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Hayashi M, Inaba A, Hakukawa M, Iwatsuki K, Imai H, Masuda K. Expression of TAS2R14 in the intestinal endocrine cells of non-human primates. Genes Genomics 2021; 43:259-267. [PMID: 33609226 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have demonstrated that genes related to bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) on various chromosomes are expressed in extra-oral organs of various animals. The bitter taste receptor TAS2R14 is conserved among primate species and shows broad ligand sensitivity. Mice have a number of orthologues to primate TAS2R14 located in tandem on chromosome 16; however, their expression patterns are not unique. OBJECTIVE We characterized the expression of TAS2R14 in various cell types in the intestines of the rhesus macaque and evaluated its role in hormone production in the gut. METHODS TAS2R14 expression was examined in the intestines of rhesus macaques, a common non-human primate model, by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Mean expression levels of TAS2R14 in the duodenum, ileum, and colon were similar to each other and were lower than those in circumvallate papillae. An immunohistochemical analysis revealed TAS2R14 immunoreactivity in enteroendocrine cells positive for cholecystokinin, serotonin, and the G protein GNAT3. CONCLUSION These results suggest that primate TAS2R14 is broadly expressed in the intestine, mainly in enteroendocrine cells, and promotes gut hormone secretion in response to bitter stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Hayashi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Akihiko Inaba
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Miho Hakukawa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Ken Iwatsuki
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, 1568502, Japan
| | - Hiroo Imai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan.
| | - Katsuyoshi Masuda
- Structural Bioscience for Taste Molecular Recognition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan.
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Fecal g. Streptococcus and g. Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group combined with sphingosine to modulate the serum dyslipidemia in high-fat diet mice. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:4234-4245. [PMID: 33608131 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Although high-fat diet (HFD) could impact the composition of fecal microbiome and their metabolites, it is still largely unknown which fecal bacteria and metabolites are relatively important in responding to the HFD. This study aimed to identify the crucial fecal bacteria and metabolites in the HFD mice using a microbial-metabolite network, and to investigate the synergistic mediation effect of the crucial fecal bacteria and metabolites on serum dyslipidemia induced by the HFD. METHODS The 16srDNA sequencing and the ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC/TOF MSMS) platform were performed to characterize the composition and function of fecal microbiome, and metabolites in the HFD. The microbial-metabolite network, correlation and mediation analyses were performed to examine the relationships among fecal microbiome, metabolites, and serum dyslipidemia indicators. Mice models were conducted to evaluate the effect of fecal metabolite on dyslipidemia. RESULTS Compared to the control, 32 genera were altered in the HFD, including 26 up-regulated and 6 down-regulated. A total of 42 altered pathways were observed between the control and HFD, and the "Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis" was identified as the most significant pathway (fold change = 0.64; p < 0.001). Meanwhile, 49 fecal metabolites were altered in the HFD, and the fecal microbiome was associated with the fecal metabolism (M2 = 0.776, p = 0.008). Based on the microbial-metabolite network, two major hub genera were screened (HUB1: g. Streptococcus, HUB2: g. Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group), and one bacterial metabolite, sphingosine, was found in this study. Further, the HUB2 was positively associated with fecal sphingosine (r = 0.646, p = 0.001), and its downstream metabolic pathway, "Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis" pathway (r = 0.544, p = 0.009). The regulatory relationship between the HUB2 and sphingosine synergistically mediated the effect of HFD on TCHO (33.7%), HDL-C (37.3%), and bodyweight (36.7%). Besides, compared to the HFD, the HFD with sphingosine supplementation had lower bodyweight (35.12 ± 1.23 vs. 39.42 ± 1.25, p < 0.001), TG (0.44 ± 0.08 vs. 0.52 ± 0.05, p = 0.002), TCHO (3.81 ± 0.34 vs. 4.51 ± 0.38, p = 0.002), and LDL-c (0.82 ± 0.09 vs. 0.97 ± 0.15, p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS The g. Streptococcus and g. Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes are two hub genera in the fecal micro-ecosystem of the HFD, and the g. Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes mediates the effect of HFD on dyslipidemia through sphingosine. Sphingosine supplementation can improve dyslipidemia induced by HFD.
