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Suzuki T, Kojima T, Takeda M, Sakuma M. Photo-orientation regulates seasonal habitat selection in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [PMID: 23197101 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.079582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-diapausing spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) live on the undersurface of host leaves during summer, but diapausing mites overwinter in dark hibernacula. The light environments of these habitats differ: visible radiation (VIS) but not ultraviolet radiation (UV) reaches the undersurface of leaves, but neither enters dark hibernacula. Thus, mites of either seasonal form could locate their preferred habitat by photo-orientation responses to UV and VIS. To investigate this possibility, we analysed the mites' locomotion behaviour on a virtual field with a programmed chequered pattern of light and dark patches in a micro-locomotion compensator. Both non-diapausing and diapausing mites moved away from UV-illuminated patches into dark patches. Non-diapausing mites moved towards VIS-illuminated patches, whereas diapausing mites did not show a preference. Our results show that non-diapausing mites avoid UV and are attracted to VIS, suggesting that this can guide them beneath a leaf. Diapausing mites simply avoid UV. The lack of a preference for VIS during diapause could be due to changes in carotenoid metabolism, which also involve orange pigmentation of diapausing mites. We consider that a diapause-mediated switch of the response to VIS, together with regular avoidance of UV, plays a key role in the seasonal change of habitat selection in this species. This seasonal polyphenism involves alterations in not only reproductive state and pigmentation, but also in photo-spectral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Suzuki
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan.
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52
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Fukaya M, Uesugi R, Ohashi H, Sakai Y, Sudo M, Kasai A, Kishimoto H, Osakabe M. Tolerance to Solar Ultraviolet-B Radiation in the Citrus Red Mite, An Upper Surface User of Host Plant Leaves. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 89:424-31. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Midori Fukaya
- Laboratory of Ecological Information; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto; Japan
| | - Ryuji Uesugi
- Laboratory of Ecological Information; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto; Japan
| | - Hirokazu Ohashi
- Fruit Tree Experiment Station; Wakayama Research Center of Agriculture; Wakayama; Japan
| | - Yuta Sakai
- Laboratory of Ecological Information; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto; Japan
| | - Masaaki Sudo
- Laboratory of Ecological Information; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto; Japan
| | - Atsushi Kasai
- Laboratory of Ecological Information; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto; Japan
| | - Hidenari Kishimoto
- Kuchinotsu Citrus Research Station; National Institute of Fruit Tree Science; Nagasaki; Japan
| | - Masahiro Osakabe
- Laboratory of Ecological Information; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kyoto; Japan
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Suzuki T. Environmental Engineering Approaches toward Sustainable Management of Spider Mites. INSECTS 2012; 3:1126-42. [PMID: 26466730 PMCID: PMC4553567 DOI: 10.3390/insects3041126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Integrated pest management (IPM), which combines physical, biological, and chemical control measures to complementary effect, is one of the most important approaches to environmentally friendly sustainable agriculture. To expand IPM, we need to develop new pest control measures, reinforce existing measures, and investigate interactions between measures. Continued progress in the development of environmental control technologies and consequent price drops have facilitated their integration into plant production and pest control. Here I describe environmental control technologies for the IPM of spider mites through: (1) the disturbance of photoperiod-dependent diapause by artificial light, which may lead to death in seasonal environments; (2) the use of ultraviolet radiation to kill or repel mites; and (3) the use of water vapor control for the long-term cold storage of commercially available natural enemies. Such environmental control technologies have great potential for the efficient control of spider mites through direct physical effects and indirect effects via natural enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Suzuki
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Ichiban-cho 8, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8472, Japan.
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, Kashiwa-no-ha 6-2-1, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan.
