51
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Boshans LL, Sherafat A, Nishiyama A. The effects of developmental and current niches on oligodendrocyte precursor dynamics and fate. Neurosci Lett 2019; 715:134593. [PMID: 31678373 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), whose primary function is to generate myelinating oligodendrocytes, are distributed widely throughout the developing and mature central nervous system. They originate from several defined subdomains in the embryonic germinal zones at different developmental stages and in the adult. While many phenotypic differences have been observed among OPCs in different anatomical regions and among those arising from different germinal zones, we know relatively little about the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which the historical and current niches shape the behavior of oligodendrocyte lineage cells. This minireview will discuss how the behavior of oligodendrocyte lineage cells is influenced by the developmental niches from which subpopulations of OPCs emerge, by the current niches surrounding OPCs in different regions, and in pathological states that cause deviations from the normal density of oligodendrocyte lineage cells and myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Boshans
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Amin Sherafat
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, USA; Institute for Brain and Cognitive Science, University of Connecticut, USA.
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52
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Duncan GJ, Manesh SB, Hilton BJ, Assinck P, Plemel JR, Tetzlaff W. The fate and function of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells after traumatic spinal cord injury. Glia 2019; 68:227-245. [PMID: 31433109 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are the most proliferative and dispersed population of progenitor cells in the adult central nervous system, which allows these cells to rapidly respond to damage. Oligodendrocytes and myelin are lost after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), compromising efficient conduction and, potentially, the long-term health of axons. In response, OPCs proliferate and then differentiate into new oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells to remyelinate axons. This culminates in highly efficient remyelination following experimental SCI in which nearly all intact demyelinated axons are remyelinated in rodent models. However, myelin regeneration comprises only one role of OPCs following SCI. OPCs contribute to scar formation after SCI and restrict the regeneration of injured axons. Moreover, OPCs alter their gene expression following demyelination, express cytokines and perpetuate the immune response. Here, we review the functional contribution of myelin regeneration and other recently uncovered roles of OPCs and their progeny to repair following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg J Duncan
- Department of Neurology, Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sohrab B Manesh
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brett J Hilton
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Peggy Assinck
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wolfram Tetzlaff
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Departments of Zoology and Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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53
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Unal DB, Caliari SR, Lampe KJ. Engineering biomaterial microenvironments to promote myelination in the central nervous system. Brain Res Bull 2019; 152:159-174. [PMID: 31306690 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Promoting remyelination and/or minimizing demyelination are key therapeutic strategies under investigation for diseases and injuries like multiple sclerosis (MS), spinal cord injury, stroke, and virus-induced encephalopathy. Myelination is essential for efficacious neuronal signaling. This myelination process is originated by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in the central nervous system (CNS). Resident OPCs are capable of both proliferation and differentiation, and also migration to demyelinated injury sites. OPCs can then engage with these unmyelinated or demyelinated axons and differentiate into myelin-forming oligodendrocytes (OLs). However this process is frequently incomplete and often does not occur at all. Biomaterial strategies can now be used to guide OPC and OL development with the goal of regenerating healthy myelin sheaths in formerly damaged CNS tissue. Growth and neurotrophic factors delivered from such materials can promote proliferation of OPCs or differentiation into OLs. While cell transplantation techniques have been used to replace damaged cells in wound sites, they have also resulted in poor transplant cell viability, uncontrollable differentiation, and poor integration into the host. Biomaterial scaffolds made from extracellular matrix (ECM) mimics that are naturally or synthetically derived can improve transplanted cell survival, support both transplanted and endogenous cell populations, and direct their fate. In particular, stiffness and degradability of these scaffolds are two parameters that can influence the fate of OPCs and OLs. The future outlook for biomaterials research includes 3D in vitro models of myelination / remyelination / demyelination to better mimic and study these processes. These models should provide simple relationships of myelination to microenvironmental biophysical and biochemical properties to inform improved therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz B Unal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, United States
| | - Steven R Caliari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, United States
| | - Kyle J Lampe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, United States.
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54
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Marques S, van Bruggen D, Castelo-Branco G. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cells from the Mouse Central Nervous System. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1936:1-21. [PMID: 30820890 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9072-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing has emerged as a powerful technique for the identification of distinct cell states/populations in complex tissues. We have recently used this technology to investigate heterogeneity of cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage in the mouse central nervous system. In this chapter, we describe methods to perform single-cell RNA sequencing on this glial cell lineage, and discuss experimental and computational approaches to explore the potential and to tackle hurdles associated with this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sueli Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David van Bruggen
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gonçalo Castelo-Branco
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm Node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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55
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Winkler CC, Franco SJ. Loss of Shh signaling in the neocortex reveals heterogeneous cell recovery responses from distinct oligodendrocyte populations. Dev Biol 2019; 452:55-65. [PMID: 31071314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The majority of oligodendrocytes in the neocortex originate from neural progenitors that reside in the dorsal forebrain. We recently showed that Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling in these dorsal progenitors is required to produce normal numbers of neocortical oligodendrocytes during embryonic development. Conditional deletion of the Shh signaling effector, Smo, in dorsal progenitors caused a dramatic reduction in oligodendrocyte numbers in the embryonic neocortex. In the current study, we show that the depleted oligodendrocyte lineage in Smo conditional mutants is able to recover to control numbers over time. This eventual recovery is achieved in part by expansion of the ventrally-derived wild-type lineage that normally makes up a minority of the total oligodendrocyte population. However, we find that the remaining dorsally-derived mutant cells also increase in numbers over time to contribute equally to the recovery of the total population. Additionally, we found that the ways in which the dorsal and ventral sources cooperate to achieve recovery is different for distinct populations of oligodendrocyte-lineage cells. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in the neocortical white matter recover completely by expansion of the remaining dorsally-derived Smo mutant cells. On the other hand, mature oligodendrocytes in the white and gray matter recover through an equal contribution from dorsal mutant and ventral wild-type lineages. Interestingly, the only population that did not make a full recovery was OPCs in the gray matter. We find that gray matter OPCs are less proliferative in Smo cKO mutants compared to controls, which may explain their inability to fully recover. Our data indicate that certain populations of the dorsal oligodendrocyte lineage are more affected by loss of Shh signaling than others. Furthermore, these studies shed new light on the complex relationship between dorsal and ventral sources of oligodendrocytes in the developing neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin C Winkler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Santos J Franco
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Program of Pediatric Stem Cell Biology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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56
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Foerster S, Hill MFE, Franklin RJM. Diversity in the oligodendrocyte lineage: Plasticity or heterogeneity? Glia 2019; 67:1797-1805. [PMID: 30968471 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity is a widely recognized phenomenon within the majority of cell types in the body including cells of the central nervous system (CNS). The heterogeneity of neurons based on their distinct transmission modes and firing patterns has been recognized for decades, and is necessary to coordinate the immense variety of functions of the CNS. More recently, heterogeneity in glial cells has been identified, including heterogeneity in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and oligodendrocytes. OPC subpopulations have been described based on their developmental origin, anatomical location in the grey or white matter, and expression of surface receptors. Oligodendrocytes are categorised according to differences in gene expression, myelinogenic potential, and axon specificity. Much of what is described as heterogeneity in oligodendrocyte lineage cells (OLCs) is based on phenotypic differences. However, without evidence for functional differences between putative subgroups of OLCs, distinguishing heterogeneity from plasticity and lineage state is difficult. Identifying functional differences between phenotypically distinct groups are therefore necessary for a deeper understanding of the role of OLCs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Foerster
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Myfanwy F E Hill
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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57
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Abstract