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Alterations of Gut Microbiota by Overnutrition Impact Gluconeogenic Gene Expression and Insulin Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042121. [PMID: 33672754 PMCID: PMC7924631 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A high-fat, Western-style diet is an important predisposing factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes and obesity. It causes changes in gut microbial profile, reduction of microbial diversity, and the impairment of the intestinal barrier, leading to increased serum lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) levels. Elevated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces acetyltransferase P300 both in the nucleus and cytoplasm of liver hepatocytes through the activation of the IRE1-XBP1 pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum stress. In the nucleus, induced P300 acetylates CRTC2 to increase CRTC2 abundance and drives Foxo1 gene expression, resulting in increased expression of the rate-limiting gluconeogenic gene G6pc and Pck1 and abnormal liver glucose production. Furthermore, abnormal cytoplasm-appearing P300 acetylates IRS1 and IRS2 to disrupt insulin signaling, leading to the prevention of nuclear exclusion and degradation of FOXO1 proteins to further exacerbate the expression of G6pc and Pck1 genes and liver glucose production. Inhibition of P300 acetyltransferase activity by chemical inhibitors improved insulin signaling and alleviated hyperglycemia in obese mice. Thus, P300 acetyltransferase activity appears to be a therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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Duca FA, Waise TMZ, Peppler WT, Lam TKT. The metabolic impact of small intestinal nutrient sensing. Nat Commun 2021; 12:903. [PMID: 33568676 PMCID: PMC7876101 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract maintains energy and glucose homeostasis, in part through nutrient-sensing and subsequent signaling to the brain and other tissues. In this review, we highlight the role of small intestinal nutrient-sensing in metabolic homeostasis, and link high-fat feeding, obesity, and diabetes with perturbations in these gut-brain signaling pathways. We identify how lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, initiate gut peptide release from the enteroendocrine cells through small intestinal sensing pathways, and how these peptides regulate food intake, glucose tolerance, and hepatic glucose production. Lastly, we highlight how the gut microbiota impact small intestinal nutrient-sensing in normal physiology, and in disease, pharmacological and surgical settings. Emerging evidence indicates that the molecular mechanisms of small intestinal nutrient sensing in metabolic homeostasis have physiological and pathological impact as well as therapeutic potential in obesity and diabetes. The gastrointestinal tract participates in maintaining metabolic homeostasis in part through nutrient-sensing and subsequent gut-brain signalling. Here the authors review the role of small intestinal nutrient-sensing in regulation of energy intake and systemic glucose metabolism, and link high-fat diet, obesity and diabetes with perturbations in these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Duca
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. .,School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - T M Zaved Waise
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Canada
| | - Willem T Peppler
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Redhai S, Boutros M. The Role of Organelles in Intestinal Function, Physiology, and Disease. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:485-499. [PMID: 33551307 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestine maintains homeostasis by coordinating internal biological processes to adjust to fluctuating external conditions. The intestinal epithelium is continuously renewed and comprises multiple cell types, including absorptive cells, secretory cells, and resident stem cells. An important feature of this organ is its ability to coordinate many processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, regeneration, damage/stress response, immune activity, feeding behavior, and age-related changes by using conserved signaling pathways. However, the subcellular spatial organization of these signaling events and the organelles involved has only recently been studied in detail. Here we discuss how organelles of intestinal cells serve to initiate, mediate, and terminate signals, that are vital for homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Redhai
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, and Heidelberg University, BioQuant and Medical Faculty Mannheim, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Boutros
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, and Heidelberg University, BioQuant and Medical Faculty Mannheim, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Wang Z, Tu Z, Xie X, Cui H, Kong KW, Zhang L. Perilla frutescens Leaf Extract and Fractions: Polyphenol Composition, Antioxidant, Enzymes (α-Glucosidase, Acetylcholinesterase, and Tyrosinase) Inhibitory, Anticancer, and Antidiabetic Activities. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020315. [PMID: 33546380 PMCID: PMC7913586 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the bioactive components, in vitro bioactivities, and in vivo hypoglycemic effect of P. frutescens leaf, which is a traditional medicine-food homology plant. P. frutescens methanol crude extract and its fractions (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol fractions, and aqueous phase residue) were prepared by ultrasound-enzyme assisted extraction and liquid-liquid extraction. Among the samples, the ethyl acetate fraction possessed the high total phenolic (440.48 μg GAE/mg DE) and flavonoid content (455.22 μg RE/mg DE), the best antioxidant activity (the DPPH radical, ABTS radical, and superoxide anion scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power were 1.71, 1.14, 2.40, 1.29, and 2.4 times higher than that of control Vc, respectively), the most powerful α-glucosidase inhibitory ability with the IC50 value of 190.03 μg/mL which was 2.2-folds higher than control acarbose, the strongest proliferative inhibitory ability against MCF-7 and HepG2 cell with the IC50 values of 37.92 and 13.43 μg/mL, which were considerable with control cisplatin, as well as certain inhibition abilities on acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase. HPLC analysis showed that the luteolin, rosmarinic acid, rutin, and catechin were the dominant components of the ethyl acetate fraction. Animal experiments further demonstrated that the ethyl acetate fraction could significantly decrease the serum glucose level, food, and water intake of streptozotocin-induced diabetic SD rats, increase the body weight, modulate their serum levels of TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C, improve the histopathology and glycogen accumulation in liver and intestinal tissue. Taken together, P. frutescens leaf exhibits excellent hypoglycemic activity in vitro and in vivo, and could be exploited as a source of natural antidiabetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China; (Z.W.); (L.Z.)
- College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Zongcai Tu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China; (Z.W.); (L.Z.)
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China;
- National R&D Center for Freshwater Fish Processing, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-791-8812-1868
| | - Xing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China;
| | - Hao Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China;
| | - Kin Weng Kong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China; (Z.W.); (L.Z.)
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China;
- National R&D Center for Freshwater Fish Processing, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
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Weitekamp CA, Kvasnicka A, Keely SP, Brinkman NE, Howey XM, Gaballah S, Phelps D, Catron T, Zurlinden T, Wheaton E, Tal T. Monoassociation with bacterial isolates reveals the role of colonization, community complexity and abundance on locomotor behavior in larval zebrafish. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:12. [PMID: 33499997 PMCID: PMC7818562 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-020-00069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Across taxa, animals with depleted intestinal microbiomes show disrupted behavioral phenotypes. Axenic (i.e., microbe-free) mice, zebrafish, and fruit flies exhibit increased locomotor behavior, or hyperactivity. The mechanism through which bacteria interact with host cells to trigger normal neurobehavioral development in larval zebrafish is not well understood. Here, we monoassociated zebrafish with either one of six different zebrafish-associated bacteria, mixtures of these host-associates, or with an environmental bacterial isolate. Results As predicted, the axenic cohort was hyperactive. Monoassociation with three different host-associated bacterial species, as well as with the mixtures, resulted in control-like locomotor behavior. Monoassociation with one host-associate and the environmental isolate resulted in the hyperactive phenotype characteristic of axenic larvae, while monoassociation with two other host-associated bacteria partially blocked this phenotype. Furthermore, we found an inverse relationship between the total concentration of bacteria per larvae and locomotor behavior. Lastly, in the axenic and associated cohorts, but not in the larvae with complex communities, we detected unexpected bacteria, some of which may be present as facultative predators. Conclusions These data support a growing body of evidence that individual species of bacteria can have different effects on host behavior, potentially related to their success at intestinal colonization. Specific to the zebrafish model, our results suggest that differences in the composition of microbes in fish facilities could affect the results of behavioral assays within pharmacological and toxicological studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-020-00069-x.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison Kvasnicka
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, RTP, NC, USA.,, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US EPA, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Scott P Keely
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US EPA, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nichole E Brinkman
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US EPA, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xia Meng Howey
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, RTP, NC, USA.,, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US EPA, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Shaza Gaballah
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, RTP, NC, USA.,, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US EPA, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Drake Phelps
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, RTP, NC, USA.,, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US EPA, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Tara Catron
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, RTP, NC, USA.,, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US EPA, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Todd Zurlinden
- , Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US EPA, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Emily Wheaton
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US EPA, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tamara Tal
- , Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US EPA, RTP, NC, USA. .,Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology Department, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany. .,Present Address: Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology Department, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
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Kuhre RE, Deacon CF, Holst JJ, Petersen N. What Is an L-Cell and How Do We Study the Secretory Mechanisms of the L-Cell? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:694284. [PMID: 34168620 PMCID: PMC8218725 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.694284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues are effective anti-obesity and anti-diabetes drugs. The beneficial actions of GLP-1 go far beyond insulin secretion and appetite, and include cardiovascular benefits and possibly also beneficial effects in neurodegenerative diseases. Considerable reserves of GLP-1 are stored in intestinal endocrine cells that potentially might be mobilized by pharmacological means to improve the body's metabolic state. In recognition of this, the interest in understanding basic L-cell physiology and the mechanisms controlling GLP-1 secretion, has increased considerably. With a view to home in on what an L-cell is, we here present an overview of available data on L-cell development, L-cell peptide expression profiles, peptide production and secretory patterns of L-cells from different parts of the gut. We conclude that L-cells differ markedly depending on their anatomical location, and that the traditional definition of L-cells as a homogeneous population of cells that only produce GLP-1, GLP-2, glicentin and oxyntomodulin is no longer tenable. We suggest to sub-classify L-cells based on their differential peptide contents as well as their differential expression of nutrient sensors, which ultimately determine the secretory responses to different stimuli. A second purpose of this review is to describe and discuss the most frequently used experimental models for functional L-cell studies, highlighting their benefits and limitations. We conclude that no experimental model is perfect and that a comprehensive understanding must be built on results from a combination of models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune E. Kuhre
- Department of Obesity Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Rune E. Kuhre, ;
| | - Carolyn F. Deacon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Jens J. Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Levic DS, Ryan S, Marjoram L, Honeycutt J, Bagwell J, Bagnat M. Distinct roles for luminal acidification in apical protein sorting and trafficking in zebrafish. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133852. [PMID: 32328632 PMCID: PMC7147097 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201908225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell physiology critically depends on the asymmetric distribution of channels and transporters. However, the mechanisms targeting membrane proteins to the apical surface are still poorly understood. Here, we performed a visual forward genetic screen in the zebrafish intestine and identified mutants with defective apical targeting of membrane proteins. One of these mutants, affecting the vacuolar H+-ATPase gene atp6ap1b, revealed specific requirements for luminal acidification in apical, but not basolateral, membrane protein sorting and transport. Using a low temperature block assay combined with genetic and pharmacologic perturbation of luminal pH, we monitored transport of newly synthesized membrane proteins from the TGN to apical membrane in live zebrafish. We show that vacuolar H+-ATPase activity regulates sorting of O-glycosylated proteins at the TGN, as well as Rab8-dependent post-Golgi trafficking of different classes of apical membrane proteins. Thus, luminal acidification plays distinct and specific roles in apical membrane biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean Ryan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | | | | | | | - Michel Bagnat
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
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Ye L, Bae M, Cassilly CD, Jabba SV, Thorpe DW, Martin AM, Lu HY, Wang J, Thompson JD, Lickwar CR, Poss KD, Keating DJ, Jordt SE, Clardy J, Liddle RA, Rawls JF. Enteroendocrine cells sense bacterial tryptophan catabolites to activate enteric and vagal neuronal pathways. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 29:179-196.e9. [PMID: 33352109 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium senses nutritional and microbial stimuli using epithelial sensory enteroendocrine cells (EEC). EECs communicate nutritional information to the nervous system, but whether they also relay signals from intestinal microbes remains unknown. Using in vivo real-time measurements of EEC and nervous system activity in zebrafish, we discovered that the bacteria Edwardsiella tarda activate EECs through the receptor transient receptor potential ankyrin A1 (Trpa1) and increase intestinal motility. Microbial, pharmacological, or optogenetic activation of Trpa1+EECs directly stimulates vagal sensory ganglia and activates cholinergic enteric neurons by secreting the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). A subset of indole derivatives of tryptophan catabolism produced by E. tarda and other gut microbes activates zebrafish EEC Trpa1 signaling. These catabolites also directly stimulate human and mouse Trpa1 and intestinal 5-HT secretion. These results establish a molecular pathway by which EECs regulate enteric and vagal neuronal pathways in response to microbial signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Ye
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Munhyung Bae
