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Nguyen Thanh T, Nguyen DM, Dinh Le T, Ngoc Do L, Tien Nguyen S, Nguyen Minh P, Nguyen Van P, Minh Bui T, Thi Bui TT, Nguyen Dao H, Trung Nguyen K. The Relationship Between Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Clusters in Metaphase II Oocytes and Embryological and Birth Outcomes in Infertile Couples. Int J Gen Med 2024; 17:3269-3277. [PMID: 39070228 PMCID: PMC11283835 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s469626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background To assess the relationship between oocytes with smooth endoplasmic reticulum cluster (SERc) and embryological and birth outcomes in infertile couples. Methods This was a descriptive study that included 231 infertile patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) with a total of 2447 mature oocytes (MII), of which 279 oocytes with SERc(+) from 100 patients, the remaining 2168 oocytes with SERc(-). Oocytes were evaluated for the presence or absence of the SERc simultaneously with intracytoplasmic sperm injection at 200x magnification using inverted microscopy - Observe D1. Results The mean age of patients was 32.05 ± 5.56 years. One hundred patients had at least one SERc(+) oocyte (with 279 SERc(+) and 956 SERc(-) oocytes). One hundred and thirty-one patients had 1212 SERc(-) oocytes. Fertilization outcomes and the rates of good-quality embryos on day 2 and day 5 did not differ between the SERc(+) and the SERc(-) groups. In the first frozen embryo transfer cycles, the clinical pregnancy rate in the group of patients with SERc(+) was not different with the SERc(-) group (61.1% vs 48.78%, p = 0.074, respectively). The live birth rate in the SERc(+) group was statistically significantly higher than the SERc(-) group (57.7% vs 43.9%, p = 0.045, respectively). Conclusion The fertilization rate, the quality of embryos on days 2 and 5 from oocytes with SERc(+) are similar to those with SERc(-). The live birth rate in the patients with SERc(+) group is statistically significantly higher than the SERc(-) group. There is no difference in clinical pregnancy rate between patients with and without SERc. Therefore, the exclusion of oocytes with SERc should not be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Nguyen Thanh
- Military Institute of Clinical Embryology and Histology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Duc Minh Nguyen
- Andrology and Fertility Hospital of Hanoi, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Tuan Dinh Le
- Department of Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Lan Ngoc Do
- Military Institute of Clinical Embryology and Histology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Son Tien Nguyen
- Department of Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Nguyen Minh
- Military Institute of Clinical Embryology and Histology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Phong Nguyen Van
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Tien Minh Bui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, 410000, Vietnam
| | - Tuyen Thanh Thi Bui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, 410000, Vietnam
| | - Hung Nguyen Dao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Kien Trung Nguyen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, 410000, Vietnam
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Gambino M, Kushwaha SK, Wu Y, van Haastrecht P, Klein-Sousa V, Lutz VT, Bejaoui S, Jensen CMC, Bojer MS, Song W, Xiao M, Taylor NMI, Nobrega FL, Brøndsted L. Diversity and phage sensitivity to phages of porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0080724. [PMID: 38940562 PMCID: PMC11267873 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00807-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a diverse and poorly characterized E. coli pathotype that causes diarrhea in humans and animals. Phages have been proposed for the veterinary biocontrol of ETEC, but effective solutions require understanding of porcine ETEC diversity that affects phage infection. Here, we sequenced and analyzed the genomes of the PHAGEBio ETEC collection, gathering 79 diverse ETEC strains isolated from European pigs with post-weaning diarrhea (PWD). We identified the virulence factors characterizing the pathotype and several antibiotic resistance genes on plasmids, while phage resistance genes and other virulence factors were mostly chromosome encoded. We experienced that ETEC strains were highly resistant to Enterobacteriaceae phage infection. It was only by enrichment of numerous diverse samples with different media and conditions, using the 41 ETEC strains of our collection as hosts, that we could isolate two lytic phages that could infect a large part of our diverse ETEC collection: vB_EcoP_ETEP21B and vB_EcoS_ETEP102. Based on genome and host range analyses, we discussed the infection strategies of the two phages and identified components of lipopolysaccharides ( LPS) as receptors for the two phages. Our detailed computational structural analysis highlights several loops and pockets in the tail fibers that may allow recognition and binding of ETEC strains, also in the presence of O-antigens. Despite the importance of receptor recognition, the diversity of the ETEC strains remains a significant challenge for isolating ETEC phages and developing sustainable phage-based products to address ETEC-induced PWD.IMPORTANCEEnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-induced post-weaning diarrhea is a severe disease in piglets that leads to weight loss and potentially death, with high economic and animal welfare costs worldwide. Phage-based approaches have been proposed, but available data are insufficient to ensure efficacy. Genome analysis of an extensive collection of ETEC strains revealed that phage defense mechanisms were mostly chromosome encoded, suggesting a lower chance of spread and selection by phage exposure. The difficulty in isolating lytic phages and the molecular and structural analyses of two ETEC phages point toward a multifactorial resistance of ETEC to phage infection and the importance of extensive phage screenings specifically against clinically relevant strains. The PHAGEBio ETEC collection and these two phages are valuable tools for the scientific community to expand our knowledge on the most studied, but still enigmatic, bacterial species-E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Gambino
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Institute of Conservation, The Royal Danish Academy, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simran Krishnakant Kushwaha
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pauline van Haastrecht
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Klein-Sousa
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Veronika T. Lutz
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Semeh Bejaoui
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Martin S. Bojer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | | | - Nicholas M. I. Taylor
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Franklin L. Nobrega
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Lone Brøndsted
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Coelho IMP, Silva Maia LDM, Ramos BOL, Araújo ÉLM, Cunha Cabral MLD, Mariano VMS, Nicolino RR. Assessment of Brazil's vesicular syndrome surveillance system: Profile of notifications and performance of the official veterinary service. Prev Vet Med 2024; 230:106285. [PMID: 39089163 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an ailment that causes serious damage to the productive chain, and its control through vaccination is of utmost importance for its eradication. Brazil initiated the National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Surveillance Program (PNEFA) with the aim of making the country FMD-free by 2026. As part of the program, notifications of vesicular lesions became mandatory for the Official Veterinary Service (OVS), which is responsible for verifying them. Due to its size, border areas with countries that do not have FMD-free status pose a risk to Brazil and require greater attention. This study described the profile of notifications of suspected outbreaks of vesicular syndrome in Brazil and analyzed the performance of the surveillance system. The results showed 7134 registered notifications of suspected vesicular syndrome outbreaks from 2018 to 2022, with 2022 having the highest number (n = 2343 or 32.85 %). The species that generated the most notifications were swine (90.99 %), cattle and buffaloes (7.54 %), goats and sheep (1.44 %), and others (0.03 %). The sources of notification were "Veterinary medicine professionals" (61.82 %), "Owners or employees" (13.66 %), "Third parties" (8.90 %), "OVS" (7.20 %), and "others" (2.66 %). 41.69 % of notifications originated from non-border municipalities, and 58.32 % from border areas. Only the state of Paraná account for 51.73 % of the total notifications. This state also accounted for 66.70 % of the 32.47 % of notifications with a final diagnosis of "absence of clinically compatible signs or susceptible animals", indicating a certain lack of knowledge in the area, leading to unnecessary notifications and system overload. The performance of the OVS was evaluated based on the service response time from notification registration trough Logistic and Negative binomial regressions. A total of 27.83 % of notifications did not meet the Brazilian legally specified time, and the zone related to the state of Parana needs improvements in performance. The presence and peaks of Senecavirus A cases may have influenced an increased number of swine notifications and led to a decrease in OVS response time. The results demonstrate better performance of surveillance in border areas. Given the vast territory of Brazil, it is not expected that 100 % of responses occur within the legal timeframe, however, the performance of the surveillance system proved to be adequate, with 86 % complied to the legislation. The performance indicators could be used as a monitoring tool, along with indicators to demonstrate system overload. Continued education actions are crucial for strengthening PNEFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Martins Pinto Coelho
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270 - 901, Brazil.
