Insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) as an indicator of leydig cell insufficiency (LCI) in Middle-aged and older men with hypogonadism: reference range and threshold

Insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) is a circulating biomarker for Leydig cell functional capacity in men, also indicating Leydig Cell Insufficiency (LCI) and potential primary hypogonadism. Using results from large cohort studies we explore sources of biological and technical variance, and establish a reference range for adult men. It is constitutively secreted with little within-individual variation and reflects testicular capacity to produce testosterone. The main INSL3 assays available indicate good concordance with low technical variance; there is no effect of ethnicity. INSL3 declines with age from 35 years at about 15% per decade. Like low calculated free testosterone, and to a lesser extent low total testosterone, reduced INSL3 is significantly associated with increasing age-related morbidity, including lower overall sexual function, reflecting LCI. Consequently, low INSL3 (≤0.4 ng/ml; ca. <2 SD from the population mean) might serve as an additional biochemical marker in the assessment of functional hypogonadism (late-onset hypogonadism, LOH) where testosterone is in the borderline low range. Excluding individuals with low LCI (INSL3 ≤ 0.4 ng/ml) leads to an age-independent (> 35 years) reference range (serum) for INSL3 in the eugonadal population of 0.4 - 2.3 ng/ml, with low INSL3 prospectively identifying individuals at risk of increased future morbidity.

Targeting ferroptosis as a prospective therapeutic approach for diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a severe complication of diabetes mellitus, causing a substantive threat to the public, which receives global concern. However, there are limited drugs targeting the treatment of DN. Owing to this, it is highly crucial to investigate the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets of DN. The process of ferroptosis is a type of regulated cell death (RCD) involving the presence of iron, distinct from autophagy, apoptosis, and pyroptosis. A primary mechanism of ferroptosis is associated with iron metabolism, lipid metabolism, and the accumulation of ROS. Recently, many studies testified to the significance of ferroptosis in kidney tissue under diabetic conditions and explored the drugs targeting ferroptosis in DN therapy. Our review summarized the most current studies between ferroptosis and DN, along with investigating the significant processes of ferroptosis in different kidney cells, providing a novel target treatment option for DN.

Single-cell multi-omics in the study of digestive system cancers

Digestive system cancers are prevalent diseases with a high mortality rate, posing a significant threat to public health and economic burden. The diagnosis and treatment of digestive system cancer confront conventional cancer problems, such as tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance. Single-cell sequencing (SCS) emerged at times required and has developed from single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) to the single-cell multi-omics era represented by single-cell spatial transcriptomics (ST). This article comprehensively reviews the advances of single-cell omics technology in the study of digestive system tumors. While analyzing and summarizing the research cases, vital details on the sequencing platform, sample information, sampling method, and key findings are provided. Meanwhile, we summarize the commonly used SCS platforms and their features, as well as the advantages of multi-omics technologies in combination. Finally, the development trends and prospects of the application of single-cell multi-omics technology in digestive system cancer research are prospected.

The PACS-2 protein and trafficking motifs in CCHFV Gn and Gc cytoplasmic domains govern CCHFV assembly

The Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne bunyavirus that causes high mortality in humans. This enveloped virus harbors two surface glycoproteins (GP), Gn and Gc, that are released by processing of a glycoprotein precursor complex whose maturation takes place in the ER and is completed through the secretion pathway. Here, we characterized the trafficking network exploited by CCHFV GPs during viral assembly, envelopment, and/or egress. We identified membrane trafficking motifs in the cytoplasmic domains (CD) of CCHFV GPs and addressed how they impact these late stages of the viral life cycle using infection and biochemical assays, and confocal microscopy in virus-producing cells. We found that several of the identified CD motifs modulate GP transport through the retrograde trafficking network, impacting envelopment and secretion of infectious particles. Finally, we identified PACS-2 as a crucial host factor contributing to CCHFV GPs trafficking required for assembly and release of viral particles.

Clinical observations and mechanistic insights of traditional Chinese medicine in the management of diabetic retinopathy

CONTEXT

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of vision impairment and blindness among diabetic patients globally. Despite advancements in conventional treatments, the quest for more holistic approaches and fewer side effects persists. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for centuries in managing various diseases, including diabetes and its complications.

OBJECTIVE

This review evaluated the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of TCM in the management of DR, providing information on its potential integration with conventional treatment methods.

METHODS

A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) with the search terms 'traditional Chinese medicine', 'diabetic retinopathy', 'clinical efficacies' and their combinations. Studies published before 2023 without language restriction were included, focusing on clinical trials and observational studies that assessed the effectiveness of TCM in DR treatment.

RESULTS

The review synthesized evidence of empirical traditional Chinese formulas, traditional Chinese patent medicines, and isolated phytochemicals on DR treatment. The key mechanisms identified included the reduction of oxidative stress, inflammation, and neovascularization, as well as the improvement in neurovascular functionality and integrity of the retinal blood barrier.

CONCLUSIONS

TCM shows promising potential to manage DR. More large-scale, randomized controlled trials are recommended to validate these findings and facilitate the integration of TCM into mainstream DR treatment protocols.

MiR-200b-3p elevates 5-FU sensitivity in cholangiocarcinoma cells via autophagy inhibition by targeting KLF4

Cholangiocarcinoma is one of the most lethal human cancers, and chemotherapy failure is a major cause of recurrence and poor prognosis. We previously demonstrated that miR-200 family members are downregulated in clinical samples of cholangiocarcinoma and inhibit cholangiocarcinoma tumorigenesis and metastasis. However, the role of differentially expressed miR-200b-3p in 5-fluorouracil chemosensitivity remains unclear. Here, we examined how miR-200b-3p modulates 5-fluorouracil chemosensitivity in cholangiocarcinoma. We observed that miR-200b-3p was associated with 5-fluorouracil sensitivity in cholangiocarcinoma and increased 5-fluorouracil-induced mitochondrial apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma cells. Mechanistically, miR-200b-3p suppressed autophagy in cholangiocarcinoma cells to mediate 5-fluorouracil sensitivity. Further, we identified KLF4 as an essential target of miR-200b-3p in cholangiocarcinoma. Notably, the miR-200b-3p/KLF4/autophagy pathway augmented the chemosensitivity of cholangiocarcinoma cells to 5-fluorouracil. Our findings underscore the key role of miR-200b-3p in chemosensitivity to 5-fluorouracil and highlight the miR-200b-3p/KLF4/autophagy axis as a potential therapeutic target for cholangiocarcinoma.

Role of metabolites in mediating the effect of triacylglycerol on aplastic anemia

BACKGROUND

Observational studies have found a link between lipid metabolism disorders and aplastic anemia (AA). However, due to confounding variables and reverse causation, it is difficult to conclude such a causal link. The precise mechanism and potential implications of lipid metabolism disorder in AA remain unclear, necessitating further studies in this area.

METHOD

This study aimed to examine the causal relationship between 38 different subtypes of triacylglycerols and AA using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). Additionally, two-step MR analyses were conducted to investigate the mediating effects of vitamin A to oleoyl-linoleoyl-glycerol (18:1-18:2) ratio.