Cell-type-specific gene targeting with the Cre/loxP system has become an indispensable technique in experimental neuroscience, particularly for the study of late-born glial cells that make myelin. A plethora of conditional mutants and Cre-expressing mouse lines is now available to the research community that allows laboratories to readily engage in in vivo analyses of oligodendrocytes and their precursor cells. This chapter summarizes concepts and strategies in targeting myelinating glial cells in mice for mutagenesis or imaging, and provides an overview of the most important Cre driver lines successfully used in this rapidly growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Goebbels
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
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58
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Spitzer SO, Sitnikov S, Kamen Y, Evans KA, Kronenberg-Versteeg D, Dietmann S, de Faria O, Agathou S, Káradóttir RT. Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells Become Regionally Diverse and Heterogeneous with Age. Neuron 2019; 101:459-471.e5. [PMID: 30654924 PMCID: PMC6372724 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), which differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes during CNS development, are the main proliferative cells in the adult brain. OPCs are conventionally considered a homogeneous population, particularly with respect to their electrophysiological properties, but this has been debated. We show, by using single-cell electrophysiological recordings, that OPCs start out as a homogeneous population but become functionally heterogeneous, varying both within and between brain regions and with age. These electrophysiological changes in OPCs correlate with the differentiation potential of OPCs; thus, they may underlie the differentiational differences in OPCs between regions and, likewise, differentiation failure with age. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) acquire ion channels with age OPCs become functionally heterogeneous both between brain regions and with age NMDARs disappear in non-myelinating regions but remain in actively myelinating areas Heterogeneity in OPC ion channel density indicates different functional states
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Olivia Spitzer
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sergey Sitnikov
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yasmine Kamen
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kimberley Anne Evans
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Deborah Kronenberg-Versteeg
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Omar de Faria
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sylvia Agathou
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ragnhildur Thóra Káradóttir
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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59
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Magnani D, Chandran S, Wyllie DJA, Livesey MR. In Vitro Generation and Electrophysiological Characterization of OPCs and Oligodendrocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1936:65-77. [PMID: 30820893 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9072-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro generation of defined cellular populations from induced human pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provides the opportunity to work routinely with human material and, importantly, allows examination of material derived from patients with clinically and genetically diagnosed disorders. In this regard, the ability to derive oligodendrocytes in vitro represents an important resource to examine human oligodendrocyte-lineage cell biology in normal and disease contexts. Oligodendrocytes undergo characteristic physiological maturation during differentiation in vitro, and patch-clamp electrophysiology allows a detailed examination of maturation state and, potentially, pathologically related variations of ion channel expression and regulation. Here, we detail our methodology to generate oligodendrocyte precursor cells and oligodendrocytes and characterize them electrophysiologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Magnani
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,Euan MacDonald Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J A Wyllie
- Centre For Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Matthew R Livesey
- Centre For Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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60
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Pepper RE, Pitman KA, Cullen CL, Young KM. How Do Cells of the Oligodendrocyte Lineage Affect Neuronal Circuits to Influence Motor Function, Memory and Mood? Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:399. [PMID: 30524235 PMCID: PMC6262292 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are immature cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that can rapidly respond to changes within their environment by modulating their proliferation, motility and differentiation. OPCs differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes throughout life, and both cell types have been implicated in maintaining and modulating neuronal function to affect motor performance, cognition and emotional state. However, questions remain about the mechanisms employed by OPCs and oligodendrocytes to regulate circuit function, including whether OPCs can only influence circuits through their generation of new oligodendrocytes, or can play other regulatory roles within the CNS. In this review, we detail the molecular and cellular mechanisms that allow OPCs, newborn oligodendrocytes and pre-existing oligodendrocytes to regulate circuit function and ultimately influence behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee E Pepper
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Kimberley A Pitman
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Carlie L Cullen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Kaylene M Young
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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61
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Molecular and Genetic Evidence for the PDGFRα-Independent Population of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells in the Developing Mouse Brain. J Neurosci 2018; 38:9505-9513. [PMID: 30242047 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1510-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PDGFRα, specifically expressed by immature oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in the CNS, plays a critical role in OPC proliferation and migration. However, it has been uncertain whether all cells of oligodendrocyte lineage are derived from the PDGFRα-expressing OPCs. In the present study, we uncovered a PDGFRα-independent oligodendrocyte lineage in the developing cortex. This OPC subpopulation originates from the local ventricular/subventricular zone after birth and contributes to the earliest mature oligodendrocytes in the cortex. PDGFRα signaling does not regulate the generation and differentiation of cortical OPCs. Fate-mapping studies in the PDGFRαCreER; Sox10-GFP/tdTom double-transgenic mice of either sex have further corroborated the PDGFRα-independent oligodendrocyte lineage. This study provides additional missing genetic evidence for PDGFRα-independent oligodendrocyte lineage in the developing hindbrain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This is the first report of a subpopulation of oligodendrocyte lineage in the developing mouse cortex independent of PDGFRα signaling. These oligodendrocyte progenitor cells are generated from the local ventral ventricular zone/subventricular zone after birth, and contribute to the earliest mature oligodendrocytes in the cortex.
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62
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Oligodendrocytes: Development, Physiology and Glucose Metabolism. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 13:275-294. [PMID: 27885633 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45096-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The glutamate-glutamine cycle is an outstanding example of how essential neuronal-glial interactions are for brain function. For several decades, this and other metabolic cycles in the brain have only included neurons and astrocytes but not oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Recent data revealed that oligodendrocytes are highly metabolically active cells in the brain and, therefore, should not be ignored. Using 13C-labelled glucose in combination with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and/or mass spectrometry (MS) it is possible to characterize metabolic functions in primary oligodendrocyte cultures. Mature rat oligodendrocytes avidly metabolize glucose in the cytosol and pyruvate derived from glucose in mitochondria. Moreover, they seem to have the ability of performing anaplerosis from pyruvate, which might enable them to synthesize metabolites de novo and transfer them to neighbouring cells. All these original findings highlight the importance of investigating oligodendrocyte metabolism separately from that of astrocytes and neurons to be able to discern the roles played by the individual partners. This is of particular importance in the white matter where the number of oligodendrocytes is considerable. The present book chapter provides some background on oligodendrocyte biology and physiology and summarizes the not very extensive information published on glucose metabolism in oligodendrocytes.
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63
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The Divalent Metal Transporter 1 (DMT1) Is Required for Iron Uptake and Normal Development of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells. J Neurosci 2018; 38:9142-9159. [PMID: 30190412 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1447-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) is a multimetal transporter with a primary role in iron transport. Although DMT1 has been described previously in the CNS, nothing was known about the role of this metal transporter in oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination. To determine whether DMT1 is required for oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) maturation, we used siRNAs and the Cre-lox system to knock down/knock out DMT1 expression in vitro as well as in vivo Blocking DMT1 synthesis in primary cultures of OPCs reduced oligodendrocyte iron uptake and significantly delayed OPC development. In vivo, a significant hypomyelination was found in DMT1 conditional knock-out mice in which DMT1 was postnatally deleted in NG2- or Sox10-positive OPCs. The brain of DMT1 knock-out animals presented a decrease in the expression levels of myelin proteins and a substantial reduction in the percentage of myelinated axons. This reduced postnatal myelination was accompanied by a decrease in the number of myelinating oligodendrocytes and a rise in proliferating OPCs. Furthermore, using the cuprizone model of demyelination, we established that DMT1 deletion in NG2-positive OPCs lead to less efficient remyelination of the adult brain. These results indicate that DMT1 is vital for OPC maturation and for the normal myelination of the mouse brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To determine whether divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), a multimetal transporter with a primary role in iron transport, is essential for oligodendrocyte development, we created two conditional knock-out mice in which DMT1 was postnatally deleted in NG2- or Sox10-positive oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). We have established that DMT1 is necessary for normal OPC maturation and is required for an efficient remyelination of the adult brain. Since iron accumulation by OPCs is indispensable for myelination, understanding the iron incorporation mechanism as well as the molecules involved is critical to design new therapeutic approaches to intervene in diseases in which the myelin sheath is damaged or lost.