| | - Lorena Diniz Macedo Silva Maia
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270 - 901, Brazil.
| | - Breno Oliveira Lima Ramos
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270 - 901, Brazil.
| | - Érica Lorenza Martins Araújo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270 - 901, Brazil.
| | - Maria Luiza Da Cunha Cabral
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270 - 901, Brazil.
| | - Victor Moreira Sales Mariano
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270 - 901, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Romero Nicolino
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270 - 901, Brazil.
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Luo Y, Wang Y, Tang W, Wang C, Liu H, Wang X, Xie J, Wang J, Ouyang K, Chen Y, Wei Z, Qin Y, Pan Y, Huang W. Isolation and identification of a novel porcine-related recombinant mammalian orthoreovirus type 3 strain from cattle in Guangxi Province, China. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1419691. [PMID: 39104586 PMCID: PMC11299062 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1419691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) infects various mammals, including humans, and is linked to gastrointestinal, respiratory, and neurological diseases. A recent outbreak in Liuzhou, Guangxi, China, led to the isolation of a new MRV strain, GXLZ2301, from fecal samples. This strain replicates in multiple cell lines and forms lattice-like structures. Infected cells exhibit single-cell death and syncytia formation. The virus's titers peaked at 107.2 TCID50/0.1 mL in PK-15 and BHK cells, with the lowest at 103.88 TCID50/0.1 mL in A549 cells. Electron microscopy showed no envelope with a diameter of about 70 nm. Genetic analysis revealed GXLZ2301 as a recombinant strain with gene segments from humans, cows, and pigs, similar to type 3 MRV strains from Italy (2015-2016). Pathogenicity tests indicated that while the bovine MRV strain did not cause clinical symptoms in mice, it caused significant damage to the gut, lungs, liver, kidneys, and brain. The emergence of this MRV strain may pose a threat to the health of animals and humans, and it is recommended that its epidemiology and recombination be closely monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Luo
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Vocational University of Agriculture, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Yanglin Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Wenfei Tang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Cui Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
- Liuzhou Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Liuzhou, China
| | - Huanghao Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Guangxi Vocational University of Agriculture, Nanning, China
| | - Jiang Xie
- Guangxi Vocational University of Agriculture, Nanning, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Yifeng Qin
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Yan Pan
- Guangxi Vocational University of Agriculture, Nanning, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
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Park JW, Kinara E, Hosseindoust A, Moturi J, Mun J, Ha S, Park S, Kim J. Impact of phytase supplementation on nutrient variability, growth, and digestibility in weaned pigs fed a corn-SBM complex diet. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024. [PMID: 39034764 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of different nutrient matrices, with or without phytase supplementation, on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility, and blood inositol in pigs fed a complex diet based on corn-soybean meal. Four hundred newly weaned cross-bred (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) 21-day-old piglets of initial body weight 6.35 ± 1.91 kg were allotted to one of the five dietary treatments: Control (CNT), a corn-soybean-based standard diet; negative control 1 (NC1), a standard diet with reduced available phosphorus (Av.P) (-0.125%), metabolizable energy (ME) (-40 kcal), and crude protein (CP) (-0.3%); NC1 with 500 phytase units per kilogramme (FTU/kg) (N1P5); negative control 2 (NC2), a standard diet with greater reduction of Av.P (-0.150%), ME (-55 kcal), and CP (-0.45%,); and NC2 with 1000 FTU/kg (N2P10). Piglets were housed in a random arrangement based on sex and body weight and data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using analysis of variance. Results showed that the body weight and average daily gain of the NC2 treatment were lower (p < 0.05) compared to NC2. Gain to feed ratio was greater (p < 0.05) in the CNT and N1P5 treatments compared to the NC1, NC2, and N2P10 treatments. The CP digestibility was higher (p < 0.05) in N1P5 and N2P10 treatments compared to other treatments. Moreover, the digestibility of phosphorus and calcium was higher (p < 0.05) in N1P5 and N2P10 treatments than in CNT, NC1, and NC2 treatments. The digestibility of non-dispensable AA; histidine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and valine were increased (p < 0.05) in N1P5 and N2P10 than in CNT, NC1, and NC2 treatments. Nevertheless, the digestibility of dispensable AA, glutamic acid, was higher (p < 0.05) in N1P5 and N2P10 treatments than in CNT, NC1, and NC2 treatments. Blood myo-inositol concentration was higher (p < 0.05) in N1P5 and N2P10 treatments compared to CNT, NC1, and NC2 treatments in phase 2. These results demonstrated enhanced outcomes under conditions of moderate deficiency, whereas more pronounced deficiencies necessitated increased phytase dosages to observe significant improvements. The efficacy of phytase was evident in its ability to elevate average daily gain, gain to feed ratio, phosphorus and calcium, CP, AA, and blood myo-inositol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Wan Park
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Elick Kinara
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Abdolreza Hosseindoust
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joseph Moturi
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - JunYoung Mun
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - SangHun Ha
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - SeRin Park
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - JinSoo Kim
