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Parrish CR, Voorhees IEH. H3N8 and H3N2 Canine Influenza Viruses: Understanding These New Viruses in Dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2019; 49:643-649. [PMID: 30956002 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Two different influenza A viruses have infected and spread among dogs since 2000, and both have been widespread in dogs in North America. The H3N8 canine influenza virus arose in the United States as a variant of equine influenza virus. The H3N2 canine influenza virus arose in Asia by transfer of an avian influenza virus to dogs. Both viruses cause mild respiratory disease and are associated with outbreaks in densely housed dogs or those with frequent connections to other dogs. The 2 canine influenza viruses each caused widespread epidemics over at least several years that were associated with localized outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Ross Parrish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Ian Eugene Huber Voorhees
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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52
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Tao P, Ning Z, Hao X, Lin X, Zheng Q, Li S. Comparative Analysis of Whole-Transcriptome RNA Expression in MDCK Cells Infected With the H3N2 and H5N1 Canine Influenza Viruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:76. [PMID: 30972307 PMCID: PMC6443845 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to detect changes in the complete transcriptome of MDCK cells after infection with the H5N1 and H3N2 canine influenza viruses using high-throughput sequencing, search for differentially expressed RNAs in the transcriptome of MDCK cells infected with H5N1 and H3N2 using comparative analysis, and explain the differences in the pathogenicity of H5N1 and H3N2 at the transcriptome level. Based on the results of our comparative analysis, significantly different levels of expression were found for 2,464 mRNAs, 16 miRNAs, 181 lncRNAs, and 262 circRNAs in the H3N2 infection group and 448 mRNAs, 12 miRNAs, 77 lncRNAs, and 189 circRNAs in the H5N1 infection group. Potential functions were predicted by performing Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses of the target genes of miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs, and the ncRNA-mRNA regulatory network was constructed based on differentially expressed RNAs. A greater number of pathways regulating immune metabolism were altered in the H3N2 infection group than in the H5N1 infection group, which may be one reason why the H3N2 virus is less pathogenic than is the H5N1 virus. This study provides detailed data on the production of ncRNAs during infection of MDCK cells by the canine influenza viruses H3N2 and H5N1, analyzed differences in the total transcriptomes between H3N2- and H5N1-infected MDCK cells, and explained these differences with regard to the pathogenicity of H3N2 and H5N1 at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Tao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhangyong Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangqi Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingxu Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
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53
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Velineni S, Hainer N, Conlee D, Hutchinson K. Vaccination with an inactivated canine influenza H3N2 virus vaccine is safe and elicits an immune response in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 22:199-202. [PMID: 31986978 PMCID: PMC6990454 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19833261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate safety and seroconversion when an
inactivated H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) vaccine was administered to
cats. Methods Twenty 7–8-week-old seronegative cats were randomly assigned to two groups of
10 animals each. Cats in treatment group T01 were subcutaneously
administered two doses of an adjuvanted placebo 3 weeks apart to serve as
non-immunized controls. Cats in treatment group T02 were subcutaneously
administered with two doses of H3N2 CIV vaccine at 3 weeks apart. All
animals were actively monitored for 5 days after each injection for local
and systemic reactions. Tympanic temperatures were recorded the day before
and 5 days after each vaccination. Blood samples for serology were collected
prior to each vaccination (days –1 and 20), and 7 and 14 days post-second
vaccination. Results Minor vocalization was observed in both control and vaccinated animals after
the first and second dose administration. The only injection site reaction
observed was mild swelling in one control cat, which resolved within 24 h.
Transient fevers (39.5–39.7°C) that resolved within 24 h
post-injection were observed in both treatment groups (T01 = 3/10 and T02 =
5/10). All vaccinated, but no control, animals successfully seroconverted
within 14 days of second vaccination, with H3N2 CIV-specific
hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers ranging from 32 to 128. Conclusions and relevance Cats vaccinated subcutaneously with an inactivated H3N2 CIV vaccine had
similar rates of adverse events post-vaccination as the control group.
Increased HAI titers provided evidence of post-vaccination seroconversion
with the H3N2 CIV-vaccinated group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Velineni
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Nicole Hainer
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Douglas Conlee
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Kendra Hutchinson
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
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54
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Lyu Y, Song S, Zhou L, Bing G, Wang Q, Sun H, Chen M, Hu J, Wang M, Sun H, Pu J, Xia Z, Liu J, Sun Y. Canine Influenza Virus A(H3N2) Clade with Antigenic Variation, China, 2016-2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:161-165. [PMID: 30407904 PMCID: PMC6302592 DOI: 10.3201/eid2501.171878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2012–2017, we collected throat swabs from dogs in China to characterize canine influenza virus (CIV) A(H3N2) isolates. A new antigenically and genetically distinct CIV H3N2 clade possessing mutations associated with mammalian adaptation emerged in 2016 and replaced previously circulating strains. This clade probably poses a risk for zoonotic infection.
