51
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Alhazmi N, Carroll SH, Kawasaki K, Woronowicz KC, Hallett SA, Macias Trevino C, Li EB, Baron R, Gori F, Yelick PC, Harris MP, Liao EC. Synergistic roles of Wnt modulators R-spondin2 and R-spondin3 in craniofacial morphogenesis and dental development. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5871. [PMID: 33712657 PMCID: PMC7954795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays a critical role in craniofacial patterning, as well as tooth and bone development. Rspo2 and Rspo3 are key regulators of Wnt signaling. However, their coordinated function and relative requirement in craniofacial development and odontogensis are poorly understood. We showed that in zebrafish rspo2 and rspo3 are both expressed in osteoprogenitors in the embryonic craniofacial skeleton. This is in contrast to mouse development, where Rspo3 is expressed in osteoprogenitors while Rspo2 expression is not observed. In zebrafish, rspo2 and rspo3 are broadly expressed in the pulp, odontoblasts and epithelial crypts. However, in the developing molars of the mouse, Rspo3 is largely expressed in the dental follicle and alveolar mesenchyme while Rspo2 expression is restricted to the tooth germ. While Rspo3 ablation in the mouse is embryonic lethal, zebrafish rspo3-/- mutants are viable with modest decrease in Meckel's cartilage rostral length. However, compound disruption of rspo3 and rspo2 revealed synergistic roles of these genes in cartilage morphogenesis, fin development, and pharyngeal tooth development. Adult rspo3-/- zebrafish mutants exhibit a dysmorphic cranial skeleton and decreased average tooth number. This study highlights the differential functions of Rspo2 and Rspo3 in dentocranial morphogenesis in zebrafish and in mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Alhazmi
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shannon H Carroll
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenta Kawasaki
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katherine C Woronowicz
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shawn A Hallett
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claudio Macias Trevino
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward B Li
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roland Baron
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Pamela C Yelick
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Craniofacial and Molecular Genetics, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew P Harris
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric C Liao
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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52
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Little DW, Dumontet T, LaPensee CR, Hammer GD. β-catenin in adrenal zonation and disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 522:111120. [PMID: 33338548 PMCID: PMC8006471 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is a critical mediator of the development and maintenance of several tissues. The adrenal cortex is highly dependent upon Wnt/β-catenin signaling for proper zonation and endocrine function. Adrenocortical cells emerge in the peripheral capsule and subcapsular cortex of the gland as progenitor cells that centripetally differentiate into steroid hormone-producing cells of three functionally distinct concentric zones that respond robustly to various endocrine stimuli. Wnt/β-catenin signaling mediates adrenocortical progenitor cell fate and tissue renewal to maintain the gland throughout life. Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling contributes to various adrenal disorders of steroid production and growth that range from hypofunction and hypoplasia to hyperfunction, hyperplasia, benign adrenocortical adenomas, and malignant adrenocortical carcinomas. Great strides have been made in defining the molecular underpinnings of adrenocortical homeostasis and disease, including the interplay between the capsule and cortex, critical components involved in maintaining the adrenocortical Wnt/β-catenin signaling gradient, and new targets in adrenal cancer. This review seeks to examine these and other recent advancements in understanding adrenocortical Wnt/β-catenin signaling and how this knowledge can inform therapeutic options for adrenal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Typhanie Dumontet
- Training Program in Organogenesis, Center for Cell Plasticity and Organ Design, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, USA
| | - Christopher R LaPensee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, USA
| | - Gary D Hammer
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, USA; Training Program in Organogenesis, Center for Cell Plasticity and Organ Design, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, USA; Endocrine Oncology Program, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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53
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Bugter JM, Fenderico N, Maurice MM. Mutations and mechanisms of WNT pathway tumour suppressors in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:5-21. [PMID: 33097916 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-00307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutation-induced activation of WNT-β-catenin signalling is a frequent driver event in human cancer. Sustained WNT-β-catenin pathway activation endows cancer cells with sustained self-renewing growth properties and is associated with therapy resistance. In healthy adult stem cells, WNT pathway activity is carefully controlled by core pathway tumour suppressors as well as negative feedback regulators. Gene inactivation experiments in mouse models unequivocally demonstrated the relevance of WNT tumour suppressor loss-of-function mutations for cancer growth. However, in human cancer, a far more complex picture has emerged in which missense or truncating mutations mediate stable expression of mutant proteins, with distinct functional and phenotypic ramifications. Herein, we review recent advances and challenges in our understanding of how different mutational subsets of WNT tumour suppressor genes link to distinct cancer types, clinical outcomes and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen M Bugter
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nicola Fenderico
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Madelon M Maurice
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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54
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Hammer GD, Basham KJ. Stem cell function and plasticity in the normal physiology of the adrenal cortex. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 519:111043. [PMID: 33058950 PMCID: PMC7736543 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The adrenal cortex functions to produce steroid hormones necessary for life. To maintain its functional capacity throughout life, the adrenal cortex must be continually replenished and rapidly repaired following injury. Moreover, the adrenal responds to endocrine-mediated organismal needs, which are highly dynamic and necessitate a precise steroidogenic response. To meet these diverse needs, the adrenal employs multiple cell populations with stem cell function. Here, we discuss the literature on adrenocortical stem cells using hematopoietic stem cells as a benchmark to examine the functional capacity of particular cell populations, including those located in the capsule and peripheral cortex. These populations are coordinately regulated by paracrine and endocrine signaling mechanisms, and display remarkable plasticity to adapt to different physiological and pathological conditions. Some populations also exhibit sex-specific activity, which contributes to highly divergent proliferation rates between sexes. Understanding mechanisms that govern adrenocortical renewal has broad implications for both regenerative medicine and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Hammer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Endocrine Oncology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kaitlin J Basham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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55
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R-spondin substitutes for neuronal input for taste cell regeneration in adult mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 118:2001833118. [PMID: 33443181 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001833118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste bud cells regenerate throughout life. Taste bud maintenance depends on continuous replacement of senescent taste cells with new ones generated by adult taste stem cells. More than a century ago it was shown that taste buds degenerate after their innervating nerves are transected and that they are not restored until after reinnervation by distant gustatory ganglion neurons. Thus, neuronal input, likely via neuron-supplied factors, is required for generation of differentiated taste cells and taste bud maintenance. However, the identity of such a neuron-supplied niche factor(s) remains unclear. Here, by mining a published RNA-sequencing dataset of geniculate ganglion neurons and by in situ hybridization, we demonstrate that R-spondin-2, the ligand of Lgr5 and its homologs Lgr4/6 and stem-cell-expressed E3 ligases Rnf43/Znrf3, is expressed in nodose-petrosal and geniculate ganglion neurons. Using the glossopharyngeal nerve transection model, we show that systemic delivery of R-spondin via adenovirus can promote generation of differentiated taste cells despite denervation. Thus, exogenous R-spondin can substitute for neuronal input for taste bud cell replenishment and taste bud maintenance. Using taste organoid cultures, we show that R-spondin is required for generation of differentiated taste cells and that, in the absence of R-spondin in culture medium, taste bud cells are not generated ex vivo. Thus, we propose that R-spondin-2 may be the long-sought neuronal factor that acts on taste stem cells for maintaining taste tissue homeostasis.