RESULTS

MR analysis showed that triacylglycerol (53:3) levels were positively associated with the risk of AA [inverse variance weighting (IVW): odds ratio (OR) = 1.131,95% confidence interval (CI):1.029-1.243, P = 0.011; Bayesian weighted MR (BWMR): OR = 1.137,95% CI:1.031-1.254, P = 0.010]. Triacylglycerol (53:3) level showed no inverse causality with AA (IVW:P = 0.834; BWMR:P = 0.349). Mediation analyses showed that increasing the vitamin A to oleoyl-linoleoyl-glycerol (18:1-18:2) ratio can decrease the risk of AA.

CONCLUSION

This study revealed the association between vitamin A to oleoyl-linoleoyl-glycerol (18:1-18:2) ratio, triacylglycerol (53:3) levels and AA, and indicated that lowering triacylglycerol (53:3) levels can reduce the risk of AA.

Systematic data analysis pipeline for quantitative morphological cell phenotyping

Quantitative morphological phenotyping (QMP) is an image-based method used to capture morphological features at both the cellular and population level. Its interdisciplinary nature, spanning from data collection to result analysis and interpretation, can lead to uncertainties, particularly among those new to this actively growing field. High analytical specificity for a typical QMP is achieved through sophisticated approaches that can leverage subtle cellular morphological changes. Here, we outline a systematic workflow to refine the QMP methodology. For a practical review, we describe the main steps of a typical QMP; in each step, we discuss the available methods, their applications, advantages, and disadvantages, along with the R functions and packages for easy implementation. This review does not cover theoretical backgrounds, but provides several references for interested researchers. It aims to broaden the horizons for future phenome studies and demonstrate how to exploit years of endeavors to achieve more with less.

Insights into the regulatory role of bacterial sncRNA and its extracellular delivery via OMVs

Small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs) play important regulatory roles in bacterial physiological processes and host-pathogen interactions. Meanwhile, bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), as naturally secreted outer membrane structures, play a vital role in the interaction between bacteria and their living environment, including the host environment. However, most current studies focus on the biological functions of sncRNAs in bacteria or hosts, while neglecting the roles and regulatory mechanisms of the OMVs that encapsulate these sncRNAs. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the intracellular regulatory roles of bacterial sncRNAs in promoting pathogen survival by regulating virulence, modulating bacterial drug resistance, and regulating iron metabolism, and their extracellular regulatory function for influencing host immunity through host-pathogen interactions. Additionally, we introduce the key role played by OMVs, which serve as important cargoes in bacterial sncRNA-host interactions. We propose emerging pathways of sncRNA action to further discuss the mode of host-pathogen interactions, highlighting that the inhibition of sncRNA delivery by OMVs may prevent the occurrence of infection to some extent. Hence, this review lays the foundation for future prophylactic treatments against bacterial infections and strategies for addressing bacterial drug resistance. KEY POINTS: •sncRNAs have intracellular and extracellular regulatory functions in bacterial physiological processes and host-pathogen interactions. •OMVs are potential mediators between bacterial sncRNAs and host cells. •OMVs encapsulating sncRNAs have more potential biological functions.

LncRNAs, nuclear architecture and the immune response

Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression and can mediate their effects in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Some of the best-characterized lncRNAs are localized within the nucleus, where they modulate the nuclear architecture and influence gene expression. In this review, we discuss the role of lncRNAs in nuclear architecture in the context of their gene regulatory functions in innate immunity. Here, we discuss various approaches to functionally characterize nuclear-localized lncRNAs and the challenges faced in the field.

Psychological stressors involved in the pathogenesis of premature ovarian insufficiency and potential intervention measures

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a common gynecological endocrine disease, which seriously affects women's physical and mental health and fertility, and its incidence is increasing year by year. With the development of social economy and technology, psychological stressors such as anxiety and depression caused by social, life and environmental factors may be one of the risk factors for POI. We used PubMed to search peer-reviewed original English manuscripts published over the last 10 years to identify established and experimental studies on the relationship between various types of stress and decreased ovarian function. Oxidative stress, follicular atresia, and excessive activation of oocytes, caused by Stress-associated factors may be the main causes of ovarian function damage. This article reviews the relationship between psychological stressors and hypoovarian function and the possible early intervention measures in order to provide new ideas for future clinical treatment and intervention.

Involvement of paraspeckle components in viral infections

Paraspeckles are non-membranous subnuclear bodies, formed through the interaction between the architectural long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) and specific RNA-binding proteins, including the three Drosophila Behavior/Human Splicing (DBHS) family members (PSPC1 (Paraspeckle Component 1), SFPQ (Splicing Factor Proline and Glutamine Rich) and NONO (Non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein)). Paraspeckle components were found to impact viral infections through various mechanisms, such as induction of antiviral gene expression, IRES-mediated translation, or viral mRNA polyadenylation. A complex involving NEAT1 RNA and paraspeckle proteins was also found to modulate interferon gene transcription after nuclear DNA sensing, through the activation of the cGAS-STING axis. This review aims to provide an overview on how these elements actively contribute to the dynamics of viral infections.

Unraveling the hidden complexity: Exploring dental tissues through single-cell transcriptional profiling

Understanding the composition and function of cells constituting tissues and organs is vital for unraveling biological processes. Single-cell analysis has allowed us to move beyond traditional methods of categorizing cell types. This innovative technology allows the transcriptional and epigenetic profiling of numerous individual cells, leading to significant insights into the development, homeostasis, and pathology of various organs and tissues in both animal models and human samples. In this review, we delve into the outcomes of major investigations using single-cell transcriptomics to decipher the cellular composition of mammalian teeth and periodontal tissues. The recent single-cell transcriptome-based studies have traced in detail the dental epithelium-ameloblast lineage and dental mesenchyme lineages in the mouse incisors and the tooth germ of both mice and humans; unraveled the microenvironment, the identity of niche cells, and cellular intricacies in the dental pulp; shed light on the molecular mechanisms orchestrating root formation; and characterized cellular dynamics of the periodontal ligament. Additionally, cellular components in dental pulps were compared between healthy and carious teeth at a single-cell level. Each section of this review contributes to a comprehensive understanding of tooth biology, offering valuable insights into developmental processes, niche cell identification, and the molecular secrets of the dental environment.

Interaction of noncoding RNAs with hippo signaling pathway in cancer cells and cancer stem cells

The Hippo signaling pathway has a regulatory function in the organogenesis process and cellular homeostasis, switching the cascade reactions of crucial kinases acts to turn off/on the Hippo pathway, altering the downstream gene expression and thereby regulating proliferation, apoptosis, or stemness. Disruption of this pathway can lead to the occurrence of various disorders and different types of cancer. Recent findings highlight the importance of ncRNAs, such as microRNA, circular RNA, and lncRNAs, in modulating the Hippo pathway. Defects in ncRNAs can disrupt Hippo pathway balance, increasing tumor cells, tumorigenesis, and chemotherapeutic resistance. This review summarizes ncRNAs' inhibitory or stimulatory role in - Hippo pathway regulation in cancer and stem cells. Identifying the relation between ncRNAs and the components of this pathway could pave the way for developing new biomarkers in the treatment and diagnosis of cancers.