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64
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Laouarem Y, Traiffort E. Developmental and Repairing Production of Myelin: The Role of Hedgehog Signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:305. [PMID: 30237763 PMCID: PMC6135882 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of its role as a morphogen directing ventral patterning of the spinal cord, the secreted protein Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) has been implicated in a wide array of events contributing to the development, maintenance and repair of the central nervous system (CNS). One of these events is the generation of oligodendrocytes, the glial cells of the CNS responsible for axon myelination. In embryo, the first oligodendroglial cells arise from the ventral ventricular zone in the developing brain and spinal cord where Shh induces the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors Olig1 and Olig2 both necessary and sufficient for oligodendrocyte production. Later on, Shh signaling participates in the production of oligodendroglial cells in the dorsal ventricular-subventricular zone in the postnatal forebrain. Finally, the modulation of Hedgehog signaling activity promotes the repair of demyelinated lesions. This mini-review article focuses on the Shh-dependent molecular mechanisms involved in the spatial and temporal control of oligodendrocyte lineage appearance. The apparent intricacy of the roles of two essential components of Shh signaling, Smoothened and Gli1, in the postnatal production of myelin and its regeneration following a demyelinating event is also highlighted. A deeper understanding of the implication of each of the components that regulate oligodendrogenesis and myelination should beneficially influence the therapeutic strategies in the field of myelin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabeth Traiffort
- Small Molecules of Neuroprotection, Neuroregeneration and Remyelination – U1195, INSERM, University Paris-Sud/Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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65
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Yabut OR, Pleasure SJ. Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Rises to the Surface: Emerging Roles in Neocortical Development. Brain Plast 2018; 3:119-128. [PMID: 30151337 PMCID: PMC6091060 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-180064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex is composed of a diverse population of neuronal and glial cells that are crucial for cognition and consciousness. Orchestration of molecular events that lead to the production of distinct cell lineages is now a major research focus. Recent studies in mammalian animal models reveal that Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling plays crucial roles in this process. In this review, we will evaluate these studies and provide insights on how Shh signaling specifically influence cortical development, beyond its established roles in telencephalic patterning, by specifically focusing on its impact on cells derived from the cortical radial glial (RG) cells. We will also assess how these findings further advance our knowledge of neurological diseases and discuss potential roles of targeting Shh signaling in therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odessa R Yabut
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Samuel J Pleasure
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Programs in Neuroscience and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
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66
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Zheng W, Li Q, Zhao C, Da Y, Zhang HL, Chen Z. Differentiation of Glial Cells From hiPSCs: Potential Applications in Neurological Diseases and Cell Replacement Therapy. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:239. [PMID: 30140204 PMCID: PMC6094089 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system (CNS) and play essential roles in maintaining brain homeostasis, forming myelin, and providing support and protection for neurons, etc. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in the reprogramming field. Given the limited accessibility of human glial cells, in vitro differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into glia may provide not only a valuable research tool for a better understanding of the functions of glia in the CNS but also a potential cellular source for clinical therapeutic purposes. In this review, we will summarize up-to-date novel strategies for the committed differentiation into the three major glial cell types, i.e., astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, and microglia, from hiPSCs, focusing on the non-neuronal cell effects on the pathology of some representative neurological diseases. Furthermore, the application of hiPSC-derived glial cells in neurological disease modeling will be discussed, so as to gain further insights into the development of new therapeutic targets for treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yuwei Da
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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67
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Marques S, van Bruggen D, Vanichkina DP, Floriddia EM, Munguba H, Väremo L, Giacomello S, Falcão AM, Meijer M, Björklund ÅK, Hjerling-Leffler J, Taft RJ, Castelo-Branco G. Transcriptional Convergence of Oligodendrocyte Lineage Progenitors during Development. Dev Cell 2018; 46:504-517.e7. [PMID: 30078729 PMCID: PMC6104814 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pdgfra+ oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) arise in distinct specification waves during embryogenesis in the central nervous system (CNS). It is unclear whether there is a correlation between these waves and different oligodendrocyte (OL) states at adult stages. Here, we present bulk and single-cell transcriptomics resources providing insights on how transitions between these states occur. We found that post-natal OPCs from brain and spinal cord present similar transcriptional signatures. Moreover, post-natal OPC progeny of E13.5 Pdgfra+ cells present electrophysiological and transcriptional profiles similar to OPCs derived from subsequent specification waves, indicating that Pdgfra+ pre-OPCs rewire their transcriptional network during development. Single-cell RNA-seq and lineage tracing indicates that a subset of E13.5 Pdgfra+ cells originates cells of the pericyte lineage. Thus, our results indicate that embryonic Pdgfra+ cells in the CNS give rise to distinct post-natal cell lineages, including OPCs with convergent transcriptional profiles in different CNS regions. OPCs arising from different parts of the CNS are highly similar to one another Pre-OPCs converge into similar transcriptional and electrophysiological OPC states E13.5 Pdgfra+ cells give rise mainly to OPCs in the post-natal CNS E13.5 Pdgfra+ cells also give rise to cells of the pericyte lineage
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Affiliation(s)
- Sueli Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - David van Bruggen
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Darya Pavlovna Vanichkina
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Elisa Mariagrazia Floriddia
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Hermany Munguba
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Leif Väremo
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Stefania Giacomello
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Box 1031, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Ana Mendanha Falcão
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Mandy Meijer
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Åsa Kristina Björklund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Hjerling-Leffler
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Ryan James Taft
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia; Illumina, Inc., San Diego, CA 92122, USA
| | - Gonçalo Castelo-Branco
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
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68
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Huang W, Bai X, Stopper L, Catalin B, Cartarozzi LP, Scheller A, Kirchhoff F. During Development NG2 Glial Cells of the Spinal Cord are Restricted to the Oligodendrocyte Lineage, but Generate Astrocytes upon Acute Injury. Neuroscience 2018; 385:154-165. [PMID: 29913244 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
NG2 glia are self-renewal cells widely populating the entire central nervous system (CNS). The differentiation potential of NG2 glia in the brain has been systematically studied. However, the fate of NG2 glia in the spinal cord during development and after injury is still unclear. Here, we took advantage of faithful expression of Cre in NG2-CreERT2 knock-in mice to demonstrate that spinal NG2 glia remain committed to the oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage and generate OLs, but not astrocytes or neurons, during development. However, we found significant age- and region dependent differences in differentiation into OLs. Embryonic or neonatal NG2 glia generated more than 90% of the white matter OLs, but only 50% (embryonic) or 75% (neonatal) of gray matter OLs. Such differences disappeared after myelin completion coinciding with a decrease in the differentiation rate. While we never detected the generation of astrocytes from NG2 glia during spinal cord development, we found a small portion of NG2 glia could generate astrocytes in adult spinal cord upon acute traumatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Huang
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Xianshu Bai
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Laura Stopper
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Bogdan Catalin
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany; Experimental Research Centre for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Luciana Politti Cartarozzi
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany; Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
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69
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To Be or Not to Be: Environmental Factors that Drive Myelin Formation during Development and after CNS Trauma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/neuroglia1010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are specialized glial cells that myelinate central nervous system (CNS) axons. Historically, it was believed that the primary role of myelin was to compactly ensheath axons, providing the insulation necessary for rapid signal conduction. However, mounting evidence demonstrates the dynamic importance of myelin and oligodendrocytes, including providing metabolic support to neurons and regulating axon protein distribution. As such, the development and maintenance of oligodendrocytes and myelin are integral to preserving CNS homeostasis and supporting proper functioning of widespread neural networks. Environmental signals are critical for proper oligodendrocyte lineage cell progression and their capacity to form functional compact myelin; these signals are markedly disturbed by injury to the CNS, which may compromise endogenous myelin repair capabilities. This review outlines some key environmental factors that drive myelin formation during development and compares that to the primary factors that define a CNS injury milieu. We aim to identify developmental factors disrupted after CNS trauma as well as pathogenic factors that negatively impact oligodendrocyte lineage cells, as these are potential therapeutic targets to promote myelin repair after injury or disease.
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70
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The Dorsal Wave of Neocortical Oligodendrogenesis Begins Embryonically and Requires Multiple Sources of Sonic Hedgehog. J Neurosci 2018; 38:5237-5250. [PMID: 29739868 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3392-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells in the developing dorsal forebrain give rise to excitatory neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes for the neocortex. While we are starting to gain a better understanding about the mechanisms that direct the formation of neocortical neurons and astrocytes, far less is known about the molecular mechanisms that instruct dorsal forebrain progenitors to make oligodendrocytes. In this study, we show that Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is required in dorsal progenitors for their late embryonic transition to oligodendrogenesis. Using genetic lineage-tracing in mice of both sexes, we demonstrate that most oligodendrocytes in the embryonic neocortex derive from Emx1+ dorsal forebrain progenitors. Deletion of the Shh signaling effector Smo specifically in Emx1+ progenitors led to significantly decreased oligodendrocyte numbers in the embryonic neocortex. Conversely, knock-out of the Shh antagonist Sufu was sufficient to increase neocortical oligodendrogenesis. Using conditional knock-out strategies, we found that Shh ligand is supplied to dorsal progenitors through multiple sources. Loss of Shh from Dlx5/6+ interneurons caused a significant reduction in oligodendrocytes in the embryonic neocortex. This phenotype was identical to that observed upon Shh deletion from the entire CNS using Nestin-Cre, indicating that interneurons migrating into the neocortex from the subpallium are the primary neural source of Shh for dorsal oligodendrogenesis. Additionally, deletion of Shh from migrating interneurons together with the choroid plexus epithelium led to a more severe loss of oligodendrocytes, suggesting that the choroid plexus is an important non-neural source of Shh ligand. Together, our studies demonstrate that the dorsal wave of neocortical oligodendrogenesis occurs earlier than previously appreciated and requires highly regulated Shh signaling from multiple embryonic sources.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Most neocortical oligodendrocytes are made by neural progenitors in the dorsal forebrain, but the mechanisms that specify this fate are poorly understood. This study identifies Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling as a critical pathway in the transition from neurogenesis to oligodendrogenesis in dorsal forebrain progenitors during late embryonic development. The timing of this neuron-to-glia "switch" coincides with the arrival of migrating interneurons into the dorsal germinal zone, which we identify as a critical source of Shh ligand, which drives oligodendrogenesis. Our data provide evidence for a new model in which Shh signaling increases in the dorsal forebrain late in embryonic development to provide a temporally regulated mechanism that initiates the third wave of neocortical oligodendrogenesis.