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56
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Nasr T, Holderbaum AM, Chaturvedi P, Agarwal K, Kinney JL, Daniels K, Trisno SL, Ustiyan V, Shannon JM, Wells JM, Sinner D, Kalinichenko VV, Zorn AM. Disruption of a hedgehog-foxf1-rspo2 signaling axis leads to tracheomalacia and a loss of sox9+ tracheal chondrocytes. Dis Model Mech 2020; 14:dmm.046573. [PMID: 33328171 PMCID: PMC7875488 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.046573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital tracheomalacia, resulting from incomplete tracheal cartilage development, is a relatively common birth defect that severely impairs breathing in neonates. Mutations in the Hedgehog (HH) pathway and downstream Gli transcription factors are associated with tracheomalacia in patients and mouse models; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. Using multiple HH/Gli mouse mutants including one that mimics Pallister-Hall Syndrome, we show that excessive Gli repressor activity prevents specification of tracheal chondrocytes. Lineage tracing experiments show that Sox9+ chondrocytes arise from HH-responsive splanchnic mesoderm in the fetal foregut that expresses the transcription factor Foxf1. Disrupted HH/Gli signaling results in 1) loss of Foxf1 which in turn is required to support Sox9+ chondrocyte progenitors and 2) a dramatic reduction in Rspo2, a secreted ligand that potentiates Wnt signaling known to be required for chondrogenesis. These results reveal a HH-Foxf1-Rspo2 signaling axis that governs tracheal cartilage development and informs the etiology of tracheomalacia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Nasr
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267
| | - Andrea M Holderbaum
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267
| | - Praneet Chaturvedi
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
| | - Kunal Agarwal
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
| | - Jessica L Kinney
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
| | - Keziah Daniels
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
| | - Stephen L Trisno
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267
| | - Vladimir Ustiyan
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
- Center for Lung Regenerative Medicine, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
| | - John M Shannon
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
| | - James M Wells
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267
| | - Debora Sinner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
| | - Vladimir V Kalinichenko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
- Center for Lung Regenerative Medicine, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267
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57
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Park S, Wu L, Tu J, Yu W, Toh Y, Carmon KS, Liu QJ. Unlike LGR4, LGR5 potentiates Wnt-β-catenin signaling without sequestering E3 ligases. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/660/eaaz4051. [PMID: 33262293 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaz4051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
LGR4 and LGR5 encode two homologous receptors with critical, yet distinct, roles in organ development and adult stem cell survival. Both receptors are coexpressed in intestinal crypt stem cells, bind to R-spondins (RSPOs) with high affinity, and potentiate Wnt-β-catenin signaling, presumably by the same mechanism: forming RSPO-bridged complexes with the E3 ligases RNF43 and ZNRF3 to inhibit ubiquitylation of Wnt receptors. However, direct evidence for RSPO-bound, full-length LGR5 interacting with these E3 ligases in whole cells has not been reported, and only LGR4 is essential for the self-renewal of intestinal stem cells. Here, we examined the mechanisms of action of LGR4 and LGR5 in parallel using coimmunoprecipitation, proximity ligation, competition binding, and time-resolved FRET assays in whole cells. Full-length LGR4 formed a tight complex with ZNRF3 and RNF43 even without RSPO, whereas LGR5 did not interact with either E3 ligase with or without RSPO. Domain-swapping experiments with LGR4 and LGR5 revealed that the seven-transmembrane domain of LGR4 conferred interaction with the E3 ligases. Native LGR4 and LGR5 existed as dimers on the cell surface, and LGR5 interacted with both FZD and LRP6 of the Wnt signalosome to enhance LRP6 phosphorylation and potentiate Wnt-β-catenin signaling. These findings provide a molecular basis for the weaker activity of LGR5 in the potentiation of Wnt signaling that may underlie the distinct roles of LGR4 and LGR5 in organ development, as well as the self-renewal and fitness of adult stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohyun Park
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ling Wu
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jianghua Tu
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wangsheng Yu
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yukimatsu Toh
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kendra S Carmon
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qingyun J Liu
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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58
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Lee H, Seidl C, Sun R, Glinka A, Niehrs C. R-spondins are BMP receptor antagonists in Xenopus early embryonic development. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5570. [PMID: 33149137 PMCID: PMC7642414 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19373-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BMP signaling plays key roles in development, stem cells, adult tissue homeostasis, and disease. How BMP receptors are extracellularly modulated and in which physiological context, is therefore of prime importance. R-spondins (RSPOs) are a small family of secreted proteins that co-activate WNT signaling and function as potent stem cell effectors and oncogenes. Evidence is mounting that RSPOs act WNT-independently but how and in which physiological processes remains enigmatic. Here we show that RSPO2 and RSPO3 also act as BMP antagonists. RSPO2 is a high affinity ligand for the type I BMP receptor BMPR1A/ALK3, and it engages ZNRF3 to trigger internalization and degradation of BMPR1A. In early Xenopus embryos, Rspo2 is a negative feedback inhibitor in the BMP4 synexpression group and regulates dorsoventral axis formation. We conclude that R-spondins are bifunctional ligands, which activate WNT- and inhibit BMP signaling via ZNRF3, with implications for development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeyoon Lee
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carina Seidl
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rui Sun
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrey Glinka
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof Niehrs
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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59
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Pedro MP, Lund K, Iglesias-Bartolome R. The landscape of GPCR signaling in the regulation of epidermal stem cell fate and skin homeostasis. Stem Cells 2020; 38:1520-1531. [PMID: 32896043 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Continuous integration of signals from the micro and macro-environment is necessary for somatic stem cells to adapt to changing conditions, maintain tissue homeostasis and activate repair mechanisms. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) facilitate this integration by binding to numerous hormones, metabolites and inflammatory mediators, influencing a diverse network of pathways that regulate stem cell fate. This adaptive mechanism is particularly relevant for tissues that are exposed to environmental assault, like skin. The skin is maintained by a set of basal keratinocyte stem and progenitor cells located in the hair follicle and interfollicular epidermis, and several GPCRs and their signaling partners serve as makers and regulators of epidermal stem cell activity. GPCRs utilize heterotrimeric G protein dependent and independent pathways to translate extracellular signals into intracellular molecular cascades that dictate the activation of keratinocyte proliferative and differentiation networks, including Hedgehog GLI, Hippo YAP1 and WNT/β-catenin, ultimately regulating stem cell identity. Dysregulation of GPCR signaling underlines numerous skin inflammatory diseases and cancer, with smoothened-driven basal cell carcinoma being a main example of a GPCR associated cancer. In this review, we discuss the impact of GPCRs and their signaling partners in skin keratinocyte biology, particularly in the regulation of the epidermal stem cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar Pedro
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine Lund
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ramiro Iglesias-Bartolome
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
R-spondin (RSPO) proteins amplify Wnt signaling and stimulate regeneration in a variety of tissues. To repair tissue in a tissue-specific manner, tissue-targeted RSPO mimetic molecules are desired. Here, we mutated RSPO (RSPO2 F105R/F109A) to eliminate LGR binding while preserving ZNRF3/RNF43 binding and targeted the mutated RSPO to a liver specific receptor, ASGR1. The resulting bi-specific molecule (αASGR1-RSPO2-RA) enhanced Wnt signaling effectively in vitro, and its activity was limited to ASGR1 expressing cells. Systemic administration of αASGR1-RSPO2-RA in mice specifically upregulated Wnt target genes and stimulated cell proliferation in liver but not intestine (which is more responsive to non-targeted RSPO2) in healthy mice, and improved liver function in diseased mice. These results not only suggest that a tissue-specific RSPO mimetic protein can stimulate regeneration in a cell-specific manner, but also provide a blueprint of how a tissue-specific molecule might be constructed for applications in a broader context.
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61
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Casein Kinase 1α as a Regulator of Wnt-Driven Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165940. [PMID: 32824859 PMCID: PMC7460588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling regulates numerous cellular processes during embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Underscoring this physiological importance, deregulation of the Wnt signaling pathway is associated with many disease states, including cancer. Here, we review pivotal regulatory events in the Wnt signaling pathway that drive cancer growth. We then discuss the roles of the established negative Wnt regulator, casein kinase 1α (CK1α), in Wnt signaling. Although the study of CK1α has been ongoing for several decades, the bulk of such research has focused on how it phosphorylates and regulates its various substrates. We focus here on what is known about the mechanisms controlling CK1α, including its putative regulatory proteins and alternative splicing variants. Finally, we describe the discovery and validation of a family of pharmacological CK1α activators capable of inhibiting Wnt pathway activity. One of the important advantages of CK1α activators, relative to other classes of Wnt inhibitors, is their reduced on-target toxicity, overcoming one of the major impediments to developing a clinically relevant Wnt inhibitor. Therefore, we also discuss mechanisms that regulate CK1α steady-state homeostasis, which may contribute to the deregulation of Wnt pathway activity in cancer and underlie the enhanced therapeutic index of CK1α activators.
