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Liu XY, Pei WJ, Wu YZ, Ren FL, Yang SY, Wang X. Transdermal delivery of triptolide-phospholipid complex to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:2127-2136. [PMID: 34617835 PMCID: PMC8510618 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1986603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a triptolide phospholipid complex (TPCX) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by transdermal delivery. TPCX was prepared and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The solubility of TPCX was determined. Then, a TPCX cream was prepared to evaluate its percutaneous permeability and the antiarthritis effect. The transdermal permeability was determined using the Franz method, and a microdialysis system was used for skin pharmacokinetic study. A rat model of RA was prepared to evaluate the pharmacological effects. TPCX increased the solubility of triptolide in water, and the percutaneous permeability of TPCX cream was greatly enhanced compared with triptolide cream. The skin pharmacokinetic study indicated that TPCX cream has a longer biological half-life (t1/2) and mean residence time (MRT), but it has a shorter Tmax than that of triptolide cream in vivo. The area under the curve (AUC0–t)/AUC0–∞) and the peak concentration (Cmax) of TPCX cream were obviously higher than those of triptolide cream. The TPCX-loaded cream alleviated paw swelling and slowed down the progression of arthritis by inhibiting the inflammatory response by down regulating the TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels, thus exhibiting excellent antiarthritic effects. In summary, the prepared TPCX effectively increases the hydrophilicity of triptolide, which is good for its percutaneous absorption and enhances its effect on RA rats. TPCX can be a good candidate for the transdermal delivery to treat RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Liu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, PR China
| | - Wen-Jun Pei
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, PR China
| | - Ye-Zhen Wu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, PR China
| | - Fang-Li Ren
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, PR China
| | - Si-Yu Yang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, PR China
| | - Xiu Wang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, PR China
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Sharma G, Alle M, Chakraborty C, Kim JC. Strategies for transdermal drug delivery against bone disorders: A preclinical and clinical update. J Control Release 2021; 336:375-395. [PMID: 34175368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The transdermal drug delivery system is an exceptionally safe and well-tolerable therapeutic approach that has immense potential for delivering active components against bone-related pathologies. However, its use is limited in the current clinical practices due to the low skin permeability of most active drugs in the formulation. Thus, innovations in the methodologies of skin permeation enhancement techniques are suggested to overcome this limitation. Although various transdermal drug delivery systems are studied to date, there are insufficient studies comparing the therapeutic efficacy of transdermal delivery systems to oral delivery systems. Thus, creating a decision-making dilemma between oral or transdermal therapies. Therefore, a timely review is inevitable to develop a platform for future researchers to develop next-generation transdermal drug delivery strategies against skeletal diseases that must be convenient and cost-effective for the patients with improved therapeutic efficacy. Here, we will outline the most recent strategies that can overcome the choice limitation of the drug and enhance the transdermal adsorption of various types of drugs to treat bone disorders. For the first time, in this review paper, we will highlight the preclinical and clinical studies on the different transdermal delivery methods. Thus, providing insight into the current therapeutic approaches and suggesting new directions for the advancements in transdermal drug delivery systems against bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Science & Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Madhusudhan Alle
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Rd, Kolkata, West Bengal 700126, India
| | - Jin-Chul Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science & Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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53
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Hong OY, Jang HY, Park KH, Jeong YJ, Kim JS, Chae HS. Triptolide inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression and invasion of breast cancer cells through the inhibition of NF-κB and AP-1 signaling pathways. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:562. [PMID: 34093777 PMCID: PMC8170179 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Triptolide is a diterpenoid epoxide that is endogenously produced by the thunder god vine, Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. Triptolide has demonstrated a variety of biological activities, including anticancer activities, in previous studies. Invasion and metastasis are the leading causes of mortality for patients with breast cancer, and the increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has been shown to be associated with breast cancer invasion. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of triptolide on 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced cell invasion and MMP-9 expression in breast cancer cells. The expression of signal molecules was examined by western blotting, zymography and quantitative polymerase chain reaction; an electrophoretic mobility gel shift assay was also used, and cell invasiveness was measured by an in vitro Matrigel invasion assay. The MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line was treated with triptolide at the highest concentrations at which no marked cytotoxicity was evident. The results demonstrated that triptolide decreased the expression of MMP-9 through inhibition of the TPA-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and the downregulation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) activity. In addition, a Transwell assay revealed that triptolide reduced the ability of MCF-7 cells to invade Matrigel. These data demonstrate that the anti-invasive effect of triptolide is associated with the inhibition of ERK signaling and NF-κB and AP-1 activation, and suggest that triptolide may be a promising drug for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- On-Yu Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Sciences, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yeon Jang
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Sciences, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Park
- Department of Emergency Medical Rescue, Nambu University, Gwangju 62271, Republic of Korea.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ju Jeong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University and Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Suk Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Sciences, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Suk Chae
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University and Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54907, Republic of Korea
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54
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Guo B, Qiao F, Liao Y, Song L, He J. Triptolide laden reduced graphene oxide transdermal hydrogel to manage knee arthritis: in vitro and in vivo studies. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2021; 32:1288-1300. [PMID: 33797338 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2021.1912976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Triptolide (extract of herb Tripterygium wilfordii) is widely used in rheumatoid arthritis due to its potent immunosuppressant effect. The marketed oral (tablet dosage forms) and parenteral injections have short duration of action (half-life = 38 min) and not limited to multiorgan toxicity, which restrict the use of triptolide in clinical practice. In this study, a triptolide-loaded Pluronic® F68-reduced graphene oxide transdermal (non-invasive) hydrogel was developed to achieve sustained release of triptolide. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the synthesis of Pluronic® F68-reduced graphene oxide. Transmission electron microscopy showed flat wrinkled-nanosheets. The developed hydrogel showed desirable viscosity (11,261-11,365 cps), adhesiveness (0.25 mJ), hardness (6.5 g), and cohesiveness (1.85) for transdermal application. The ex vivo release study demonstrated the ability of the Pluronic® F68-reduced graphene oxide hydrogel to prolong release up to 14 h (63.64-96.78%), owing to the strong π-π interactions between the graphene oxide and the triptolide. The in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters in the rat model confirmed the improvement in the relative bioavailability (3.3-fold) with Pluronic® F68-reduced graphene oxide hydrogel in comparison to the control hydrogel without reduced graphene oxide. The anti-rheumatoid efficacy model suggest the potential application of Pluronic® F68-reduced graphene oxide hydrogel to treat knee rheumatoid arthritis (70-75% resolution) to substitute tablets and parenteral injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghua Guo