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chelsi D Cassilly
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sairam V Jabba
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Daniel W Thorpe
- Flinders Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alyce M Martin
- Flinders Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hsiu-Yi Lu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jinhu Wang
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - John D Thompson
- Department of Cell Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Colin R Lickwar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Department of Cell Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Damien J Keating
- Flinders Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sven-Eric Jordt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jon Clardy
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rodger A Liddle
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - John F Rawls
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Zhang M, Zhao D, Zhou G, Li C. Dietary Pattern, Gut Microbiota, and Alzheimer's Disease. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12800-12809. [PMID: 32090565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease. Until now, there has been no specific medicine that can cure Alzheimer's disease or effectively reverse the disease process. A good dietary pattern is an efficient way to prevent or delay the progression of the disease. Evidence suggests that diet may affect β-amyloid production and tau processing or may regulate inflammation, metabolism, and oxidative stress associated with Alzheimer's disease, which can be exerted by gut microbiota. The gut microbiota is a complex microbial community that affects not only various digestive diseases but also neurodegenerative diseases. Studies have shown that gut microbial metabolites, such as pro-inflammatory factors, short-chain fatty acids, and neurotransmitters, can affect the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Clinical studies suggested that the gut microbial composition of patients with Alzheimer's disease is different, in particular to lower abundances of Eubacterium rectale and Bacteroides fragilis, which have an anti-inflammatory activity. The purpose of this review is to summarize the neuropathological pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, and the modulation of dietary patterns rather than single dietary components on Alzheimer's disease through the gut-brain axis was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Synergistic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Synergistic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Synergistic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunbao Li
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Synergistic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
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Sundarraman D, Hay EA, Martins DM, Shields DS, Pettinari NL, Parthasarathy R. Higher-Order Interactions Dampen Pairwise Competition in the Zebrafish Gut Microbiome. mBio 2020; 11:e01667-20. [PMID: 33051365 PMCID: PMC7554667 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01667-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbial communities resident in animal intestines are composed of multiple species that together play important roles in host development, health, and disease. Due to the complexity of these communities and the difficulty of characterizing them in situ, the determinants of microbial composition remain largely unknown. Further, it is unclear for many multispecies consortia whether their species-level makeup can be predicted based on an understanding of pairwise species interactions or whether higher-order interactions are needed to explain emergent compositions. To address this, we examine commensal intestinal microbes in larval zebrafish, initially raised germfree, to allow the introduction of controlled combinations of bacterial species. Using a dissection and plating assay, we demonstrate the construction of communities of one to five bacterial species and show that the outcomes from the two-species competitions fail to predict species abundances in more complex communities. With multiple species present, interbacterial interactions become weaker, suggesting that higher-order interactions in the vertebrate gut stabilize complex communities.IMPORTANCE Understanding the rules governing the composition of the diverse microbial communities that reside in the vertebrate gut environment will enhance our ability to manipulate such communities for therapeutic ends. Synthetic microbial communities, assembled from specific combinations of microbial species in germfree animals, allow investigation of the fundamental question of whether multispecies community composition can be predicted solely based on the combined effects of interactions between pairs of species. If so, such predictability would enable the construction of communities with desired species from the bottom up. If not, the apparent higher-order interactions imply that emergent community-level characteristics are crucial. Our findings using up to five coexisting native bacterial species in larval zebrafish, a model vertebrate, provide experimental evidence for higher-order interactions and, moreover, show that these interactions promote the coexistence of microbial species in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sundarraman
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
- Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Edouard A Hay
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
- Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Dylan M Martins
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
- Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Drew S Shields
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
- Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Noah L Pettinari
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
- Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Raghuveer Parthasarathy
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
- Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
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63
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Martin AM, Jones LA, Jessup CF, Sun EW, Keating DJ. Diet differentially regulates enterochromaffin cell serotonin content, density and nutrient sensitivity in the mouse small and large intestine. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13869. [PMID: 32378785 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterochromaffin (EC) cells are specialized enteroendocrine cells lining the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the source of almost all serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) in the body. Gut-derived 5-HT has a plethora of physiological roles, including regulation of gastrointestinal motility, and has been implicated as a driver of obesity and metabolic disease. This is due to 5-HT influencing key metabolic processes, such as hepatic gluconeogenesis, adipose tissue lipolysis and hindering thermogenic capacity. Increased circulating 5-HT occurs in humans with obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, despite the known metabolic roles of gut-derived 5-HT, the mechanisms underlying the cellular-level change in EC cells under obesogenic conditions remains unknown. METHODS We use a mouse model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) to identify the regional changes that occur in primary EC cells from the duodenum and colon. Transcriptional changes in the nutrient sensing profile of primary EC cells were assessed, and responses to nutrient stimuli in culture were determined by 5-HT ELISA. KEY RESULTS We find that obesogenic conditions affect EC cells in a region-dependent manner. Duodenal EC cells from DIO mice have impaired sugar sensing even in the presence of increased 5-HT content per cell, while colonic EC cell numbers are significantly increased, but have unaltered nutrient sensing capacity. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Our findings from this study add novel insights into the mechanisms by which functional changes to EC cells occur at a cellular level, which may contribute to the altered circulating 5-HT seen with obesity and metabolic disease, and associated gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyce M Martin
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lauren A Jones
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Claire F Jessup
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Emily W Sun
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Damien J Keating
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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64
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Stagaman K, Sharpton TJ, Guillemin K. Zebrafish microbiome studies make waves. Lab Anim (NY) 2020; 49:201-207. [PMID: 32541907 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-020-0573-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish have a 50-year history as a model organism for studying vertebrate developmental biology and more recently have emerged as a powerful model system for studying vertebrate microbiome assembly, dynamics and function. In this Review, we discuss the strengths of the zebrafish model for both observational and manipulative microbiome studies, and we highlight some of the important insights gleaned from zebrafish gut microbiome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keaton Stagaman
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Thomas J Sharpton
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.,Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Karen Guillemin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA. .,Humans and the Microbiome Program, CIFAR, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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65
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Ye L, Mueller O, Bagwell J, Bagnat M, Liddle RA, Rawls JF. High fat diet induces microbiota-dependent silencing of enteroendocrine cells. eLife 2019; 8:48479. [PMID: 31793875 PMCID: PMC6937151 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are specialized sensory cells in the intestinal epithelium that sense and transduce nutrient information. Consumption of dietary fat contributes to metabolic disorders, but EEC adaptations to high fat feeding were unknown. Here, we established a new experimental system to directly investigate EEC activity in vivo using a zebrafish reporter of EEC calcium signaling. Our results reveal that high fat feeding alters EEC morphology and converts them into a nutrient insensitive state that is coupled to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We called this novel adaptation 'EEC silencing'. Gnotobiotic studies revealed that germ-free zebrafish are resistant to high fat diet induced EEC silencing. High fat feeding altered gut microbiota composition including enrichment of Acinetobacter bacteria, and we identified an Acinetobacter strain sufficient to induce EEC silencing. These results establish a new mechanism by which dietary fat and gut microbiota modulate EEC nutrient sensing and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Ye
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Olaf Mueller
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Jennifer Bagwell
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Michel Bagnat
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Rodger A Liddle
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - John F Rawls
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
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