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71
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Sanchez MA, Sullivan GM, Armstrong RC. Genetic detection of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression and cellular response in the progression of acute through chronic demyelination and remyelination. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 115:145-156. [PMID: 29627579 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease in which neurological deficits result from damage to myelin, axons, and neuron cell bodies. Prolonged or repeated episodes of demyelination impair remyelination. We hypothesized that augmenting Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling in chronically demyelinated lesions could enhance oligodendrogenesis and remyelination. Shh regulates oligodendrocyte development during postnatal myelination, and maintains adult neural stem cells. We used genetic approaches to detect Shh expression and Shh responding cells in vivo. ShhCreERT2 or Gli1CreERT2 mice were crossed to reporter mice for genetic fate-labeling of cells actively transcribing Shh or Gli1, an effective readout of canonical Shh signaling. Tamoxifen induction enabled temporal control of recombination at distinct stages of acute and chronic cuprizone demyelination of the corpus callosum. Gli1 fate-labeled cells were rarely found in the corpus callosum with tamoxifen given during acute demyelination stages to examine activated microglia, reactive astrocytes, or remyelinating cells. Gli1 fate-labeled cells, mainly reactive astrocytes, were observed in the corpus callosum with tamoxifen given after chronic demyelination. However, Shh expressing cells were not detected in the corpus callosum during acute or chronic demyelination. Finally, SAG, an agonist of both canonical and type II non-canonical Hedgehog signaling pathways, was microinjected into the corpus callosum after chronic demyelination. Significantly, SAG delivery increased proliferation and enhanced remyelination. SAG did not increase Gli1 fate-labeled cells in the corpus callosum, which may indicate signaling through the non-canonical Hedgehog pathway. These studies demonstrate that Hedgehog pathway interventions may have therapeutic potential to modulate astrogliosis and to promote remyelination after chronic demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Sanchez
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Genevieve M Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Regina C Armstrong
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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72
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Olude MA, Bello ST, Mustapha OA, Olopade FE, Plendl J, Ihunwo AO, Olopade JO. Oligodendrocyte morphology in the developing brain of the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus, Waterhouse): Histology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Anat Histol Embryol 2018; 47:231-238. [PMID: 29492996 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte and myelin-related studies have been pivotal in understanding disruption of central nervous system (CNS) myelin through injury, toxicological, pathological degeneration or genetic intervention. The African giant rat (AGR) has been postulated as an indigenous wild-type model within the African context. This work thus describes oligodendrocyte morphologies and myelin components of the developing African giant rat brain using histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural techniques. Five types, precursor-progenitor oligodendrocytes, pre-oligodendrocytes, immature oligodendrocytes, mature non-myelinating oligodendrocytes and mature myelinating oligodendrocytes, were identified. The first four types were observed in neonates while juvenile and adult AGR had predominantly mature myelinating oligodendrocytes with evidence of myelin sheath deposition. All cell types identified showed positive CNPase-positive immunosignalling across all age groups. This suggests CNPase as a suitable, sensitive and reliable biomarker for studying CNS neurodegenerative/demyelinating disorders in the AGR. This baseline study has given detailed insight into the morphology of oligodendrocytes and myelin in the AGR. It may be useful for anatomical studies and detection of alterations in neurocellular profile of oligodendrocytes and myelin in the AGR in real-life or in experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Olude
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.,Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.,School of Anatomical Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - S T Bello
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - O A Mustapha
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.,Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - F E Olopade
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Plendl
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A O Ihunwo
- School of Anatomical Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - J O Olopade
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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73
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Bechler ME, Swire M, ffrench‐Constant C. Intrinsic and adaptive myelination-A sequential mechanism for smart wiring in the brain. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:68-79. [PMID: 28834358 PMCID: PMC5813148 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The concept of adaptive myelination-myelin plasticity regulated by activity-is an important advance for the field. What signals set up the adaptable pattern in the first place? Here we review work that demonstrates an intrinsic pathway within oligodendrocytes requiring only an axon-shaped substrate to generate multilayered and compacted myelin sheaths of a physiological length. Based on this, we discuss a model we proposed in 2015 which argues that myelination has two phases-intrinsic and then adaptive-which together generate "smart wiring," in which active axons become more myelinated. This model explains why prior studies have failed to identify a signal necessary for central nervous system myelination and argues that myelination, like synapses, might contribute to learning by the activity-dependent modification of an initially hard-wired pattern. © 2017 The Authors. Developmental Neurobiology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 68-79, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E. Bechler
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France DriveEdinburghEH16 4UUUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthew Swire
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France DriveEdinburghEH16 4UUUnited Kingdom
| | - Charles ffrench‐Constant
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France DriveEdinburghEH16 4UUUnited Kingdom
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74
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Adnani L, Han S, Li S, Mattar P, Schuurmans C. Mechanisms of Cortical Differentiation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 336:223-320. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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75
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Postnatal Sonic hedgehog (Shh) responsive cells give rise to oligodendrocyte lineage cells during myelination and in adulthood contribute to remyelination. Exp Neurol 2018; 299:122-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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76
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Ohayon D, Garcès A, Joly W, Soukkarieh C, Takagi T, Sabourin JC, Agius E, Darling DS, De Santa Barbara P, Higashi Y, Stolt CC, Hugnot JP, Richardson WD, Carroll P, Pattyn A. Onset of Spinal Cord Astrocyte Precursor Emigration from the Ventricular Zone Involves the Zeb1 Transcription Factor. Cell Rep 2017; 17:1473-1481. [PMID: 27806288 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During spinal cord development, astrocyte precursors arise from neuroepithelial progenitors, delaminate from the ventricular zone, and migrate toward their final locations where they differentiate. Although the mechanisms underlying their early specification and late differentiation are being deciphered, less is known about the temporal control of their migration. Here, we show that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulator Zeb1 is expressed in glial precursors and report that loss of Zeb1 function specifically delays the onset of astrocyte precursor delamination from the ventricular zone, correlating with transient deregulation of the adhesion protein Cadherin-1. Consequently, astrocyte precursor invasion into the Zeb1-/- mutant white matter is delayed, and induction of their differentiation is postponed. These findings illustrate how fine regulation of adhesive properties influences the onset of neural precursor migration and further support the notion that duration of exposure of migrating astrocyte precursors to environmental cues and/or their correct positioning influence the timing of their differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ohayon
- INSERM U1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier, France; Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CBD-UMR5547, 31062 Toulouse, France; Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alain Garcès
- INSERM U1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Willy Joly
- INSERM U1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Chadi Soukkarieh
- INSERM U1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier, France; Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Tsuyoshi Takagi
- Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan
| | | | - Eric Agius
- Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CBD-UMR5547, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Douglas S Darling
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Pascal De Santa Barbara
- PhyMedExp, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Yujiro Higashi
- Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan
| | - Claus C Stolt
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Hugnot
- INSERM U1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - William D Richardson
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Patrick Carroll
- INSERM U1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Pattyn
- INSERM U1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier, France.