- Department of Orthopedics combined TCM with Western Medicine, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 555 Youyi East Road, Beilin, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Feng Qiao
- Department of Orthopedics combined TCM with Western Medicine, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 555 Youyi East Road, Beilin, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Yonghua Liao
- Department of Orthopedics combined TCM with Western Medicine, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 555 Youyi East Road, Beilin, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Lianjin Song
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, High-Tech Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinlong He
- Department of Orthopedics combined TCM with Western Medicine, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 555 Youyi East Road, Beilin, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
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Wang L, Che K, Liu Y. Pharmacokinetics, distribution and efficacy of triptolide PLGA microspheres after intra-articular injection in a rat rheumatoid arthritis model. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:703-715. [PMID: 33938387 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1923860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The UPLC-MS/MS method was established with good precision, accuracy and stability to determine the concentrations of TPL in biological samples, such as heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, plasma and joint.After being made into microspheres, TPL can stay in the joint tissue for a long time, further reducing the number of times joint cavity administration, and its sustained release effect was significantly improved compared with the solution dosage form.The pharmacokinetic parameters, such as AUC(0-t), AUC(0-∞), T1/2, Tmax, MTR(0-t), and MTR(0-∞) of the TPL-PLGA-MS group were significantly increased compared with those of the solution group. The microsphere preparation could significantly slow the release rate of the drug from the joint cavity.TPL-PLGA-MS can significantly reduce the expression of inflammatory factors such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α and hs-CRP. TPL-PLGA-MS for articular cavity injection has potential as a new preparation for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- Pharmacy College, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Keke Che
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Pharmacy College, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
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Nguyen T, Lestienne F, Cousy A, Mengeaud V, Castex-Rizzi N. Effective inhibition of Th17/Th22 pathway in 2D and 3D human models of psoriasis by Celastrol enriched plant cell culture extract. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 34 Suppl 6:3-9. [PMID: 32783265 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease in which the Th17 pathway is mainly involved. Systemic interventions with biologics that specifically block the Th17 pathway are effective to treat severe psoriasis. However, for efficient topical treatment, small molecules are more suitable than antibodies to penetrate and target epidermal keratinocytes, the key players in psoriasis. Celastrol, a well-described triterpene, is present in low amounts in Tripterygium wilfordii roots. By using plant cell culture (PCC), we were able to boost Celastrol production in bioreactors. Here, we evaluated immune modulator effect of Celastrol enriched extract (CEE) in Th17/Th22 psoriasis induced in 2D and 3D human models in vitro in view of its dermatological usage. METHODS Human CD4+ T cells (hCD4), Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes (NHEK), micro-epidermis and reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) were preincubated with CEE and reference controls. Then, hCD4 were stimulated by anti-[CD3/CD28] while others were stimulated by Th17/22 cytokines cocktails. Psoriasis biomarkers were assessed by ELISA (hCD4 and RHE), by RT-qPCR (NHEK) or by ICH/ELISA (micro-epidermis). RESULTS In 2D stimulated models (hCD4 and NHEK), CEE dose dependently inhibited, respectively, the expression of Th17 cytokines and psoriasis induced biomarkers. In 3D models (RHE and micro-epidermis), IL-8 expression was significantly reduced (RHE) and native phenotype was restored by CEE (micro-epidermis). CONCLUSION These results clearly showed that Th17/Th22 cytokines, main inflammatory parameters, and psoriasis associated key biomarkers were inhibited by CEE in both 2D and 3D human in vitro models. Therefore, skin homeostasis could be restored by these modulator effects. Moreover, this high added value CEE was obtained by an ecofriendly bioprocess in contrast to traditional roots extracts. This is the first time that a well-defined CEE immune modulator has been proposed for psoriasis adjuvant care to reduce inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nguyen
- Biotechnology, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Toulouse cedex, France
| | - F Lestienne
- Pharmacology Division, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Toulouse cedex, France
| | - A Cousy
- Biotechnology, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Toulouse cedex, France
| | - V Mengeaud
- Laboratoires Dermatologiques Ducray, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Lavaur, France
| | - N Castex-Rizzi
- Pharmacology Division, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Toulouse cedex, France
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57
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Zhao X, Kim YR, Min Y, Zhao Y, Do K, Son YO. Natural Plant Extracts and Compounds for Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57030266. [PMID: 33803959 PMCID: PMC8001474 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57030266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural plant extracts and compounds (NPECs), which originate from herbs or plants, have been used in the clinical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) for many years. Over the years, many scientists have carried out a series of studies on the treatment of RA by NPEC. They found a high quantity of active NPECs with broad application prospects. In view of various complex functions of these NPECs, exploring their potential as medicines for RA treatment will be beneficial for RA patients. Thus, to help advance the development of high-quality NPECs for RA, we herein aimed to review the research progress of NPECs in the treatment of RA in recent years. Our findings showed that, from the pharmacological perspective, natural plant extracts or mixed herbal compounds effectively regulate the immune system to alleviate RA by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines. Further, individualized medication can be applied according to each patient's physical condition. However, the pathogenesis of RA and its immune mechanism has not been fully understood and requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhao
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (X.Z.); (Y.M.)
| | - Young-Rok Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea;
| | - Yunhui Min
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (X.Z.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yaping Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Kyoungtag Do
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea;
- Correspondence: (K.D.); (Y.-O.S.); Tel.: +82-64-754-3334 (K.D.); +82-64-754-3331 (Y.-O.S.)
| | - Young-Ok Son
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (X.Z.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea;
- Bio-Health Materials Core-Facility Center, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Practical Translational Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.D.); (Y.-O.S.); Tel.: +82-64-754-3334 (K.D.); +82-64-754-3331 (Y.-O.S.)
