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Morrissey JA, Bigus E, Necarsulmer JC, Srinivasan V, Peppercorn K, O'Leary DJ, Mockett BG, Tate WP, Hughes SM, Parfitt KD, Abraham WC. The Tripeptide RER Mimics Secreted Amyloid Precursor Protein-Alpha in Upregulating LTP. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:459. [PMID: 31680870 PMCID: PMC6813913 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted amyloid precursor protein-alpha (sAPPα), generated by enzymatic processing of the APP, possesses a range of neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties and plays a critical role in the molecular mechanisms of memory and learning. One of the key active regions of sAPPα is the central APP domain (E2) that contains within it the tripeptide sequence, RER. This sequence is exposed on the surface of a coiled coil substructure of E2. RER has by itself displayed memory-enhancing properties, and can protect newly formed engrams from interference in a manner similar to that displayed by sAPPα itself. In order to determine whether RER mimics other properties of sAPPα, we investigated the electrophysiological effects of the N-terminal protected acetylated RER (Ac-RER) and an isoform containing a chiral switch in the first amino acid from an l- to a d-orientation (Ac-rER), on synaptic plasticity. We found that, like sAPPα, exogenous perfusion with nanomolar concentrations of Ac-RER or Ac-rER enhanced the induction and stability of long-term potentiation (LTP) in area CA1 of rat and mouse hippocampal slices, in a protein synthesis- and trafficking-dependent manner. This effect did not occur with a control Ac-AAA or Ac-IFR tripeptide, nor with a full-length sAPPα protein where RER was substituted with AAA. Ac-rER also protected LTP against amyloid-beta (Aβ25–35)-induced LTP impairment. Our findings provide further evidence that the RER-containing region of sAPPα is functionally significant and by itself can produce effects similar to those displayed by full length sAPPα, suggesting that this tripeptide, like sAPPα, may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi A Morrissey
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Biochemistry, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Erin Bigus
- Department of Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, United States
| | | | - Vinay Srinivasan
- Department of Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Katie Peppercorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Daniel J O'Leary
- Department of Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Bruce G Mockett
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Warren P Tate
- Department of Biochemistry, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie M Hughes
- Department of Biochemistry, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Karen D Parfitt
- Department of Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Wickliffe C Abraham
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Livingstone RW, Elder MK, Barrett MC, Westlake CM, Peppercorn K, Tate WP, Abraham WC, Williams JM. Secreted Amyloid Precursor Protein-Alpha Promotes Arc Protein Synthesis in Hippocampal Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:198. [PMID: 31474829 PMCID: PMC6702288 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted amyloid precursor protein-α (sAPPα) is a neuroprotective and memory-enhancing molecule, however, the mechanisms through which sAPPα promotes these effects are not well understood. Recently, we have shown that sAPPα enhances cell-surface expression of glutamate receptors. Activity-related cytoskeletal-associated protein Arc (Arg3.1) is an immediate early gene capable of modulating long-term potentiation, long-term depression and homeostatic plasticity through regulation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor localization. Accordingly, we hypothesized that sAPPα may enhance synaptic plasticity, in part, by the de novo synthesis of Arc. Using primary cortical and hippocampal neuronal cultures we found that sAPPα (1 nM, 2 h) enhances levels of Arc mRNA and protein. Arc protein levels were increased in both the neuronal somata and dendrites in a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-dependent manner. Additionally, dendritic Arc expression was dependent upon activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and protein kinase G. The enhancement of dendritic Arc protein was significantly reduced by antagonism of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and nicotinic acetylcholine (α7nACh) receptors, and fully eliminated by dual application of these antagonists. This effect was further corroborated in area CA1 of acute hippocampal slices. These data suggest sAPPα-regulated plasticity within hippocampal neurons is mediated by cooperation of NMDA and α7nACh receptors to engage a cascade of signal transduction molecules to enhance the transcription and translation of Arc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys W Livingstone
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Megan K Elder
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Maya C Barrett
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Courteney M Westlake
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Katie Peppercorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Warren P Tate
- Department of Biochemistry, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Wickliffe C Abraham
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joanna M Williams
