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Complete genome sequence of pleioblastus mosaic virus, a distinct member of the genus Potyvirus. Arch Virol 2021; 166:645-649. [PMID: 33386489 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04916-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pleioblastus mosaic virus (PleMV) is a tentative member of the genus Potyvirus in the family Potyviridae and was discovered in bamboo with mosaic symptoms in Tokyo, Japan. Since no information on the genome sequence of PleMV has been reported, its taxonomic position has long been uncertain. Here, we report the first complete genome sequences of two distinct PleMV isolates. Excluding the 3'-terminal poly(A) tail, their genomic RNA sequences consist of 9,634 and 9,643 nucleotides (nt); both contain a large open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polyprotein and a small ORF termed PIPO. The large ORFs of the two isolates share 79.2% and 87.6% sequence identity at the nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) level, respectively, and were found to have the highest nt and aa sequence identity (69.0% and 69.9%) to the potyvirus johnsongrass mosaic virus (JGMV). Phylogenetic analysis showed that PleMV is most closely related to JGMV but forms its own clade. These results suggest that PleMV is a distinct member of the genus Potyvirus.
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52
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Rey C. The hunt for plant viruses in South Africa: The early days. S AFR J SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2020/7916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses cause widespread disease in agriculturally important crops, resulting in a reduction in both quality and quantity of produce. The introduction of intensive crop monoculture has resulted in an exponential increase in viral diseases which can cross over from wild indigenous plants. Viral pathogens also can occur in mixed infections, and rapid, sensitive and reliable diagnostic methods are required to identify and characterise the viruses responsible for the field diseases. In comparison to bacterial and fungal diseases, viral diseases are more difficult to diagnose. This review covers a period (1985–2011) in the history of virus discovery in South Africa during which several plant viruses from commercial and smallscale farms were identified and characterised. Interestingly, novel viruses were discovered in three crops, namely guar and cassava grown by small-scale farmers in Mpumalanga, and in commercial tobacco. The implication of these plant diseases is potential yield loss to farmers which can affect their livelihoods, and result in severe economic loss for the food and agriculture industries. Accurate identification of the causal viral agents of these viral diseases is a prerequisite for development of effective management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrissie Rey
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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53
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Sabharwal P, Savithri HS. Functional Characterization of Pepper Vein Banding Virus-Encoded Proteins and Their Interactions: Implications in Potyvirus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091037. [PMID: 32957699 PMCID: PMC7551749 DOI: 10.3390/v12091037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pepper vein banding virus (PVBV) is a distinct species in the Potyvirus genus which infects economically important plants in several parts of India. Like other potyviruses, PVBV encodes multifunctional proteins, with several interaction partners, having implications at different stages of the potyviral infection. In this review, we summarize the functional characterization of different PVBV-encoded proteins with an emphasis on their interaction partners governing the multifunctionality of potyviral proteins. Intrinsically disordered domains/regions of these proteins play an important role in their interactions with other proteins. Deciphering the function of PVBV-encoded proteins and their interactions with cognitive partners will help in understanding the putative mechanisms by which the potyviral proteins are regulated at different stages of the viral life-cycle. This review also discusses PVBV virus-like particles (VLPs) and their potential applications in nanotechnology. Further, virus-like nanoparticle-cell interactions and intracellular fate of PVBV VLPs are also discussed.
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54
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Identification and full genomic sequence of nerine yellow stripe virus. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2967-2971. [PMID: 32886214 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04776-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the first complete genome sequence of nerine yellow stripe virus (NeYSV, GenBank MT396083). The genome consists of 10,165 nucleotides, excluding the 3'-terminal poly(A) tail. A single open reading frame encodes a large polyprotein of 3294 amino acids with typical potyvirus features. The nuclear inclusion b and coat protein region shares 95% identity with a previously reported partial NeYSV sequence (NC_043153.1). Phylogenetic analysis of the polyprotein amino acid sequence showed that NeYSV clustered with hippeastrum mosaic virus (HiMV YP_006382256.1).