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58
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Detoxification of toxic herbs in TCM prescription based on modulation of efflux transporters. DIGITAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dcmed.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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59
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Zheng N, Wei A, Wu T, Long L, Yang H, Li H, Wang L. Triptolide and atorvastatin synergistically promote hepatotoxicity in cultured hepatocytes and female Sprague-Dawley rats by inhibiting pregnane X receptor-mediated transcriptional activation of CYP3A4. Toxicol Lett 2021; 342:85-94. [PMID: 33600922 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Triptolide (TP), an active component of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F, has been widely used in China for treating autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and has also been validated by modern science and developed as a candidate anti-cancer treatment. However, liver toxicity of TP has seriously hindered its use and development, the clinical features and primary toxicological mechanism have been unclear. Considering the major target regulation mechanism of TP is the suppression of global transcription regulated by RNAPII, which is closed related with the detoxification of drugs. This paper tries to verify the synergistic liver injury and its mechanism of TP when co-administered with CYP3A4 substrate drug. The experiments showed that TP dose-dependently blocked transcriptional activation of CYP3A4 in both hPXR and hPXR-CYP3A4 reporter cell lines, lowered the mRNA and protein expression of PXR target genes such as CYP3A1, CYP2B1, and MDR1, and inhibited the functional activity of CYP3A in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes (SCRH) and female Sprague-Dawley (f-SD) rats. Furthermore, TP combined with atorvastatin (ATR), the substrate of CYP3A4, synergistically enhanced hepatotoxicity in cultured HepG2 and SCRH cells (CI is 0.38 and 0.29, respectively), as well as in f-SD rats, with higher exposure levels of both drugs. These results clearly indicate that TP inhibits PXR-mediated transcriptional activation of CYP3A4, leading to a blockade on the detoxification of itself and ATR, thereby greatly promoting liver injury. This study may implies the key cause of TP related liver injury and provides experimental data for the rational use of TP in a clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China; Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Aili Wei
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Long Long
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Haiying Yang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hua Li
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Lili Wang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China.
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Zhou X, Xie D, Huang J, Lu A, Wang R, Jin Y, Zhang R, Chang C, Xu L, Xu L, Fan J, Liang C, He D. Therapeutic Effects of (5R)-5-Hydroxytriptolide on Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis via lncRNA WAKMAR2/miR-4478/E2F1/p53 Axis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:605616. [PMID: 33664742 PMCID: PMC7921149 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.605616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) serve a major role in synovial hyperplasia and inflammation in RA. (5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide (LLDT-8), a novel triptolide derivative, shows promising therapeutic effects for RA and is now in phase II clinical trials in China. However, the underlying mechanism of LLDT-8 is still not fully understood. Here, we found that LLDT-8 inhibited proliferation and invasion of RA FLS, as well as the production of cytokines. Microarray data demonstrated that LLDT-8 upregulated the expression of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) WAKMAR2, which was negatively associated with proliferation and invasion of RA FLS, as well as the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Knockdown of WAKMAR2 abolished the inhibitory effects of LLDT-8 on RA FLS. Mechanistically, WAKMAR2 sponged miR-4478, which targeted E2F1 and downstreamed p53 signaling. Rescue experiments indicated that the inhibitory effects of LLDT-8 on RA FLS were dependent on WAKMAR2/miR-4478/E2F1/p53 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology, Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rheumatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Jinan, China
| | - Duoli Xie
- School of Chinese Medicine, Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongsheng Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yehua Jin
- Department of Rheumatology, Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Runrun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cen Chang
- Department of Rheumatology, Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingxia Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linshuai Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyu Fan
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongyi He
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Xiang JY, Chi YY, Han JX, Xiang H, Xie Q. The Toxicity and Attenuation Methods of Toxic Chinese Materia Medica for its Reasonable Application: A Review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:41-67. [PMID: 33416023 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Over a millennia, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used to treat various diseases in China. In recent years, more and more Chinese materia medica (CMM) have been studied in scientific research projects, applied in clinical practice, and their extracts have even appeared in some health products. However, the toxicity of some CMM is often overlooked, including hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, etc. In this review, the toxic components and their toxicological mechanisms of some toxic CMM were listed according to the chemical structure classification of toxic components. Afterwards, the traditional methods (processing and compatibility) and modern methods (structural modification, biotransformation, etc.) of attenuation of CMM were discussed. Since ancient times, it has been said that "fight fire with fire, fight poison with poison," and toxic CMM are of great significance in the treatment of difficult and severe diseases. The rational application of toxic CMM and their components in clinical practice was also exemplified in this review. While the pharmacological effects of TCMs have been emphasized, the scientific attenuation and rational application of toxic components should be concerned. We hope this review can provide a reference for future related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yan Xiang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Yu Chi
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Xin Han
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Xiang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
| | - Qiuhong Xie
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