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Morrissey JA, Mockett BG, Singh A, Kweon D, Ohline SM, Tate WP, Hughes SM, Abraham WC. A C-terminal peptide from secreted amyloid precursor protein-α enhances long-term potentiation in rats and a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2019; 157:107670. [PMID: 31202608 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Processing of the amyloid precursor protein by alternative secretases results in ectodomain shedding of either secreted amyloid precursor protein-α (sAPPα) or its counterpart secreted amyloid precursor protein-β (sAPPβ). Although sAPPα contains only 16 additional amino acids at its C-terminus compared to sAPPβ, it displays significantly greater potency in neuroprotection, neurotrophism and enhancement of long-term potentiation (LTP). In the current study, this 16 amino acid peptide sequence (CTα16) was characterised for its ability to replicate the synaptic plasticity-enhancing properties of sAPPα. An N-acetylated version of CTα16 produced concentration-dependent increases in the induction and persistence of LTP at Schaffer collateral/commissural synapses in area CA1 of young adult rat hippocampal slices. A scrambled peptide had no effect. CTα16 significantly enhanced de novo protein synthesis, and correspondingly its enhancement of LTP was blocked by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, as well as by the α7-nicotinic receptor blocker α-bungarotoxin. The impaired LTP of 14-16 month old APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice, a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, was completely restored to the wild-type level by CTα16. These results indicate that the CTα16 peptide fragment of sAPPα mimics the larger protein's functionality with respect to LTP, stimulation of protein synthesis and activation of α7-nAChRs, and thus like sAPPα may have potential as a therapeutic agent against the plasticity and cognitive deficits observed in AD and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi A Morrissey
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Biochemistry, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Bruce G Mockett
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Anurag Singh
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David Kweon
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Shane M Ohline
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Warren P Tate
- Department of Biochemistry, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie M Hughes
- Department of Biochemistry, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Wickliffe C Abraham
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Family of protein fragments promises fresh view of Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11082-11084. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905886116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Hishimoto A, Pletnikova O, Lang DL, Troncoso JC, Egan JM, Liu QR. Neurexin 3 transmembrane and soluble isoform expression and splicing haplotype are associated with neuron inflammasome and Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2019; 11:28. [PMID: 30902061 PMCID: PMC6429815 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synaptic damage precedes neuron death in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neurexins, NRXN1, NRXN2, and NRXN3, are presynaptic adhesion molecules that specify neuron synapses and regulate neurotransmitter release. Neurexins and postsynaptic neuroligins interact with amyloid beta oligomer (AβO) deposits in damaged synapses. NRXN3 gene variants have been associated with autism, addiction, and schizophrenia, however, not fully investigated in Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, we investigated an AD association of a 3'-splicing allele of rs8019381 that produces altered expression of transmembrane or soluble NRXN3 isoforms. METHODS We carried out RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction), PCR-RFLP (PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism), Sanger sequencing, and in situ hybridization (ISH) assays for NRXN3 neuron expression and genotyping. Genetic associations were analyzed by χ2 tests, and ISH signals were analyzed by FISH v1.0 module of Indica Labs HALO software. RESULTS We previously identified a functional haplotype in the 3' region of neurexin 3 (NRXN3) gene that alters the expression ratios between NRXN3 transmembrane and soluble isoforms. In this study, we found that expression and ratio of transmembrane and soluble NRXN3 isoforms were reduced in AD postmortem brains and inversely correlated with inflammasome component NLRP3 in AD brain regions. The splicing haplotype related to the transmembrane and soluble NRXN3 expression was associated with AD samples with P = 6.3 × 10-5 (odds ratio = 2.48) and interacted with APOE genotypes. CONCLUSIONS We found that the SNP rs8019381 of NRXN3 that is located adjacent to splicing site #5 (SS#5) interacts with the APOE ε4 haplotype and alters NRXN3 transmembrane or soluble isoform expression in AD postmortem cortex. Dysregulation of presynaptic NRXN3 expression and splicing might increase neuron inflammation in AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitoyo Hishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-Cho, Chuo-Ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Olga Pletnikova
- Departments of Pathology, Neuropathology Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Doyle Lu Lang
- Lab of Clinical Investigation, NIA-NIH, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Juan C Troncoso
- Departments of Pathology, Neuropathology Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Lab of Clinical Investigation, NIA-NIH, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Qing-Rong Liu
- Lab of Clinical Investigation, NIA-NIH, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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ADAM10 in Alzheimer's disease: Pharmacological modulation by natural compounds and its role as a peripheral marker. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 113:108661. [PMID: 30836275 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a global burden in the economics of healthcare systems. Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides are formed by amyloid-β precursor protein (AβPP) cleavage, which can be processed by two pathways. The cleavage by the α-secretase A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) releases the soluble portion (sAβPPα) and prevents senile plaques. This pathway remains largely unknown and ignored, mainly regarding pharmacological approaches that may act via different signaling cascades and thus stimulate non-amyloidogenic cleavage through ADAM10. This review emphasizes the effects of natural compounds on ADAM10 modulation, which eventuates in a neuroprotective mechanism. Moreover, ADAM10 as an AD biomarker is revised. New treatments and preventive interventions targeting ADAM10 regulation for AD are necessary, considering the wide variety of ADAM10 substrates.
