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Ciccarese P, Ocana M, Garcia Castro LJ, Das S, Clark T. An open annotation ontology for science on web 3.0. J Biomed Semantics 2011; 2 Suppl 2:S4. [PMID: 21624159 PMCID: PMC3102893 DOI: 10.1186/2041-1480-2-s2-s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently a gap between the rich and expressive collection of published biomedical ontologies, and the natural language expression of biomedical papers consumed on a daily basis by scientific researchers. The purpose of this paper is to provide an open, shareable structure for dynamic integration of biomedical domain ontologies with the scientific document, in the form of an Annotation Ontology (AO), thus closing this gap and enabling application of formal biomedical ontologies directly to the literature as it emerges. METHODS Initial requirements for AO were elicited by analysis of integration needs between biomedical web communities, and of needs for representing and integrating results of biomedical text mining. Analysis of strengths and weaknesses of previous efforts in this area was also performed. A series of increasingly refined annotation tools were then developed along with a metadata model in OWL, and deployed for feedback and additional requirements the ontology to users at a major pharmaceutical company and a major academic center. Further requirements and critiques of the model were also elicited through discussions with many colleagues and incorporated into the work. RESULTS This paper presents Annotation Ontology (AO), an open ontology in OWL-DL for annotating scientific documents on the web. AO supports both human and algorithmic content annotation. It enables "stand-off" or independent metadata anchored to specific positions in a web document by any one of several methods. In AO, the document may be annotated but is not required to be under update control of the annotator. AO contains a provenance model to support versioning, and a set model for specifying groups and containers of annotation. AO is freely available under open source license at http://purl.org/ao/, and extensive documentation including screencasts is available on AO's Google Code page: http://code.google.com/p/annotation-ontology/ . CONCLUSIONS The Annotation Ontology meets critical requirements for an open, freely shareable model in OWL, of annotation metadata created against scientific documents on the Web. We believe AO can become a very useful common model for annotation metadata on Web documents, and will enable biomedical domain ontologies to be used quite widely to annotate the scientific literature. Potential collaborators and those with new relevant use cases are invited to contact the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ciccarese
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, USA
| | | | | | - Sudeshna Das
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, USA
| | - Tim Clark
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, USA
- University of Manchester, School of Computer Science, Manchester UK
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Abstract
Dopamine receptor agonists are indicated for the symptomatic treatment of early, moderate or advanced Parkinson's disease as well as for the reduction of levodopa-related motor complications. Ergolinic dopamine agonists, such as bromocriptine or pergolide, were initially developed and marketed, and then non-ergolinic dopamine agonists, such as pramipexole and ropinirole, were introduced, reducing the risk of drug-induced fibrotic reactions. Once-daily, controlled-release oral and transdermal formulations have been developed aiming at providing more stable 24-hour plasma drug concentrations and more convenient administration. A disease-modifying effect of dopamine agonists has not been demonstrated clinically. As with any other drug, dopamine agonists can also cause adverse drug reactions, which can be related or unrelated to dopaminergic hyperactivation. Dopaminergic reactions include nausea, hallucinations, confusion and orthostatic hypotension, among others, which were readily identified in pre-marketing clinical trials. During post-marketing surveillance, important adverse reactions were identified, such as daytime somnolence, impulse-control disorders and heart valve fibrosis. Other issues, including the efficacy of dopamine agonists for the treatment of non-motor symptoms, remain under evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Perez-Lloret
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Hospital and University of Toulouse and INSERM CIC9023 and UMR 825, Toulouse, France
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Shook BC, Rassnick S, Osborne MC, Davis S, Westover L, Boulet J, Hall D, Rupert KC, Heintzelman GR, Hansen K, Chakravarty D, Bullington JL, Russell R, Branum S, Wells KM, Damon S, Youells S, Li X, Beauchamp DA, Palmer D, Reyes M, Demarest K, Tang Y, Rhodes K, Jackson PF. In Vivo Characterization of a Dual Adenosine A2A/A1 Receptor Antagonist in Animal Models of Parkinson’s Disease. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8104-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100971t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Shook
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Stefanie Rassnick
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Melville C. Osborne
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Scott Davis
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Lori Westover
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Jamie Boulet
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Daniel Hall
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Kenneth C. Rupert
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Geoffrey R. Heintzelman
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Kristin Hansen
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Devraj Chakravarty
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - James L. Bullington
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Ronald Russell
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Shawn Branum
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Kenneth M. Wells
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Sandra Damon
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Scott Youells
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Xun Li
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Derek A. Beauchamp
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - David Palmer
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Mayra Reyes
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Keith Demarest
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Yuting Tang
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Kenneth Rhodes
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Paul F. Jackson
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., Welsh and McKean Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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Antonini A, Barone P, Ceravolo R, Fabbrini G, Tinazzi M, Abbruzzese G. Role of pramipexole in the management of Parkinson's disease. CNS Drugs 2010; 24:829-41. [PMID: 20839895 DOI: 10.2165/11585090-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The non-ergot dopamine agonist pramipexole is currently indicated for the treatment of the signs and symptoms of idiopathic Parkinson's disease and for the treatment of moderate-to-severe primary restless legs syndrome. A new extended-release formulation of pramipexole has now also been launched in Europe and the US to improve ease of use, compliance and provide a more continuous therapeutic effect over 24 hours. Before initiating any treatment, the benefit-risk ratio to the individual patient must be considered. For pramipexole in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, this means taking into account the available evidence regarding its symptomatic efficacy, effect on delaying long-term levodopa-related motor complications, beneficial effect on non-motor symptoms such as depression, and its safety and tolerability profile. Studies have shown that pramipexole is effective as monotherapy in early Parkinson's disease and as adjunctive therapy in advanced disease. Trials further suggest that the benefits of pramipexole may extend beyond the relief of motor symptoms (akinesia, rigidity and tremor at rest) to the amelioration of depressive symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Pramipexole is generally well tolerated; however, compared with levodopa treatment, pramipexole is associated with a higher rate of some dopaminergic adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Antonini
- Department for Parkinson Disease, IRCCS San Camillo, Venice, Italy.
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