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Zhang J, Guan Y, He L, Tao L, Zang Z, Zhu W, Chen L, Jin C. Influence of a combination of triptolide and ferulic acid on the activities of CYP450 enzymes and oxidative stress in HaCaT cells. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:157. [PMID: 33093895 PMCID: PMC7571369 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Topical administration of triptolide (TP) is effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but it can also induce skin irritation. Previous studies have used data mining strategies to analyze the application of Tripterygium wilfordii in the treatment of RA and have shown that TP and ferulic acid (FA) can be used in combination due to their component compatibility. The aims of the present study were to investigate the mechanisms underlying the effects of TP treatment and to identify its effects on metabolism and oxidative damage in the skin. MTT assay results suggested that the HaCaT cell survival rate was significantly increased when the compatibility ratio of TP to FA was 1:100. Moreover, the combination of TP with FA (TP + FA) did not significantly affect the activities of the cytochrome P40 (CYP) enzymes CYP family 1 subfamily A member 2 (CYP1A2), CYP2E1 and CYP3A4, when used as a 'cocktail'. It was found that TP + FA significantly decreased the production levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde in HaCaT cells, while significantly increasing levels of glutathione and catalase. In addition, TP + FA significantly increased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 protein expression, compared with TP alone. Thus, the present results indicated that the underlying mechanism of TP + FA efficacy may be related to decreased ROS production level in HaCaT cells, increased production levels of key antioxidant factors and increased antioxidant activity of the epidermis, all of which were correlated with a protective effect against oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, P.R. China
| | - Yongmei Guan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, P.R. China
| | - Liangfei He
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, P.R. China
| | - Ling Tao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhzong Zang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, P.R. China
| | - Weifeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, P.R. China
| | - Chen Jin
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, P.R. China
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Comprehensive analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics to understand triptolide-induced liver injury in mice. Toxicol Lett 2020; 333:290-302. [PMID: 32835833 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide, a major active component of Triptergium wilfordii Hook. f, is used in the treatment of autoimmune disease. However, triptolide is associated with severe adverse reactions, especially hepatotoxicity, which limits its clinical application. To examine the underlying mechanism of triptolide-induced liver injury, a combination of dose- and time-dependent toxic effects, RNA-seq and metabolomics were employed. Triptolide-induced toxicity occurred in a dose- and time-dependent manners and was characterized by apoptosis and not necroptosis. Transcriptomics profiles of the dose-dependent response to triptolide suggested that PI3K/AKT, MAPK, TNFα and p53 signaling pathways were the vital steps in triptolide-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. Metabolomics further revealed that glycerophospholipid, fatty acid, leukotriene, purine and pyrimidine metabolism were the major metabolic alterations after triptolide exposure. Finally, acylcarnitines were identified as potential biomarkers for the early detection of triptolide-induced liver injury.
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Triptolide impairs genome integrity by directly blocking the enzymatic activity of DNA-PKcs in human cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110427. [PMID: 32574974 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Triptolide is a multi-functional natural small molecular compound extracted from a traditional Chinese medicinal herb. Triptolide and its derivatives exhibit cytotoxicity through inducing DNA damage, therefore increasing sensitivity to DNA-damage based chemotherapy or radiotherapy in different types of cells. However, the regulatory mechanism of genotoxicity by triptolide, and the loss of genome integrity induced by triptolide are not fully understood. Here, we measured the effects of triptolide on genome integrity in a human fibroblast line HCA2-hTERT using the neutral comet assay. We demonstrated that treating cells with triptolide induced genomic instability in HCA2-hTERT cells. Furthermore, we observed the accumulation of γH2AX foci in triptolide treated cells than control cells at 24 h post ionizing radiation. Further mechanistic studies indicated that triptolide inhibited the enzymatic activity of DNA-PKcs, the critical nonhomologous end joining factor. In vitro kinase activity assays showed that triptolide suppressed the kinase activity of DNA-PKcs and molecular docking also predicted a potential interaction between triptolide and DNA-PKcs. As a consequence, we found that triptolide treatment enhanced the interaction between DNA-PKcs and KU80 and hampered the following recruitment of 53BP1. Altogether, our finding provides a new perspective about the toxicity of triptolide in non-cancer cells and highlights the necessity of taking genome effects of triptolide and its derivatives into consideration in the future clinical and research applications.
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Jin H, Li D, Lin MH, Li L, Harrich D. Tat-Based Therapies as an Adjuvant for an HIV-1 Functional Cure. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040415. [PMID: 32276443 PMCID: PMC7232260 DOI: 10.3390/v12040415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) establishes a chronic infection that can be well controlled, but not cured, by combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Interventions have been explored to accomplish a functional cure, meaning that a patient remains infected but HIV is undetectable in the blood, with the aim of allowing patients to live without cART. Tat, the viral transactivator of transcription protein, plays a critical role in controlling HIV transcription, latency, and viral rebound following the interruption of cART treatment. Therefore, a logical approach for controlling HIV would be to block Tat. Tackling Tat with inhibitors has been a difficult task, but some recent discoveries hold promise. Two anti-HIV proteins, Nullbasic (a mutant of Tat) and HT1 (a fusion of HEXIM1 and Tat functional domains) inhibit viral transcription by interfering with the interaction of Tat and cellular factors. Two small molecules, didehydro-cortistatin A (dCA) and triptolide, inhibit Tat by different mechanisms: dCA through direct binding and triptolide through enhanced proteasomal degradation. Finally, two Tat-based vaccines under development elicit Tat-neutralizing antibodies. These vaccines have increased the levels of CD4+ cells and reduced viral loads in HIV-infected people, suggesting that the new vaccines are therapeutic. This review summarizes recent developments of anti-Tat agents and how they could contribute to a functional cure for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Jin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (H.J.); (D.L.); (M.-H.L.)
