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Arbour-Nicitopoulos KP, Martin Ginis KA, Wilson PM. Examining the Individual and Perceived Neighborhood Associations of Leisure-Time Physical Activity in Persons with Spinal Cord Injury. Ann Behav Med 2010; 39:192-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12160-009-9149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Rhodes RE, Naylor PJ, McKay HA. Pilot study of a family physical activity planning intervention among parents and their children. J Behav Med 2009; 33:91-100. [PMID: 19937106 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-009-9237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity interventions among youth have resulted in modest outcomes; thus, there is a need to increase the theoretical fidelity of interventions and hone pilot work before embarking on large scale trials. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a planning intervention in comparison to a standard condition on intergenerational physical activity in families with young children. Inactive families (N = 85) were randomized to either a standard condition (received physical activity guidelines and a local municipal healthy active living guide) or the intervention (physical activity guidelines, local municipal healthy active living guide + planning material) after completing a baseline questionnaire package. Sixty-five families (standard condition n = 34; intervention condition n = 31) completed the 4 week follow-up questionnaire package. Complete cases and intention to treat analyses showed that the planning intervention resulted in higher self-reported family physical activity compared to the standard condition and this was due to an increase in unstructured family activities over the 4 weeks. The results are promising and suggest that theoretical fidelity targeting parent regulation of family activity may be a helpful approach to increasing weekly energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Rhodes
- Behavioural Medicine Laboratory, Faculty of Education, University of Victoria, PO Box 3010, STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8 W 3N4, Canada.
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Sallis JF, Bowles HR, Bauman A, Ainsworth BE, Bull FC, Craig CL, Sjöström M, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Lefevre J, Matsudo V, Matsudo S, Macfarlane DJ, Gomez LF, Inoue S, Murase N, Volbekiene V, McLean G, Carr H, Heggebo LK, Tomten H, Bergman P. Neighborhood environments and physical activity among adults in 11 countries. Am J Prev Med 2009; 36:484-90. [PMID: 19460656 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding environmental correlates of physical activity can inform policy changes. Surveys were conducted in 11 countries using the same self-report environmental variables and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, allowing analyses with pooled data. METHODS The participating countries were Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, China (Hong Kong), Japan, Lithuania, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, and the U.S., with a combined sample of 11,541 adults living in cities. Samples were reasonably representative, and seasons of data collection were comparable. Participants indicated whether seven environmental attributes were present in their neighborhood. Outcomes were measures of whether health-related guidelines for physical activity were met. Data were collected in 2002-2003 and analyzed in 2007. Logistic regression analyses evaluated associations of physical activity with environmental attributes, adjusted for age, gender, and clustering within country. RESULTS Five of seven environmental variables were significantly related to meeting physical activity guidelines, ranging from access to low-cost recreation facilities (OR=1.16) to sidewalks on most streets (OR=1.47). A graded association was observed, with the most activity-supportive neighborhoods having 100% higher rates of sufficient physical activity compared to those with no supportive attributes. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest neighborhoods built to support physical activity have a strong potential to contribute to increased physical activity. Designing neighborhoods to support physical activity can now be defined as an international public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Sallis
- Active Living Research, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92103, USA.
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Godin G, Amireault S, Bélanger-Gravel A, Vohl MC, Pérusse L. Prediction of leisure-time physical activity among obese individuals. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:706-12. [PMID: 19148116 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to identify (i) what cognitions predict leisure-time physical activity and (ii) the moderators of cognition-behavior relationships among obese individuals. A sample of 91 adults (BMI >or=30 kg/m(2)) completed a baseline questionnaire assessing variables of the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Biological measures and socio-demographic variables were also obtained. Behavior was assessed 3 months later. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses indicated that significant variables predicting behavior were past behavior (beta = 0.39; P = 0.0001), intention (beta = 0.27; P = 0.03), and the interaction term "perceived behavioral control (PBC) x perceived built environment" (beta = 0.17; P = 0.05). The PBC-behavior relation was better when the built environment was perceived as favorable to physical activity. The model explained 41% of variance in behavior. The determinants explaining intention were PBC (beta = 0.55; P < 0.0001), anticipated regret (beta = 0.26; P = 0.0007), and past behavior (beta = 0.22; P = 0.005), accounting for 59% of variance. Participation in leisure-time physical activity is explained primarily by a person's intentions to perform this behavior. The results also suggest that people are more able to translate their perception of control into action if they perceive the built environment as favorable, although this additional gain in prediction is small relative to intention. Nonetheless, both cognitions and aspects of the built environment should be given consideration in the promotion of leisure-time physical activity among obese individuals.