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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Stoffregen J, Winkelmann T, Schneider B, Gerdes K, Miller M, Reinmold J, Kleinsorgen C, Toelle KH, Kreienbrock L, Grosse Beilage E. Landscape review about the decision to euthanize a compromised pig. Porcine Health Manag 2024; 10:27. [PMID: 39033174 PMCID: PMC11265101 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-024-00378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Timely euthanasia of a compromised pig in farming practice has been identified as a critical topic in veterinary medicine. The questions 'why and when are pigs euthanized' and 'what influences the decision making process' need to be answered to improve the situation. In the past five years, work addressing these issues has been published in the literature, however, a synthesis of the findings is missing. With the help of a quantitative and qualitative analysis, this paper has generated a landscape review to outline major topics, the role of clinical signs and further influences on the decision to euthanize a pig. Due to the quantitative content analysis, 58 topics have been identified with the role of welfare as a justification and training for caretakers in making euthanasia decisions as the most frequently mentioned. The qualitative analysis of why and when a pig is euthanized generated a set of clinical signs for organ tracts, and a set of categories influencing the decision making process. The results outline the need to increase research on details specific to understanding how clinical signs evolve over time before euthanasia. In summary, the analysis provides an overview of work in the field and ideas on how to close knowledge gaps in the future. Moreover, the article contributes to harmonize efforts in the field and underlines the need for more research about the care of compromised and injured pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stoffregen
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing (IBEI), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - T Winkelmann
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing (IBEI), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - B Schneider
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing (IBEI), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - K Gerdes
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buescheler Str. 9, 49456, Bakum, Hannover, Germany
| | - M Miller
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - J Reinmold
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buescheler Str. 9, 49456, Bakum, Hannover, Germany
| | - C Kleinsorgen
- Centre for E-Learning, Didactics and Educational Research (ZELDA), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - K H Toelle
- ISN-Projekt GmbH, Kirchplatz 2, 49401, Damme, Germany
| | - L Kreienbrock
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing (IBEI), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - E Grosse Beilage
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buescheler Str. 9, 49456, Bakum, Hannover, Germany
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Ruggeri R, Bee G, Trevisi P, Ollagnier C. Morphometric traits to estimate brain and liver weight and their ratio for the diagnosis of intrauterine growth restriction in newborn piglets. Animal 2024; 18:101262. [PMID: 39121722 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is defined as inadequate foetal growth during gestation. In response to placenta insufficiency, IUGR piglets prioritise brain development as a survival mechanism. This adaptation leads to a higher brain-to-liver weight ratio (BrW/LW) at birth. This study assessed the potential of using morphometric traits to estimate brain (BrW) and liver (LW) weights, enabling non-invasive diagnosis of IUGR in newborn piglets. At birth, body weight (BtW) of individual piglets (n = 144) was recorded. One day (± 1) after birth, BrW and LW were measured with computed tomography (n = 94) or by weighing the organs after natural death or euthanasia (n = 50). Additionally, 20 morphometric traits were captured from images of each piglet and correlated with the BrW and LW. The morphometric traits that showed a r ≥ 0.70 in linear correlation with the BrW or LW were selected. Each selected trait was combined as an independent variable with BtW to develop multiple linear regression models to predict the BrW and LW. Six models were chosen based on the highest adjusted R2 value: three for estimating BrW and three for LW. The dataset was then randomly divided into a training (75% of the data) and a testing (remaining 25%) subsets. Within the training subset, three equations to predict the BrW and three to predict the LW were extrapolated from the six selected models. The equations were then applied to the testing subset. The accuracy of the equations in predicting organ weight was assessed by calculating mean absolute and mean absolute percentage error (MAE and MAPE) between predicted and actual BrW and LW. To predict the BrW/LW, an equation including BtW and the two morphometric traits which better predicted BrW and LW was used. In the testing dataset, the equation combining ear distance and BtW better estimated the BrW. The equation performed with a MAE of 1.95 and a MAPE of 0.06 between the true and estimated weight of the brain. For the liver, the equation combining the abdominal area delimited by a square and BtW displayed the best performance, with a MAE of 9.29 and a MAPE of 0.17 between the true and estimated weight. Finally, the MAE and MAPE between the actual and estimated BrW/LW were 0.14 and 0.17, respectively. These findings suggest that specific morphometric traits can be used to estimate brain and liver weights, facilitating accurate and non-invasive identification of IUGR in newborn piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ruggeri
- Swine Research Unit, Agroscope, Route de la Tioleyre 4, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland; Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, viale G Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - G Bee
- Swine Research Unit, Agroscope, Route de la Tioleyre 4, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland
| | - P Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, viale G Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - C Ollagnier
- Swine Research Unit, Agroscope, Route de la Tioleyre 4, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland.