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Tachi F, Osakabe M. Vulnerability and behavioral response to ultraviolet radiation in the components of a foliar mite prey–predator system. Naturwissenschaften 2012; 99:1031-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-012-0984-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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55
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Diaz-Montano J, Fail J, Deutschlander M, Nault BA, Shelton AM. Characterization of resistance, evaluation of the attractiveness of plant odors, and effect of leaf color on different onion cultivars to onion thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 105:632-641. [PMID: 22606836 DOI: 10.1603/ec11233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a worldwide pest of onion, Allium cepa L. In field studies on onion resistance conducted in 2007 and 2008 using 49 cultivars, 11 showed low leaf damage by T. tabaci. In laboratory studies, the 11 cultivars, along with two susceptible checks and four additional cultivars, were evaluated to characterize resistance to T. tabaci and to determine if color and/or light reflectance were associated with resistance to T tabaci. No-choice tests were performed with adults and the numbers of eggs and larvae were counted on each cultivar after three and 10 d, respectively. In choice tests in which all cultivars were planted together in a circle in a single pot, 100 adults were released and the number of adults on each plant was evaluated 24 h later. The behavioral response of walking T. tabaci adults to plant odors was studied in a glass Y-tube olfactometer. The reflectance spectrum of leaves was measured using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Results indicate that resistant cultivars showed an intermediate-high antibiotic effect to T. tabaci and all of them showed a very strong antixenotic effect. There were no significant preferences in the response of walking T. tabaci adults to plant odors. The two susceptible cultivars had the highest values of leaf reflectance for the first (275-375 nm) and second (310-410 nm) theoretical photopigment-system of T. tabaci, and these values were significantly different from most resistant cultivars. These results suggest a strong response of T. tabaci to onion cultivars with higher reflectance in the ultraviolet range (270-400 nm). Overall, these results appear promising in helping to identify categories of resistance to T. tabaci in onions that can be used in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Diaz-Montano
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University-NYSAES, 630 W. North Street, Geneva, NY 14456, USA.
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SAKAI Y, SUDO M, OSAKABE M. A comparison of the effects of gravity and the nutritional advantage of leaf surfaces on fecundity in the two-spotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2300/acari.21.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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57
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Sudo M, Osakabe M. Do plant mites commonly prefer the underside of leaves? EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2011; 55:25-38. [PMID: 21472503 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-011-9454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The adaxial (upper) and abaxial (lower) surfaces of a plant leaf provide heterogeneous habitats for small arthropods with different environmental conditions, such as light, humidity, and surface morphology. As for plant mites, some agricultural pest species and their natural enemies have been observed to favor the abaxial leaf surface, which is considered an adaptation to avoid rain or solar ultraviolet radiation. However, whether such a preference for the leaf underside is a common behavioral trait in mites on wild vegetation remains unknown. The authors conducted a 2-year survey on the foliar mite assemblage found on Viburnum erosum var. punctatum, a deciduous shrub on which several mite taxa occur throughout the seasons, and 14 sympatric tree or shrub species in secondary broadleaf-forest sites in Kyoto, west-central Japan. We compared adaxial-abaxial surface distributions of mites among mite taxa, seasons, and morphology of host leaves (presence/absence of hairs and domatia). On V. erosum var. punctatum, seven of 11 distinguished mite taxa were significantly distributed in favor of abaxial leaf surfaces and the trend was seasonally stable, except for Eriophyoidea. Mite assemblages on 15 plant species were significantly biased towards the abaxial leaf surfaces, regardless of surface morphology. Our data suggest that many mite taxa commonly prefer to stay on abaxial leaf surfaces in wild vegetation. Oribatida displayed a relatively neutral distribution, and in Tenuipalpidae, the ratio of eggs collected from the adaxial versus the abaxial side was significantly higher than the ratio of the motile individuals, implying that some mite taxa exploit adaxial leaf surfaces as habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Sudo
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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Ballaré CL, Caldwell MM, Flint SD, Robinson SA, Bornman JF. Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation on terrestrial ecosystems. Patterns, mechanisms, and interactions with climate change. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:226-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp90035d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Kawashima M, Jung C. Artificial ground shelters for overwintering phytoseiid mites in orchards. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2010; 52:35-47. [PMID: 20229324 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-010-9347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biological control in orchards strongly depends on winter survival of natural enemies, especially in temperate regions. Predacious phytoseiid mites overwinter on trees or on the ground depending on the characteristics of the species. However, the overwintering ecology of phytoseiid mites on the ground is less well known than that of those on trees. We investigated the usefulness of artificial overwintering shelters as a tool for studying the overwintering ecology of phytoseiid mites on the ground. Four kinds of artificial shelter (shading net, felt, cardboard, and urethane foam) were placed on the ground in an apple orchard in Korea. Two dominant phytoseiid species, Neoseiulus makuwa (Ehara) and N. womersleyi (Schicha) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), overwintered in the artificial ground shelters, and numbers were highest in the urethane foam among the four kinds of shelter, and next highest in the shading net. On the other hand, the numbers of phytoseiid mites collected in the ground vegetation plus soil samples under the ground shelters were not significantly different among the five shelter treatments, including the no-shelter control. Our results suggest that artificial overwintering shelters are efficient tools for investigating overwintering ecology of phytoseiid mites on the ground, as well as on trees, in orchards. Furthermore, the artificial shelters would be good sampling units because they are easily formed into identical sizes and can be used almost anywhere in the field with less laborious work. We also discuss some implications about the effects of sheltered structures on the ground on the populations of phytoseiid mites during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Kawashima
- School of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea.