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Maddison R, Hoorn SV, Jiang Y, Mhurchu CN, Exeter D, Dorey E, Bullen C, Utter J, Schaaf D, Turley M. The environment and physical activity: The influence of psychosocial, perceived and built environmental factors. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2009; 6:19. [PMID: 19331652 PMCID: PMC2683167 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-6-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to integrate perceived and built environmental and individual factors into the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model to better understand adolescents' physical activity. Participants (n = 110) aged 12 to 17 years (M = 14.6 ± 1.55) were recruited from two large metropolitan high schools in Auckland, New Zealand, were included in the analysis. Participants completed measures of the revised TPB and the perceived environment. Individual factors such as ethnicity and level of deprivation were also collected. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) software was used to measure the physical environment (walkability, access to physical activity facilities). Physical activity was assessed using the ActiGraph accelerometer and the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A). Data from the various sources were combined to develop an integrated model integrated for statistical analysis using structural equation modeling. The TPB model variables (intention and perceived behavioral control) explained 43% of the variance of PAQ-A. Unique and individual contributions were made by intention and PBC and home ownership of home equipment. The model explained 13% of time spent in moderate and vigorous physical activity (Actigraph). Unique and individual contribution was made by intention. Social cognitive variables were better predictors of both subjective and objective physical activity compared to perceived environmental and built environment factors. Implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Maddison
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland.
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56
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Lemieux M, Godin G. How well do cognitive and environmental variables predict active commuting? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2009; 6:12. [PMID: 19267911 PMCID: PMC2667470 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-6-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, there has been growing interest in theoretical studies integrating cognitions and environmental variables in the prediction of behaviour related to the obesity epidemic. This is the approach adopted in the present study in reference to the theory of planned behaviour. More precisely, the aim of this study was to determine the contribution of cognitive and environmental variables in the prediction of active commuting to get to and from work or school. METHODS A prospective study was carried out with 130 undergraduate and graduate students (93 females; 37 males). Environmental, cognitive and socio-demographic variables were evaluated at baseline by questionnaire. Two weeks later, active commuting (walking/bicycling) to get to and from work or school was self-reported by questionnaire. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed to predict intention and behaviour. RESULTS The model predicting behaviour based on cognitive variables explained more variance than the model based on environmental variables (37.4% versus 26.8%; Z = 3.86, p < 0.001). Combining cognitive and environmental variables with socio-demographic variables to predict behaviour yielded a final model explaining 41.1% (p < 0.001) of the variance. The significant determinants were intention, habit and age. Concerning intention, the same procedure yielded a final model explaining 78.2% (p < 0.001) of the variance, with perceived behavioural control, attitude and habit being the significant determinants. CONCLUSION The results showed that cognitive variables play a more important role than environmental variables in predicting and explaining active commuting. When environmental variables were significant, they were mediated by cognitive variables. Therefore, individual cognitions should remain one of the main focuses of interventions promoting active commuting among undergraduate and graduate students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Lemieux
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Division of Kinesiology, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
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57
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Nelson N, Wright A, Lowry R, Mutrie N. Where is the Theoretical Basis for Understanding and Measuring the Environment for Physical Activity? ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2008; 2:111-6. [PMID: 21572837 PMCID: PMC3091344 DOI: 10.4137/ehi.s1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Researchers are beginning to explore environmental correlates to further the field of physical activity research. Before interventions and experimental investigations can be undertaken, it is necessary to identify specific environmental features that are consistent correlates of physical activity. There has been a plethora of research measuring such cross-sectional associations since this field came to the fore in 2003. This paper posits that it is time for researchers to evaluate the state of knowledge, and suggests that future developments in this field focus on the theoretical bases for (i) measurement of the environment and (ii) understanding the links between perceptions of the environment and behaviour through psychological theories of cognition. Key theories considered include social ecology and the theory of planned behaviour. It is suggested that with a continued absence of a common conceptual framework, vocabulary and measurement tools the majority of studies may remain at a correlates stage. In highlighting issues with current methodologies, this commentary encourages more grounded theoretical approaches to the study of the environment and physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N.M. Nelson