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Opriessnig T, Halbur P, Bayne J, Rawal G, Tong H, Mou K, Li G, Zhang D, Zhang J, Muwonge A. Exploratory application of a cannulation model in recently weaned pigs to monitor longitudinal changes in the enteric microbiome across varied porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection statuses. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1422012. [PMID: 39100768 PMCID: PMC11294941 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1422012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The enteric microbiome and its possible modulation to improve feed conversion or vaccine efficacy is gaining more attention in pigs. Weaning pigs from their dam, along with many routine procedures, is stressful. A better understanding of the impact of this process on the microbiome may be important for improving pig production. The objective of this study was to develop a weaner pig cannulation model, thus allowing ileum content collection from the same pig over time for 16S rRNA sequencing under different porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection statuses. Methods A total of 15 3-week-old pigs underwent abdominal surgery and were fitted with an ileum cannula, with ileum contents collected over time. In this pilot study, treatment groups included a NEG-CONTROL group (no vaccination, no PRRSV challenge), a POS-CONTROL group (no vaccination, challenged with PRRSV), a VAC-PRRSV group (vaccinated, challenged with PRRSV), a VAC-PRO-PRRSV group (vaccinated, supplemented with a probiotic, challenged with PRRSV), and a VAC-ANTI-PRRSV group (vaccinated, administered an antibiotic, challenged with PRRSV). We assessed the microbiome over time and measured anti-PRRSV serum antibodies, PRRSV load in serum and nasal samples, and the severity of lung lesions. Results Vaccination was protective against PRRSV challenge, irrespective of other treatments. All vaccinated pigs mounted an immune response to PRRSV within 1 week after vaccination. A discernible impact of treatment on the diversity, structure, and taxonomic abundance of the enteric microbiome among the groups was not observed. Instead, significant influences on the ileum microbiome were observed in relation to time and treatment. Discussion The cannulation model described in this pilot study has the potential to be useful in studying the impact of weaning, vaccination, disease challenge, and antimicrobial administration on the enteric microbiome and its impact on pig health and production. Remarkably, despite the cannulation procedures, all vaccinated pigs exhibited robust immune responses and remained protected against PRRSV challenge, as evidenced by the development of anti-PRRSV serum antibodies and viral shedding data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Opriessnig
- Department of Vaccines and Diagnostics, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Patrick Halbur
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jenna Bayne
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Gaurav Rawal
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Hao Tong
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kathy Mou
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ganwu Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Danyang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Adrian Muwonge
- The Digital One Health Laboratory, Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Liu Y, Yang L, Xiang HY, Niu M, Deng JC, Li XY, Hao WJ, Ou-Yang HS, Liu TY, Tang XC, Pang DX, Yuan HM. Genetically modified pigs with CD163 point mutation are resistant to HP-PRRSV infection. Zool Res 2024; 45:833-844. [PMID: 39004861 PMCID: PMC11298667 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a globally prevalent contagious disease caused by the positive-strand RNA PRRS virus (PRRSV), resulting in substantial economic losses in the swine industry. Modifying the CD163 SRCR5 domain, either through deletion or substitution, can eff1ectively confer resistance to PRRSV infection in pigs. However, large fragment modifications in pigs inevitably raise concerns about potential adverse effects on growth performance. Reducing the impact of genetic modifications on normal physiological functions is a promising direction for developing PRRSV-resistant pigs. In the current study, we identified a specific functional amino acid in CD163 that influences PRRSV proliferation. Viral infection experiments conducted on Marc145 and PK-15 CD163 cells illustrated that the mE535G or corresponding pE529G mutations markedly inhibited highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) proliferation by preventing viral binding and entry. Furthermore, individual viral challenge tests revealed that pigs with the E529G mutation had viral loads two orders of magnitude lower than wild-type (WT) pigs, confirming effective resistance to HP-PRRSV. Examination of the physiological indicators and scavenger function of CD163 verified no significant differences between the WT and E529G pigs. These findings suggest that E529G pigs can be used for breeding PRRSV-resistant pigs, providing novel insights into controlling future PRRSV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Hong-Yong Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Ming Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Jia-Cheng Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Xue-Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Wen-Jie Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
- Chifeng Best Genetics Technology Co., Ltd., Chifeng, Nei Mongol 024000, China
| | - Hong-Sheng Ou-Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
- Chifeng Best Genetics Technology Co., Ltd., Chifeng, Nei Mongol 024000, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400015, China
| | - Tong-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Da-Xin Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
- Chifeng Best Genetics Technology Co., Ltd., Chifeng, Nei Mongol 024000, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400015, China. E-mail:
| | - Hong-Ming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China. E-mail:
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Chenais E, Ernholm L, Brunzell AF, Mård K, Svensson L, Lindahl JF, Lewerin SS. Perceptions and practices of Swedish wild boar hunters in relation to African swine fever before the first outbreak in Sweden. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:320. [PMID: 39020344 PMCID: PMC11253465 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first outbreak of African Swine Fever (ASF) in Sweden was detected in 2023 in wild boar. This study was conducted before the first ASF outbreak with the objective of investigating Swedish hunters' perceptions and practices pertaining to ASF ahead of any potential future outbreak. A mixed-methods interview study with Swedish wild boar hunters, consisting of focus group discussions and a questionnaire, was undertaken between October 2020 and December 2021. Six focus groups were conducted online, and an online questionnaire with questions related to practices and habits concerning hunting, the use of bait and hunting trips was sent to all members of the Swedish Hunting and Wildlife Association. A total of 3244 responses were received. RESULTS Three general themes were identified in a thematic analysis of the data from the focus groups: hunters are willing to engage in ASF prevention and control, simplicity and feasibility are crucial for the implementation of reporting, sampling and control measures, and more information and the greater involvement of the authorities are required in ASF prevention and control. Results from the questionnaire showed that the use of bait was common. Products of animal origin were rarely used for baiting; the most common product used was maize. Hunting trips abroad, especially outside of the Nordic countries, were uncommon. CONCLUSIONS Hunting tourism and the use of bait do not seem to constitute a major risk for the introduction of ASF to wild boar populations in Sweden. The accessibility of relevant information for each concerned stakeholder and the ease of reporting and sampling are crucial to maintain the positive engagement of hunters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Chenais
- Swedish Veterinary Agency, Uppsala, 751 89, Sweden.
- Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden.