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55
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He W, Li G, Zhu H, Shi W, Wang R, Zhang C, Bi Y, Lai A, Gao GF, Su S. Emergence and adaptation of H3N2 canine influenza virus from avian influenza virus: An overlooked role of dogs in interspecies transmission. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:842-851. [PMID: 30520554 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) originated from avian species and emerged in dogs in Asia around 2005 where it became enzootic before reaching the USA in 2015. To investigate the key aspects of the evolution of H3N2 CIV regarding its emergence and adaptation in the canine host, we conducted an extensive analysis of all publicly available H3N2 CIV sequences spanning a 10-year period. We believe that H3N2 AIVs transferred to canines around 2002-2004. Furthermore, H3N2 CIVs could be divided into seven major clades with strong geographic clustering and some changed sites evidence of adaptive evolution. Most notably, the dN/dS of each H3N2 CIVs segment was higher than the correspondent of H3N2 AIVs and the U content of HA and NA was increasing over time, suggesting the idea that this avian-origin virus may be gradually adapting to the host. Our results provide a framework to elucidate a general mechanism for emergence of novel influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting He
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gairu Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Henan Zhu
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Taishan Medical College, Taian, China
| | - Ruyi Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Alexander Lai
- College of Natural, Applied, and Health Sciences, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, Kentucky, USA
| | - George F Gao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Su
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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56
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Mutation W222L at the Receptor Binding Site of Hemagglutinin Could Facilitate Viral Adaption from Equine Influenza A(H3N8) Virus to Dogs. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01115-18. [PMID: 29997206 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01115-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of respiratory disease caused by the equine-origin influenza A(H3N8) virus was first detected in dogs in 2004 and since then has been enzootic among dogs. Currently, the molecular mechanisms underlying host adaption of this virus from horses to dogs is unknown. Here, we have applied quantitative binding, growth kinetics, and immunofluorescence analyses to elucidate these mechanisms. Our findings suggest that a substitution of W222L in the hemagglutinin of the equine-origin A(H3N8) virus facilitated its host adaption to dogs. This mutation increased binding avidity of the virus specifically to receptor glycans with N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and sialyl Lewis X (SLeX) motifs. We have demonstrated these motifs are abundantly located in the submucosal glands of dog trachea. Our findings also suggest that in addition to the type of glycosidic linkage (e.g., α2,3-linkage or α2,6-linkage), the type of sialic acid (Neu5Gc or 5-N-acetyl neuraminic acid) and the glycan substructure (e.g., SLeX) also play an important role in host tropism of influenza A viruses.IMPORTANCE Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause a significant burden on human and animal health, and mechanisms for interspecies transmission of IAVs are far from being understood. Findings from this study suggest that an equine-origin A(H3N8) IAV with mutation W222L at its hemagglutinin increased binding to canine-specific receptors with sialyl Lewis X and Neu5Gc motifs and, thereby, may have facilitated viral adaption from horses to dogs. These findings suggest that in addition to the glycosidic linkage (e.g., α2,3-linked and α2,6-linked), the substructure in the receptor saccharides (e.g., sialyl Lewis X and Neu5Gc) could present an interspecies transmission barrier for IAVs and drive viral mutations to overcome such barriers.