- Department of Sport, Culture and the Arts, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - A. Wright
- Department of Sport, Culture and the Arts, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - R.G. Lowry
- Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Chichester, West Sussex, UK
| | - N. Mutrie
- Department of Sport, Culture and the Arts, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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58
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Bellows-Riecken KH, Rhodes RE, Hoffert KM. Motives for lifestyle and exercise activities: A comparison using the theory of planned behaviour. Eur J Sport Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/17461390802195660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Titze S, Stronegger WJ, Janschitz S, Oja P. Association of built-environment, social-environment and personal factors with bicycling as a mode of transportation among Austrian city dwellers. Prev Med 2008; 47:252-9. [PMID: 18417199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the association of built-environment, social-environment, and personal-level factors with bicycling for transportation, among adult city dwellers. METHOD Survey of a representative sample of 1000 inhabitants of the city of Graz, Austria, using a computer-assisted telephone interview addressing cycling behavior and associated personal, social and environmental factors. RESULTS The prevalence of biking for transportation was 22.5%. After adjustment for gender, age, education, physical activity level and distance from home to destination, cycling was positively associated with the presence of bike lane connectivity (OR=2.09) and social support/modeling (OR=1.62), and negatively associated with the perceived barriers of "physical discomfort" (OR=0.49) and "an impractical transport mode" (OR=0.50). Analysis of interactions indicated that the effect of the perceived benefit of "rapidity" was stronger in physically active persons than inactive individuals, and the effect of the perceived barrier of "an impractical mode of transportation" was stronger among women than men. CONCLUSION In addition to cycling-related social support and perceived benefits and barriers, bike lane connectivity may be an important determinant of cycling as a means of transportation among adult city dwellers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Titze
- Institute of Sports Science, University of Graz, Austria.
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60
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Zenk SN, Wilbur J, Wang E, McDevitt J, Oh A, Block R, McNeil S, Savar N. Neighborhood environment and adherence to a walking intervention in African American women. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2008; 36:167-81. [PMID: 18669878 DOI: 10.1177/1090198108321249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This secondary analysis examined relationships between the environment and adherence to a walking intervention among 252 urban and suburban, midlife African American women. Participants received an enhanced or minimal behavioral intervention. Walking adherence was measured as the percentage of prescribed walks completed. Objective measures of the women's neighborhoods included walkability (land use mix, street intersection density, housing unit density, public transit stop density), aesthetics (physical deterioration, industrial land use), availability of outdoor (recreational open space) and indoor (recreation centers, shopping malls) walking facilities/spaces, and safety (violent crime incidents). Ordinary least squares regression estimated relationships. The presence of one and especially both types of indoor walking facilities were associated with greater adherence. No associations were found between adherence and other environmental variables. The effect of the enhanced intervention on adherence did not differ by environmental characteristics. Aspects of the environment may influence African American women who want to be more active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon N Zenk
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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61
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Nasar JL. Assessing perceptions of environments for active living. Am J Prev Med 2008; 34:357-63. [PMID: 18374252 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 12/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substantial research has been done on the relationship of physical environments to active living, much of it using observational measures of physical properties. Although this research is important, it produces an incomplete picture. Perceptions of environmental factors may affect physical activity. There is particular value in learning about people's perceptions of environmental factors that are associated with increased or decreased likelihood of physical activity. METHODS The present paper surveys and evaluates various options for measuring perceptions of specific environments and alternatives for study designs and methods. Referring to the relevant studies and concepts in environmental psychology, environmental perception, and related disciplines, it identifies and evaluates the measurement methods. RESULTS The measurement of environmental perceptions must take into consideration the selection of respondents, measurement of environmental variables, sampling and mode of presentation of the environmental stimuli, and response measures. CONCLUSIONS Research can build on current knowledge of environmental perception to explore measures and methods of particular relevance to understanding people's likelihood of using places for physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack L Nasar