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77
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van Bruggen D, Agirre E, Castelo-Branco G. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 47:168-175. [PMID: 29126015 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), which produce myelin, a lipid-rich membrane that insulates neuronal axons. The main function ascribed to OLs is to regulate the speed of electric pulse transmission, and as such OLs have been widely considered as a single and discrete population. Nevertheless, OLs and their precursor cells (OPCs) throughout the CNS have different morphologies and regional functional differences have been observed. Moreover, OLs have recently been involved in other functional processes such as metabolic coupling with axons. In this review, we focus on recent advances in single-cell transcriptomics suggesting that OLs are more heterogeneous than previously thought, with defined subpopulations and cell states that are associated with different stages of lineage progression and might also represent distinct functional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- David van Bruggen
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eneritz Agirre
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gonçalo Castelo-Branco
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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78
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Differentiation of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells from Sox10-Venus Mice to Oligodendrocytes and Astrocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14133. [PMID: 29074959 PMCID: PMC5658394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are well known as myelin-forming cells in the central nervous system (CNS). However, detailed mechanisms of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination are poorly understood, particularly due to the difficulty of the purification of murine oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). We have recently established a transgenic mouse line that expresses a fluorescent protein Venus under the promoter of Sox10, whose expression is restricted to OPCs and oligodendrocytes in the CNS. Here, we have characterized Venus-positive cells from the Sox10-Venus mouse brain for analyzing oligodendrocyte differentiation. We first purified Venus-positive cells from the postnatal day 0-2 brain by flow cytometry. Most of the Venus-positive cells expressed NG2, an OPC marker. After induction of differentiation, an increased population of galactocerebroside-positive oligodendrocytes and decrease of OPCs were observed in the Venus-positive culture. Furthermore, a time-lapse analysis showed that Venus-positive oligodendrocytes dynamically changed their morphology with highly branched cell processes during differentiation. In addition, we found that Venus-positive OPCs were able to differentiate to type II astrocytes. In vivo, OPCs and oligodendrocytes express Venus, and some of astrocytes were positive for Venus in the ventral cortex. Taken together, the Sox10-Venus mouse system is useful for analyzing differentiation and multipotency of murine OPCs.
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79
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Darr AJ, Danzi MC, Brady L, Emig-Agius D, Hackett A, Golshani R, Warner N, Lee J, Lemmon VP, Tsoulfas P. Identification of genome-wide targets of Olig2 in the adult mouse spinal cord using ChIP-Seq. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186091. [PMID: 29049317 PMCID: PMC5648140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In jawed vertebrates, oligodendrocytes (OLs) are the myelin-producing glial cells responsible for ensheathment of axons within the central nervous system and are also crucial for remyelination following injury or disease. Olig2 is a crucial factor in the specification and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) that give rise to mature, myelin-producing OLs in the developing and postnatal CNS; however, its role in adulthood is less well understood. To investigate the role Olig2 plays in regulating gene expression in the adult OL lineage in a physiologically-relevant context, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by next generation sequencing analysis (ChIP-Seq) using whole spinal cord tissue harvested from adult mice. We found that many of the Olig2-bound sites were associated with genes with biological processes corresponding to OL differentiation (Nkx2.2, Nkx6.2, and Sip1), myelination and ensheathment (Mbp, Cldn11, and Mobp), as well as cell cycle and cytoskeletal regulation. This suggests Olig2 continues to play a critical role in processes related to OL differentiation and myelination well into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Darr
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Matt C. Danzi
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Center for Computational Science, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lee Brady
- Illumina, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Amber Hackett
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Nikita Warner
- Illumina, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jae Lee
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Vance P. Lemmon
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Center for Computational Science, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Pantelis Tsoulfas
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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80
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Leferink PS, Heine VM. The Healthy and Diseased Microenvironments Regulate Oligodendrocyte Properties: Implications for Regenerative Medicine. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:39-52. [PMID: 29024633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
White matter disorders are characterized by deficient myelin or myelin loss, lead to a range of neurologic dysfunctions, and can result in early death. Oligodendrocytes, which are responsible for white matter formation, are the first targets for treatment. However, many studies indicate that failure of white matter repair goes beyond the intrinsic incapacity of oligodendrocytes to (re)generate myelin and that failed interactions with neighboring cells or factors in the diseased microenvironment can underlie white matter defects. Moreover, most of the white matter disorders show specific white matter pathology caused by different disease mechanisms. Herein, we review the factors within the cellular and the extracellular microenvironment regulating oligodendrocyte properties and discuss stem cell tools to identify microenvironmental factors of importance to the development of improved regenerative medicine for patients with white matter disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca S Leferink
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vivi M Heine
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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81
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Newville J, Jantzie LL, Cunningham LA. Embracing oligodendrocyte diversity in the context of perinatal injury. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1575-1585. [PMID: 29171412 PMCID: PMC5696828 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.217320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence is fueling a new appreciation of oligodendrocyte diversity that is overturning the traditional view that oligodendrocytes are a homogenous cell population. Oligodendrocytes of distinct origins, maturational stages, and regional locations may differ in their functional capacity or susceptibility to injury. One of the most unique qualities of the oligodendrocyte is its ability to produce myelin. Myelin abnormalities have been ascribed to a remarkable array of perinatal brain injuries, with concomitant oligodendrocyte dysregulation. Within this review, we discuss new insights into the diversity of the oligodendrocyte lineage and highlight their relevance in paradigms of perinatal brain injury. Future therapeutic development will be informed by comprehensive knowledge of oligodendrocyte pathophysiology that considers the particular facets of heterogeneity that this lineage exhibits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Newville
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Lauren L. Jantzie
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Lee Anna Cunningham
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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82
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Ziemka-Nalecz M, Janowska J, Strojek L, Jaworska J, Zalewska T, Frontczak-Baniewicz M, Sypecka J. Impact of neonatal hypoxia-ischaemia on oligodendrocyte survival, maturation and myelinating potential. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:207-222. [PMID: 28782169 PMCID: PMC5742723 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischaemic episodes experienced at the perinatal period commonly lead to a development of neurological disabilities and cognitive impairments in neonates or later in childhood. Clinical symptoms often are associated with the observed alterations in white matter in the brains of diseased children, suggesting contribution of triggered oligodendrocyte/myelin pathology to the resulting disorders. To date, the processes initiated by perinatal asphyxia remain unclear, hampering the ability to develop preventions. To address the issue, the effects of temporal hypoxia-ischaemia on survival, proliferation and the myelinating potential of oligodendrocytes were evaluated ex vivo using cultures of hippocampal organotypic slices and in vivo in rat model of perinatal asphyxia. The potential engagement of gelatinases in oligodendrocyte maturation was assessed as well. The results pointed to a significant decrease in the number of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), which is compensated for to a certain extent by the increased rate of OPC proliferation. Oligodendrocyte maturation seemed however to be significantly altered. An ultrastructural examination of selected brain regions performed several weeks after the insult showed however that the process of developing central nervous system myelination proceeds efficiently resulting in enwrapping the majority of axons in compact myelin. The increased angiogenesis in response to neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic insult was also noticed. In conclusion, the study shows that hypoxic-ischaemic episodes experienced during the most active period of nervous system development might be efficiently compensated for by the oligodendroglial cell response triggered by the insult. The main obstacle seems to be the inflammatory process modulating the local microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Ziemka-Nalecz
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Janowska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Strojek
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Jaworska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Zalewska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Sypecka
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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83