| | - Linda Ernholm
- Swedish Veterinary Agency, Uppsala, 751 89, Sweden
- Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | | | - Karl Mård
- Distriktsveterinärerna Borensberg, Borensberg, Sweden
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Cullen JT, Lawlor PG, Viard F, Lourenco A, Gómez-Mascaraque LG, O'Doherty JV, Cormican P, Gardiner GE. Optimising the hygiene of a liquid feeding system to improve the quality of liquid feed for pigs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16516. [PMID: 39019905 PMCID: PMC11255203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65097-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Poor feeding system hygiene may contribute to uncontrolled spontaneous fermentation in liquid pig feed and its associated undesirable effects. This study aimed to determine the effects of an intensive sanitisation programme in a grow-finisher liquid feeding system by monitoring microbiological and physico-chemical parameters of liquid feed and microbial colonisation of the feeding system surfaces. The sanitisation programme involved a combination of physical and chemical cleaning between batches of grow-finisher pigs, combined with nightly rinsing of the system with an organic acid blend. Improved hygiene of the internal surfaces of the mixing tank and feed pipeline, particularly until week 5 post-cleaning, was evidenced by reduced counts of lactic acid bacteria, total aerobes, Enterobacteriaceae, yeasts and moulds and decreased adenosine triphosphate concentrations. Enterobacteriaceae and moulds remained undetectable on pipeline surfaces for 10 weeks. Scanning electron microscopy of the feed pipelines confirmed these findings. Conversely, the impact on liquid feed microbiology was minimal and short-lived. However, acetic acid, ethanol and biogenic amine concentrations decreased in the feed post-cleaning and no gross energy losses were observed. Therefore, by controlling surface microbial communities on liquid feeding systems via implementation of the sanitisation programme developed in the current study, on-farm liquid feed quality should be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Cullen
- Eco-Innovation Research Centre, Department of Science, South East Technological University, Cork Road Campus, Waterford, X91 K0EK, Ireland
- Teagasc Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
| | - P G Lawlor
- Teagasc Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
| | - F Viard
- Teagasc Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - A Lourenco
- Food Bioscience Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
| | - L G Gómez-Mascaraque
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
| | - J V O'Doherty
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - P Cormican
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, C15 PW93, Ireland
| | - G E Gardiner
- Eco-Innovation Research Centre, Department of Science, South East Technological University, Cork Road Campus, Waterford, X91 K0EK, Ireland.
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Ladyhina V, Sternberg-Lewerin S, Andersson L, Rajala E. Antimicrobial resistance among indicator Enterococcus faecium and Escherichia coli in Swedish pig farms. Acta Vet Scand 2024; 66:34. [PMID: 39020377 PMCID: PMC11256653 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00756-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the use of antimicrobials and the emergence of resistance in animals and people is important for the control of antimicrobial resistance, and for establishing sustainable and effective disease management practices. In this study, we used Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli as indicator species to investigate antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and how these change over time, on ten Swedish pig farms. Indoor environmental sock sampling was performed once a month during the entire production cycle of one batch of pigs on each farm, resulting in 60 samples collected in total. Selective culture for E. coli and Enterococcus spp. resulted in 122 isolates of E. coli, 74 isolates of E. faecium, but no isolates of E. faecalis. Microdilution was used to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations for twelve antimicrobial substances in E. coli and fifteen substances in E. faecium. The overall prevalence of resistance was low. Among the E. coli isolates, the proportions non-wild type (resistant, NWT) isolates were as follows: azithromycin and amikacin 1% (n = 1), trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole 2% (n = 3), ampicillin 6% (n = 7) and tetracycline 9% (n = 11). Among the E. faecium isolates, the NWT proportions were: teicoplanin, linezolid and gentamicin 1% (n = 1), daptomycin 3% (n = 2), erythromycin 26% (n = 19), tetracycline 27% (n = 20), quinupristin/dalfopristin 58% (n = 42). The resistance patterns differed between the farms, likely due to different antimicrobial use, biosecurity measures and source of the animals. The NWT prevalence among E. coli decreased over time, whereas no similar trend could be observed in E. faecium. The results of the current study illustrate the complex factors affecting the antimicrobial resistance patterns observed on each farm, indicating that specific practices and risk factors have an impact on the prevalence and type of antimicrobial resistance. Further studies of the farm environments in combination with antimicrobial use and other risk factor data are needed to elucidate the multifaceted drivers of antimicrobial resistance development on livestock farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriia Ladyhina
- Division of Bacteriology and Food Safety, Department of Animal Biosciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Susanna Sternberg-Lewerin
- Division of Bacteriology and Food Safety, Department of Animal Biosciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Linus Andersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology (IMBIM), Uppsala University, P.O. Box 582, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Rajala
- Division of Bacteriology and Food Safety, Department of Animal Biosciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Vendruscolo FE, Pissetti C, de Freitas Costa E, Zanella JRC. Evaluation of nasal swab and nasal wipe for detection of Influenza A in swine using Bayesian latent class analysis. Prev Vet Med 2024; 230:106292. [PMID: 39068789 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is an important pathogen in Brazilian swine herds, and monitoring the viral circulation is essential to control and reduce the transmission. Surveillance programs for IAV are often based on individual piglets level sampling, making the evaluation of the available diagnostic tools crucial to assessing IAV circulation in herds. Thus, two sample collection methodologies were compared in pig herds in southern Brazil to detect IAV by RT-qPCR: nasal swab (NS) and nasal wipe (NW). A Bayesian latent class model (BLCM) was set for two tests and two populations. The NW and NS used are more specific (higher than 95 % for both) than sensitive. The sensitivity for NW was lower than the NS, 84.14 % (70 % - 95 %; posterior probability interval (PPI): 95 %) and 87.15 % (73 % - 97 %; PPI: 95 %), respectively, and the specificity was 95 % (90 % - 99 %; PPI: 95 %) and 99 % (96 % - 100 %; PPI: 95 %), respectively. Although the wipe sample collection loses both sensitivity and specificity compared with nasal swab, differences in test performance were very limited and PPIs largely overlapped. Therefore NW can also be considered a valuable tool. The decision about the use of both techniques should be based on the trade-off between their performance limitations and feasibility in routine monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Elias Vendruscolo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção e Sanidade Animal (PPGPSA), Instituto Federal Catarinense, IFC, Campus Concórdia, Concórdia, SC, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Pissetti
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Sanidade Animal, CEDISA, Concórdia, SC, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo de Freitas Costa
- Department of Epidemiology, Bioinformatics and Animal Models, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands.
| | - Janice Reis Ciacci Zanella
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Concórdia, SC, Brazil.