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55
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Dai Z, He R, Bernards MA, Wang A. The cis-expression of the coat protein of turnip mosaic virus is essential for viral intercellular movement in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1194-1211. [PMID: 32686275 PMCID: PMC7411659 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To establish infection, plant viruses are evolutionarily empowered with the ability to spread intercellularly. Potyviruses represent the largest group of known plant-infecting RNA viruses, including many agriculturally important viruses. To better understand intercellular movement of potyviruses, we used turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) as a model and constructed a double-fluorescent (green and mCherry) protein-tagged TuMV infectious clone, which allows distinct observation of primary and secondary infected cells. We conducted a series of deletion and mutation analyses to characterize the role of TuMV coat protein (CP) in viral intercellular movement. TuMV CP has 288 amino acids and is composed of three domains: the N-terminus (amino acids 1-97), the core (amino acids 98-245), and the C-terminus (amino acids 246-288). We found that deletion of CP or its segments amino acids 51-199, amino acids 200-283, or amino acids 265-274 abolished the ability of TuMV to spread intercellularly but did not affect virus replication. Interestingly, deletion of amino acids 6-50 in the N-terminus domain resulted in the formation of aberrant virions but did not significantly compromise TuMV cell-to-cell and systemic movement. We identified the charged residues R178 and D222 within the core domain that are essential for virion formation and TuMV local and systemic transport in plants. Moreover, we found that trans-expression of the wild-type CP either by TuMV or through genetic transformation-based stable expression could not rescue the movement defect of CP mutants. Taken together these results suggest that TuMV CP is not essential for viral genome replication but is indispensable for viral intercellular transport where only the cis-expressed CP is functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoji Dai
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of BiologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Rongrong He
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of BiologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Mark A. Bernards
- Department of BiologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaLondonOntarioCanada
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56
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Costus stripe mosaic virus, a tentative new member of the genus Potyvirus. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2541-2548. [PMID: 32851430 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Morphological, biological, serological, and molecular tests underpin the description of costus stripe mosaic virus (CoSMV) as a new member of the genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae. Found affecting the native ornamental Costus spiralis in Brazil, the pathogen showed a severely restricted natural and experimental host range. Excluding the poly(A) tail, the CoSMV genome contains a large open reading frame (ORF) of 9,446 nucleotides that encodes a polyprotein with 3,046 amino acids, which is potentially cleaved into ten products, and a small ORF (77 amino acids) knows as PIPO. Genome analysis demonstrated the highest CoSMV nucleotide sequence identity to onion yellow dwarf virus (51.79%). No evidence of recombination was detected in the CoSMV genome, and phylogenetic analysis revealed its basal position in a group formed by members of the genus Potyvirus, along with Cyrtanthus elatus virus A (Vallota speciosa virus) and canna yellow streak virus. CoSMV was not transmitted by aphids of the species Aphis solanella, Myzus persicae or Uroleucon sonchi, which could be due to mutations in the HC-Pro motifs required for aphid transmission. A divergence in the P1 protein cleavage site was found when compared to other members of the family Potyviridae. Based on its unique biological and molecular characteristics and the current species demarcation criteria, we propose CoSMV to be a new tentative member of the genus Potyvirus.
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Aphid Transmission of Potyvirus: The Largest Plant-Infecting RNA Virus Genus. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070773. [PMID: 32708998 PMCID: PMC7411817 DOI: 10.3390/v12070773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Potyviruses are the largest group of plant infecting RNA viruses that cause significant losses in a wide range of crops across the globe. The majority of viruses in the genus Potyvirus are transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent, non-circulative manner and have been extensively studied vis-à-vis their structure, taxonomy, evolution, diagnosis, transmission, and molecular interactions with hosts. This comprehensive review exclusively discusses potyviruses and their transmission by aphid vectors, specifically in the light of several virus, aphid and plant factors, and how their interplay influences potyviral binding in aphids, aphid behavior and fitness, host plant biochemistry, virus epidemics, and transmission bottlenecks. We present the heatmap of the global distribution of potyvirus species, variation in the potyviral coat protein gene, and top aphid vectors of potyviruses. Lastly, we examine how the fundamental understanding of these multi-partite interactions through multi-omics approaches is already contributing to, and can have future implications for, devising effective and sustainable management strategies against aphid-transmitted potyviruses to global agriculture.