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57
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Voorhees IEH, Dalziel BD, Glaser A, Dubovi EJ, Murcia PR, Newbury S, Toohey-Kurth K, Su S, Kriti D, Van Bakel H, Goodman LB, Leutenegger C, Holmes EC, Parrish CR. Multiple Incursions and Recurrent Epidemic Fade-Out of H3N2 Canine Influenza A Virus in the United States. J Virol 2018; 92:e00323-18. [PMID: 29875234 PMCID: PMC6069211 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00323-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) transferred to dogs in Asia around 2005, becoming enzootic throughout China and South Korea before reaching the United States in early 2015. To understand the posttransfer evolution and epidemiology of this virus, particularly the cause of recent and ongoing increases in incidence in the United States, we performed an integrated analysis of whole-genome sequence data from 64 newly sequenced viruses and comprehensive surveillance data. This revealed that the circulation of H3N2 CIV within the United States is typified by recurrent epidemic burst-fade-out dynamics driven by multiple introductions of virus from Asia. Although all major viral lineages displayed similar rates of genomic sequence evolution, H3N2 CIV consistently exhibited proportionally more nonsynonymous substitutions per site than those in avian reservoir viruses, which is indicative of a large-scale change in selection pressures. Despite these genotypic differences, we found no evidence of adaptive evolution or increased viral transmission, with epidemiological models indicating a basic reproductive number, R0, of between 1 and 1.5 across nearly all U.S. outbreaks, consistent with maintained but heterogeneous circulation. We propose that CIV's mode of viral circulation may have resulted in evolutionary cul-de-sacs, in which there is little opportunity for the selection of the more transmissible H3N2 CIV phenotypes necessary to enable circulation through a general dog population characterized by widespread contact heterogeneity. CIV must therefore rely on metapopulations of high host density (such as animal shelters and kennels) within the greater dog population and reintroduction from other populations or face complete epidemic extinction.IMPORTANCE The relatively recent appearance of influenza A virus (IAV) epidemics in dogs expands our understanding of IAV host range and ecology, providing useful and relevant models for understanding critical factors involved in viral emergence. Here we integrate viral whole-genome sequence analysis and comprehensive surveillance data to examine the evolution of the emerging avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV), particularly the factors driving ongoing circulation and recent increases in incidence of the virus within the United States. Our results provide a detailed understanding of how H3N2 CIV achieves sustained circulation within the United States despite widespread host contact heterogeneity and recurrent epidemic fade-out. Moreover, our findings suggest that the types and intensities of selection pressures an emerging virus experiences are highly dependent on host population structure and ecology and may inhibit an emerging virus from acquiring sustained epidemic or pandemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian E H Voorhees
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin D Dalziel
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Amy Glaser
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Edward J Dubovi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Pablo R Murcia
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Newbury
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kathy Toohey-Kurth
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shuo Su
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Divya Kriti
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Harm Van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Laura B Goodman
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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58
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Abstract
The capacity of influenza A viruses (IAVs) to host jump from animal reservoir species to humans presents an ongoing pandemic threat. Birds and swine are considered major reservoirs of viral genetic diversity, whereas equines and canines have historically been restricted to one or two stable IAV lineages with no transmission to humans. Here, by sequencing the complete genomes of 16 IAVs obtained from canines in southern China (Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region [Guangxi]) in 2013 to 2015, we demonstrate that the evolution of canine influenza viruses (CIVs) in Asian dogs is increasingly complex, presenting a potential threat to humans. First, two reassortant H1N1 virus genotypes were introduced independently from swine into canines in Guangxi, including one genotype associated with a zoonotic infection. The genomes contain segments from three lineages that circulate in swine in China: North American triple reassortant H3N2, Eurasian avian-like H1N1, and pandemic H1N1. Furthermore, the swine-origin H1N1 viruses have transmitted onward in canines and reassorted with the CIV-H3N2 viruses that circulate endemically in Asian dogs, producing three novel reassortant CIV genotypes (H1N1r, H1N2r, and H3N2r [r stands for reassortant]). CIVs from this study were collected primarily from pet dogs presenting with respiratory symptoms at veterinary clinics, but dogs in Guangxi are also raised for meat, and street dogs roam freely, creating a more complex ecosystem for CIV transmission. Further surveillance is greatly needed to understand the full genetic diversity of CIV in southern China, the nature of viral emergence and persistence in the region’s diverse canine populations, and the zoonotic risk as the viruses continue to evolve. Mammals have emerged as critically underrecognized sources of influenza virus diversity, including pigs that were the source of the 2009 pandemic and bats and bovines that harbor highly divergent viral lineages. Here, we identify two reassortant IAVs that recently host switched from swine to canines in southern China, including one virus with known zoonotic potential. Three additional genotypes were generated via reassortment events in canine hosts, demonstrating the capacity of dogs to serve as “mixing vessels.” The continued expansion of IAV diversity in canines with high human contact rates requires enhanced surveillance and ongoing evaluation of emerging pandemic threats.