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62
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Abstract
Glypicans are a family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans that are attached to the cell membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. Glypicans interact with multiple ligands, including morphogens, growth factors, chemokines, ligands, receptors, and components of the extracellular matrix through their heparan sulfate chains and core protein. Therefore, glypicans can function as coreceptors to regulate cell proliferation, cell motility, and morphogenesis. In addition, some glypicans are abnormally expressed in cancers, possibly involved in tumorigenesis, and have the potential to be cancer-specific biomarkers. Here, we provide a brief review focusing on the expression of glypicans in various cancers and their potential to be targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Madeline R Spetz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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63
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Fernandez Vallone V, Leprovots M, Ribatallada‐Soriano D, Gerbier R, Lefort A, Libert F, Vassart G, Garcia M. LGR5 controls extracellular matrix production by stem cells in the developing intestine. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49224. [PMID: 32468660 PMCID: PMC7332981 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lgr5 receptor is a marker of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) that regulates Wnt/b-catenin signaling. In this study, phenotype analysis of knockin/knockout Lgr5-eGFP-IRES-Cre and Lgr5-DTReGFP embryos reveals that Lgr5 deficiency during Wnt-mediated cytodifferentiation results in amplification of ISCs and early differentiation into Paneth cells, which can be counteracted by in utero treatment with the Wnt inhibitor LGK974. Conditional ablation of Lgr5 postnatally, but not in adults, alters stem cell fate toward the Paneth lineage. Together, these in vivo studies suggest that Lgr5 is part of a feedback loop to adjust the Wnt tone in ISCs. Moreover, transcriptome analyses reveal that Lgr5 controls fetal ISC maturation associated with acquisition of a definitive stable epithelial phenotype, as well as the capacity of ISCs to generate their own extracellular matrix. Finally, using the ex vivo culture system, evidences are provided that Lgr5 antagonizes the Rspondin 2-Wnt-mediated response in ISCs in organoids, revealing a sophisticated regulatory process for Wnt signaling in ISCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Fernandez Vallone
- Faculty of MedicineInstitut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM)Université Libre de Bruxelles ULBBrusselsBelgium
- Present address:
1 Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH)BerlinGermany
| | - Morgane Leprovots
- Faculty of MedicineInstitut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM)Université Libre de Bruxelles ULBBrusselsBelgium
| | - Didac Ribatallada‐Soriano
- Faculty of MedicineInstitut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM)Université Libre de Bruxelles ULBBrusselsBelgium
| | - Romain Gerbier
- Faculty of MedicineInstitut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM)Université Libre de Bruxelles ULBBrusselsBelgium
| | - Anne Lefort
- Faculty of MedicineInstitut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM)Université Libre de Bruxelles ULBBrusselsBelgium
| | - Frédérick Libert
- Faculty of MedicineInstitut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM)Université Libre de Bruxelles ULBBrusselsBelgium
| | - Gilbert Vassart
- Faculty of MedicineInstitut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM)Université Libre de Bruxelles ULBBrusselsBelgium
| | - Marie‐Isabelle Garcia
- Faculty of MedicineInstitut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM)Université Libre de Bruxelles ULBBrusselsBelgium
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Wu H, Xie S, Miao J, Li Y, Wang Z, Wang M, Yu Q. Lactobacillus reuteri maintains intestinal epithelial regeneration and repairs damaged intestinal mucosa. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:997-1014. [PMID: 32138622 PMCID: PMC7524370 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1734423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the regulatory effect of microbiota on the proliferation and regeneration of ISCs. Here, we found that L. reuteri stimulated the proliferation of intestinal epithelia by increasing the expression of R-spondins and thus activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The proliferation-stimulating effect of Lactobacillus on repair is further enhanced under TNF -induced intestinal mucosal damage, and the number of Lgr5+ cells is maintained. Moreover, compared to the effects of C. rodentium on the induction of intestinal inflammation and crypt hyperplasia in mice, L. reuteri protected the intestinal mucosal barrier integrity by moderately modulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to avoid overactivation. L. reuteri had the ability to maintain the number of Lgr5+ cells and stimulate intestinal epithelial proliferation to repair epithelial damage and reduce proinflammatory cytokine secretion in the intestine and the LPS concentration in serum. Moreover, activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway also induced differentiation toward Paneth cells and increased antimicrobial peptide expression to inhibit C. rodentium colonization. The protective effect of Lactobacillus against C. rodentium infection disappeared upon application of the Wnt antagonist Wnt-C59 in both mice and intestinal organoids. This study demonstrates that Lactobacillus is effective at maintaining intestinal epithelial regeneration and homeostasis as well as at repairing intestinal damage after pathological injury and is thus a promising alternative therapeutic method for intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqin Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shuang Xie
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Miao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yuchen Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Minjuan Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qinghua Yu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China,CONTACT Qinghua Yu MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, PR China
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65
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Doherty L, Sanjay A. LGRs in Skeletal Tissues: An Emerging Role for Wnt-Associated Adult Stem Cell Markers in Bone. JBMR Plus 2020; 4:e10380. [PMID: 32666024 PMCID: PMC7340442 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptors (LGRs) are adult stem cell markers that have been described across various stem cell niches, and expression of LGRs and their corresponding ligands (R-spondins) has now been reported in multiple bone-specific cell types. The skeleton harbors elusive somatic stem cell populations that are exceedingly compartment-specific and under tight regulation from various signaling pathways. Skeletal progenitors give rise to multiple tissues during development and during regenerative processes of bone, requiring postnatal endochondral and intramembranous ossification. The relevance of LGRs and the LGR/R-spondin ligand interaction in bone and tooth biology is becoming increasingly appreciated. LGRs may define specific stem cell and progenitor populations and their behavior during both development and regeneration, and their role as Wnt-associated receptors with specific ligands poses these proteins as unique therapeutic targets via potential R-spondin agonism. This review seeks to outline the current literature on LGRs in the context of bone and its associated tissues, and points to key future directions for studying the functional role of LGRs and ligands in skeletal biology. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Doherty
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUConn HealthFarmingtonCTUSA
| | - Archana Sanjay
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUConn HealthFarmingtonCTUSA
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66
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Radaszkiewicz T, Bryja V. Protease associated domain of RNF43 is not necessary for the suppression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human cells. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:91. [PMID: 32527265 PMCID: PMC7291719 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00559-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RNF43 and its homolog ZNRF3 are transmembrane E3 ubiquitin ligases frequently mutated in many human cancer types. Their main role relays on the inhibition of canonical Wnt signaling by the negative regulation of frizzled receptors and LRP5/6 co-receptors levels at the plasma membrane. Intracellular RING domains of RNF43/ZNRF3 mediate the key enzymatic activity of these proteins, but the function of the extracellular Protease Associated (PA) fold in the inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin pathway is controversial up-to date, apart from the interaction with secreted antagonists R-spondin family proteins shown by the crystallographic studies. Methods In our research we utilised cell-based approaches to study the role of RNF43 lacking PA domain in the canonical Wnt signalling pathway transduction. We developed controlled overexpression (TetON) and CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knock-out models in human cells. Results RNF43ΔPA mutant activity impedes canonical Wnt pathway, as manifested by the reduced phosphorylation of LRP6, DVL2 and DVL3 and by the decreased β-catenin-dependent gene expression. Finally, rescue experiments in the CRISPR/Cas9 derived RNF43/ZNRF3 double knock-out cell lines showed that RNFΔPA overexpression is enough to inhibit activation of LRP6 and β-catenin activity as shown by the Western blot and Top flash dual luciferase assays. Moreover, RNF43 variant without PA domain was not sensitive to the R-spondin1 treatment. Conclusion Taken together, our results help to understand better the mode of RNF43 tumor suppressor action and solve some discrepancies present in the field. Video Abstract
Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Radaszkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
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67
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Wuputra K, Ku CC, Wu DC, Lin YC, Saito S, Yokoyama KK. Prevention of tumor risk associated with the reprogramming of human pluripotent stem cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2020; 39:100. [PMID: 32493501 PMCID: PMC7268627 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent embryonic stem cells have two special features: self-renewal and pluripotency. It is important to understand the properties of pluripotent stem cells and reprogrammed stem cells. One of the major problems is the risk of reprogrammed stem cells developing into tumors. To understand the process of differentiation through which stem cells develop into cancer cells, investigators have attempted to identify the key factors that generate tumors in humans. The most effective method for the prevention of tumorigenesis is the exclusion of cancer cells during cell reprogramming. The risk of cancer formation is dependent on mutations of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes during the conversion of stem cells to cancer cells and on the environmental effects of pluripotent stem cells. Dissecting the processes of epigenetic regulation and chromatin regulation may be helpful for achieving correct cell reprogramming without inducing tumor formation and for developing new drugs for cancer treatment. This review focuses on the risk of tumor formation by human pluripotent stem cells, and on the possible treatment options if it occurs. Potential new techniques that target epigenetic processes and chromatin regulation provide opportunities for human cancer modeling and clinical applications of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenly Wuputra
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Ku
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- School of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Shigeo Saito
- Waseda University Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
- Saito Laboratory of Cell Technology Institute, Yaita, Tochigi, 329-1571, Japan.