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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62
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Maddock JE, Silbanuz A, Reger-Nash B. Formative research to develop a mass media campaign to increase physical activity and nutrition in a multiethnic state. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2008; 13:208-215. [PMID: 18569354 DOI: 10.1080/10810730701807225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Poor nutrition and physical inactivity are the second leading causes of preventable morbidity and mortality in the United States. Mass media campaigns have tremendous promise for reaching large segments of the population to influence these behaviors. There is still insufficient evidence in the literature, however, to recommend mass marketing campaigns for physical activity and nutrition. Successful mass media campaigns should have a formative research base that includes conducting preproduction research with the target audience, using theory as a conceptual foundation of the campaign, segmenting the audience into meaningful subgroups, and using a message approach that is targeted to and likely will be effective with the audience segment. In this study, these formative research steps were addressed to develop a mass media campaign based on the Theory of Planned Behavior to increase physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption in 35-55-year-old adults in the state of Hawaii. For the walking campaign, our results identified time, a control belief, as the major barrier. For fruits and vegetable, the data suggested social norm (if others around me ate them) and control (if they were available). These data then were used to develop a mass media campaign based on these principals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay E Maddock
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
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63
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Amireault S, Godin G, Vohl MC, Pérusse L. Moderators of the intention-behaviour and perceived behavioural control-behaviour relationships for leisure-time physical activity. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2008; 5:7. [PMID: 18241339 PMCID: PMC2275296 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-5-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intention is a key determinant of action. However, there is a gap between intention and behavioural performance that remains to be explained. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify moderators of the intention-behaviour and perceived behavioural control (PBC)- behaviour relationships for leisure-time physical activity. METHOD This was tested in reference to Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behaviour. A sample of 300 volunteers, 192 women and 108 men, aged 18 to 55, participated in the study. At baseline, the participants completed a self-administrated psychosocial questionnaire assessing Ajzen's theory variables (i.e., intention and perceived behavioural control). The behavioural measure was obtained by mail three months later. RESULTS Multiple hierarchical regression analyses indicated that age and annual income moderated the intention-behaviour and PBC-behaviour relationships. However, in the final model predicting behaviour (R2 = .46), only the interaction term of PBC by annual income (beta = .24, p = 0.0003) significantly contributed to the prediction of behaviour along with intention (beta = .49, p = 0.0009) and past behaviour (beta = .44, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Physical activity promotion programs would benefit not only from focusing on increasing the intention of low intenders, but also from targeting factors that moderate the perceived behavioural control-behaviour relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Amireault
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Division of Kinesiology, Laval University, Québec (Québec), Canada
- Research Group on Behaviour in the Field of Health, Laval University, Québec (Québec), Canada
| | - Gaston Godin
- Research Group on Behaviour in the Field of Health, Laval University, Québec (Québec), Canada
- Canada Research Chair on Behaviour and Health, Faculty of Nursing, Laval University, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, Local 4106, Québec (Québec), G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Laval University, Québec (Québec), Canada
- Lipid Research Centre, CHUL Research Centre, Québec (Québec), Canada
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Division of Kinesiology, Laval University, Québec (Québec), Canada
- Lipid Research Centre, CHUL Research Centre, Québec (Québec), Canada
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64
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Rhodes RE, Blanchard CM, Courneya KS, Plotnikoff RC. Identifying belief-based targets for the promotion of leisure-time walking. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2007; 36:381-93. [PMID: 18077658 DOI: 10.1177/1090198107308376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Walking is the most common type of physical activity (PA) and the likely target of efforts to increase PA. No studies, however, have identified the belief-level correlates for walking using the theory of planned behavior. This study elicits salient beliefs about walking and evaluates beliefs that may be most important for walking-promotion campaigns. A random sample of 55 Canadian adults participated in the elicitation study, and the validation study includes 358 participants who completed measures of demographics, beliefs from the elicitation study, and self-reported walking behavior. Belief-behavior relationships show that almost all behavioral expectancies are correlates of intention and behavior, but normative and control expectancies are more select correlates. But when belief-behavior relations are evaluated by participants meeting PA recommendations, only beliefs about feeling good, appearance, stress relief, and time are significant. Public health efforts to promote walking should focus on making time for regular walking and the affective advantages that walking can provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Rhodes