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59
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Comparative pathogenesis of H3N2 canine influenza virus in beagle dogs challenged by intranasal and intratracheal inoculation. Virus Res 2018; 255:147-153. [PMID: 29860092 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
As important companion animals, dogs may serve as intermediate hosts for transmitting influenza virus to humans. However, knowledge regarding H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) pathogenicity is not comprehensive, which directly affects the animal models of pathogenicity in H3N2 CIV vaccine research. Here, to assess H3N2 CIV pathogenicity, we utilized 30 ten-week-old purpose-bred beagles intratracheally or intranasally inoculated with 106 50% egg-infectious dose. Intratracheal inoculation was more virulent to dogs than intranasal inoculation as shown by lung pathology score, histopathological changes, clinical symptoms, and body temperature. More intense virus replication was observed in the upper and lower respiratory tracts by intratracheal than intranasal inoculation according to nasal swabs, various organ virus titers, and antigen expression. These results may enhance the H3N2 CIV infection model, providing a more complete experimental basis for studying intrinsic H3N2 CIV pathogenic mechanism, and also serving a reference role for CIV prevention and treatment.
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60
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Xie X, Na W, Kang A, Yeom M, Yuk H, Moon H, Kim SJ, Kim HW, Kim JK, Pang M, Wang Y, Liu Y, Song D. Comparison of the virulence of three H3N2 canine influenza virus isolates from Korea and China in mouse and Guinea pig models. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:149. [PMID: 29716608 PMCID: PMC5930860 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) has been the most common subtype in Korea and China since 2007. Here, we compared the pathogenicity and transmissibility of three H3N2 CIV strains [Chinese CIV (JS/10), Korean CIV (KR/07), and Korean recombinant CIV between the classic H3N2 CIV and the pandemic H1N1 virus (MV/12)] in BALB/c mouse and guinea pig models. The pandemic H1N1 (CA/09) strain served as the control. Results BALB/c mice infected with H1N1 had high mortality and obvious body weight loss, whereas no overt disease symptoms were observed in mice inoculated with H3N2 CIV strains. The viral titers were higher in the group MV/12 than those in groups JS/10 and KR/07, while the mice infected with JS/10 showed higher viral titers in all tissues (except for the lung) than the mice infected with KR/07. The data obtained in guinea pigs also demonstrated that group MV/12 presented the highest loads in most of the tissues, followed by group JS/10 and KR/07. Also, direct contact transmissions of all the three CIV strains could be observed in guinea pigs, and for the inoculated and the contact groups, the viral titer of group MV/12 and KR/07 was higher than that of group JS/10 in nasal swabs. These findings indicated that the matrix (M) gene obtained from the pandemic H1N1 may enhance viral replication of classic H3N2 CIV; JS/10 has stronger viral replication ability in tissues as compared to KR/07, whereas KR/07 infected guinea pigs have more viral shedding than JS/10 infected guinea pigs. Conclusions There exists a discrepancy in pathobiology among CIV isolates. Reverse genetics regarding the genomes of CIV isolates will be helpful to further explain the virus characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Woonsung Na
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 339-700, South Korea
| | - Aram Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 339-700, South Korea
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 339-700, South Korea
| | - Heejun Yuk
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 339-700, South Korea
| | - Hyoungjoon Moon
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yong-in, 17066, South Korea
| | - Sung-Jae Kim
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yong-in, 17066, South Korea.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Virology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Kwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Kim
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yong-in, 17066, South Korea.,Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Seoul, 143-701, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Ki Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 339-700, South Korea
| | - Maoda Pang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yongshan Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Daesub Song
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 339-700, South Korea.
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61
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Li G, Wang R, Zhang C, Wang S, He W, Zhang J, Liu J, Cai Y, Zhou J, Su S. Genetic and evolutionary analysis of emerging H3N2 canine influenza virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:73. [PMID: 29691381 PMCID: PMC5915587 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) originated from an avian species. Since its emergence, it has circulated in multiple states and has caused pandemics among dog populations; however, no comprehensive studies have explored the causes driving these ongoing cases. The study of the codon usage patterns of viruses can reveal the genetic changes required for the viruses to adapt to new hosts and the external environment. Here we performed a thorough genetic, evolutionary, and codon usage analysis. We identified three evolutionary H3N2 CIV clades from a timescaled phylogenetic tree, namely, Origin, China, and Korea/USA, by principal component analysis (PCA). Additionally, we found a low codon usage bias and that mutation pressure, natural selection, and dinucleotide abundance shape the codon usage bias of H3N2 CIVs, with natural selection being more crucial than the others. Moreover, the human codon adaptation index was similar to that of dogs (the natural host) and cats. In addition, the H3N2 CIV similarity index values were higher than those of the avian influenza virus (AIV), suggesting viral adaptation to the host. Therefore, H3N2 CIVs may pose a potential risk to public health in the future, and further epidemiologic, evolutionary, and pathogenetic studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gairu Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruyi Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shilei Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wanting He
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junyan Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuchen Cai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuo Su
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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