| | - Kazunari K Yokoyama
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Waseda University Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
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68
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Desterke C, Petit L, Sella N, Chevallier N, Cabeli V, Coquelin L, Durand C, Oostendorp RAJ, Isambert H, Jaffredo T, Charbord P. Inferring Gene Networks in Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Stem Cell-Supporting Stromal Niche Populations. iScience 2020; 23:101222. [PMID: 32535025 PMCID: PMC7300160 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardinal property of bone marrow (BM) stromal cells is their capacity to contribute to hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niches by providing mediators assisting HSC functions. In this study we first contrasted transcriptomes of stromal cells at different developmental stages and then included large number of HSC-supportive and non-supportive samples. Application of a combination of algorithms, comprising one identifying reliable paths and potential causative relationships in complex systems, revealed gene networks characteristic of the BM stromal HSC-supportive capacity and of defined niche populations of perivascular cells, osteoblasts, and mesenchymal stromal cells. Inclusion of single-cell transcriptomes enabled establishing for the perivascular cell subset a partially oriented graph of direct gene-to-gene interactions. As proof of concept we showed that R-spondin-2, expressed by the perivascular subset, synergized with Kit ligand to amplify ex vivo hematopoietic precursors. This study by identifying classifiers and hubs constitutes a resource to unravel candidate BM stromal mediators. A correlation network with predictor genes for the BM HSPC-supportive stromal niche An information theoretic network for the supportive perivascular stromal niche Wnt facilitator Rspo2 together with SCF to amplify ex vivo hematopoietic precursors Resource combining bioinformatics algorithms to search for novel stromal mediators
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence Petit
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 06, IBPS, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U 1156, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement; Paris 75005, France
| | - Nadir Sella
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Chevallier
- IMRB U955-E10, INSERM, Unité d'Ingenierie et de Thérapie Cellulaire- EFS, Université Paris-EST, Créteil, France
| | - Vincent Cabeli
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France
| | - Laura Coquelin
- IMRB U955-E10, INSERM, Unité d'Ingenierie et de Thérapie Cellulaire- EFS, Université Paris-EST, Créteil, France
| | - Charles Durand
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 06, IBPS, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U 1156, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement; Paris 75005, France
| | - Robert A J Oostendorp
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Internal Medicine III, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hervé Isambert
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Jaffredo
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 06, IBPS, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U 1156, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement; Paris 75005, France
| | - Pierre Charbord
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 06, IBPS, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U 1156, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement; Paris 75005, France.
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69
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Dubey R, van Kerkhof P, Jordens I, Malinauskas T, Pusapati GV, McKenna JK, Li D, Carette JE, Ho M, Siebold C, Maurice M, Lebensohn AM, Rohatgi R. R-spondins engage heparan sulfate proteoglycans to potentiate WNT signaling. eLife 2020; 9:e54469. [PMID: 32432544 PMCID: PMC7239654 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
R-spondins (RSPOs) amplify WNT signaling during development and regenerative responses. We previously demonstrated that RSPOs 2 and 3 potentiate WNT/β-catenin signaling in cells lacking leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptors (LGRs) 4, 5 and 6 (Lebensohn and Rohatgi, 2018). We now show that heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) act as alternative co-receptors for RSPO3 using a combination of ligand mutagenesis and ligand engineering. Mutations in RSPO3 residues predicted to contact HSPGs impair its signaling capacity. Conversely, the HSPG-binding domains of RSPO3 can be entirely replaced with an antibody that recognizes heparan sulfate (HS) chains attached to multiple HSPGs without diminishing WNT-potentiating activity in cultured cells and intestinal organoids. A genome-wide screen for mediators of RSPO3 signaling in cells lacking LGRs 4, 5 and 6 failed to reveal other receptors. We conclude that HSPGs are RSPO co-receptors that potentiate WNT signaling in the presence and absence of LGRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Dubey
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Peter van Kerkhof
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncode Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Ingrid Jordens
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncode Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Tomas Malinauskas
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Ganesh V Pusapati
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Joseph K McKenna
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Dan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Jan E Carette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Madelon Maurice
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncode Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Andres M Lebensohn
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
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70
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Jin YR, Han XH, Nishimori K, Ben-Avraham D, Oh YJ, Shim JW, Yoon JK. Canonical WNT/β-Catenin Signaling Activated by WNT9b and RSPO2 Cooperation Regulates Facial Morphogenesis in Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:264. [PMID: 32457899 PMCID: PMC7225269 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The R-spondin (RSPO) family of proteins potentiate canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling and may provide a mechanism to fine-tune the strength of canonical WNT signaling. Although several in vitro studies have clearly demonstrated the potentiation of canonical WNT signaling by RSPOs, whether this potentiation actually occurs in normal development and tissue function in vivo still remains poorly understood. Here, we provide clear evidence of the potentiation of canonical WNT signaling by RSPO during mouse facial development by analyzing compound Wnt9b and Rspo2 gene knockout mice and utilizing ex vivo facial explants. Wnt9b;Rspo2 double mutant mice display facial defects and dysregulated gene expression pattern that are significantly more severe than and different from those of Wnt9b or Rspo2 null mutant mice. Furthermore, we found suggestive evidence that the LGR4/5/6 family of the RSPO receptors may play less critical roles in WNT9b:RSPO2 cooperation. Our results suggest that RSPO-induced cooperation is a key mechanism for fine-tuning canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling in mouse facial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ri Jin
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States
| | - Xiang Hua Han
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States
| | - Katsuhiko Nishimori
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Dan Ben-Avraham
- Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Mantoux Institute for Bioinformatics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Youn Jeong Oh
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, South Korea
| | - Jae-Won Shim
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, South Korea.,Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, South Korea
| | - Jeong Kyo Yoon
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, South Korea.,Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, South Korea
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71
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Vidal VP, Jian-Motamedi F, Rekima S, Gregoire EP, Szenker-Ravi E, Leushacke M, Reversade B, Chaboissier MC, Schedl A. R-spondin signalling is essential for the maintenance and differentiation of mouse nephron progenitors. eLife 2020; 9:53895. [PMID: 32324134 PMCID: PMC7228766 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During kidney development, WNT/β-catenin signalling has to be tightly controlled to ensure proliferation and differentiation of nephron progenitor cells. Here, we show in mice that the signalling molecules RSPO1 and RSPO3 act in a functionally redundant manner to permit WNT/β-catenin signalling and their genetic deletion leads to a rapid decline of nephron progenitors. By contrast, tissue specific deletion in cap mesenchymal cells abolishes mesenchyme to epithelial transition (MET) that is linked to a loss of Bmp7 expression, absence of SMAD1/5 phosphorylation and a concomitant failure to activate Lef1, Fgf8 and Wnt4, thus explaining the observed phenotype on a molecular level. Surprisingly, the full knockout of LGR4/5/6, the cognate receptors of R-spondins, only mildly affects progenitor numbers, but does not interfere with MET. Taken together our data demonstrate key roles for R-spondins in permitting stem cell maintenance and differentiation and reveal Lgr-dependent and independent functions for these ligands during kidney formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Pi Vidal
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Fariba Jian-Motamedi
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Samah Rekima
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Elodie P Gregoire
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose, Nice, France
| | | | - Marc Leushacke
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Andreas Schedl
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose, Nice, France
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72