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58
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Tamukong YB, Collum TD, Stone AL, Kappagantu M, Sherman DJ, Rogers EE, Dardick C, Culver JN. Dynamic changes impact the plum pox virus population structure during leaf and bud development. Virology 2020; 548:192-199. [PMID: 32758716 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Plum pox virus (PPV) is a worldwide threat to stone fruit production. Its woody perennial hosts provide a dynamic environment for virus evolution over multiple growing seasons. To investigate the impact seasonal host development plays in PPV population structure, next generation sequencing of ribosome associated viral genomes, termed translatome, was used to assess PPV variants derived from phloem or whole leaf tissues over a range of plum leaf and bud developmental stages. Results show that translatome PPV variants occur at proportionately higher levels in bud and newly developing leaf tissues that have low infection levels while more mature tissues with high infection levels display proportionately lower numbers of viral variants. Additional variant analysis identified distinct groups based on population frequency as well as sets of phloem and whole tissue specific variants. Combined, these results indicate PPV population dynamics are impacted by the tissue type and developmental stage of their host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette B Tamukong
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Tamara D Collum
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, College Park, MD, USA; USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Andrew L Stone
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Madhu Kappagantu
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Diana J Sherman
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Rogers
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Dardick
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV, USA
| | - James N Culver
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, College Park, MD, USA.
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59
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Zhai Y, Peng H, Neff MM, Pappu HR. Emerging Molecular Links Between Plant Photomorphogenesis and Virus Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:920. [PMID: 32695129 PMCID: PMC7338571 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Photomorphogenesis refers to photoreceptor-mediated morphological changes in plant development that are triggered by light. Multiple photoreceptors and transcription factors (TFs) are involved in the molecular regulation of photomorphogenesis. Likewise, light can also modulate the outcome of plant-virus interactions since both photosynthesis and many viral infection events occur in the chloroplast. Despite the apparent association between photosynthesis and virus infection, little is known about whether there are also interplays between photomorphogenesis and plant virus resistance. Recent research suggests that plant-virus interactions are potentially regulated by several photoreceptors and photomorphogenesis regulators, including phytochromes A and B (PHYA and PHYB), cryptochromes 2 (CRY2), phototropin 2 (PHOT2), the photomorphogenesis repressor constitutive photomorphogenesis 1 (COP1), the NAM, ATAF, and CUC (NAC)-family TF ATAF2, the Aux/IAA protein phytochrome-associated protein 1 (PAP1), the homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) TF HAT1, and the core circadian clock component circadian clock associated 1 (CCA1). Particularly, the plant growth promoting brassinosteroid (BR) hormones play critical roles in integrating the regulatory pathways of plant photomorphogenesis and viral defense. Here, we summarize the current understanding of molecular mechanisms linking plant photomorphogenesis and defense against viruses, which represents an emerging interdisciplinary research topic in both molecular plant biology and virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Michael M. Neff
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Hanu R. Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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60
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Variation Profile of the Orthotospovirus Genome. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070521. [PMID: 32610472 PMCID: PMC7400459 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthotospoviruses are plant-infecting members of the family Tospoviridae (order Bunyavirales), have a broad host range and are vectored by polyphagous thrips in a circulative-propagative manner. Because diverse hosts and vectors impose heterogeneous selection constraints on viral genomes, the evolutionary arms races between hosts and their pathogens might be manifested as selection for rapid changes in key genes. These observations suggest that orthotospoviruses contain key genetic components that rapidly mutate to mediate host adaptation and vector transmission. Using complete genome sequences, we profiled genomic variation in orthotospoviruses. Results show that the three genomic segments contain hypervariable areas at homologous locations across species. Remarkably, the highest nucleotide variation mapped to the intergenic region of RNA segments S and M, which fold into a hairpin. Secondary structure analyses showed that the hairpin is a dynamic structure with multiple functional shapes formed by stems and loops, contains sites under positive selection and covariable sites. Accumulation and tolerance of mutations in the intergenic region is a general feature of orthotospoviruses and might mediate adaptation to host plants and insect vectors.
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61
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Nigam D, LaTourrette K, Garcia-Ruiz H. Mutations in virus-derived small RNAs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9540. [PMID: 32533016 PMCID: PMC7293216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses exist as populations of genome variants. Virus-infected plants accumulate 21–24 nucleotide small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) derived from viral RNA (virus-derived siRNAs) through gene silencing. This paper describes the profile of mutations in virus-derived siRNAs for three members of the family Potyviridae: Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) and Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). For TuMV in Arabidopsis thaliana, profiles were obtained for mechanically inoculated rosette leaves and systemically infected cauline leaves and inflorescence. Results are consistent with selection pressure on the viral genome imposed by local and systemic movement. By genetically removing gene silencing in the plant and silencing suppression in the virus, our results showed that antiviral gene silencing imposes selection in viral populations. Mutations in siRNAs derived from a PRSV coat protein transgene in the absence of virus replication showed the contribution of cellular RNA-dependent RNA polymerases to the generation of mutations in virus-derived siRNAs. Collectively, results are consistent with two sources of mutations in virus-derived siRNAs: viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases responsible for virus replication and cellular RNA-dependent RNA polymerases responsible for gene silencing amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Nigam
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Katherine LaTourrette
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Hernan Garcia-Ruiz
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America.