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Zhang Y, Hoxha E, Zhao T, Zhou X, Alvarez-Bolado G. Foxb1 Regulates Negatively the Proliferation of Oligodendrocyte Progenitors. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:53. [PMID: 28725186 PMCID: PMC5496944 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC), neurons and astrocytes share a neural progenitor cell (NPC) in the early ventricular zone (VZ) of the embryonic neuroepithelium. Both switch to produce either of the three cell types and the generation of the right number of them undergo complex genetic regulation. The components of these regulatory cascades vary between brain regions giving rise to the unique morphological and functional heterogeneity of this organ. Forkhead b1 (Foxb1) is a transcription factor gene expressed by NPCs in specific regions of the embryonic neuroepithelium. We used the mutant mouse line Foxb1-Cre to analyze the cell types derived from Fobx1-expressing NPCs (the Foxb1 cell lineage) from two restricted regions, the medulla oblongata (MO; hindbrain) and the thalamus (forebrain), of normal and Foxb1-deficient mice. Foxb1 cell lineage derivatives appear as clusters in restricted regions, including the MO (hindbrain) and the thalamus (forebrain). Foxb1-expressing NPCs produce mostly oligodendrocytes (OL), some neurons and few astrocytes. Foxb1-deficient NPCs generate mostly OPC and immature OL to the detriment of neurons, astrocytes and mature OL. The axonal G-ratio however is not changed. We reveal Foxb1 as a novel modulator of neuronal and OL generation in certain restricted CNS regions. Foxb1 biases NPCs towards neuronal generation and inhibits OPC proliferation while promoting their differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfeng Zhang
- Department of Neuroanatomy, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany.,Department of Urology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Elti Hoxha
- Department of Neuroanatomy, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Tianyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Oral Disease and Biomedical Sciences, Stomatological Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Xunlei Zhou
- Department of Neuroanatomy, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
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84
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Kougioumtzidou E, Shimizu T, Hamilton NB, Tohyama K, Sprengel R, Monyer H, Attwell D, Richardson WD. Signalling through AMPA receptors on oligodendrocyte precursors promotes myelination by enhancing oligodendrocyte survival. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28608780 PMCID: PMC5484614 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelin, made by oligodendrocytes, is essential for rapid information transfer in the central nervous system. Oligodendrocyte precursors (OPs) receive glutamatergic synaptic input from axons but how this affects their development is unclear. Murine OPs in white matter express AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunits GluA2, GluA3 and GluA4. We generated mice in which OPs lack both GluA2 and GluA3, or all three subunits GluA2/3/4, which respectively reduced or abolished AMPAR-mediated input to OPs. In both double- and triple-knockouts OP proliferation and number were unchanged but ~25% fewer oligodendrocytes survived in the subcortical white matter during development. In triple knockouts, this shortfall persisted into adulthood. The oligodendrocyte deficit resulted in ~20% fewer myelin sheaths but the average length, number and thickness of myelin internodes made by individual oligodendrocytes appeared normal. Thus, AMPAR-mediated signalling from active axons stimulates myelin production in developing white matter by enhancing oligodendrocyte survival, without influencing myelin synthesis per se. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.28080.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Kougioumtzidou
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola B Hamilton
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Koujiro Tohyama
- The Center for Electron Microscopy and Bio-Imaging Research and Department of Physiology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Rolf Sprengel
- Max-Planck Research Group at the Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannah Monyer
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, Deutches Krebforschungzentrum, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Attwell
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William D Richardson
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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85
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Horiuchi M, Suzuki-Horiuchi Y, Akiyama T, Itoh A, Pleasure D, Carstens E, Itoh T. Differing intrinsic biological properties between forebrain and spinal oligodendroglial lineage cells. J Neurochem 2017; 142:378-391. [PMID: 28512742 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of oligodendroglial progenitor cells (OPCs) into myelinating oligodendrocytes is known to be regulated by the microenvironment where they differentiate. However, current research has not verified whether or not oligodendroglial lineage cells (OLCs) derived from different anatomical regions of the central nervous system (CNS) respond to microenvironmental cues in the same manner. Here, we isolated pure OPCs from rat neonatal forebrain (FB) and spinal cord (SC) and compared their phenotypes in the same in vitro conditions. We found that although FB and SC OLCs responded differently to the same external factors; they were distinct in proliferation response to mitogens, oligodendrocyte phenotype after differentiation, and cytotoxic responses to α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate-type glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity at immature stages of differentiation in a cell-intrinsic manner. Moreover, transcriptome analysis identified genes differentially expressed between these OPC populations, including those encoding transcription factors (TFs), cell surface molecules, and signaling molecules. Particularly, FB and SC OPCs retained the expression of FB- or SC-specific TFs, such as Foxg1 and Hoxc8, respectively, even after serial passaging in vitro. Given the essential role of these TFs in the regional identities of CNS cells along the rostrocaudal axis, our results suggest that CNS region-specific gene regulation by these TFs may cause cell-intrinsic differences in cellular responses between FB and SC OLCs to extracellular molecules. Further understanding of the regional differences among OPC populations will help to improve treatments for demyelination in different CNS regions and to facilitate the development of stem cell-derived OPCs for cell transplantation therapies for demyelination. Cover Image for this issue: doi. 10.1111/jnc.13809.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Horiuchi
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yoko Suzuki-Horiuchi
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tasuku Akiyama
- Temple Itch Center, Department of Dermatology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aki Itoh
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - David Pleasure
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Earl Carstens
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Takayuki Itoh
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, California, USA
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86
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Newville J, Valenzuela CF, Li L, Jantzie LL, Cunningham LA. Acute oligodendrocyte loss with persistent white matter injury in a third trimester equivalent mouse model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Glia 2017; 65:1317-1332. [PMID: 28518477 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol exposure during central nervous system (CNS) development can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Human imaging studies have revealed significant white matter (WM) abnormalities linked to cognitive impairment in children with FASD; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we evaluated both the acute and long-term impacts of alcohol exposure on oligodendrocyte number and WM integrity in a third trimester-equivalent mouse model of FASD, in which mouse pups were exposed to alcohol during the first 2 weeks of postnatal development. Our results demonstrate a 58% decrease in the number of mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) and a 75% decrease in the number of proliferating oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) within the corpus callosum of alcohol-exposed mice at postnatal day 16 (P16). Interestingly, neither mature OLs nor OPCs derived from the postnatal subventricular zone (SVZ) were numerically affected by alcohol exposure, indicating heterogeneity in susceptibility based on OL ontogenetic origin. Although mature OL and proliferating OPC numbers recovered by postnatal day 50 (P50), abnormalities in myelin protein expression and microstructure within the corpus callosum of alcohol-exposed subjects persisted, as assessed by western immunoblotting of myelin basic protein (MBP; decreased expression) and MRI diffusion tensor imaging (DTI; decreased fractional anisotropy). These results indicate that third trimester-equivalent alcohol exposure leads to an acute, albeit recoverable, decrease in OL lineage cell numbers, accompanied by enduring WM injury. Additionally, our finding of heterogeneity in alcohol susceptibility based on the developmental origin of OLs may have therapeutic implications in FASD and other disorders of WM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Newville
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | | | - Lu Li
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Lauren L Jantzie
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Lee Anna Cunningham
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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87
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Shackleford GG, Grenier J, Abi Habib W, Massaad C, Meffre D. Liver X Receptors differentially modulate central myelin gene mRNA levels in a region-, age- and isoform-specific manner. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 169:61-68. [PMID: 26940358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver X Receptors (LXRs) α and β are nuclear receptors able to bind oxidative forms of cholesterol. They play important roles in the central nervous system (CNS), through their implication in a large variety of physiological and pathological processes among which modulation of cholesterol homeostasis and inflammation. Besides, we recently revealed their crucial role in myelination and remyelination in the cerebellum. Given the pleiotropic effects of such receptors on CNS functioning, we studied here the influence of LXRs on myelin gene mRNA accumulation in the major myelinated regions of the CNS in vivo. We show that both LXR isoforms differentially affect mRNA amount of myelin genes (PLP and MBP) in highly myelinated structures such as spinal cord, corpus callosum, optic nerve and cerebellum. In the adult, LXR activation by the synthetic agonist TO901317 significantly increases myelin gene mRNA amount in the cerebellum but not in the other regions studied. Invalidation of the sole LXRβ isoform leads to decreased PLP and MBP mRNA levels in all the structures except the spinal cord, while the knock out of both isoforms (LXR dKO) decreases myelin gene mRNA amounts in all the regions tested except the corpus callosum. Interestingly, during myelination process (post-natal day 21), both cerebellum and optic nerve display a decrease in myelin gene mRNA levels in LXR dKO mice. Concomitantly, PLP and MBP mRNA accumulation in the spinal cord is increased. Relative expression level of LXR isoforms could account for the differential modulation of myelin gene expression in the CNS. Altogether our results suggest that, within the CNS, each LXR isoform differentially influences myelin gene mRNA levels in a region- and age-dependant manner, participating in the fine regulation of myelin gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julien Grenier
- Paris Descartes University, INSERM UMR-S 1124, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Walid Abi Habib
- Paris Descartes University, INSERM UMR-S 1124, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Charbel Massaad
- Paris Descartes University, INSERM UMR-S 1124, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Meffre
- Paris Descartes University, INSERM UMR-S 1124, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France.