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (H.J.); (D.L.); (M.-H.L.)
| | - Min-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (H.J.); (D.L.); (M.-H.L.)
| | - Li Li
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - David Harrich
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (H.J.); (D.L.); (M.-H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +617-3845-3679
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Zhang X, Zhang X, Wang X, Wang T, Bai B, Zhang N, Zhao Y, Yu Y, Wang B. Efficient Delivery of Triptolide Plus a miR-30-5p Inhibitor Through the Use of Near Infrared Laser Responsive or CADY Modified MSNs for Efficacy in Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapeutics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:170. [PMID: 32258008 PMCID: PMC7092621 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease for which treatment focuses on suppressing an overactive immune system and maintaining the physiological balance of synovial fibroblasts (SFs). We found that miR-30-5p was highly expressed in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs). Subsequently, we predicted that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit 2 (PIK3R2) might be a putative target of miR-30-5p. Recent studies have reported that PIK3R2 can maintain the physiological homeostasis of RASFs. Therefore, miR-30-5p inhibitor has the potential to be used in the treatment of RA, but low levels of miR-30-5p inhibitor internalization affect its application. Triptolide (TP) is an effective drug in the treatment of RA but induces severe toxicity and has a narrow therapeutic window. In this study, the cell internalization performance of miR-30-5p inhibitor was improved by loading it into cell membrane penetrating peptide (CADY)-modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), and the toxicity of TP was decreased by loading it into a controlled drug release system based on MSNs. The nanodrug carrier was constructed by filling a phase-change material (PCM) of 1-tetradecanol and drugs into MSNs that could be triggered by an NIR laser with thermo-chemo combination RA therapy. Our results show that the miR-30-5p inhibitor-loaded MSNs@CADY significantly inhibited RASF proliferation and increased apoptosis. In addition, MSNs@PCM@TP under 808 nm laser irradiation were effective in downregulating immune system activation in an RA rat model. Finally, the results of a pharmacodynamics study showed that the combination of MSNs@CADY@miR-30-5p inhibitor and MSNs@PCM@TP under 808 nm laser significantly increased the effectiveness of RA treatment. These findings provide a novel understanding of RA pathogenesis and a theoretical basis for RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xipeng Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bin Bai
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanjiao Zhao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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Novel Carboxylated Chitosan-Based Triptolide Conjugate for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12030202. [PMID: 32110979 PMCID: PMC7150988 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A new platform for triptolide (TP) delivery was prepared by conjugating TP to a carboxylmethyl chitosan (CMCS). Compared with the natural TP, the TP-conjugate (TP-CMCS) containing TP of ~5 wt% exhibited excellent aqueous solubility (>5 mg/mL). Results of in vitro experiments showed that TP-CMCS could relieve TP-induced inhibition on RAW264.7 cells and apoptosis, respectively. Compared with the TP group, TP-CMCS could effectively alleviate the toxicity injury of TP and decreased the mortality rate of the mice (p < 0.05). TP-CMCS did not cause much damage to the liver (AST and ALT) and kidney (BUN and CRE) (p < 0.05). After administration, the levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α decreased, and the arthritis detumescence percentages increased significantly, and the bony erosion degree was distinctly decreased in the TP-CMCS groups and TP group. Our results suggested that TP-CMCS was a useful carrier for the treatment of RA, which enhanced aqueous solubility of free TP and reduced drug toxicity in vitro and in vivo.
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Wang Z, Bao HW, Ji Y. A systematic review and meta-analysis of rituximab combined with methotrexate versus methotrexate alone in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19193. [PMID: 32080104 PMCID: PMC7034717 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This meta-analysis aimed to explore the efficacy and safety of rituximab combined with methotrexate (MTX) versus MTX alone in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS We performed an electronic search of PubMed (1950-January 2018), EMBASE (1974-January 2018), the Cochrane Library (January 2018 Issue 3), the Google database (1950-January 2018), and the Chinese Wanfang database (1950-January 2018). Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. The American College of Rheumatology 20% improvement criteria (ACR20), ACR50, ACR70, total complication rate, and infection rate were the outcomes. A fixed/random effects model was used according to the heterogeneity assessed by the I statistic. Data analysis was performed using Stata 12.0 software. RESULTS A total of five RCTs with 3299 patients (rituximab combined with MTX group = 1787, MTX only group = 1512) were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled risk ratio showed that the administration of rituximab combined with MTX was associated with more ACR20, ACR50, and ACR70 than the administration of MTX only (P < .05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of the total complication rate and the infection rate (P > .05). CONCLUSION The administration of rituximab combined with MTX was effective and safe for RA patients. Additional high-quality RCTs with long-term follow-ups should be conducted in the future to identify the potential complications in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yong Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Jingjiang People's Hospital, No. 28, Zhongzhou Road, Jingjiang, Taizhou City 214500, Jiangsu Province, China
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Zang Y, Lai F, Fu J, Li C, Ma J, Chen C, Liu K, Zhang T, Chen X, Zhang D. Novel nitric oxide-releasing derivatives of triptolide as antitumor and anti-inflammatory agents: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and nitric oxide release studies. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 190:112079. [PMID: 32028140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel triptolide/furoxans hybrids were designed and synthesized as analogues of triptolide, which is a naturally derived compound isolated from the thunder god vine (Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F). Some of these synthesized compounds exhibited antiproliferative activities in the nanomolar range. Among them, compound 33 exhibited both good antiproliferative activity and NO-releasing ability and the acute toxicity of compound 33 decreased more than 160 times (LD50 = 160.9 mg/kg) than triptolide. Moreover, compound 33 significantly inhibited the growth of melanoma at a low dose (0.3 mg/kg) and showed strong anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that compound 33 could be a promising candidate for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingda Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Junmin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuangjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengjuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
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Song X, Zhang Y, Dai E, Wang L, Du H. Prediction of triptolide targets in rheumatoid arthritis using network pharmacology and molecular docking. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 80:106179. [PMID: 31972422 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Network pharmacology is a novel approach that uses bioinformatics to predict and identify multiple drug targets and interactions in disease. Here, we used network pharmacology to investigate the mechanism by which triptolide acts in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We first searched public databases for genes and proteins known to be associated with RA, as well as those predicted to be targets of triptolide, and then used Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to identify enriched gene pathways and networks. Networks and pathways that overlapped between RA-associated proteins and triptolide target proteins were then used to predict candidate protein targets of triptolide in RA. The following proteins were found to occur in both RA-associated networks and triptolide target networks: CD274, RELA, MCL1, MAPK8, CXCL8, STAT1, STAT3, c-JUN, JNK, c-Fos, NF-κB, and TNF-α. Docking studies suggested that triptolide can fit in the binding pocket of the six top candidate triptolide target proteins (CD274, RELA, MCL1, MAPK8, CXCL8 and STAT1). The overlapping pathways were activation of Th1 and Th2 cells, macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells in RA, while the overlapping networks were involved in cellular movement, hematological system development and function, immune cell trafficking, cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, inflammatory response, cellular function and maintenance, and cell death and survival. These results show that network pharmacology can be used to generate hypotheses about how triptolide exerts therapeutic effects in RA. Network pharmacology may be a useful method for characterizing multi-target drugs in complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqiang Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China; Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang 464000, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Erqin Dai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Hongtao Du
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China.