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60
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Sakai Y, Osakabe M. Spectrum-specific Damage and Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Avoidance in the Two-spotted Spider Mite. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:925-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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61
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Onzo A, Sabelis MW, Hanna R. Effects of ultraviolet radiation on predatory mites and the role of refuges in plant structures. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 39:695-701. [PMID: 20388304 DOI: 10.1603/en09206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Most studies on ecological impact of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation generally focus on plants. However, UV radiation can also affect organisms at other trophic levels. Protection against mortality induced by solar UV has, therefore, been hypothesized as one of the reasons why Typhlodromalus aripo hides in the apex of cassava plants during the day and comes out at night to prey on spider mites on leaves. In laboratory experiments using UV lamps, we determined the impact of UVA and UVB radiation on survival and oviposition of two leaf-inhabiting mites (Amblydromalus manihoti, Euseius fustis) and the apex-inhabiting mite (T. aripo), all three species being predators used for controlling the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa in Africa. Whereas on leaf discs UVA has no negative impact on survival of the three predators, UVB is lethal to all of them. In contrast, nearly 85% of T. aripo survived after exposure to UVB inside apex of cassava plants. Exposure of A. manihoti and E. fustis to UVB radiation on the lower surface of a cassava leaf resulted in 36% survival. Oviposition and hatching of eggs laid after exposure to UVB were not affected, but eggs directly exposed to UVB did not hatch. Although caution should be exercised to extrapolate laboratory studies to the field, our results support the hypothesis that lower side of leaves, but especially plant apices, represent refuges that protect predatory mites from UVB. This might explain why T. aripo moves out of the apex to forage on leaves only during the night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Onzo
- Biological Control Centre for Africa, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 08 BP 0932, Cotonou, Benin, West Africa.
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Impacts of Ultraviolet Radiation on Interactions Between Plants and Herbivorous Insects: A Chemo-Ecological Perspective. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 72 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-13145-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Mazza CA, Izaguirre MM, Curiale J, Ballaré CL. A look into the invisible: ultraviolet-B sensitivity in an insect (Caliothrips phaseoli) revealed through a behavioural action spectrum. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 277:367-73. [PMID: 19846453 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Caliothrips phaseoli, a phytophagous insect, detects and responds to solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B; lambda <or= 315 nm) under field conditions. A highly specific mechanism must be present in the thrips visual system in order to detect this narrow band of solar radiation, which is at least 30 times less abundant than the UV-A (315-400 nm), to which many insects are sensitive. We constructed an action spectrum of thrips responses to light by studying their behavioural reactions to monochromatic irradiation under confinement conditions. Thrips were maximally sensitive to wavelengths between 290 and 330 nm; human-visible wavelengths (lambda >or= 400 nm) failed to elicit any response. All but six ommatidia of the thrips compound eye were highly fluorescent when exposed to UV-A of wavelengths longer than 330 nm. We hypothesized that the fluorescent compound acts as an internal filter, preventing radiation with lambda > 330 nm from reaching the photoreceptor cells. Calculations based on the putative filter transmittance and a visual pigment template of lambda(max) = 360 nm produced a sensitivity spectrum that was strikingly similar to the action spectrum of UV-induced behavioural response. These results suggest that specific UV-B vision in thrips is achieved by a standard UV-A photoreceptor and a sharp cut-off internal filter that blocks longer UV wavelengths in the majority of the ommatidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Mazza
- Ifeva, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, , Avenida San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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