Hydroxyethyl starch-based self-reinforced nanomedicine inhibits both glutathione and thioredoxin antioxidant pathways to boost reactive oxygen species-powered immunotherapy

The adaptive antioxidant systems of tumor cells, predominantly glutathione (GSH) and thioredoxin (TRX) networks, severely impair photodynamic therapy (PDT) potency and anti-tumor immune responses. Here, a multistage redox homeostasis nanodisruptor (Phy@HES-IR), integrated by hydroxyethyl starch (HES)-new indocyanine green (IR820) conjugates with physcion (Phy), an inhibitor of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), is rationally designed to achieve PDT primed cancer immunotherapy. In this nanodisruptor, Phy effectively depletes intracellular GSH of tumor cells by inhibiting 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) activity. Concurrently, it is observed for the first time that the modified IR820-NH2 molecule not only exerts PDT action but also interferes with TRX antioxidant pathway by inhibiting thioredoxin oxidase (TRXR) activity. The simultaneous weakening of two major antioxidant pathways of tumor cells is favorable to maximize the PDT efficacy induced by HES-IR conjugates. By virtue of the excellent protecting ability of the plasma expander HES, Phy@HES-IR can remain stable in the blood circulation and efficiently enrich in the tumor region. Consequently, PDT and metabolic modulation synergistically induced immunogenic cell death, which not only suppressed primary tumors but also stimulated potent anti-tumor immunity to inhibit the growth of distant tumors in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice.

A 3D micro-printed single cell micro-niche with asymmetric niche signals - An in vitro model for asymmetric cell division study

Intricate microenvironment signals orchestrate to affect cell behavior and fate during tissue morphogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms on how specific local niche signals influence cell behavior and fate are not fully understood, owing to the lack of in vitro platform able to precisely, quantitatively, spatially, and independently manipulate individual niche signals. Here, microarrays of protein-based 3D single cell micro-niche (3D-SCμN), with precisely engineered biophysical and biochemical niche signals, are micro-printed by a multiphoton microfabrication and micropatterning technology. Mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) is used as the model cell to study how local niche signals affect stem cell behavior and fate. By precisely engineering the internal microstructures of the 3D SCμNs, we demonstrate that the cell division direction can be controlled by the biophysical niche signals, in a cell shape-independent manner. After confining the cell division direction to a dominating axis, single mESCs are exposed to asymmetric biochemical niche signals, specifically, cell-cell adhesion molecule on one side and extracellular matrix on the other side. We demonstrate that, symmetry-breaking (asymmetric) niche signals successfully trigger cell polarity formation and bias the orientation of asymmetric cell division, the mitosis process resulting in two daughter cells with differential fates, in mESCs.

Dihydroartemisinin enhances the anti-tumour effect of photodynamic therapy by targeting PKM2-mediated glycolysis in oesophageal cancer cell

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been demonstrated to provide immediate relief of oesophageal cancer patients' re-obstruction and extend their lifespan. However, tumour regrowth may occur after PDT due to enhanced aerobic glycolysis. Previous research has confirmed the inhibitory effect of Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) on aerobic glycolysis. Therefore, the current study intends to investigate the function and molecular mechanism of DHA targeting tumour cell aerobic glycolysis in synergia PDT. The combined treatment significantly suppressed glycolysis in vitro and in vivo compared to either monotherapy. Exploration of the mechanism through corresponding experiments revealed that pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) was downregulated in treated cells, whereas overexpression of PKM2 nullified the inhibitory effects of DHA and PDT. This study proposes a novel therapeutic strategy for oesophageal cancer through DHA-synergized PDT treatment, targeting inhibit PKM2 to reduce tumour cell proliferation and metastasis.

Functional roles of conserved lncRNAs and circRNAs in eukaryotes

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators in essentially all biological processes across eukaryotes. They exert their functions through chromatin remodeling, transcriptional regulation, interacting with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), serving as microRNA sponges, etc. Although non-coding RNAs are typically more species-specific than coding RNAs, a number of well-characterized lncRNA (such as XIST and NEAT1) and circRNA (such as CDR1as and ciRS-7) are evolutionarily conserved. The studies on conserved lncRNA and circRNAs across multiple species could facilitate a comprehensive understanding of their roles and mechanisms, thereby overcoming the limitations of single-species studies. In this review, we provide an overview of conserved lncRNAs and circRNAs, and summarize their conserved roles and mechanisms.

Spatiotemporal release of non-nucleotide STING agonist and AKT inhibitor from implantable 3D-printed scaffold for amplified cancer immunotherapy

Immunotherapy through the activation of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway is increasingly recognized for its robust anti-tumor efficacy. However, the effectiveness of STING activation is often compromised by inadequate anti-tumor immunity and a scarcity of primed immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Herein, we design and fabricate a co-axial 3D-printed scaffold integrating a non-nucleotide STING agonist, SR-717, and an AKT inhibitor, MK-2206, in its respective shell and core layers, to synergistically enhance STING activation, thereby suppressing tumor recurrence and growth. SR-717 initiates the STING activation to enhance the phosphorylation of the factors along the STING pathway, while MK-2206 concurrently inhibits the AKT phosphorylation to facilitate the TBK1 phosphorylation of the STING pathway. The sequential and sustained release of SR-717 and MK-2206 from the scaffold results in a synergistic STING activation, demonstrating substantial anti-tumor efficacy across multiple tumor models. Furthermore, the scaffold promotes the recruitment and enrichment of activated dendritic cells and M1 macrophages, subsequently stimulating anti-tumor T cell activity, thereby amplifying the immunotherapeutic effect. This precise and synergistic activation of STING by the scaffold offers promising potential in tumor immunotherapy.

Integration of STING activation and COX-2 inhibition via steric-hindrance effect tuned nanoreactors for cancer chemoimmunotherapy

Integrating immunotherapy with nanomaterials-based chemotherapy presents a promising avenue for amplifying antitumor outcomes. Nevertheless, the suppressive tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and the upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) induced by chemotherapy can hinder the efficacy of the chemoimmunotherapy. This study presents a TIME-reshaping strategy by developing a steric-hindrance effect tuned zinc-based metal-organic framework (MOF), designated as CZFNPs. This nanoreactor is engineered by in situ loading of the COX-2 inhibitor, C-phycocyanin (CPC), into the framework building blocks, while simultaneously weakening the stability of the MOF. Consequently, CZFNPs achieve rapid pH-responsive release of zinc ions (Zn2+) and CPC upon specific transport to tumor cells overexpressing folate receptors. Accordingly, Zn2+ can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cytotoxicity therapy while synchronize with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release, which stimulates mtDNA/cGAS-STING pathway-mediated innate immunity. The CPC suppresses the chemotherapy-induced overexpression of COX-2, thus cooperatively reprogramming the suppressive TIME and boosting the antitumor immune response. In xenograft tumor models, the CZFNPs system effectively modulates STING and COX-2 expression, converting "cold" tumors into "hot" tumors, thereby resulting in ≈ 4-fold tumor regression relative to ZIF-8 treatment alone. This approach offers a potent strategy for enhancing the efficacy of combined nanomaterial-based chemotherapy and immunotherapy.