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Glutamate Receptor Trafficking and Protein Synthesis Mediate the Facilitation of LTP by Secreted Amyloid Precursor Protein-Alpha. J Neurosci 2019; 39:3188-3203. [PMID: 30804097 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1826-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted amyloid precursor protein-alpha (sAPPα) has growth factor-like properties and can modulate long-term potentiation (LTP) and memory. Here, we demonstrate that exposure to sAPPα converts short-lasting LTP into protein-synthesis-dependent late LTP in hippocampal slices from male rats. sAPPβ had no discernable effect. We hypothesized that sAPPα facilitated LTP via regulated glutamate receptor trafficking and de novo protein synthesis. We found using a linear mixed model that sAPPα stimulated trafficking of GluA2-lacking AMPARs, as well as NMDARs to the extrasynaptic cell surface, in a calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II and protein kinase G-dependent manner. Both cell surface receptor accumulation and LTP facilitation were present even after sAPPα washout and inhibition of receptor trafficking or protein synthesis prevented all these effects. Direct visualization of newly synthesized proteins (FUNCAT-PLA) confirmed the ability of sAPPα to stimulate de novo protein synthesis and revealed GluA1 as one of the upregulated proteins. Therefore, sAPPα generates a coordinated synthesis and trafficking of glutamate receptors to the cell surface that facilitate LTP.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Secreted amyloid precursor protein-alpha (sAPPα) is a neurotrophic and neuroprotective protein that can promote synaptic plasticity and memory, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are still not well understood. Here, we show that sAPPα facilitates long-term potentiation (LTP) in a concentration-dependent fashion through cellular processes involving de novo protein synthesis and trafficking of both GluA2-lacking AMPARs and NMDARs to the extrasynaptic cell surface. sAPPα also enhances GluA1, but not GluA2, synthesis. The trafficking effects, along with the LTP facilitation, persist after sAPPα washout, revealing a metaplastic capability of exogenous sAPPα administration. sAPPα thus facilitates LTP through coordinated activation of protein synthesis and trafficking of glutamate receptors to the cell surface, where they are positioned for priming LTP.
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Sun J, Carlson-Stevermer J, Das U, Shen M, Delenclos M, Snead AM, Koo SY, Wang L, Qiao D, Loi J, Petersen AJ, Stockton M, Bhattacharyya A, Jones MV, Zhao X, McLean PJ, Sproul AA, Saha K, Roy S. CRISPR/Cas9 editing of APP C-terminus attenuates β-cleavage and promotes α-cleavage. Nat Commun 2019; 10:53. [PMID: 30604771 PMCID: PMC6318289 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07971-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 guided gene-editing is a potential therapeutic tool, however application to neurodegenerative disease models has been limited. Moreover, conventional mutation correction by gene-editing would only be relevant for the small fraction of neurodegenerative cases that are inherited. Here we introduce a CRISPR/Cas9-based strategy in cell and animal models to edit endogenous amyloid precursor protein (APP) at the extreme C-terminus and reciprocally manipulate the amyloid pathway, attenuating APP-β-cleavage and Aβ production, while up-regulating neuroprotective APP-α-cleavage. APP N-terminus and compensatory APP-homologues remain intact, with no apparent effects on neurophysiology in vitro. Robust APP-editing is seen in human iPSC-derived neurons and mouse brains with no detectable off-target effects. Our strategy likely works by limiting APP and BACE-1 approximation, and we also delineate mechanistic events that abrogates APP/BACE-1 convergence in this setting. Our work offers conceptual proof for a selective APP silencing strategy. Gene editing strategies are typically designed to correct mutant genes, but most neurodegenerative diseases are sporadic. Here the authors describe a strategy to selectively edit the C-terminus of APP and attenuate amyloid-β production, while upregulating neuroprotective α-cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichao Sun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jared Carlson-Stevermer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 330 N. Orchard, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Utpal Das
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Minjie Shen
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Marion Delenclos
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Amanda M Snead
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, 630W 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - So Yeon Koo
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, 630W 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Dianhua Qiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jonathan Loi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Andrew J Petersen
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Michael Stockton
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Anita Bhattacharyya
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Mathew V Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Pamela J McLean
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Andrew A Sproul
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, 630W 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630W 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Krishanu Saha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 330 N. Orchard, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Subhojit Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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Coronel R, Palmer C, Bernabeu-Zornoza A, Monteagudo M, Rosca A, Zambrano A, Liste I. Physiological effects of amyloid precursor protein and its derivatives on neural stem cell biology and signaling pathways involved. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1661-1671. [PMID: 31169172 PMCID: PMC6585543 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.257511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathological implication of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in Alzheimer's disease has been widely documented due to its involvement in the generation of amyloid-β peptide. However, the physiological functions of APP are still poorly understood. APP is considered a multimodal protein due to its role in a wide variety of processes, both in the embryo and in the adult brain. Specifically, APP seems to play a key role in the proliferation, differentiation and maturation of neural stem cells. In addition, APP can be processed through two canonical processing pathways, generating different functionally active fragments: soluble APP-α, soluble APP-β, amyloid-β peptide and the APP intracellular C-terminal domain. These fragments also appear to modulate various functions in neural stem cells, including the processes of proliferation, neurogenesis, gliogenesis or cell death. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in these effects are still unclear. In this review, we summarize the physiological functions of APP and its main proteolytic derivatives in neural stem cells, as well as the possible signaling pathways that could be implicated in these effects. The knowledge of these functions and signaling pathways involved in the onset or during the development of Alzheimer's disease is essential to advance the understanding of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, and in the search for potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Coronel
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Charlotte Palmer
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adela Bernabeu-Zornoza
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Monteagudo
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreea Rosca
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Zambrano
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Liste
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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