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88
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Kazanis I, Evans KA, Andreopoulou E, Dimitriou C, Koutsakis C, Karadottir RT, Franklin RJM. Subependymal Zone-Derived Oligodendroblasts Respond to Focal Demyelination but Fail to Generate Myelin in Young and Aged Mice. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:685-700. [PMID: 28196689 PMCID: PMC5355571 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two populations of oligodendrogenic progenitors co-exist within the corpus callosum (CC) of the adult mouse. Local, parenchymal oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (pOPCs) and progenitors generated in the subependymal zone (SEZ) cytogenic niche. pOPCs are committed perinatally and retain their numbers through self-renewing divisions, while SEZ-derived cells are relatively “young,” being constantly born from neural stem cells. We compared the behavior of these populations, labeling SEZ-derived cells using hGFAP:CreErt2 mice, within the homeostatic and regenerating CC of the young-adult and aging brain. We found that SEZ-derived oligodendroglial progenitors have limited self-renewing potential and are therefore not bona fide OPCs but rather “oligodendroblasts” more similar to the neuroblasts of the neurogenic output of the SEZ. In the aged CC their mitotic activity is much reduced, although they still act as a “fast-response element” to focal demyelination. In contrast to pOPCs, they fail to generate mature myelinating oligodendrocytes at all ages studied. SEZ-derived cells in the CC are oligodendroblasts and not OPCs Oligodendroblasts have limited self-renewal capacity and do not make myelin Oligodendroblasts respond rapidly after demyelination Aging does not affect the oligodendroblast-pOPC balance
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Kazanis
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Biology Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK; Lab of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece.
| | - Kimberley A Evans
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Biology Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Evangelia Andreopoulou
- Lab of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece
| | - Christina Dimitriou
- Lab of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece
| | - Christos Koutsakis
- Lab of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece
| | | | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Biology Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK.
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89
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Purger D, Gibson EM, Monje M. Myelin plasticity in the central nervous system. Neuropharmacology 2016; 110:563-573. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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90
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Osanai Y, Shimizu T, Mori T, Yoshimura Y, Hatanaka N, Nambu A, Kimori Y, Koyama S, Kobayashi K, Ikenaka K. Rabies virus-mediated oligodendrocyte labeling reveals a single oligodendrocyte myelinates axons from distinct brain regions. Glia 2016; 65:93-105. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Osanai
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics; National Institute for Physiological Sciences; Okazaki Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies); Okazaki Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimizu
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics; National Institute for Physiological Sciences; Okazaki Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies); Okazaki Japan
| | - Takuma Mori
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies); Okazaki Japan
- Division of Visual Information Processing; National Institute for Physiological Sciences; Okazaki Japan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology; Shinshu University School of Medicine; Matsumoto Japan
| | - Yumiko Yoshimura
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies); Okazaki Japan
- Division of Visual Information Processing; National Institute for Physiological Sciences; Okazaki Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hatanaka
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies); Okazaki Japan
- Division of System Neurophysiology; National Institute for Physiological Sciences; Okazaki Japan
| | - Atsushi Nambu
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies); Okazaki Japan
- Division of System Neurophysiology; National Institute for Physiological Sciences; Okazaki Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kimori
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies); Okazaki Japan
- Imaging Science Division; Center for Novel Science Initiatives, National Institutes of Natural Sciences; Okazaki Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koyama
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies); Okazaki Japan
- Department of Statistical Modeling; Institute of Statistical Mathematics; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies); Okazaki Japan
- Section of Viral Vector Development; National Institute for Physiological Sciences; Okazaki Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikenaka
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics; National Institute for Physiological Sciences; Okazaki Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies); Okazaki Japan
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91
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Traiffort E, Zakaria M, Laouarem Y, Ferent J. Hedgehog: A Key Signaling in the Development of the Oligodendrocyte Lineage. J Dev Biol 2016; 4:jdb4030028. [PMID: 29615592 PMCID: PMC5831774 DOI: 10.3390/jdb4030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog morphogen aroused an enormous interest since it was characterized as an essential signal for ventral patterning of the spinal cord two decades ago. The pathway is notably implicated in the initial appearance of the progenitors of oligodendrocytes (OPCs), the glial cells of the central nervous system which after maturation are responsible for axon myelination. In accordance with the requirement for Hedgehog signaling in ventral patterning, the earliest identifiable cells in the oligodendrocyte lineage are derived from the ventral ventricular zone of the developing spinal cord and brain. Here, we present the current knowledge about the involvement of Hedgehog signaling in the strict spatial and temporal regulation which characterizes the initiation and progression of the oligodendrocyte lineage. We notably describe the ability of the Hedgehog signaling to tightly orchestrate the appearance of specific combinations of genes in concert with other pathways. We document the molecular mechanisms controlling Hedgehog temporal activity during OPC specification. The contribution of the pathway to aspects of OPC development different from their specification is also highlighted especially in the optic nerve. Finally, we report the data demonstrating that Hedgehog signaling-dependency is not a universal situation for oligodendrocyte generation as evidenced in the dorsal spinal cord in contrast to the dorsal forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Traiffort
- Neuroprotective, Neuroregenerative and Remyelinating Small Molecules' U1195, INSERM-Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France.
| | - Mary Zakaria
- Neuroprotective, Neuroregenerative and Remyelinating Small Molecules' U1195, INSERM-Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France.
| | - Yousra Laouarem
- Neuroprotective, Neuroregenerative and Remyelinating Small Molecules' U1195, INSERM-Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France.
| | - Julien Ferent
- IRCM, Molecular Biology of Neural Development, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.
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92
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Naruse M, Ishizaki Y, Ikenaka K, Tanaka A, Hitoshi S. Origin of oligodendrocytes in mammalian forebrains: a revised perspective. J Physiol Sci 2016; 67:63-70. [PMID: 27573166 PMCID: PMC5368213 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-016-0479-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) appear in the late embryonic brain, mature into oligodendrocytes (OLs), and form myelin in the postnatal brain. It has been proposed that early born OPCs derived from the ventral forebrain are eliminated postnatally and late-born OLs predominate in the adult mouse cortex. However, the temporal and regional niche for cortical OL generation, which persists throughout life in adult mammals, remains to be determined. Our recent study provides new insight into self-renewing and multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs). Our results, together with previous studies, suggest that NSCs at the dorsoventral boundary are uniquely specialized to produce myelin-forming OLs in the cortex during a restricted temporal window. These findings may help identify transcription factors or gene expression patterns which confer neural precursors with the characteristic ability of dorsoventral boundary NSCs to differentiate into OLs, and facilitate the development of new strategies for regenerative medicine of the damaged brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masae Naruse
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yasuki Ishizaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikenaka
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Aoi Tanaka
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Seiji Hitoshi
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
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93
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Marques S, Zeisel A, Codeluppi S, van Bruggen D, Mendanha Falcão A, Xiao L, Li H, Häring M, Hochgerner H, Romanov RA, Gyllborg D, Muñoz Manchado A, La Manno G, Lönnerberg P, Floriddia EM, Rezayee F, Ernfors P, Arenas E, Hjerling-Leffler J, Harkany T, Richardson WD, Linnarsson S, Castelo-Branco G. Oligodendrocyte heterogeneity in the mouse juvenile and adult central nervous system. Science 2016; 352:1326-1329. [PMID: 27284195 PMCID: PMC5221728 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf6463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 679] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes have been considered as a functionally homogeneous population in the central nervous system (CNS). We performed single-cell RNA sequencing on 5072 cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage from 10 regions of the mouse juvenile and adult CNS. Thirteen distinct populations were identified, 12 of which represent a continuum from Pdgfra(+) oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) to distinct mature oligodendrocytes. Initial stages of differentiation were similar across the juvenile CNS, whereas subsets of mature oligodendrocytes were enriched in specific regions in the adult brain. Newly formed oligodendrocytes were detected in the adult CNS and were responsive to complex motor learning. A second Pdgfra(+) population, distinct from OPCs, was found along vessels. Our study reveals the dynamics of oligodendrocyte differentiation and maturation, uncoupling them at a transcriptional level and highlighting oligodendrocyte heterogeneity in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sueli Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amit Zeisel
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simone Codeluppi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David van Bruggen
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana Mendanha Falcão
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lin Xiao
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Institute of Neuroscience, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Huiliang Li
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Häring
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannah Hochgerner
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roman A. Romanov
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Gyllborg
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana Muñoz Manchado
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gioele La Manno
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Lönnerberg
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisa M. Floriddia
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fatemah Rezayee
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ernfors
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Hjerling-Leffler
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - William D. Richardson
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Sten Linnarsson
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gonçalo Castelo-Branco
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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94
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Crawford AH, Tripathi RB, Richardson WD, Franklin RJM. Developmental Origin of Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cells Determines Response to Demyelination and Susceptibility to Age-Associated Functional Decline. Cell Rep 2016; 15:761-773. [PMID: 27149850 PMCID: PMC4850420 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPs) arise from distinct ventral and dorsal domains within the ventricular germinal zones of the embryonic CNS. The functional significance, if any, of these different populations is not known. Using dual-color reporter mice to distinguish ventrally and dorsally derived OPs, we show that, in response to focal demyelination of the young adult spinal cord or corpus callosum, dorsally derived OPs undergo enhanced proliferation, recruitment, and differentiation as compared with their ventral counterparts, making a proportionally larger contribution to remyelination. However, with increasing age (up to 13 months), the dorsally derived OPs become less able to differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes. Comparison of dorsally and ventrally derived OPs in culture revealed inherent differences in their migration and differentiation capacities. Therefore, the responsiveness of OPs to demyelination, their contribution to remyelination, and their susceptibility to age-associated functional decline are markedly dependent on their developmental site of origin in the developing neural tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbe H Crawford
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Richa B Tripathi
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London (UCL), Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - William D Richardson
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London (UCL), Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK.