Role and therapeutic perspectives of extracellular vesicles derived from liver and adipose tissue in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease

The global epidemic of metabolic diseases has led to the emergence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), which pose a significant threat to human health. Despite recent advances in research on the pathogenesis and treatment of MASLD/MASH, there is still a lack of more effective and targeted therapies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) discovered in a wide range of tissues and body fluids encapsulate different activated biomolecules and mediate intercellular communication. Recent studies have shown that EVs derived from the liver and adipose tissue (AT) play vital roles in MASLD/MASH pathogenesis and therapeutics, depending on their sources and intervention types. Besides, adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC)-derived EVs appear to be more effective in mitigating MASLD/MASH. This review presents an overview of the definition, extraction strategies, and characterisation of EVs, with a particular focus on the biogenesis and release of exosomes. It also reviews the effects and potential molecular mechanisms of liver- and AT-derived EVs on MASLD/MASH, and emphasises the contribution and clinical therapeutic potential of ADSC-derived EVs. Furthermore, the future perspective of EV therapy in a clinical setting is discussed.

Identification and validation of protein biomarkers for predicting gastrointestinal stromal tumor recurrence

We conducted a proteomic analysis using mass spectrometry to identify and validate protein biomarkers for accurately predicting recurrence risk in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) patients, focusing on differentially expressed proteins in metastatic versus primary GIST tissues. We selected five biomarkers-GPX4, RBM4, TPM3, PFKFB2, and PGAM5-and validated their expressions in primary tumors of recurrent and non-recurrent GIST patients via immunohistochemistry. Our analysis of the association between these biomarkers with recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS), along with their interrelationships, revealed that immunohistochemistry confirmed significantly higher expressions of these biomarkers in primary GIST tissues of recurrent patients. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that high expressions of GPX4, RBM4, TPM3, PFKFB2, and PGAM5 correlated with lower RFS, and GPX4 and RBM4 with lower OS. All biomarker pairs showed positive associations, with high expressions correlating with increased recurrence rates, and GPX4 and RBM4 with higher mortality rates. In conclusion, the biomarkers GPX4, RBM4, TPM3, PFKFB2, and PGAM5 are clinically relevant for predicting GIST recurrence, with their high expressions in primary tumors linked to poorer RFS and OS. They serve as potential prognostic indicators, enabling early treatment and improved outcomes. The observed interrelationships among these biomarkers further validate their accuracy in predicting GIST recurrence.

Identification of HIST1H2BH as the hub gene associated with multiple myeloma using integrated bioinformatics analysis

OBJECTIVES

Identifying the specific biomarkers and molecular signatures of MM might provide novel evidence for MM prognosis and targeted therapy.

METHODS

Bioinformatic analyses were performed through GEO and TCGA datasets. The differential expression of HIST1H2BH in MM sample was validated by the qRT-PCR. And the CCK-8 assay was performed to detect the proliferation activity of HIST1H2BH on MM cell lines.

RESULTS

A total of 793 DEGs were identified between bone marrow plasma cells from newly diagnosed myeloma and normal donors in GSE6477. Among them, four vital genes (HIST1H2AC, HIST1H2BH, CCND1 and TCF7L2) modeling were constructed. The increased HIST1H2BH expression was correlated with worse survival of MM based on TCGA datasets. The transcriptional expression of HIST1H2BH was significantly up-regulated in primary MM patients. And knockdown HIST1H2BH decreased the proliferation of MM cell lines.

CONCLUSIONS

We have identified up-regulated HIST1H2BH in MM patients associated with poor prognosis using integrated bioinformatical methods.

Ion channel-mediated mitochondrial volume regulation and its relationship with mitochondrial dynamics

The mitochondrion, one of the important cellular organelles, has the major function of generating adenosine triphosphate and plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, governing signal transduction, regulating membrane potential, controlling programmed cell death and modulating cell proliferation. The dynamic balance of mitochondrial volume is an important factor required for maintaining the structural integrity of the organelle and exerting corresponding functions. Changes in the mitochondrial volume are closely reflected in a series of biological functions and pathological changes. The mitochondrial volume is controlled by the osmotic balance between the cytoplasm and the mitochondrial matrix. Thus, any disruption in the influx of the main ion, potassium, into the cells can disturb the osmotic balance between the cytoplasm and the matrix, leading to water movement between these compartments and subsequent alterations in mitochondrial volume. Recent studies have shown that mitochondrial volume homeostasis is closely implicated in a variety of diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the main influencing factors and research progress in the field of mitochondrial volume homeostasis.

The crucial roles and research advances of cGAS‑STING pathway in liver diseases

Inflammation responses have identified as a key mediator of in various liver diseases with high morbidity and mortality. cGAS-STING signalling is essential in innate immunity since it triggers release of type I interferons and various of proinflammatory cytokines. The potential connection between cGAS-STING pathway and liver inflammatory diseases has recently been reported widely. In our review, the impact of cGAS-STING on liver inflammation and regulatory mechanism are summarized. Furthermore, many inhibitors of cGAS-STING signalling as promising agents to cure liver inflammation are also explored in detail. A comprehensive knowledge of molecular mechanisms of cGAS-STING signalling in liver inflammation is vital for exploring novel treatments and providing recommendations and perspectives for future utilization.

Developmental changes in nuclear lamina components during germ cell differentiation

The nuclear lamina (NL) changes composition for regulation of nuclear events. We investigated changes that occur in Drosophila oogenesis, revealing switches in NL composition during germ cell differentiation. Germline stem cells (GSCs) express only LamB and predominantly emerin, whereas differentiating nurse cells predominantly express LamC and emerin2. A change in LamC-specific localization also occurs, wherein phosphorylated LamC redistributes to the nuclear interior only in the oocyte, prior to transcriptional reactivation of the meiotic genome. These changes support existing concepts that LamC promotes differentiation, a premise that was tested. Remarkably ectopic LamC production in GSCs did not promote premature differentiation. Increased LamC levels in differentiating germ cells altered internal nuclear structure, increased RNA production, and reduced female fertility due to defects in eggshell formation. These studies suggest differences between Drosophila lamins are regulatory, not functional, and reveal an unexpected robustness to level changes of a major scaffolding component of the NL.

The activity of pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazine and pyrazolo[4,3-e]tetrazolo[1,5-b][1,2,4]triazine sulphonamide derivatives in monolayer and spheroid breast cancer cell cultures

In the last decade, an increasing interest in compounds containing pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazine moiety is observed. Therefore, the aim of the research was to synthesise a novel sulphonyl pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazines (2a, 2b) and pyrazolo[4,3-e]tetrazolo[1,5-b][1,2,4]triazine sulphonamide derivatives (3a, 3b) to assess their anticancer activity. The MTT assay showed that 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b have stronger cytotoxic activity than cisplatin in both breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and exhibited weaker effect on normal breast cells (MCF-10A). The obtained results showed that the most active compound 3b increased apoptosis via caspase 9, caspase 8, and caspase 3/7. It is worth to note that compound 3b suppressed NF-κB expression and promoted p53, Bax, and ROS which play important role in activation of apoptosis. Moreover, our results confirmed that compound 3b triggers autophagy through increased formation of autophagosomes, expression of beclin-1 and mTOR inhibition. Thus, our study defines a possible mechanism underlying 3b-induced anti-cancer activity against breast cancer cell lines.