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Deciphering the Active Ingredients and Molecular Mechanisms of Tripterygium hypoglaucum (Levl.) Hutch against Rheumatoid Arthritis Based on Network Pharmacology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:2361865. [PMID: 32015751 PMCID: PMC6982362 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2361865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tripterygium hypoglaucum (Levl.) Hutch (THH) shows well clinical effect on rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the active ingredients and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This work was designed to explore these issues by network pharmacology. Compounds from THH were gathered by retrieving literatures. Compound-related and RA-related genes were identified using databases, and the overlapping genes were identified by Venn diagram. The active ingredients and genes of THH against RA were confirmed by dissecting interactions between overlapping genes and compounds using Cytoscape. SystemsDock website was used to further verify the combining degree of key genes with active ingredients. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed to decipher the mechanisms of THH against RA by Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery. A total of 123 compounds were collected, and 110 compounds-related and 1871 RA-related genes were identified, including 64 overlapping genes. The target genes and active ingredients of THH against RA comprised 64 genes and 17 compounds, the focus of which was PTGS2, triptolide, and celastrol. SystemsDock website indicated that the combing degree of PTGS2 with triptolide or celastrol was very good. The mechanisms of THH against RA were linked to 31 signaling pathways, and the key mechanism was related to inhibition of inflammation response through inactivating TNF and NF-kappa B signaling pathways. This work firstly explored the active ingredients and mechanisms of THH against RA by network pharmacology and provided evidence to support clinical effects of THH on RA.
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Li P, Yang X, Yang Y, He H, Chou CK, Chen F, Pan H, Liu L, Cai L, Ma Y, Chen X. Synergistic effect of all-trans-retinal and triptolide encapsulated in an inflammation-targeted nanoparticle on collagen-induced arthritis in mice. J Control Release 2019; 319:87-103. [PMID: 31862360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of nano-encapsulated anti-inflammatory agent represents a promising while challenging strategy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Pro-inflammatory macrophages play a major role in the pathogenesis of RA. In this study, we investigated the effect of a macrophage-targeted pH-sensitive nanoparticle on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. To target macrophage, all-trans-retinal was conjugated into dextran backbone through pH-sensitive hydrazone bond, then grafted with galactose (GDR). This nanoparticle was used for the encapsulation of triptolide (TPT), a potent anti-inflammatory compound isolated from Chinese herb. As expected, GDR nanoparticles preferentially accumulated in the inflammatory tissues. Treatment with GDR-TPT nanoparticles resulted in a marked decrease in the infiltration of CD3+ T cells and F4/80+ macrophages and reduction of the expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in the inflamed lesions of CIA mice. Furthermore, Th1 and Th17 responses were also inhibited. Importantly, anti-arthritic effect of TPT was markedly enhanced while its toxic effect was attenuated by encapsulating with GDR. GDR by itself also had moderate effect in the inhibition of arthritis, due to its intrinsic anti-inflammatory property. Therefore, our results clearly show that GDR-TPT nanoparticle may represent a promising drug delivery system for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Science, University of Macau, Macau 999078, PR China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Science, University of Macau, Macau 999078, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Science, University of Macau, Macau 999078, PR China
| | - Huamei He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Key Lab of Health Informatics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Chon-Kit Chou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Science, University of Macau, Macau 999078, PR China
| | - Fengyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Science, University of Macau, Macau 999078, PR China
| | - Hong Pan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Key Lab of Health Informatics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Lanlan Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Key Lab of Health Informatics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Lintao Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Key Lab of Health Informatics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Yifan Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Key Lab of Health Informatics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Science, University of Macau, Macau 999078, PR China.