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95
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Mayer JA, Figari C, Radcliff AB, Mckee C, Duncan ID. Myelin and oligodendrocyte development in the canine spinal cord. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:930-9. [PMID: 26338416 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We studied the developmental pattern of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin formation in the fetal canine spinal cord from E40 to P0. The pattern of development matches what has been described in the spinal cord of humans, rodents, and many other species. Oligodendrocytes were first found at E40, close to the central canal, with their spread in a tangential manner to the ventral and then lateral columns. Myelin development followed the same pattern but was not seen until E46. A clear subpial zone lacking glial cells and myelin was seen in the lateral column in early development, suggesting that there may also be a radial component of migration of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) from a ventral site. This spatial-temporal developmental pattern seen in wild type matches a delay in myelination of the superficial tracts of the spinal cord seen in a canine myelin mutant, suggesting that the mutation prevents the distribution and differentiation of OPCs at an early, but narrow, window of time during fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Mayer
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Carlos Figari
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Abigail B Radcliff
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Camille Mckee
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Ian D Duncan
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
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96
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Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Related Proteins as Regulators of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cell Function. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2108495. [PMID: 26949399 PMCID: PMC4754494 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2108495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is a highly organised structure. Many signalling systems work in concert to ensure that neural stem cells are appropriately directed to generate progenitor cells, which in turn mature into functional cell types including projection neurons, interneurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Herein we explore the role of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family, in particular family members LRP1 and LRP2, in regulating the behaviour of neural stem and progenitor cells during development and adulthood. The ability of LRP1 and LRP2 to bind a diverse and extensive range of ligands, regulate ligand endocytosis, recruit nonreceptor tyrosine kinases for direct signal transduction and signal in conjunction with other receptors, enables them to modulate many crucial neural cell functions.
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97
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Livesey MR, Magnani D, Cleary EM, Vasistha NA, James OT, Selvaraj BT, Burr K, Story D, Shaw CE, Kind PC, Hardingham GE, Wyllie DJA, Chandran S. Maturation and electrophysiological properties of human pluripotent stem cell-derived oligodendrocytes. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1040-53. [PMID: 26763608 PMCID: PMC4840312 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rodent‐based studies have shown that the membrane properties of oligodendrocytes play prominent roles in their physiology and shift markedly during their maturation from the oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) stage. However, the conservation of these properties and maturation processes in human oligodendrocytes remains unknown, despite their dysfunction being implicated in human neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here, we have defined the membrane properties of human oligodendrocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells as they mature from the OPC stage, and have identified strong conservation of maturation‐specific physiological characteristics reported in rodent systems. We find that as human oligodendrocytes develop and express maturation markers, they exhibit a progressive decrease in voltage‐gated sodium and potassium channels and a loss of tetrodotoxin‐sensitive spiking activity. Concomitant with this is an increase in inwardly rectifying potassium channel activity, as well as a characteristic switch in AMPA receptor composition. All these steps mirror the developmental trajectory observed in rodent systems. Oligodendrocytes derived from mutant C9ORF72‐carryng ALS patient induced pluripotent stem cells did not exhibit impairment to maturation and maintain viability with respect to control lines despite the presence of RNA foci, suggesting that maturation defects may not be a primary feature of this mutation. Thus, we have established that the development of human oligodendroglia membrane properties closely resemble those found in rodent cells and have generated a platform to enable the impact of human neurodegenerative disease‐causing mutations on oligodendrocyte maturation to be studied. Stem Cells2016;34:1040–1053
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Livesey
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dario Magnani
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine M Cleary
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Navneet A Vasistha
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Owain T James
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhuvaneish T Selvaraj
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Burr
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Story
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher E Shaw
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C Kind
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David J A Wyllie
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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98
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Dionne N, Dib S, Finsen B, Denarier E, Kuhlmann T, Drouin R, Kokoeva M, Hudson TJ, Siminovitch K, Friedman HC, Peterson AC. Functional organization of anMbpenhancer exposes striking transcriptional regulatory diversity within myelinating glia. Glia 2015; 64:175-94. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Dionne
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology; Ludmer Research and Training Building, McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Samar Dib
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology; Ludmer Research and Training Building, McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Bente Finsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Eric Denarier
- Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale, U836-GIN iRTSV-GPC; Site Santé La Tronche, BP170 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital, Münster; Pottkamp 2 Münster Germany
| | - Régen Drouin
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Université De Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Quebec Canada
| | - Maia Kokoeva
- Department of Medicine; McGill University/MUHC Research Institute; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Thomas J. Hudson
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre; South Tower Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Kathy Siminovitch
- Department of Medicine; University of Toronto, Samuel Lunenfeld and Toronto General Research Institutes; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Genetics; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Hana C Friedman
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology; Ludmer Research and Training Building, McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Alan C. Peterson
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology; Ludmer Research and Training Building, McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
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99
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Li H, Richardson WD. Evolution of the CNS myelin gene regulatory program. Brain Res 2015; 1641:111-121. [PMID: 26474911 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Myelin is a specialized subcellular structure that evolved uniquely in vertebrates. A myelinated axon conducts action potentials many times faster than an unmyelinated axon of the same diameter; for the same conduction speed, the unmyelinated axon would need a much larger diameter and volume than its myelinated counterpart. Hence myelin speeds information transfer and saves space, allowing the evolution of a powerful yet portable brain. Myelination in the central nervous system (CNS) is controlled by a gene regulatory program that features a number of master transcriptional regulators including Olig1, Olig2 and Myrf. Olig family genes evolved from a single ancestral gene in non-chordates. Olig2, which executes multiple functions with regard to oligodendrocyte identity and development in vertebrates, might have evolved functional versatility through post-translational modification, especially phosphorylation, as illustrated by its evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine phospho-acceptor sites and its accumulation of serine residues during more recent stages of vertebrate evolution. Olig1, derived from a duplicated copy of Olig2 in early bony fish, is involved in oligodendrocyte development and is critical to remyelination in bony vertebrates, but is lost in birds. The origin of Myrf orthologs might be the result of DNA integration between an invading phage or bacterium and an early protist, producing a fusion protein capable of self-cleavage and DNA binding. Myrf seems to have adopted new functions in early vertebrates - initiation of the CNS myelination program as well as the maintenance of mature oligodendrocyte identity and myelin structure - by developing new ways to interact with DNA motifs specific to myelin genes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Myelin Evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiliang Li
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - William D Richardson
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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100
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Lineage, fate, and fate potential of NG2-glia. Brain Res 2015; 1638:116-128. [PMID: 26301825 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
NG2 cells represent a fourth major glial cell population in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). They arise from discrete germinal zones in mid-gestation embryos and expand to occupy the entire CNS parenchyma. Genetic fate mapping studies have shown that oligodendrocytes and a subpopulation of ventral protoplasmic astrocytes arise from NG2 cells. This review describes recent findings on the fate and fate potential of NG2 cells under physiological and pathological conditions. We discuss age-dependent changes in the fate and fate potential of NG2 cells and possible mechanisms that could be involved in restricting their oligodendrocyte differentiation or fate plasticity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:NG2-glia(Invited only).
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