Identification of new hub- ferroptosis-related genes in Lupus Nephritis

Background: Lupus Nephritis (LN) is the primary causation of kidney injury in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Ferroptosis is a programmed cell death. Therefore, understanding the crosstalk between LN and ferroptosis is still a significant challenge. Methods: We obtained the expression profile of LN kidney biopsy samples from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and utilised the R-project software to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Then, we conducted a functional correlation analysis. Ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) crossover to select FRGs with LN. Afterwards, we used CIBERSORT to assess the infiltration of immune cells in both LN tissues and healthy control samples. Finally, we performed immunohistochemistry on LN human renal tissue. Results: 10619 DEGs screened from the LN biopsy tissue were identified. 22 hub-ferroptosis-related genes with LN (FRGs-LN) were screened out. The CIBERSORT findings revealed that there were significant statistical differences in immune cells between healthy control samples and LN tissues. Immunohistochemistry further demonstrated a significant difference in HRAS, TFRC, ATM, and SRC expression in renal tissue between normal and control groups. Conclusion: We developed a signature that allowed us to identify 22 new biomarkers associated with FRGs-LN. These findings suggest new insights into the pathology and therapeutic potential of LN ferroptosis inhibitors and iron chelators.

Tension directs cancer cell migration over fiber alignment through energy minimization

Cell migration during many fundamental biological processes including metastasis requires cells to traverse tissue with heterogeneous mechanical cues that direct migration as well as determine force and energy requirements for motility. However, the influence of discrete structural and mechanical cues on migration remains challenging to determine as they are often coupled. Here, we decouple the pro-invasive cues of collagen fiber alignment and tension to study their individual impact on migration. When presented with both cues, cells preferentially travel in the axis of tension against fiber alignment. Computational and experimental data show applying tension perpendicular to alignment increases potential energy stored within collagen fibers, lowering requirements for cell-induced matrix deformation and energy usage during migration compared to motility in the direction of fiber alignment. Energy minimization directs migration trajectory, and tension can facilitate migration against fiber alignment. These findings provide a conceptual understanding of bioenergetics during migration through a fibrous matrix.

Chlorogenic acid alleviates renal fibrosis by reducing lipid accumulation in diabetic kidney disease through suppressing the Notch1 and Stat3 signaling pathway

AIMS

Abnormal renal lipid metabolism causes renal lipid deposition, which leads to the development of renal fibrosis in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect and mechanism of chlorogenic acid (CA) on reducing renal lipid accumulation and improving DKD renal fibrosis.

METHODS

This study evaluated the effects of CA on renal fibrosis, lipid deposition and lipid metabolism by constructing in vitro and in vivo models of DKD, and detected the improvement of Notch1 and Stat3 signaling pathways. Molecular docking was used to predict the binding between CA and the extracellular domain NRR1 of Notch1 protein.

RESULTS

In vitro studies have shown that CA decreased the expression of Fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), p-smad3/smad3, alleviated lipid deposition, promoted the expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 A (CPT1A), and inhibited the expression of cholesterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c). The expression of Notch1, Cleaved Notch1, Hes1, and p-stat3/stat3 were inhibited. These results suggested that CA might reduce intercellular lipid deposition in human kidney cells (HK2) by inhibiting Notch1 and stat3 signaling pathways, thereby improving fibrosis. Further, in vivo studies demonstrated that CA improved renal fibrosis and renal lipid deposition in DKD mice by inhibiting Notch1 and stat3 signaling pathways. Finally, molecular docking experiments showed that the binding energy of CA and NRR1 was -6.6 kcal/mol, which preliminarily predicted the possible action of CA on Notch1 extracellular domain NRR1.

CONCLUSION

CA reduces renal lipid accumulation and improves DKD renal fibrosis by inhibiting Notch1 and stat3 signaling pathways.

The formation of aggregated chromatin/chromosomes in mouse oocytes treated with high concentration of IBMX as a model for a chromosome transfer in human

The presence of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) has been considered to be a fundamental factor in ensuring meiotic arrest prior to ovulation. cAMP is regarded as a key molecule in the regulation of oocyte maturation. However, it has been reported that increased levels of intracellular cAMP can result in abnormal cytokinesis, with some MI oocytes leading to symmetrically cleaved 2-cell MII oocytes. Consequently, we aimed to investigate the effects of elevated intracellular cAMP levels on abnormal cytokinesis and oocyte maturation during the meiosis of mouse oocytes. This study found that a high concentration of isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) also caused chromatin/chromosomes aggregation (AC) after the first meiosis. The rates of AC increased the greater the concentration of IBMX. In addition, AC formation was found to be reversible, showing that the re-formation of the spindle chromosome complex was possible after the IBMX was removed. In human oocytes, the chromosomes aggregate after the germinal vesicle breakdown and following the first and second polar body extrusions (the AC phase), while mouse oocytes do not have this AC phase. The results of our current study may indicate that the AC phase in human oocytes could be related to elevated levels of intracytoplasmic cAMP.

Dysfunction of synaptic endocytic trafficking in Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease is characterized by the selective degeneration of dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway and dopamine deficiency in the striatum. The precise reasons behind the specific degeneration of these dopamine neurons remain largely elusive. Genetic investigations have identified over 20 causative PARK genes and 90 genomic risk loci associated with both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease. Notably, several of these genes are linked to the synaptic vesicle recycling process, particularly the clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway. This suggests that impaired synaptic vesicle recycling might represent an early feature of Parkinson's disease, followed by axonal degeneration and the eventual loss of dopamine cell bodies in the midbrain via a "dying back" mechanism. Recently, several new animal and cellular models with Parkinson's disease-linked mutations affecting the endocytic pathway have been created and extensively characterized. These models faithfully recapitulate certain Parkinson's disease-like features at the animal, circuit, and cellular levels, and exhibit defects in synaptic membrane trafficking, further supporting the findings from human genetics and clinical studies. In this review, we will first summarize the cellular and molecular findings from the models of two Parkinson's disease-linked clathrin uncoating proteins: auxilin (DNAJC6/PARK19) and synaptojanin 1 (SYNJ1/PARK20). The mouse models carrying these two PARK gene mutations phenocopy each other with specific dopamine terminal pathology and display a potent synergistic effect. Subsequently, we will delve into the involvement of several clathrin-mediated endocytosis-related proteins (GAK, endophilin A1, SAC2/INPP5F, synaptotagmin-11), identified as Parkinson's disease risk factors through genome-wide association studies, in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. We will also explore the direct or indirect roles of some common Parkinson's disease-linked proteins (alpha-synuclein (PARK1/4), Parkin (PARK2), and LRRK2 (PARK8)) in synaptic endocytic trafficking. Additionally, we will discuss the emerging novel functions of these endocytic proteins in downstream membrane traffic pathways, particularly autophagy. Given that synaptic dysfunction is considered as an early event in Parkinson's disease, a deeper understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying synaptic vesicle endocytic trafficking may unveil novel targets for early diagnosis and the development of interventional therapies for Parkinson's disease. Future research should aim to elucidate why generalized synaptic endocytic dysfunction leads to the selective degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease.