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De Cian MC, Gregoire EP, Le Rolle M, Lachambre S, Mondin M, Bell S, Guigon CJ, Chassot AA, Chaboissier MC. R-spondin2 signaling is required for oocyte-driven intercellular communication and follicular growth. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2856-2871. [PMID: 32341451 PMCID: PMC7493947 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0547-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
R-spondin2 (RSPO2) is a member of the R-spondin family, which are secreted activators of the WNT/β-catenin (CTNNB1) signaling pathway. In the mouse postnatal ovary, WNT/CTNNB1 signaling is active in the oocyte and in the neighboring supporting cells, the granulosa cells. Although the role of Rspo2 has been previously studied using in vitro experiments, the results are conflicting and the in vivo ovarian function of Rspo2 remains unclear. In the present study, we found that RSPO2/Rspo2 expression is restricted to the oocyte of developing follicles in both human and mouse ovaries from the beginning of the follicular growth. In mice, genetic deletion of Rspo2 does not impair oocyte growth, but instead prevents cell cycle progression of neighboring granulosa cells, thus resulting in an arrest of follicular growth. We further show this cell cycle arrest to be independent of growth promoting GDF9 signaling, but rather associated with a downregulation of WNT/CTNNB1 signaling in granulosa cells. To confirm the contribution of WNT/CTNNB1 signaling in granulosa cell proliferation, we induced cell type specific deletion of Ctnnb1 postnatally. Strikingly, follicles lacking Ctnnb1 failed to develop beyond the primary stage. These results show that RSPO2 acts in a paracrine manner to sustain granulosa cell proliferation in early developing follicles. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the activation of WNT/CTNNB1 signaling by RSPO2 is essential for oocyte-granulosa cell interactions that drive maturation of the ovarian follicles and eventually female fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Cécile De Cian
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France.,Université de Corte, Corte, France
| | | | | | | | - Magali Mondin
- Université de Bordeaux, UMS 3420 CNRS-US4 Inserm, Pôle d'imagerie photonique, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sheila Bell
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Céline J Guigon
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, ERL U1133, Inserm, Paris, France
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73
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Lin JY, Cheng J, Du YQ, Pan W, Zhang Z, Wang J, An J, Yang F, Xu YF, Lin H, An WT, Wang J, Yang Z, Chai RJ, Sha XY, Hu HL, Sun JP, Yu X. In vitro expansion of pancreatic islet clusters facilitated by hormones and chemicals. Cell Discov 2020; 6:20. [PMID: 32284878 PMCID: PMC7136205 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-0159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue regeneration, such as pancreatic islet tissue propagation in vitro, could serve as a promising strategy for diabetes therapy and personalised drug testing. However, such a strategy has not been realised yet. Propagation could be divided into two steps, in vitro expansion and repeated passaging. Even the first step of the in vitro islet expansion has not been achieved to date. Here, we describe a method that enables the expansion of islet clusters isolated from pregnant mice or wild-type rats by employing a combination of specific regeneration factors and chemical compounds in vitro. The expanded islet clusters expressed insulin, glucagon and somatostatin, which are markers corresponding to pancreatic β cells, α cells and δ cells, respectively. These different types of cells grouped together, were spatially organised and functioned similarly to primary islets. Further mechanistic analysis revealed that forskolin in our recipe contributed to renewal and regeneration, whereas exendin-4 was essential for preserving islet cell identity. Our results provide a novel method for the in vitro expansion of islet clusters, which is an important step forward in developing future protocols and media used for islet tissue propagation in vitro. Such method is important for future regenerative diabetes therapies and personalised medicines using large amounts of pancreatic islets derived from the same person.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yu Lin
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Ya-Qin Du
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Jie An
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Yun-Fei Xu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Hui Lin
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Wen-Tao An
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Ren-Jie Chai
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Xue-Ying Sha
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Li Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Jin-Peng Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, 100191 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 250012 Jinan, Shandong China
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74
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Tocci JM, Felcher CM, García Solá ME, Kordon EC. R-spondin-mediated WNT signaling potentiation in mammary and breast cancer development. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1546-1559. [PMID: 32233118 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland is a secretory organ, which develops as a network of growing epithelial ducts composed of luminal and basal cells that invade the surrounding adipose tissue through a series of developmental cycles. Mammary stem cells (MaSCs) maintain an accurate tissue homeostasis, and their proliferation and cell fate determination are regulated by multiple hormones and local factors. The WNT pathway plays a critical role in controlling the enormous tissue expansion and remodeling during mammary gland development through the maintenance and differentiation of MaSCs, and its deregulation has been implicated in breast cancer (BC) initiation and progression. The R-spondins (RSPOs) are four secreted proteins that strongly enhance target cell sensitivity to WNT ligands. Moreover, leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptors (LGRs) 4-6 are considered obligate high-affinity receptors for RSPOs and have been described as stem cell markers. Importantly, elevated RSPO expression has been recently identified in several tumor types from patients, including BC, and it has been reported that they play a significant role in mammary tumor progression in experimental models. In this review, exploring our present knowledge, we summarize the role of the RSPO-LGR axis as a WNT-enhancing signaling cascade in the MaSC compartment and during the normal and neoplastic mammary gland development. In addition, we include an updated expression profile of the RSPOs and their action mediators at the cell membrane, the LGRs, and the ubiquitin-ligases ZNRF3/RNF43, in different BC subtypes. Finally and based on these data, we discuss the significance of tumor-associated alterations of these proteins and their potential use as molecular targets for detection and treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Tocci
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla M Felcher
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín E García Solá
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edith C Kordon
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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75
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van der Wal T, Lambooij JP, van Amerongen R. TMEM98 is a negative regulator of FRAT mediated Wnt/ß-catenin signalling. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227435. [PMID: 31961879 PMCID: PMC6974163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt/ß-catenin signalling is crucial for maintaining the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation, both during tissue morphogenesis and in tissue maintenance throughout postnatal life. Whereas the signalling activities of the core Wnt/ß-catenin pathway components are understood in great detail, far less is known about the precise role and regulation of the many different modulators of Wnt/ß-catenin signalling that have been identified to date. Here we describe TMEM98, a putative transmembrane protein of unknown function, as an interaction partner and regulator of the GSK3-binding protein FRAT2. We show that TMEM98 reduces FRAT2 protein levels and, accordingly, inhibits the FRAT2-mediated induction of ß-catenin/TCF signalling. We also characterize the intracellular trafficking of TMEM98 in more detail and show that it is recycled between the plasma membrane and the Golgi. Together, our findings not only reveal a new layer of regulation for Wnt/ß-catenin signalling, but also a new biological activity for TMEM98.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanne van der Wal
- Section of Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan-Paul Lambooij
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Renée van Amerongen
- Section of Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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76
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Luca VC, Miao Y, Li X, Hollander MJ, Kuo CJ, Garcia KC. Surrogate R-spondins for tissue-specific potentiation of Wnt Signaling. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226928. [PMID: 31914456 PMCID: PMC6949110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted R-spondin1-4 proteins (RSPO1-4) orchestrate stem cell renewal and tissue homeostasis by potentiating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. RSPOs induce the turnover of negative Wnt regulators RNF43 and ZNRF3 through a process that requires RSPO interactions with Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptors (LGRs), or through an LGR-independent mechanism that is enhanced by RSPO binding to heparin sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Here, we describe the engineering of 'surrogate RSPOs' that function independently of LGRs to potentiate Wnt signaling on cell types expressing a target surface marker. These bispecific proteins were generated by fusing an RNF43- or ZNRF3-specific single chain antibody variable fragment (scFv) to the immune cytokine IL-2. Surrogate RSPOs mimic the function of natural RSPOs by crosslinking the extracellular domain (ECD) of RNF43 or ZNRF3 to the ECD of the IL-2 receptor CD25, which sequesters the complex and results in highly selective amplification of Wnt signaling on CD25+ cells. Furthermore, surrogate RSPOs were able substitute for wild type RSPO in a colon organoid growth assay when intestinal stem cells were transduced to express CD25. Our results provide proof-of-concept for a technology that may be adapted for use on a broad range of cell- or tissue-types and will open new avenues for the development of Wnt-based therapeutics for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent C. Luca
