2010.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine A(2A) receptors seem to exist in typical (more in striatum) and atypical (more in hippocampus and cortex) subtypes. In the present study, we investigated the affinity of two adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists, ST1535 [2 butyl -9-methyl-8-(2H-1,2,3-triazol 2-yl)-9H-purin-6-xylamine] and KW6002 [(E)-1,3-diethyl-8-(3,4-dimethoxystyryl)-7-methyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,dione] to the "typical" and "atypical" A(2A) binding sites. Affinity was determined by radioligand competition experiments in membranes from rat striatum and hippocampus. Displacement of the adenosine analog [(3)H]CGS21680 [2-p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethyl-amino-5'-N-ethylcarbox-amidoadenosine] was evaluated in the absence or in the presence of either CSC [8-(3-chlorostyryl)-caffeine], an adenosine A(2A) antagonist that pharmacologically isolates atypical binding sites, or DPCPX (8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine), an adenosine A(1) receptor antagonist that pharmacologically isolates typical binding site. ZM241385 [84-(2-[7-amino-2-(2-furyl) [1,2,4]-triazol[2,3-a][1,3,5]triazin-5-yl amino]ethyl) phenol)] and SCH58261 [(5-amino-7-(β-phenylethyl)-2-(8-furyl)pyrazolo(4,3-e)-1,2,4-triazolo(1,5-c) pyrimidine], two other adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists, which were reported to differently bind to atypical and typical A(2A) receptors, were used as reference compounds. ST1535, KW6002, ZM241385 and SCH58261 displaced [(3)H]CGS21680 with higher affinity in striatum than in hippocampus. In hippocampus, no typical adenosine A(2A) binding was detected, and ST1535 was the only compound that occupied atypical A(2A) adenosine receptors. Present data are explained in terms of heteromeric association among adenosine A(2A), A(2B) and A(1) receptors, rather than with the presence of atypical A(2A) receptor subtype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Riccioni
- C&PNS and General Pharmacology, Research and Development, Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite S.p.A. Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Pinna A, Tronci E, Schintu N, Simola N, Volpini R, Pontis S, Cristalli G, Morelli M. A new ethyladenine antagonist of adenosine A(2A) receptors: behavioral and biochemical characterization as an antiparkinsonian drug. Neuropharmacology 2009; 58:613-23. [PMID: 19951715 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists have emerged as an attractive non-dopaminergic target in clinical trials aimed at evaluating improvement in motor deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD). Moreover, preclinical studies suggest that A(2A) receptor antagonists may slow the course of the underlying neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of the new adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist 8-ethoxy-9-ethyladenine (ANR 94) in parkinsonian models of akinesia and tremor. In addition, induction of the immediate early gene zif-268, and neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of ANR 94 were evaluated. ANR 94 was effective in reversing parkinsonian tremor induced by the administration of tacrine. ANR 94 also counteracted akinesia (stepping test) and sensorimotor deficits (vibrissae-elicited forelimb-placing test), as well as potentiating l-dopa-induced contralateral turning behavior in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion model of PD. Potentiation of motor behavior in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats was not associated with increased induction of the immediate early gene zif-268 in the striatum, suggesting that ANR 94 does not induce long-term plastic changes in this structure. Finally, in a subchronic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD, ANR 94 protected nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons from degeneration and counteracted neuroinflammatory processes by contrasting astroglial (glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP) and microglial (CD11b) activation. A(2A) receptor antagonism represents a uniquely realistic opportunity for improving PD treatment, since A(2A) receptor antagonists offer substantial symptomatic benefits and possibly disease-modifying activity. The characterization of ANR 94 may represent a further therapeutic opportunity for the treatment of PD with this new class of drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Pinna
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience - Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|