- University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
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65
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Kirby AM, Lévesque L, Wabano V, Robertson-Wilson J. Perceived community environment and physical activity involvement in a northern-rural Aboriginal community. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2007; 4:63. [PMID: 18053217 PMCID: PMC2217526 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-4-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes disproportionately affects Aboriginal peoples in Canada. Ample evidence shows that regular physical activity (PA) plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Evidence is beginning to emerge linking PA to the physical environment but little is known about the relationship between remote rural environments and PA involvement in Aboriginal peoples. This study's purpose was to investigate the relationship between perceptions of the environment and PA and walking patterns in Aboriginal adults in order to inform the planning and implementation of community-relevant PA interventions. METHODS Two hundred and sixty three residents (133 women, mean age = 35.6 years, SD = 12.3 and 130 men, mean age = 37.2 years, SD = 13.1) from Moose Factory, Ontario were asked about environmental factors related to walking and PA involvement. Survey items were drawn from standardized, validated questionnaires. Descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, percentages) were calculated. A series of hierarchical multiple regressions were performed to determine associations between walking and overall PA with perceived environmental variables. RESULTS Hierarchical multiple regression to predict walking revealed significant associations between walking and perceived safety and aesthetics. Owning home exercise equipment predicted strenuous PA. Different aspects of the physical environment appear to influence different types of physical activities. The significant amount of variance in behaviour accounted for by perceived environmental variables (5.3% walking) included safety, aesthetics, convenience, owning home exercise equipment and comfortable shoes for walking. CONCLUSION Results suggest that a supportive physical environment is important for PA involvement and that walking and activities of different intensity appear to be mediated by different perceived environmental variables. Implications for PA promotion in rural environments where Aboriginal people face many unique environmental features (e.g., bears, mosquitoes, extreme cold) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Kirby
- Primary Healthcare Research Unit, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
- Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project, Kahnawake, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lucie Lévesque
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project, Kahnawake, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer Robertson-Wilson
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Kington, Ontario, Canada
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66
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Rhodes RE, Courneya KS, Blanchard CM, Plotnikoff RC. Prediction of leisure-time walking: an integration of social cognitive, perceived environmental, and personality factors. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2007; 4:51. [PMID: 17974022 PMCID: PMC2174941 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-4-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Walking is the primary focus of population-based physical activity initiatives but a theoretical understanding of this behaviour is still elusive. The purpose of this study was to integrate personality, the perceived environment, and planning into a theory of planned behaviour (TPB) framework to predict leisure-time walking. Methods Participants were a random sample (N = 358) of Canadian adults who completed measures of the TPB, planning, perceived neighbourhood environment, and personality at Time 1 and self-reported walking behaviour two months later. Results Analyses using structural equation modelling provided evidence that leisure-time walking is largely predicted by intention (standardized effect = .42) with an additional independent contribution from proximity to neighbourhood retail shops (standardized effect = .18). Intention, in turn, was predicted by attitudes toward walking and perceived behavioural control. Effects of perceived neighbourhood aesthetics and walking infrastructure on walking were mediated through attitudes and intention. Moderated regression analysis showed that the intention-walking relationship was moderated by conscientiousness and proximity to neighbourhood recreation facilities but not planning. Conclusion Overall, walking behaviour is theoretically complex but may best be addressed at a population level by facilitating strong intentions in a receptive environment even though individual differences may persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Rhodes
- School of Exercise Science, Health and Physical Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.
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