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Yang F, Wang XX, Ma D, Cui Q, Zheng DH, Liu XC, Zhang J. Effects Of Triptolide On Tooth Movement And Root Resorption In Rats. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:3963-3975. [PMID: 31819370 PMCID: PMC6883940 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s217936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of triptolide on the tooth movement and root resorption in rats during orthodontic treatment. Material and methods A total of 48 male Wistar rats were divided into three groups of 16 each. The right maxillary first molars of rats were drawn mesially by closed coil nickel-titanium spring with a force of 50 g. The two experimental groups received intraperitoneal injections of triptolide for 14 days at a dose of 15 µg/kg/day and 30 µg/kg/day, respectively. The control group received vehicle injections. After 14 days, the rats were humanely killed. The amount of tooth movement was measured. Eight rats from each group were randomly chosen for analysis of the percentage of root resorption area by scanning electron microscopy. For the remaining eight rats in each group, the H&E staining, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and immunohistochemistry analysis were performed. Results The amount of tooth movement and the ratio of root resorption area were significantly decreased in the triptolide-treated rats. The number of TRAP-positive cells was significantly lower in triptolide-treated groups. Moreover, the expression of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) was reduced. In contrast, the expression of osteoprotegerin was significantly up-regulated. In the tension side, the expressions of runt-related transcription factor 2 and osteocalcin were significantly enhanced by triptolide injection. Conclusion Triptolide injection could arrest orthodontic tooth movement and reduce root resorption in rats via inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. In addition, triptolide may exert a positive effect on osteoblastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Xia Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - De Hua Zheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Can Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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74
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Shan QQ, Jiang XJ, Wang FY, Shu ZX, Gui SY. Cubic and hexagonal liquid crystals as drug carriers for the transdermal delivery of triptolide. Drug Deliv 2019; 26:490-498. [PMID: 31081409 PMCID: PMC6522916 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1602796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate triptolide-loaded cubic and hexagonal liquid crystals for transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDSs). We prepared and characterized triptolide-loaded lyotropic liquid crystals and evaluated for their percutaneous permeation properties in vitro and in vivo. We then used the adjuvant arthritic rat model and HaCaT cells to analyze the pharmacodynamics and conduct cell-stimulating studies of these liquid crystals. The optimized preparations were identified as cubic and hexagonal phase structures, respectively. Moreover, the in vitro percutaneous penetration studies demonstrated that compared to the homemade triptolide gel, cubic and hexagonal liquid crystals could significantly increase the percutaneous cumulative penetration of drugs within 48 h. Besides, the results of skin-blood synchronous microdialysis showed that the triptolide concentration in skin was higher than that in blood, and the cubic and hexagonal liquid crystals significantly increased the bioavailability of triptolide. Triptolide-loaded cubic and hexagonal liquid crystals presented excellent anti-arthritic effects, alleviating paw swelling and inhibiting inflammation by downregulating the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β. In vitro cell-stimulating studies displayed that triptolide-loaded cubic and hexagonal liquid crystals exhibited no obvious toxicity, which exhibited that triptolide-loaded cubic and hexagonal liquid crystals were remarkable biocompatibility. Collectively, triptolide-loaded cubic and hexagonal liquid crystals represented a promising candidate for rheumatoid arthritis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Shan
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Shu
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shuang-Ying Gui
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Modern Pharmaceutics of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
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75
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Ru Y, Luo Y, Zhou Y, Kuai L, Sun X, Xing M, Liu L, Lu Y, Hong S, Chen X, Song J, Luo Y, Fei X, Li B, Li X. Adverse Events Associated With Treatment of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F: A Quantitative Evidence Synthesis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1250. [PMID: 31780926 PMCID: PMC6851843 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F can cause adverse effects (AEs) in clinical application and may be harmful to human health. This study aim to summarize the AEs caused by T. wilfordii tgpolyglycoside (TWP), the most common preparation of T. wilfordii Hook F for clinical use. Methods: The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched to identify potential articles on this topic. All single-arm trials, controlled clinical trials, and randomized controlled trials were selected and summarized. Meta-regression was used to determine the sources of heterogeneity, and subgroups were used to identify factors leading to AEs. Results: Forty-six studies, comprising 25 randomized controlled trials, 13 controlled clinical trials, and 8 single-arm trials, were included in this meta-analysis, representing 2437 enrolled TWP-treated participants. Combined intervention, drug dosage, medication treatment, pharmaceutical manufacturers, and specific organ toxicity were identified as potential factors leading to TWP-induced AEs in this meta-analysis. In patients treated with TWP, the global incidence of AEs was 30.75% (95% confidence interval [21.18–40.33], I2 = 97%), and that of severe grade AEs was 4.68% (95% confidence interval [0.00–12.72], I2 = 53%). Organ-specific analyses indicated that TWP treatment elicited intestinal toxicity, reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hematotoxicity, cutaneous toxicity, and other damages. The AEs analyzed in the subgroups of combined intervention, drug dosage, medication treatment, and pharmaceutical manufacturers were considered as primary outcomes, and organic-specific AEs were considered as secondary outcomes. Conclusions: The occurrence of TWP-induced AEs was systemic, organ-specific, and related to medication course, combined intervention, and drug dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ru
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqiong Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Kuai
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Xing
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Seokgyeong Hong
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiankun Song
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoya Fei
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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76
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Xu L, Wu W, Cheng R, Sun L, Jiang Z, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Su Y, Huang X. Toxic effects of triptolide on adrenal steroidogenesis in H295R cells and female rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22394. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling‐Yan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Sir Run Run HospitalNanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Wei Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical UniversityMinistry of Education Nanjing China
| | - Rui Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical UniversityMinistry of Education Nanjing China
| | - Li‐Xin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical UniversityMinistry of Education Nanjing China
| | - Zhen‐Zhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical UniversityMinistry of Education Nanjing China
| | - Lu‐Yong Zhang
- Center for Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, School of PharmacyGuangdong Pharmaceutical University Guangdong China
| | - Zun‐Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical UniversityMinistry of Education Nanjing China
| | - Yu‐Wen Su
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Sir Run Run HospitalNanjing Medical University Nanjing China
- School of PharmacyNanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Xin Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical UniversityMinistry of Education Nanjing China
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77