Mitochondrial dysfunction in acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a systemic clinical syndrome increasing morbidity and mortality worldwide in recent years. Renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) death caused by mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the pathogeneses. The imbalance of mitochondrial quality control is the main cause of mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial quality control plays a crucial role in AKI. Mitochondrial quality control mechanisms are involved in regulating mitochondrial integrity and function, including antioxidant defense, mitochondrial quality control, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) repair, mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Currently, many studies have used mitochondrial dysfunction as a targeted therapeutic strategy for AKI. Therefore, this review aims to present the latest research advancements on mitochondrial dysfunction in AKI, providing a valuable reference and theoretical foundation for clinical prevention and treatment of this condition, ultimately enhancing patient prognosis.

Sculpting nuclear envelope identity from the endoplasmic reticulum during the cell cycle

The nuclear envelope (NE) regulates nuclear functions, including transcription, nucleocytoplasmic transport, and protein quality control. While the outer membrane of the NE is directly continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the NE has an overall distinct protein composition from the ER, which is crucial for its functions. During open mitosis in higher eukaryotes, the NE disassembles during mitotic entry and then reforms as a functional territory at the end of mitosis to reestablish nucleocytoplasmic compartmentalization. In this review, we examine the known mechanisms by which the functional NE reconstitutes from the mitotic ER in the continuous ER-NE endomembrane system during open mitosis. Furthermore, based on recent findings indicating that the NE possesses unique lipid metabolism and quality control mechanisms distinct from those of the ER, we explore the maintenance of NE identity and homeostasis during interphase. We also highlight the potential significance of membrane junctions between the ER and NE.

New insight in treating autoimmune diseases by targeting autophagy

Autophagy is a highly conserved biological process in eukaryotes, which degrades cellular misfolded proteins, damaged organelles and invasive pathogens in the lysosome-dependent manner. Autoimmune diseases caused by genetic elements, environments and aberrant immune responses severely impact patients' living quality and even threaten life. Recently, numerous studies have reported autophagy can regulate immune responses, and play an important role in autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarised the features of autophagy and autophagy-related genes, enumerated some autophagy-related genes involved in autoimmune diseases, and further overviewed how to treat autoimmune diseases through targeting autophagy. Finally, we outlooked the prospect of relieving and curing autoimmune diseases by targeting autophagy pathway.

The Role of Bioactive Small Molecules in COPD Pathogenesis

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is recognized as a predominant contributor to mortality worldwide, which causes significant burdens to both society and individuals. Given the limited treatment options for COPD, there lies a critical realization: the imperative for expeditious development of novel therapeutic modalities that can effectively alleviate disease progression and enhance the quality of life experienced by COPD patients. Within the intricate field of COPD pathogenesis, an assortment of biologically active small molecules, encompassing small protein molecules and their derivatives, assumes crucial roles through diverse mechanisms. These mechanisms relate to the regulation of redox balance, the inhibition of the release of inflammatory mediators, and the modulation of cellular functions. Therefore, the present article aims to explore and elucidate the distinct roles played by different categories of biologically active small molecules in contributing to the pathogenesis of COPD.

A noninvasive method for the detection of foetal DNA in early pregnancy based on differential methylation pattern of Ras association domain family member 1A

BACKGROUND

The detection of foetal DNA and extravillus trophoblasts (EVTs) in early pregnancy in cervical and uterine samples offers a potential pathway for non-invasive prenatal diagnostics. However, the challenge lies in effectively quantifying these samples. This study introduces a novel approach using the Ras association domain family 1 A (RASSF1A), which exhibits hypermethylation in foetal cells and hypomethylation in maternal cells. The differential methylation pattern of RASSF1A provides a unique biomarker for quantifying foetal cells in cervical and intrauterine samples.

METHODS

This study was conducted between September 2022 and May 2023. In total, 23 samples (12 cervical cell samples and 11 intrauterine samples) were collected from women in the Sichuan Jinxin Women & Children Hospital, Jingxiu District, Chengdu, China. The cervical cell samples were collected via lavage and brush techniques, and the intrauterine cell samples were obtained via uterine lavage. These samples were collected as part of a broader effort to advance our understanding of foetal cell dynamics during early pregnancy. The sampling methods were chosen for their minimally invasive nature and their potential in capturing a representative cell population from the respective sites. After digestion of the cell samples using a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme cocktail, a critical step to differentiate between maternal and foetal DNA, the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) of RASSF1A and β-actin (ACTB) were employed to measure foetal DNA and cell concentrations. Immunofluorescence techniques targeting histocompatibility complex, class I G (HLA-G) and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA-3) were employed to detect EVTs in the cell samples and in decidual tissue, with the latter providing an additional layer of confirmation for the presence of foetal cells.

RESULTS

The results showed no hypermethylated RASSF1A was detected in any of the cervical samples, irrespective of whether the samples were obtained by brush or lavage. However, an average of 17,236 ± 7490 foetal cells per sample were detected in the uterine lavage samples. Foetal cells accounted for approximately 0.14% ± 0.10% of the total cell population in these samples. The presence of EVTs in these samples was confirmed by their expression of both HLA-G and GATA-3.

CONCLUSION

The detection of foetal cells in uterine cavity samples based on hypermethylation of RASSF1A and quantification of foetal cells can be used to prenatal screening. GATA-3 can be used to label EVTs.

Application of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in periodontal regeneration: Opportunities and challenges

Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) has been widely used in the periodontal treatment of intrabony and furcation defects for nearly four decades. The treatment outcomes have shown effectiveness in reducing pocket depth, improving attachment gain and bone filling in periodontal tissue. Although applying GTR could reconstruct the periodontal tissue, the surgical indications are relatively narrow, and some complications and race ethic problems bring new challenges. Therefore, it is challenging to achieve a consensus concerning the clinical benefits of GTR. With the appearance of stem cell-based regenerative medicine, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been considered a promising cell resource for periodontal regeneration. In this review, we highlight preclinical and clinical periodontal regeneration using MSCs derived from distinct origins, including non-odontogenic and odontogenic tissues and induced pluripotent stem cells, and discuss the transplantation procedures, therapeutic mechanisms, and concerns to evaluate the effectiveness of MSCs.

Pathway crosstalk between the central metabolic and heme biosynthetic pathways in Phanerochaete chrysosporium

A comprehensive analysis to survey heme-binding proteins produced by the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium was achieved using a biotinylated heme-streptavidin beads system. Mitochondrial citrate synthase (PcCS), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (PcGAPDH), and 2-Cys thioredoxin peroxidase (mammalian HBP23 homolog) were identified as putative heme-binding proteins. Among these, PcCS and PcGAPDH were further characterized using heterologously expressed recombinant proteins. Difference spectra of PcCS titrated with hemin exhibited an increase in the Soret absorbance at 414 nm, suggesting that the axial ligand of the heme is a His residue. The activity of PcCS was strongly inhibited by hemin with Ki oxaloacetate of 8.7 μM and Ki acetyl-CoA of 5.8 μM. Since the final step of heme biosynthesis occurred at the mitochondrial inner membrane, the inhibition of PcCS by heme is thought to be a physiological event. The inhibitory mode of the heme was similar to that of CoA analogues, suggesting that heme binds to PcCS at His347 at the AcCoA-CoA binding site, which was supported by the homology model of PcCS. PcGAPDH was also inhibited by heme, with a lower concentration than that for PcCS. This might be caused by the different location of these enzymes. From the integration of these phenomena, it was concluded that metabolic regulations by heme in the central metabolic and heme synthetic pathways occurred in the mitochondria and cytosol. This novel pathway crosstalk between the central metabolic and heme biosynthetic pathways, via a heme molecule, is important in regulating the metabolic balance (heme synthesis, ATP synthesis, flux balance of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and cellular redox balance (NADPH production) during fungal aromatic degradation. KEY POINTS: • A comprehensive survey of heme-binding proteins in P. chrysosporium was achieved. • Several heme-binding proteins including CS and GAPDH were identified. • A novel metabolic regulation by heme in the central metabolic pathways was found.