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de Paula TMCG, de Sousa RV, Sarmiento MP, Kramer T, de Souza Sardinha EJ, Sabei L, Machado JS, Vilioti M, Zanella AJ. Deep learning pose detection model for sow locomotion. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16401. [PMID: 39013897 PMCID: PMC11252330 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Lameness affects animal mobility, causing pain and discomfort. Lameness in early stages often goes undetected due to a lack of observation, precision, and reliability. Automated and non-invasive systems offer precision and detection ease and may improve animal welfare. This study was conducted to create a repository of images and videos of sows with different locomotion scores. Our goal is to develop a computer vision model for automatically identifying specific points on the sow's body. The automatic identification and ability to track specific body areas, will allow us to conduct kinematic studies with the aim of facilitating the detection of lameness using deep learning. The video database was collected on a pig farm with a scenario built to allow filming of sows in locomotion with different lameness scores. Two stereo cameras were used to record 2D videos images. Thirteen locomotion experts assessed the videos using the Locomotion Score System developed by Zinpro Corporation. From this annotated repository, computational models were trained and tested using the open-source deep learning-based animal pose tracking framework SLEAP (Social LEAP Estimates Animal Poses). The top-performing models were constructed using the LEAP architecture to accurately track 6 (lateral view) and 10 (dorsal view) skeleton keypoints. The architecture achieved average precisions values of 0.90 and 0.72, average distances of 6.83 and 11.37 in pixel, and similarities of 0.94 and 0.86 for the lateral and dorsal views, respectively. These computational models are proposed as a Precision Livestock Farming tool and method for identifying and estimating postures in pigs automatically and objectively. The 2D video image repository with different pig locomotion scores can be used as a tool for teaching and research. Based on our skeleton keypoint classification results, an automatic system could be developed. This could contribute to the objective assessment of locomotion scores in sows, improving their welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauana Maria Carlos Guimarães de Paula
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Center for Comparative Studies in Sustainability, Health and Welfare, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Vieira de Sousa
- Robotics and Automation Group for Biosystems Engineering, Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Marisol Parada Sarmiento
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Center for Comparative Studies in Sustainability, Health and Welfare, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Ton Kramer
- Zinpro Corporation, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson José de Souza Sardinha
- Robotics and Automation Group for Biosystems Engineering, Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Leandro Sabei
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Center for Comparative Studies in Sustainability, Health and Welfare, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Júlia Silvestrini Machado
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Center for Comparative Studies in Sustainability, Health and Welfare, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Mirela Vilioti
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Center for Comparative Studies in Sustainability, Health and Welfare, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Adroaldo José Zanella
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Center for Comparative Studies in Sustainability, Health and Welfare, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil.
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Arrieta-Gisasola A, Martínez-Ballesteros I, Martinez-Malaxetxebarria I, Garrido V, Grilló MJ, Bikandi J, Laorden L. Pan-Genome-Wide Association Study reveals a key role of the salmochelin receptor IroN in the biofilm formation of Salmonella Typhimurium and its monophasic variant 4,[5],12:i:. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 419:110753. [PMID: 38797020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium variant 4,[5],12:i:- (so called S. 4,[5],12:i:-) has rapidly become one of the most prevalent serovars in humans in Europe, with clinical cases associated with foodborne from pork products. The mechanisms, genetic basis and biofilms relevance by which S. 4,[5],12:i:- maintains and spreads its presence in pigs remain unclear. In this study, we examined the genetic basis of biofilm production in 78 strains of S. 4,[5],12:i:- (n = 57) and S. Typhimurium (n = 21), from human gastroenteritis, food products and asymptomatic pigs. The former showed a lower Specific Biofilm Formation index (SBF) and distant phylogenetic clades, suggesting that the ability to form biofilms is not a crucial adaptation for the S. 4,[5],12:i:- emerging success in pigs. However, using a pan-Genome-Wide Association Study (pan-GWAS) we identified genetic determinants of biofilm formation, revealing 167 common orthologous groups and genes associated with the SBF. The analysis of annotated sequences highlighted specific genetic deletions in three chromosomal regions of S. 4,[5],12:i:- correlating with SBF values: i) the complete fimbrial operon stbABCDE widely recognized as the most critical factor involved in Salmonella adherence; ii) the hxlA, hlxB, and pgiA genes, which expression in S. Typhimurium is induced in the tonsils during swine infection, and iii) the entire iroA locus related to the characteristic deletion of the second-phase flagellar genomic region in S. 4,[5],12:i:-. Consequently, we further investigated the role of the iro-genes on biofilm by constructing S. Typhimurium deletion mutants in iroBCDE and iroN. While iroBCDE showed no significant impact, iroN clearly contributed to S. Typhimurium biofilm formation. In conclusion, the pan-GWAS approach allowed us to uncover complex interactions between genetic and phenotypic factors influencing biofilm formation in S. 4,[5],12:i:- and S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arrieta-Gisasola
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - I Martínez-Ballesteros
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - I Martinez-Malaxetxebarria
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - V Garrido
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (IdAB; CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra), 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - M J Grilló
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (IdAB; CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra), 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - J Bikandi
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - L Laorden
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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Rakotoarivony R, Kassie D, Andriamahefa A, Andria-Mananjara D, Rakotoarinoro M, Ramaroson HS, Raliniaina M, Rasamoelina M, Gomez-Vazquez JP, Jori F. Assessment of domestic pig-bushpig (Potamochoerus larvatus) interactions through local knowledge in rural areas of Madagascar. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16310. [PMID: 39009628 PMCID: PMC11250805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In many parts of the world, domestic and wild animal populations interact at the interface between natural and agricultural ecosystems. Introduced with the first inhabitants arriving from eastern Africa, the bushpig (Potamochoerus larvatus) is the largest living terrestrial mammal in Madagascar. Bushpigs are regularly reported close to human settlements where they damage crops and gardens. As domestic pigs are often raised in free-ranging conditions around the villages, bushpigs and domestic pigs can interact leading to the transmission and circulation of shared swine pathogens that impact both animal and human health. In this study, we characterized the socio-ecological context of bushpig-domestic pig interactions in two different regions of western Madagascar. We conducted participatory mapping sessions and focus group interviews with 65 hunters, 80 pig farmers and 96 crop farmers in 20 fokontany, the smallest administrative unit in Madagascar. After discussing with participants, we gathered information about the spatialization of interactions and their potential geographical drivers. We explored data by performing multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical clustering on principal components. Based on the reported occurrence or absence of bushpig-domestic pig interactions we were able to classify areas with high or intermediate levels of interactions or no interactions at all. Interactions between the two pig species were reported in only 25% of the fokontany assessed. Even though both suid species were attracted to fruit trees, crops, and water sources, only indirect interactions in those spots were reported. Direct interactions were reported in 10% of cases and referred to interspecific sexual and/or agonistic behavior. The participatory methods used to acquire local knowledge about natural events were confirmed as valuable, low-cost exploratory methods to characterize areas with wild-domestic animal interactions. The results of this study will help plan future studies to characterize the interface between the two species from an ecological or epidemiological perspective using more sensitive and sophisticated ecological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianja Rakotoarivony
- Joint Research Unit-Animal-Health-Territories-Risks-Ecosystems (UMR ASTRE), CIRAD, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France.