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (VCL); (KCG)
| | - Yi Miao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Xingnan Li
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Hollander
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Calvin J. Kuo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - K. Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (VCL); (KCG)
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77
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Huybrechts Y, Mortier G, Boudin E, Van Hul W. WNT Signaling and Bone: Lessons From Skeletal Dysplasias and Disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:165. [PMID: 32328030 PMCID: PMC7160326 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal dysplasias are a diverse group of heritable diseases affecting bone and cartilage growth. Throughout the years, the molecular defect underlying many of the diseases has been identified. These identifications led to novel insights in the mechanisms regulating bone and cartilage growth and homeostasis. One of the pathways that is clearly important during skeletal development and bone homeostasis is the Wingless and int-1 (WNT) signaling pathway. So far, three different WNT signaling pathways have been described, which are all activated by binding of the WNT ligands to the Frizzled (FZD) receptors. In this review, we discuss the skeletal disorders that are included in the latest nosology of skeletal disorders and that are caused by genetic defects involving the WNT signaling pathway. The number of skeletal disorders caused by defects in WNT signaling genes and the clinical phenotype associated with these disorders illustrate the importance of the WNT signaling pathway during skeletal development as well as later on in life to maintain bone mass. The knowledge gained through the identification of the genes underlying these monogenic conditions is used for the identification of novel therapeutic targets. For example, the genes underlying disorders with altered bone mass are all involved in the canonical WNT signaling pathway. Consequently, targeting this pathway is one of the major strategies to increase bone mass in patients with osteoporosis. In addition to increasing the insights in the pathways regulating skeletal development and bone homeostasis, knowledge of rare skeletal dysplasias can also be used to predict possible adverse effects of these novel drug targets. Therefore, this review gives an overview of the skeletal and extra-skeletal phenotype of the different skeletal disorders linked to the WNT signaling pathway.
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78
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Chen Z, Zhou L, Chen L, Xiong M, Kazobinka G, Pang Z, Hou T. RSPO3 promotes the aggressiveness of bladder cancer via Wnt/β-catenin and Hedgehog signaling pathways. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:360-369. [PMID: 30329043 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
R-spondin 3 (RSPO3) is a secreted protein that associates directly with Wnt/β-catenin signaling. However, its functional contribution and prognostic value in human bladder cancer remain unclear. Here, we showed that RSPO3 is upregulated in bladder cancer tissues and cells, and high expression of RSPO3 correlates with advanced clinicopathological features, poor prognosis and disease progression in bladder cancer patients. Furthermore, we observed that ectopic expression or knockdown of RSPO3 profoundly promoted or inhibited, respectively, the invasive ability of bladder cancer cells. Mechanistically, RSPO3 promoted bladder cancer progression via mediating the Wnt/β-catenin and Hedgehog signaling pathways. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, that RSPO3 exhibited a tumor-promoting effect in bladder cancer cells through activation of Wnt/β-catenin and Hedgehog signaling pathways. Thus, RSPO3 may be served as a potential therapeutic target for bladder cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Chen
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan HB, China.,Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lijie Zhou
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan HB, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan HB, China
| | - Ming Xiong
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan HB, China
| | - Gallina Kazobinka
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan HB, China
| | - Zili Pang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan HB, China
| | - Teng Hou
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan HB, China
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79
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Dzobo K, Thomford NE, Senthebane DA. Targeting the Versatile Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Cancer Biology and Therapeutics: From Concept to Actionable Strategy. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2019; 23:517-538. [PMID: 31613700 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This expert review offers a critical synthesis of the latest insights and approaches at targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in various cancers such as colorectal cancer, melanoma, leukemia, and breast and lung cancers. Notably, from organogenesis to cancer, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling displays varied and highly versatile biological functions in animals, with virtually all tissues requiring the Wnt/β-catenin signaling in one way or the other. Aberrant expression of the members of the Wnt/β-catenin has been implicated in many pathological conditions, particularly in human cancers. Mutations in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway genes have been noted in diverse cancers. Biochemical and genetic data support the idea that inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is beneficial in cancer therapeutics. The interaction of this important pathway with other signaling systems is also noteworthy, but remains as an area for further research and discovery. In addition, formation of different complexes by components of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and the precise roles of these complexes in the cytoplasmic milieu are yet to be fully elucidated. This article highlights the latest medical technologies in imaging, single-cell omics, use of artificial intelligence (e.g., machine learning techniques), genome sequencing, quantum computing, molecular docking, and computational softwares in modeling interactions between molecules and predicting protein-protein and compound-protein interactions pertinent to the biology and therapeutic value of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. We discuss these emerging technologies in relationship to what is currently needed to move from concept to actionable strategies in translating the Wnt/β-catenin laboratory discoveries to Wnt-targeted cancer therapies and diagnostics in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dzobo
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicholas Ekow Thomford
- Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dimakatso A Senthebane
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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80
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Preclinical murine platform to evaluate therapeutic countermeasures against radiation-induced gastrointestinal syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20672-20678. [PMID: 31551264 PMCID: PMC6789742 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906611116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are no therapies available to mitigate intestinal damage after radiation injury. Efforts to study and design new therapies are hampered by a lack of models that can be readily adopted to study therapeutic targets. Here we describe a preclinical platform to evaluate therapeutic countermeasures against intestinal radiation injury in vivo in a mouse model that permits inducible and reversible gene suppression following radiation exposure. We demonstrate that transient intestinal Apc suppression stimulates intestinal regeneration and mitigates lethality after radiation intestinal injury, thus validating pulsed Wnt pathway agonism as a therapeutic strategy. This platform can be readily adopted to study theoretically any gene of interest associated with the biology and treatment of intestinal radiation injury. Radiation-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (RIGS) is a limiting factor for therapeutic abdominopelvic radiation and is predicted to be a major source of morbidity in the event of a nuclear accident or radiological terrorism. In this study, we developed an in vivo mouse-modeling platform that enables spatial and temporal manipulation of potential RIGS targets in mice following whole-abdomen irradiation without the confounding effects of concomitant hematopoietic syndrome that occur following whole-body irradiation. We then tested the utility of this platform to explore the effects of transient Wnt pathway activation on intestinal regeneration and animal recovery following induction of RIGS. Our results demonstrate that intestinal epithelial suppression of adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) mitigates RIGS lethality in vivo after lethal ionizing radiation injury-induced intestinal epithelial damage. These results highlight the potential of short-term Wnt agonism as a therapeutic target and establish a platform to evaluate other strategies to stimulate intestinal regeneration after ionizing radiation damage.