Alteration of reactive oxygen species master transcription factor Nrf2 in keratinocytes exposed to monoclonal pathogenic antibody AK23 against desmoglein-3 in pemphigus vulgaris

Keratinocytes in mucosal and skin tissues maintain tissue integrity via desmosomes and desmoglein-3 (Dsg3). Pemphigus Vulgaris (PV) is a life-threatening autoimmune blistering disease characterized by autoantibodies against Dsg3, disrupting desmosomes. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulates oxidative stress responses crucial for skin tissue protection. Although the pathogenesis of PV is known, the detailed molecular events remain unclear. This study investigates changes in Nrf2 expression in keratinocytes following pathogenic anti-Dsg3 antibody AK23 exposure, using dose- and time-dependent studies employing immunofluorescence analysis. N/TERT keratinocytes were cultured in keratinocytes serum-free medium and treated with AK23 at varying doses (5 µg/mL,40µg/mL,75µg/mL) and durations (2, 6, 24 h). Immunofluorescence staining was performed to assess the expression of Nrf2 and Dsg3. All fluorescent images were analyzed using ImageJ software. A dose-dependent increase in Dsg3 was noted following AK23 treatment, while Nrf2 expression and subcellular localization varied. Time-course analyses showed decreased Nrf2 at 24 h and increased Dsg3 levels. Early time-point (2 and 6 h) variations were evident in Nrf2 levels. This study highlights the impact of AK23 on Nrf2 expression, potentially disrupting Nrf2-mediated cytoprotection and implicating oxidative stress (ROS generation) in PV pathogenesis. Further investigation is necessary to validate the findings.

Serum angiopoietin-2/angiopoietin-1 ratio is associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients: a prospective cohort study

INTRODUCTION

Our objective was to examine the factors associated with the serum angiopoietin-2/angiopoietin-1 (Angpt-2/Angpt-1) ratio in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and to investigate the association between Angpt-2/Angpt-1 ratio and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.

METHODS

Patients on PD who were prevalent between January 2014 and April 2015 in the center of Renji Hospital were enrolled. At the time of enrollment, serum and dialysate samples were collected to detect biochemical parameters, serum angiopoietin-2 and angiopoietin-1 levels. Patients were dichotomized into two groups according to a median of Angpt-2/Angpt-1 ratio and followed up prospectively until the end of the study.

RESULTS

A total of 325 patients were enrolled, including 168 males (51.7%) with a mean age of 56.9 ± 14.2 years and a median PD duration of 32.4 (9.8-55.9) months. Multiple linear regression showed pulse pressure (β = 0.206, p < .001) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (β = 0.149, p = .011) were positively correlated with serum Angpt-2/Angpt-1 ratio, while residual renal function (RRF) (β= -0.219, p < .001) was negatively correlated with serum Angpt-2/Angpt-1 ratio. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed the high serum Angpt-2/Angpt-1 ratio was an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio (HR)=2.467, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.243-4.895, p = .010) and all-cause mortality (HR = 1.486, 95%CI 1.038-2.127, p = .031). In further subgroup analysis by gender, a significant association was shown in high Angpt-2/Angpt-1 ratio with all-cause mortality in male (p < .05), but not in female patients (p>.05).

CONCLUSIONS

High Angpt-2/Angpt-1 ratio is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in PD patients.

Mitophagy mediated by HIF-1α/FUNDC1 signaling in tubular cells protects against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with a high mortality rate. Pathologically, renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (RIRI) is one of the primary causes of AKI, and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α may play a defensive role in RIRI. This study assessed the role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α)-mediated mitophagy in protection against RIRI in vitro and in vivo. The human tubular cell line HK-2 was used to assess hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced mitophagy through different in vitro assays, including western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement. Additionally, a rat RIRI model was established for evaluation by renal histopathology, renal Doppler ultrasound, and transmission electron microscopy to confirm the in vitro data. The selective HIF-1α inhibitor LW6 reduced H/R-induced mitophagy but increased H/R-induced apoptosis and ROS production. Moreover, H/R treatment enhanced expression of the FUN14 domain-containing 1 (FUNDC1) protein. Additionally, FUNDC1 overexpression reversed the effects of LW6 on the altered expression of light chain 3 (LC3) BII and voltage-dependent anion channels as well as blocked the effects of HIF-1α inhibition in cells. Pretreatment of the rat RIRI model with roxadustat, a novel oral HIF-1α inhibitor, led to decreased renal injury and apoptosis in vivo. In conclusion, the HIF-1α/FUNDC1 signaling pathway mediates H/R-promoted renal tubular cell mitophagy, whereas inhibition of this signaling pathway protects cells from mitophagy, thus aggravating apoptosis, and ROS production. Accordingly, roxadustat may protect against RIRI-related AKI.

Integrated-omics profiling unveils the disparities of host defense to ECM scaffolds during wound healing in aged individuals

Extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold membranes have exhibited promising potential to better the outcomes of wound healing by creating a regenerative microenvironment around. However, when compared to the application in younger individuals, the performance of the same scaffold membrane in promoting re-epithelialization and collagen deposition was observed dissatisfying in aged mice. To comprehensively explore the mechanisms underlying this age-related disparity, we conducted the integrated analysis, combing single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) with spatial transcriptomics, and elucidated six functionally and spatially distinctive macrophage groups and lymphocytes surrounding the ECM scaffolds. Through intergroup comparative analysis and cell-cell communication, we characterized the dysfunction of Spp1+ macrophages in aged mice impeded the activation of the type Ⅱ immune response, thus inhibiting the repair ability of epidermal cells and fibroblasts around the ECM scaffolds. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of biomaterial applications in varied physiological contexts, thereby paving the way for the development of precision-based biomaterials tailored specifically for aged individuals in future therapeutic strategies.

Ferroptosis contributes to the progression of female-specific neoplasms, from breast cancer to gynecological malignancies in a manner regulated by non-coding RNAs: Mechanistic implications

Ferroptosis, a recently identified type of non-apoptotic cell death, triggers the elimination of cells in the presence of lipid peroxidation and in an iron-dependent manner. Indeed, ferroptosis-stimulating factors have the ability of suppressing antioxidant capacity, leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the subsequent oxidative death of the cells. Ferroptosis is involved in the pathophysiological basis of different maladies, such as multiple cancers, among which female-oriented malignancies have attracted much attention in recent years. In this context, it has also been unveiled that non-coding RNA transcripts, including microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs have regulatory interconnections with the ferroptotic flux, which controls the pathogenic development of diseases. Furthermore, the potential of employing these RNA transcripts as therapeutic targets during the onset of female-specific neoplasms to modulate ferroptosis has become a research hotspot; however, the molecular mechanisms and functional alterations of ferroptosis still require further investigation. The current review comprehensively highlights ferroptosis and its association with non-coding RNAs with a focus on how this crosstalk affects the pathogenesis of female-oriented malignancies, from breast cancer to ovarian, cervical, and endometrial neoplasms, suggesting novel therapeutic targets to decelerate and even block the expansion and development of these tumors.