- National Centre for Applied Research in Rural Development- Department of Zootechnical Veterinary and Fish Farming Research (FOFIFA-DRZVP), Antananarivo, Madagascar.
| | - Daouda Kassie
- Joint Research Unit-Animal-Health-Territories-Risks-Ecosystems (UMR ASTRE), CIRAD, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Alpha Andriamahefa
- National Centre for Applied Research in Rural Development- Department of Zootechnical Veterinary and Fish Farming Research (FOFIFA-DRZVP), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Diana Andria-Mananjara
- National Centre for Applied Research in Rural Development- Department of Zootechnical Veterinary and Fish Farming Research (FOFIFA-DRZVP), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Mihaja Rakotoarinoro
- National Centre for Applied Research in Rural Development- Department of Zootechnical Veterinary and Fish Farming Research (FOFIFA-DRZVP), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Herilantonirina Solotiana Ramaroson
- National Centre for Applied Research in Rural Development- Department of Zootechnical Veterinary and Fish Farming Research (FOFIFA-DRZVP), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Modestine Raliniaina
- National Centre for Applied Research in Rural Development- Department of Zootechnical Veterinary and Fish Farming Research (FOFIFA-DRZVP), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Miatrana Rasamoelina
- National Centre for Applied Research in Rural Development- Department of Zootechnical Veterinary and Fish Farming Research (FOFIFA-DRZVP), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Jose Pablo Gomez-Vazquez
- Center for animal disease modeling and surveillance (CADMS), Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Ferran Jori
- Joint Research Unit-Animal-Health-Territories-Risks-Ecosystems (UMR ASTRE), CIRAD, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Yuan C, Ji X, Zhang Y, Liu X, Ding L, Li J, Ren S, Liu F, Chen Z, Zhang L, Zhu W, Yu J, Wu J. Important role of Bacillus subtilis as a probiotic and vaccine carrier in animal health maintenance. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:268. [PMID: 39007987 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a widespread Gram-positive facultative aerobic bacterium that is recognized as generally safe. It has shown significant application value and great development potential in the animal farming industry. As a probiotic, it is frequently used as a feed growth supplement to effectively replace antibiotics due to its favourable effects on regulating the intestinal flora, improving intestinal immunity, inhibiting harmful microorganisms, and secreting bioactive substances. Consequently, the gut health and disease resistance of farmed animals can be improved. Both vegetative and spore forms of B. subtilis have also been utilized as vaccine carriers for delivering the antigens of infectious pathogens for over a decade. Notably, its spore form is regarded as one of the most prospective for displaying heterologous antigens with high activity and stability. Previously published reviews have predominantly focused on the development and applications of B. subtilis spore surface display techniques. However, this review aims to summarize recent studies highlighting the important role of B. subtilis as a probiotic and vaccine carrier in maintaining animal health. Specifically, we focus on the beneficial effects and underlying mechanisms of B. subtilis in enhancing disease resistance among farmed animals as well as its potential application as mucosal vaccine carriers. It is anticipated that B. subtilis will assume an even more prominent role in promoting animal health with in-depth research on its characteristics and genetic manipulation tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Yuan
- College of Bioengineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- College of Bioengineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinli Liu
- College of Bioengineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Luogang Ding
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jianda Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Sufang Ren
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wenxing Zhu
- College of Bioengineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.
| | - Jiang Yu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.
| | - Jiaqiang Wu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.
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68
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Will KJ, Zanin GP, Magoga J, da Rosa Ulguim R, Mellagi APG, Bortolozzo FP. Effect of peripartum dexamethasone treatment on farrowing outcomes and newborn piglet traits in multiparous sows. Theriogenology 2024; 223:22-28. [PMID: 38657436 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of dexamethasone treatment on farrowing performance and piglet traits in the first 5 days of life in multiparous sows, a high-risk group for stillbirths and prolonged farrowing. In this study, 185 multiparous sows (parity 4.25 ± 0.14) were selected on the day of farrowing and divided into three treatments: CON - control, without dexamethasone treatment; DexaPF - treatment with dexamethasone (20 mg im per female) at the time of copious colostrum secretion (pre-farrowing); and DexaFO - treatment with dexamethasone (20 mg im per female) when the first piglet was born (farrowing onset). All sows and their litters were monitored for farrowing duration, obstetric interventions, colostrum yield and intake, newborn piglet traits, and piglet performance until 5 d of age. A subsample of 106 females (∼35 per treatment) had their blood glucose concentration checked hourly shortly after the first piglet was born until the end of farrowing. Additionally, blood samples from 42 litters were collected for immunocrit evaluation. The results showed no differences regarding farrowing duration (CON = 258.02 ± 13.81 min; DexaPF = 251.29 ± 13.60 min; DexaFO = 294.92 ± 13.89 min; P = 0.06) and obstetric intervention rates among treatments (CON = 36.58 ± 6.78 %; DexaPF = 42.16 ± 6.89 %; DexaFO = 48.05 ± 7.08 %; P = 0.45). The blood glucose concentration during farrowing was higher in DexaPF (94.56 ± 1.57 mg/dL; P < 0.001) than in CON (73.50 ± 1.72 mg/dL) and DexaFO (87.94 ± 1.80 mg/dL). No differences were observed regarding total piglets born and born alive, stillborn, newborn piglet vitality, colostrum intake, immunocrit, colostrum yield, and glycemia and rectal temperature at 24 h of age (P ≥ 0.13). Regarding meconium staining, higher percentages of piglets born without meconium staining were observed in DexaFO (54.77 ± 5.21 %; P = 0.02) compared with CON (48.58 ± 5.26 %), and no difference was observed for the DexaPF group (53.23 ± 5.21 %). In addition, a higher unbroken umbilical cord rate was observed in DexaFO (92.41 ± 1.31 %; P < 0.01) than the CON or DexaPF (86.91 ± 1.97 % and 89.31 ± 1.67 %, respectively). However, the treatments did not affect piglet performance (weight gain and survival) until 5 d of age (P ≥ 0.15). In summary, dexamethasone treatment in periparturient multiparous sows did not improve farrowing performance and key production parameters, such as the piglet weight gain and survival up to 5 d of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Jaqueline Will
- Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Suínos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Piovesan Zanin
- Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Suínos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Joana Magoga
- Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Suínos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael da Rosa Ulguim
- Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Suínos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Gonçalves Mellagi
- Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Suínos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pandolfo Bortolozzo
- Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Suínos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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69