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81
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Nagano K. R-spondin signaling as a pivotal regulator of tissue development and homeostasis. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2019; 55:80-87. [PMID: 31049116 PMCID: PMC6479641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
R-spondins (Rspos) are cysteine-rich secreted glycoproteins which control a variety of cellular functions and are essential for embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. R-spondins (Rspo1 to 4) have high structural similarity and share 60% sequence homology. It has been shown that their cysteine-rich furin-like (FU) domain and the thrombospondin (TSP) type I repeat domain are essential for initiating downstream signaling cascades and therefore for their biological functions. Although numerous studies have unveiled their pivotal role as critical developmental regulators, the most important finding is that Rspos synergize Wnt signaling. Recent studies have identified novel receptors for Rspos, the Lgr receptors, closely related orphans of the leucin-rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptors, and proposed that Rspos potentiate canonical Wnt signaling via these receptors. Given that Wnt signaling is one of the most important developmental signaling pathways that controls cell fate decisions and tissue development, growth and homeostasis, Rspos may function as key players for these processes as well as potential therapeutic targets. Here, I recapitulate the Wnt signaling and then outline the biological role of Rspos in tissue development and homeostasis and explore the possibility that Rspos may be used as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Nagano
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Ave, REB314, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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82
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Mesci A, Lucien F, Huang X, Wang EH, Shin D, Meringer M, Hoey C, Ray J, Boutros PC, Leong HS, Liu SK. RSPO3 is a prognostic biomarker and mediator of invasiveness in prostate cancer. J Transl Med 2019; 17:125. [PMID: 30987640 PMCID: PMC6466739 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1878-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While prostate cancer can often manifest as an indolent disease, the development of locally-advanced or metastatic disease can cause significant morbidity or mortality. Elucidation of molecular mechanisms contributing to disease progression is crucial for more accurate prognostication and effective treatments. R-Spondin 3 (RSPO3) is a protein previously implicated in the progression of colorectal and lung cancers. However, a role for RSPO3 in prostate cancer prognosis and behaviour has not been explored. Methods We compare the relative levels of RSPO3 expression between normal prostate tissue and prostate cancer in two independent patient cohorts (Taylor and GSE70768—Cambridge). We also examine the association of biochemical relapse with RSPO3 levels in these cohorts. For elucidation of the biological effect of RSPO3, we use siRNA technology to reduce the levels of RSPO3 in established prostate cancer cell lines, and perform in vitro proliferation, invasion, western blotting for EMT markers and clonogenic survival assays for radiation resistance. Furthermore, we show consequences of RSPO3 knockdown in an established chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay model of metastasis. Results RSPO3 levels are lower in prostate cancer than normal prostate, with a tendency for further loss in metastatic disease. Patients with lower RSPO3 expression have lower rates of biochemical relapse-free survival. SiRNA-mediated loss of RSPO3 results in no change to clonogenic survival and a lower proliferative rate, but increased invasiveness in vitro with induction of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. Consistent with these results, lower RSPO3 expression translates to greater metastatic capacity in the CAM assay. Together, our preclinical findings identify a role of RSPO3 downregulation in prostate cancer invasiveness, and provide a potential explanation for how RSPO3 functions as a positive prognostic marker in prostate cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-1878-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruz Mesci
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Xiaoyong Huang
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eric H Wang
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David Shin
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle Meringer
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christianne Hoey
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jessica Ray
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul C Boutros
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hon S Leong
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Centre, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stanley K Liu
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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83
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Robinton DA, Chal J, Lummertz da Rocha E, Han A, Yermalovich AV, Oginuma M, Schlaeger TM, Sousa P, Rodriguez A, Urbach A, Pourquié O, Daley GQ. The Lin28/let-7 Pathway Regulates the Mammalian Caudal Body Axis Elongation Program. Dev Cell 2019; 48:396-405.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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84
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Basham KJ, Rodriguez S, Turcu AF, Lerario AM, Logan CY, Rysztak MR, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Breault DT, Koo BK, Clevers H, Nusse R, Val P, Hammer GD. A ZNRF3-dependent Wnt/β-catenin signaling gradient is required for adrenal homeostasis. Genes Dev 2019; 33:209-220. [PMID: 30692207 PMCID: PMC6362817 DOI: 10.1101/gad.317412.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The transmembrane E3 ubiquitin ligases ZNRF3 and RNF43 antagonize Wnt signaling by promoting degradation of frizzled receptors. Here, Basham et al. demonstrate that adrenocortical-specific loss of ZNRF3, but not RNF43, results in adrenal hyperplasia that depends on Porcupine-mediated Wnt ligand secretion. Spatiotemporal control of Wnt signaling is essential for the development and homeostasis of many tissues. The transmembrane E3 ubiquitin ligases ZNRF3 (zinc and ring finger 3) and RNF43 (ring finger protein 43) antagonize Wnt signaling by promoting degradation of frizzled receptors. ZNRF3 and RNF43 are frequently inactivated in human cancer, but the molecular and therapeutic implications remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that adrenocortical-specific loss of ZNRF3, but not RNF43, results in adrenal hyperplasia that depends on Porcupine-mediated Wnt ligand secretion. Furthermore, we discovered a Wnt/β-catenin signaling gradient in the adrenal cortex that is disrupted upon loss of ZNRF3. Unlike β-catenin gain-of-function models, which induce high Wnt/β-catenin activation and expansion of the peripheral cortex, ZNRF3 loss triggers activation of moderate-level Wnt/β-catenin signaling that drives proliferative expansion of only the histologically and functionally distinct inner cortex. Genetically reducing β-catenin dosage significantly reverses the ZNRF3-deficient phenotype. Thus, homeostatic maintenance of the adrenal cortex is dependent on varying levels of Wnt/β-catenin activation, which is regulated by ZNRF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin J Basham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Stéphanie Rodriguez
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), UMR 6293, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), U1103, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France
| | - Adina F Turcu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Endocrine Oncology Program, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Antonio M Lerario
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Catriona Y Logan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Madeline R Rysztak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216 USA
| | - David T Breault
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roeland Nusse
- Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Pierre Val
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), UMR 6293, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), U1103, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France
| | - Gary D Hammer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Endocrine Oncology Program, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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85
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Raslan AA, Yoon JK. R-spondins: Multi-mode WNT signaling regulators in adult stem cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 106:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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86
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Li N, Gao W, Zhang YF, Ho M. Glypicans as Cancer Therapeutic Targets. Trends Cancer 2018; 4:741-754. [PMID: 30352677 PMCID: PMC6209326 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glypicans are a group of cell-surface glycoproteins in which heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycan chains are covalently linked to a protein core. The glypican gene family is broadly conserved across animal species and plays important roles in biological processes. Glypicans can function as coreceptors for multiple signaling molecules known for regulating cell growth, motility, and differentiation. Some members of the glypican family, including glypican 2 (GPC2) and glypican 3 (GPC3), are expressed in childhood cancers and liver cancers, respectively. Antibody-based therapies targeting glypicans are being investigated in preclinical and clinical studies, with the goal of treating solid tumors that do not respond to standard therapies. These studies may establish glypicans as a new class of therapeutic targets for treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yi-Fan Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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87
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88
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Spit M, Koo BK, Maurice MM. Tales from the crypt: intestinal niche signals in tissue renewal, plasticity and cancer. Open Biol 2018; 8:rsob.180120. [PMID: 30209039 PMCID: PMC6170508 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly renewing tissues such as the intestinal epithelium critically depend on the activity of small-sized stem cell populations that continuously generate new progeny to replace lost and damaged cells. The complex and tightly regulated process of intestinal homeostasis is governed by a variety of signalling pathways that balance cell proliferation and differentiation. Accumulating evidence suggests that stem cell control and daughter cell fate determination is largely dictated by the microenvironment. Here, we review recent developments in the understanding of intestinal stem cell dynamics, focusing on the roles, mechanisms and interconnectivity of prime signalling pathways that regulate stem cell behaviour in intestinal homeostasis. Furthermore, we discuss how mutational activation of these signalling pathways endows colorectal cancer cells with niche-independent growth advantages during carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Spit
- Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- IMBA - Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Madelon M Maurice
- Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands .,Oncode Institute, The Netherlands
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89