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62
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Baebler Š, Coll A, Gruden K. Plant Molecular Responses to Potato Virus Y: A Continuum of Outcomes from Sensitivity and Tolerance to Resistance. Viruses 2020; 12:E217. [PMID: 32075268 PMCID: PMC7077201 DOI: 10.3390/v12020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) is the most economically important virus affecting potato production. PVY manipulates the plant cell machinery in order to successfully complete the infecting cycle. On the other side, the plant activates a sophisticated multilayer immune defense response to combat viral infection. The balance between these mechanisms, depending on the plant genotype and environment, results in a specific outcome that can be resistance, sensitivity, or tolerance. In this review, we summarize and compare the current knowledge on molecular events, leading to different phenotypic outcomes in response to PVY and try to link them with the known molecular mechanisms.
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63
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Gibbs AJ, Hajizadeh M, Ohshima K, Jones RA. The Potyviruses: An Evolutionary Synthesis Is Emerging. Viruses 2020; 12:E132. [PMID: 31979056 PMCID: PMC7077269 DOI: 10.3390/v12020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, encouraged by the dictum of Theodosius Dobzhansky that "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution", we outline the likely evolutionary pathways that have resulted in the observed similarities and differences of the extant molecules, biology, distribution, etc. of the potyvirids and, especially, its largest genus, the potyviruses. The potyvirids are a family of plant-infecting RNA-genome viruses. They had a single polyphyletic origin, and all share at least three of their genes (i.e., the helicase region of their CI protein, the RdRp region of their NIb protein and their coat protein) with other viruses which are otherwise unrelated. Potyvirids fall into 11 genera of which the potyviruses, the largest, include more than 150 distinct viruses found worldwide. The first potyvirus probably originated 15,000-30,000 years ago, in a Eurasian grass host, by acquiring crucial changes to its coat protein and HC-Pro protein, which enabled it to be transmitted by migrating host-seeking aphids. All potyviruses are aphid-borne and, in nature, infect discreet sets of monocotyledonous or eudicotyledonous angiosperms. All potyvirus genomes are under negative selection; the HC-Pro, CP, Nia, and NIb genes are most strongly selected, and the PIPO gene least, but there are overriding virus specific differences; for example, all turnip mosaic virus genes are more strongly conserved than those of potato virus Y. Estimates of dN/dS (ω) indicate whether potyvirus populations have been evolving as one or more subpopulations and could be used to help define species boundaries. Recombinants are common in many potyvirus populations (20%-64% in five examined), but recombination seems to be an uncommon speciation mechanism as, of 149 distinct potyviruses, only two were clear recombinants. Human activities, especially trade and farming, have fostered and spread both potyviruses and their aphid vectors throughout the world, especially over the past five centuries. The world distribution of potyviruses, especially those found on islands, indicates that potyviruses may be more frequently or effectively transmitted by seed than experimental tests suggest. Only two meta-genomic potyviruses have been recorded from animal samples, and both are probably contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J. Gibbs
- Emeritus Faculty, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Mohammad Hajizadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Kazusato Ohshima
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1-banchi, Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan;
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-2410 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Roger A.C. Jones
- Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Martínez-Turiño S, García JA. Potyviral coat protein and genomic RNA: A striking partnership leading virion assembly and more. Adv Virus Res 2020; 108:165-211. [PMID: 33837716 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Potyvirus genus clusters a significant and expanding number of widely distributed plant viruses, responsible for large losses impacting most crops of economic interest. The potyviral genome is a single-stranded, linear, positive-sense RNA of around 10kb that is encapsidated in flexuous rod-shaped filaments, mostly made up of a helically arranged coat protein (CP). Beyond its structural role of protecting the viral genome, the potyviral CP is a multitasking protein intervening in practically all steps of the virus life cycle. In particular, interactions between the CP and the viral RNA must be tightly controlled to allow the correct assignment of the RNA to each of its functions through the infection process. This review attempts to bring together the most relevant available information regarding the architecture and modus operandi of potyviral CP and virus particles, highlighting significant discoveries, but also substantial gaps in the existing knowledge on mechanisms orchestrating virion assembly and disassembly. Biotechnological applications based on potyvirus nanoparticles is another important topic addressed here.
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