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Zhang X, Xiao Z, Xu H. A review of the total syntheses of triptolide. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1984-1995. [PMID: 31501665 PMCID: PMC6720243 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide is a complex triepoxide diterpene natural product that has attracted considerable interest in the organic chemistry and medicinal chemistry societies due to its intriguing structural features and multiple promising biological activities. In this review, progress in the total syntheses of triptolide are systematically summarized. We hope to gain a better understanding of the field and provide constructive suggestions for future studies of triptolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Zaozao Xiao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hongtao Xu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
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78
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Hou W, Liu B, Xu H. Triptolide: Medicinal chemistry, chemical biology and clinical progress. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 176:378-392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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79
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Huo J, Yu Q, Zhang Y, Liu K, Hsiao C, Jiang Z, Zhang L. Triptolide‐induced hepatotoxicity via apoptosis and autophagy in zebrafish. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1532-1540. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Huo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Qinwei Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Biology InstituteQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology InstituteQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
| | - Chung‐Der Hsiao
- Department of Bioscience TechnologyChung Yuan Christian University Chung‐Li Taiwan
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of EducationChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Center for Drug Research and DevelopmentGuangdong Pharmaceutical University Guangzhou China
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80
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Tang CH. Research of Pathogenesis and Novel Therapeutics in Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071646. [PMID: 30987068 PMCID: PMC6479975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthritis has a high prevalence globally and includes over 100 types, the most common of which are rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis and inflammatory arthritis. The exact etiology of arthritis remains unclear and no cure exists. Anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used in the treatment of arthritis, but are associated with significant side effects. Novel modes of therapy and additional prognostic biomarkers are urgently needed for these patients. In this editorial, the twenty articles published in the Special Issue Research of Pathogenesis and Novel Therapeutics in Arthritis 2019 are summarized and discussed as part of the global picture of the current understanding of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsin Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
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81
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Triptolide-targeted delivery methods. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 164:342-351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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82
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Wang JM, Chen RX, Zhang LL, Ding NN, Liu C, Cui Y, Cheng YX. In vivo protective effects of chlorogenic acid against triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity and its mechanism. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2018; 56:626-631. [PMID: 31070533 PMCID: PMC6300082 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2018.1527370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Triptolide (TP) has outstanding biological activities, but it induces toxicities, particular hepatotoxicity, severely limiting its clinical application. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) has prominently medicinal and nutritional values. However, until now, it is not known whether CGA could mitigate TP-induced hepatotoxicity. OBJECTIVE This study explored the possible protection of CGA against TP-induced hepatotoxicity and its potential mechanisms, for the first time. MATERIAL AND METHODS KM mice were treated orally with TP at a single dose of 1 mg/kg at 4 h after being treated with CGA (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) for seven continuous days. Blood samples were collected at 24 h after TP administration for measurement of serum biomarkers, and hepatic tissues for analysis of potential mechanisms. RESULTS TP treatment-induced acute hepatotoxicity manifested by the significant elevation in serum alanine transaminase (93.9 U/L), aspartate transaminase (185.8 U/L) and hepatic malondialdehyde (0.637 μmol/mg protein), and the remarkable reduction in hepatic glutathione (1.425 μg/mg protein), glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase (91.7, 320.7, 360.6 and 140.7 U/mg protein, respectively). In contrast, pretreatment with CGA for 7 days effectively attenuated acute liver injury and oxidative stress caused by TP with each ED50 of 44.4, 57.1, 46.6, 22.2, 40.9, 58.1, 86.4 and 61.0 mg/kg, respectively. Furthermore, pretreatment with CGA promoted the accumulation of Nrf2 into the nucleus, and up-regulated mRNA expression of Nrf2-target downstream genes. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Combined CGA medication may probably reduce the risk of TP poisoning, and in-depth mechanisms can be developed around the signal molecules of Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ming Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- CONTACT Jun-Ming Wang College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, East Jinshui Road & Boxue road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Rong-Xing Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lu-Lu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ning-Ning Ding
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chen Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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83
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Sun M, Song H, Ye Y, Yang Q, Xu X, Zhu X, Zhang J, Shi S, Wang J, Liu Z. Differential toxicities of triptolide to immortalized podocytes and the podocytes in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:2375-2386. [PMID: 30551497 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide (TP) has an anti-proteinuric effect and is used for the treatment of podocytopathies. TP has also been shown to act directly on immortalized podocytes in culture to protect them from injury. In the present study, we examined the effect of TP on healthy podocytes both in vitro and in vivo to better understand the action of TP on podocytes. We found that treatment of TP at 10 ng/ml, a concentration that is routinely used for podocyte protection, was sufficient to activate pro-apoptotic signaling of MAPK p38, p53 and BAX and induced apoptosis in cultured podocytes; and higher concentrations of TP exacerbated the p38, p53 and BAX activations and apoptosis. Moreover, TP severely downregulated the genes that are essential for podocyte structure and function. Interestingly, in contrast with other agents TP-induced podocyte injury was not prevented by glucocorticoids. In vivo, high-dose TP treatment for prolonged time did not cause podocyte injury, essential genes downregulation, and proteinuria in mice. TP was also not toxic to the podocytes with isolated glomeruli ex vivo. In summary, TP is toxic to immortalized podocytes in culture but not to the podocytes in animals or isolated glomeruli ex vivo. Our study suggests that immortalized podocytes might have genetically evolved to become sensitive to TP toxicity and thus caution should be taken in interpreting data from immortalized podocytes. Nevertheless, in vivo TP could be as safe as glucocorticoids in treating podocytopathies. Finally, TP may be used as a unique in vitro model for studying steroid-resistant podocytopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Song
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuting Ye
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiong Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaolin Shi
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhihong Liu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Huang G, Yuan K, Zhu Q, Zhang S, Lu Q, Zhu M, Sheng H, Yu R, Luo G, Xu A. Triptolide inhibits the inflammatory activities of neutrophils to ameliorate chronic arthritis. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:210-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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