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Cynoglossus semilaevis Rspo3 Regulates Embryo Development by Inhibiting the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071915. [PMID: 29966290 PMCID: PMC6073468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cynoglossus semilaevis is an important economic fish species and has long been cultivated in China. Since the completion of its genome and transcriptome sequencing, genes relating to C. semilaevis development have been extensively studied. R-spondin 3 (Rspo3) is a member of the R-spondin family. It plays an important role in biological processes such as vascular development and oncogenesis. In this study, we cloned and characterized the expression patterns and functions of C. semilaevisRspo3. Initial structural and phylogenetic analyses revealed a unique FU3 domain that exists only in ray-finned fish RSPO3. Subsequent embryonic expression profile analysis showed elevating expression of Rspo3 from gastrulation to the formation of the eye lens, while, in tail bud embryos, Rspo3 expression was significantly high in the diencephalon and mesencephalon. The overexpression of C. semilaevis Rspo3 in Danio rerio embryos resulted in a shortened rostral–caudal axis, edema of the pericardial cavity, stubby yolk extension, and ecchymosis. Vascular anomalies were also observed, which is consistent with Rspo3 role in vascular development. Drug treatment and a dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed the inhibitory role of C. semilaevis Rspo3 in D. rerio Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. We further concluded that the FU2, FU3, and TSP1 domains regulate the maternal Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, while the FU1 domain regulates the zygotic Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. This study enriches Rspo3 research in non-model animals and serves as the basis for further research into the interactions between Rspo and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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90
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Abstract
The Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved cell-cell communication system that is important for stem cell renewal, cell proliferation and cell differentiation both during embryogenesis and during adult tissue homeostasis. Genetic or epigenetic events leading to hypo- or hyper-activation of the Wnt-β-catenin signaling cascade have also been associated with human diseases such as cancer. Understanding how this pathway functions is thus integral for developing therapies to treat diseases or for regenerative medicine approaches. Here, and in the accompanying poster, we provide an overview of Wnt-β-catenin signaling and briefly highlight its key functions during development and adult tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Steinhart
- University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Stephane Angers
- University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
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91
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Da Silva F, Massa F, Motamedi FJ, Vidal V, Rocha AS, Gregoire EP, Cai CL, Wagner KD, Schedl A. Myocardial-specific R-spondin3 drives proliferation of the coronary stems primarily through the Leucine Rich Repeat G Protein coupled receptor LGR4. Dev Biol 2018; 441:42-51. [PMID: 29859889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery anomalies are common congenital disorders with serious consequences in adult life. Coronary circulation begins when the coronary stems form connections between the aorta and the developing vascular plexus. We recently identified the WNT signaling modulator R-spondin 3 (Rspo3), as a crucial regulator of coronary stem proliferation. Using expression analysis and tissue-specific deletion we now demonstrate that Rspo3 is primarily produced by cardiomyocytes. Moreover, we have employed CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate novel Lgr4-null alleles that showed a significant decrease in coronary stem proliferation and thus phenocopied the coronary artery defects seen in Rspo3 mutants. Interestingly, Lgr4 mutants displayed slightly hypomorphic right ventricles, an observation also made after myocardial specific deletion of Rspo3. These results shed new light on the role of Rspo3 in heart development and demonstrate that LGR4 is the principal R-spondin 3 receptor in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Da Silva
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inserm, CNRS, iBV, Nice 06108, France
| | - Filippo Massa
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inserm, CNRS, iBV, Nice 06108, France
| | | | - Valerie Vidal
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inserm, CNRS, iBV, Nice 06108, France
| | - Ana Sofia Rocha
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inserm, CNRS, iBV, Nice 06108, France
| | | | - Chen-Leng Cai
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Andreas Schedl
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inserm, CNRS, iBV, Nice 06108, France.
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92
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Szenker-Ravi E, Altunoglu U, Leushacke M, Bosso-Lefèvre C, Khatoo M, Thi Tran H, Naert T, Noelanders R, Hajamohideen A, Beneteau C, de Sousa SB, Karaman B, Latypova X, Başaran S, Yücel EB, Tan TT, Vlaminck L, Nayak SS, Shukla A, Girisha KM, Le Caignec C, Soshnikova N, Uyguner ZO, Vleminckx K, Barker N, Kayserili H, Reversade B. RSPO2 inhibition of RNF43 and ZNRF3 governs limb development independently of LGR4/5/6. Nature 2018; 557:564-569. [PMID: 29769720 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0118-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The four R-spondin secreted ligands (RSPO1-RSPO4) act via their cognate LGR4, LGR5 and LGR6 receptors to amplify WNT signalling1-3. Here we report an allelic series of recessive RSPO2 mutations in humans that cause tetra-amelia syndrome, which is characterized by lung aplasia and a total absence of the four limbs. Functional studies revealed impaired binding to the LGR4/5/6 receptors and the RNF43 and ZNRF3 transmembrane ligases, and reduced WNT potentiation, which correlated with allele severity. Unexpectedly, however, the triple and ubiquitous knockout of Lgr4, Lgr5 and Lgr6 in mice did not recapitulate the known Rspo2 or Rspo3 loss-of-function phenotypes. Moreover, endogenous depletion or addition of exogenous RSPO2 or RSPO3 in triple-knockout Lgr4/5/6 cells could still affect WNT responsiveness. Instead, we found that the concurrent deletion of rnf43 and znrf3 in Xenopus embryos was sufficient to trigger the outgrowth of supernumerary limbs. Our results establish that RSPO2, without the LGR4/5/6 receptors, serves as a direct antagonistic ligand to RNF43 and ZNRF3, which together constitute a master switch that governs limb specification. These findings have direct implications for regenerative medicine and WNT-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Umut Altunoglu
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Marc Leushacke
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Célia Bosso-Lefèvre
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Paediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Muznah Khatoo
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong Thi Tran
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Naert
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rivka Noelanders
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Sergio B de Sousa
- Medical Genetics Unit, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,University Clinic of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Birsen Karaman
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Xenia Latypova
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France
| | - Seher Başaran
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Börklü Yücel
- Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine (KUSOM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Thong Teck Tan
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lena Vlaminck
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shalini S Nayak
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Anju Shukla
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Katta Mohan Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Cédric Le Caignec
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France.,INSERM, UMR1238, Bone Sarcoma and Remodeling of Calcified Tissue, Université Bretagne Loire, Nantes, France
| | | | - Zehra Oya Uyguner
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kris Vleminckx
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. .,Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Nick Barker
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore. .,Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan. .,Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine (KUSOM), Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Paediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine (KUSOM), Istanbul, Turkey. .,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore. .,Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam-Zuidoost, The Netherlands.
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93
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Park S, Cui J, Yu W, Wu L, Carmon KS, Liu QJ. Differential activities and mechanisms of the four R-spondins in potentiating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:9759-9769. [PMID: 29752411 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The four R-spondins (RSPO1-4) strongly potentiate Wnt signaling and play critical roles in normal development, adult stem cell survival, and cancer development and aggressiveness. All four RSPOs have been suggested to potentiate Wnt signaling by binding to three related receptors, i.e. leucine-rich repeat-containing, G protein-coupled receptors 4, 5, and 6 (LGR4/5/6), and then inducing the clearance of two E3 ubiquitin ligases (RNF43 and ZNRF3) that otherwise would ubiquitinate Wnt receptors for degradation. Here, we show that RSPO1-4 have differential dependence on LGRs in potentiating Wnt/β-catenin signaling and that RSPO2 can enhance this pathway without any LGR. LGR4 knockout (LGR4KO) in HEK293 cells completely abrogated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling response to RSPO1 and RSPO4 and strongly impaired the response to RSPO3. RSPO2, however, retained robust activity albeit with decreased potency. Complete rescue of RSPO1-4 activity in LGR4KO cells required the seven-transmembrane domain of LGR4. Furthermore, an RSPO2 mutant with normal binding affinity to ZNRF3 but no or little binding to LGR4 or LGR5 still potentiated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in vitro, supported the growth of intestinal organoids ex vivo, and stimulated intestinal crypt growth in vivo Mechanistically, RSPO2 could increase Wnt receptor levels in the absence of any LGR without affecting ZNRF3 endocytosis and stability. These findings suggest that RSPO1-4 use distinct mechanisms in regulating Wnt and other signaling pathways, which have important implications for understanding the pleiotropic functions of RSPOs and LGRs in both normal and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohyun Park
- From the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine and Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030 and
| | - Jie Cui
- Wntrix, Inc., Houston, Texas 77021
| | - Wangsheng Yu
- From the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine and Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030 and
| | - Ling Wu
- From the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine and Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030 and
| | - Kendra S Carmon
- From the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine and Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030 and
| | - Qingyun J Liu
- From the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine and Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030 and
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