Coxiella burnetii effector CvpE maintains biogenesis of Coxiella-containing vacuoles by suppressing lysosome tubulation through binding PI(3)P and perturbing PIKfyve activity on lysosomes

Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) is the causative agent of Q fever, a zoonotic disease. Intracellular replication of C. burnetii requires the maturation of a phagolysosome-like compartment known as the replication permissive Coxiella-containing vacuole (CCV). Effector proteins secreted by the Dot/Icm secretion system are indispensable for maturation of a single large CCV by facilitating the fusion of promiscuous vesicles. However, the mechanisms of CCV maintenance and evasion of host cell clearance remain to be defined. Here, we show that C. burnetii secreted Coxiella vacuolar protein E (CvpE) contributes to CCV biogenesis by inducing lysosome-like vacuole (LLV) enlargement. LLV fission by tubulation and autolysosome degradation is impaired in CvpE-expressing cells. Subsequently, we found that CvpE suppresses lysosomal Ca2+ channel transient receptor potential channel mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) activity in an indirect manner, in which CvpE binds phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PI(3)P] and perturbs PIKfyve activity in lysosomes. Finally, the agonist of TRPML1, ML-SA5, inhibits CCV biogenesis and C. burnetii replication. These results provide insight into the mechanisms of CCV maintenance by CvpE and suggest that the agonist of TRPML1 can be a novel potential treatment that does not rely on antibiotics for Q fever by enhancing Coxiella-containing vacuoles (CCVs) fission.

piRNA expression patterns in high vs. low fertility bovine sperm

PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are 24-32 nucleotide RNA sequences primarily expressed in germ cells and developing embryos that suppress transposable element expression to protect genomic integrity during epigenetic reprogramming events. We characterized the expression of piRNA sequences and their encoding clusters in sperm samples from an idiopathic fertility model of Holstein bulls with high and low Sire Conception Rates. The piRNA populations were determined to be mostly similar between fertility conditions when investigated by principal component and differential expression analysis, suggesting that a high degree of conservation in the piRNA system is likely necessary for the production of viable sperm. Both fertility conditions demonstrated evidence of 'ping-pong' activity - a secondary biogenesis pathway associated with active transposable element targeting and suppression. Most sperm-borne piRNAs were between 29-30 nucleotides in length and originated from 226 clusters across the genome, with the exception of chromosome 20. Mapping analysis revealed abundant targeting of several transposable element families, suggesting a suppressive function of sperm piRNAs consistent with their established roles. Expression of genes targeted by sperm-borne piRNAs is significantly reduced throughout early embryogenesis compared to the mRNA population. Limited transposable element expression is known to be essential for spermatogenesis, thus epigenetic regulation of this pathway is likely to influence sperm quality and fertilizing capacity.

Isolation of three different sizes of exosomes in an Asian population with different retinal diseases before and after treatment: preliminary results

Exosomes are membranous structures measuring between 40-120 nm that are secreted by various cells of the human body into the body fluid system. Exosomes contain proteins, mRNA, miRNA, and signaling molecules, and physiologically they assist in the intercellular transport of proteins and RNA molecules. In this study, we used an immunoaffinity filter paper platform combined with scanning electron microscopy and microfluidic systems to detect the size of exosomes within the aqueous humor. Eight aqueous humor samples showed three distinct sizes of exosomes that were significantly different on scanning electron microscopy(P < 0.01). We further used nanoparticle tracking analysis to assess the size distribution of exosomes within the aqueous humor. We found significantly different distributions of exosomes between patients with three different ocular diseases and patients with normal cataracts as controls. An obvious peak of exomeres(size around 35 nm)was found in the patients with central retinal vein occlusion and vitreous hemorrhage. Flare-ups of large exosomes(size 90-120 nm)were found in the patients with the inflammatory ocular disease pars planitis. No obvious peaks in exomeres or large exosomes were found in the control group. There was a high association between the distribution of exosomes and the pathogenesis of ocular diseases. After intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment, the aqueous humor from the patients with neovascular diseases showed a significant reduction in exosomes in nanoparticle tracking analysis. These findings suggest that at least three distinct sizes of exosomes exist in the aqueous humor:(1)exomeres:<35 nm;(2)small exosomes:60-80 nm; and (3)large exosomes:90-120 nm. Different sizes of exosomes may have different implications in normal or diseased eyes.

Improving cardiac differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells by targeting ferroptosis

Generation of cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) is of high interest for disease modelling and regenerative medicine. hPSCs can provide an unlimited source of patient-specific cardiomyocytes that are otherwise difficult to obtain from individuals. Moreover, the low proliferation rate of adult cardiomyocytes and low viability ex vivo limits the quantity of study material. Most protocols for the differentiation of cardiomyocytes from hPSCs are based on the temporal modulation of the Wnt pathway. However, during the initial stage of GSK-3 inhibition, a substantial number of cells are lost due to detachment. In this study, we aimed to increase the efficiency of generating cardiomyocytes from hPSCs. We identified cell death as a detrimental factor during this initial stage of in vitro cardiomyocyte differentiation. Through pharmacological targeting of different types of cell death, we discovered that ferroptosis was the main cell death type during the first 48 h of the in vitro differentiation procedure. Inhibiting ferroptosis using ferrostatin-1 during cardiomyocyte differentiation resulted in increased robustness and cell yield.

Mice with NOP2/sun RNA methyltransferase 5 deficiency die before reaching puberty due to fatal kidney damage

BACKGROUND

NOP2/Sun RNA methyltransferase 5 (NSUN5) is an RNA methyltransferase that has a broad distribution and plays critical roles in various biological processes. However, our knowledge of the biological functions of NSUN5 in mammals is very limited. Therefore, in this study, we investigate the role of NSUN5 in mice.

METHODS

In the present research, we built a mouse model (Nsun5-/-) using the CRISPR/Cas9 system to investigated the specific role of NSUN5.

RESULTS

We observed that Nsun5-/- mice had a reduced body weight compared to wild-type mice. Additionally, their survival rate gradually decreased to 20% after postnatal day (PD) 21. Further examination revealed the Nsun5-/- mice had multiple organ damage, with the most severe damage occurring in the kidneys. Moreover, we observed glycogen deposition and fibrosis, along with a notable shorting of the primary foot processes of glomeruli in Nsun5-/- kidneys. Furthermore, we found that the kidneys of Nsun5-/- mice showed increased expression of the apoptotic signal Caspase-3 and accumulated stronger DNA damage at PD 21.

CONCLUSIONS

In our study, we found that mice lacking NSUN5 died before puberty due to kidney fatal damage caused by DNA damage and cell apoptosis. These results suggest that NSUN5 plays a vital role in preventing the accumulation of DNA damage and cell apoptosis in the kidney.