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Teng KTY, Chang CC, Hung SW, Chiou MT, Lin CN, Yang CY. Combination of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and an indirect fluorescence assay for a nationwide sero-survey of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pig herds in Taiwan. Prev Vet Med 2024; 230:106286. [PMID: 39032211 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic pathogen that can infect farm animals, companion animals, and humans, sometimes causing public health issues. In Taiwan, the pig industry is a vital agricultural industry, with a self-sufficiency rate of 91 %, and pigs are also food-producing animal reservoirs of Toxoplasma gondii. Infected pigs are usually asymptomatic, and abortions and death may occur in severe cases. We combined an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an indirect fluorescence assay (IFA) to investigate the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among pig populations in Taiwan. A stratified sampling approach to determine the number of sample farms proportional to the number of pig farms in each county was employed, with 15 blood samples collected at each farm between July and September 2017. With the tested results, empirical Bayesian smoothing was utilized to assess the proportion of Toxoplasma-positive farms at the county level. Bayesian mixed-effects logistic regression models, incorporating farm and county as random effects, were employed to investigate associations between Toxoplasma test results and potential risk factors. A total of 930 serum samples from 62 pig farms were collected and tested. An overall herd prevalence of 27.4 % was shown with the seroprevalence in northern Taiwan being greater than that in southern Taiwan. The sampling month and companion dog density in 2017 were significantly associated with Toxoplasma infections in pigs. With every increase in the number of companion dogs per km² at the county level, the odds of Toxoplasma infection in pigs increased by 4.7 % (95 % CI: 1.7-8.9 %). This study demonstrated that combining ELISA for screening with IFA for confirmation is a cost-effective and time-saving method for conducting a large-scale sample investigation. This was also the first nationwide, cross-sectional study in Taiwanese pig herds to investigate Toxoplasma gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendy Tzu-Yun Teng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chin Chang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Wen Hung
- Division of Animal Industry, Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 300110, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tang Chiou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Nan Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yao Yang
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan.
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70
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Graaf-Rau A, Schmies K, Breithaupt A, Ciminski K, Zimmer G, Summerfield A, Sehl-Ewert J, Lillie-Jaschniski K, Helmer C, Bielenberg W, Grosse Beilage E, Schwemmle M, Beer M, Harder T. Reassortment incompetent live attenuated and replicon influenza vaccines provide improved protection against influenza in piglets. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:127. [PMID: 39003272 PMCID: PMC11246437 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00916-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza A viruses (swIAV) cause an economically important respiratory disease in modern pig production. Continuous virus transmission and antigenic drift are difficult to control in enzootically infected pig herds. Here, antibody-positive piglets from a herd enzootically infected with swIAV H1N2 (clade 1 A.3.3.2) were immunized using a homologous prime-boost vaccination strategy with novel live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) based on a reassortment-incompetent bat influenza-swIAV chimera or a vesicular stomatitis virus-based replicon vaccine. Challenge infection of vaccinated piglets by exposure to H1N2 swIAV-infected unvaccinated seeder pigs showed that both LAIV and replicon vaccine markedly reduced virus replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract, respectively, compared to piglets immunized with commercial heterologous or autologous adjuvanted whole-inactivated virus vaccines. Our novel vaccines may aid in interrupting continuous IAV transmission chains in large enzootically infected pig herds, improve the health status of the animals, and reduce the risk of zoonotic swIAV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Graaf-Rau
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Schmies
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bakum, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler- Institut, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kevin Ciminski
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern & Mittelhaeusern, Switzerland, and Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern & Mittelhaeusern, Switzerland, and Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler- Institut, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Carina Helmer
- SAN Group Biotech Germany GmbH, Hoeltinghausen, Germany
| | | | - Elisabeth Grosse Beilage
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bakum, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
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71
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Toson M, Dalla Pozza M, Ceschi P. Farmers' Biosecurity Awareness in Small-Scale Alpine Dairy Farms and the Crucial Role of Veterinarians. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2032. [PMID: 39061494 PMCID: PMC11274133 DOI: 10.3390/ani14142032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biosecurity measures are essential to improve animal health and welfare, tackle antimicrobial resistance (AMR), minimize the burden of infectious diseases, and enhance the safety, security, and quality of sustainable agricultural products. However, the implementation of these measures in small mountain farms can be influenced by several factors, which probably differ from the main variables that affect intensive farming systems. METHODS This study investigated the awareness among farmers regarding the implementation of biosecurity measures at the local level in small dairy farms located in the Autonomous Province of Bolzano/Bozen (Italy). In order to determine to what extent these measures are in line with the recommendations, a questionnaire was conceptualized and sent by post to a representative group of local farmers. The initiative was voluntary and anonymous. RESULTS A total of 50 farmers responded to the questionnaire, resulting in a response rate of 27.5%. This study confirms that most of the farmers are familiar with biosecurity, and 38% of them know its comprehensive definition. The results indicate that 77% of respondents are willing to implement preventive measures to reduce the use of antimicrobials, and 76% of them acknowledge that they would follow the recommendations provided by veterinarians. In agreement with other studies, the role of the veterinarian as a person of trust among farmers is confirmed. CONCLUSIONS Main strengths and areas of improvement have been identified. Additional data and effective tools are needed to better investigate drivers toward biosecurity and to implement impactful and practical measures for mountain farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Toson
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Piera Ceschi
- Department of Prevention—Hygiene and Public Health Service, South Tyrol Health Service, 39042 Bressanone/Brixen, Italy
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72
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Ramos B, Cunha MV. Genomic epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus from the Iberian Peninsula highlights the expansion of livestock associated-CC398 towards wildlife. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 933:173027. [PMID: 38729368 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile pathobiont, exhibiting a broad host range, including humans, other mammals, and avian species. Host specificity determinants, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance genes are often shared by strains circulating at the animal-human interface. While transmission dynamics studies have shown strain exchange between humans and livestock, knowledge of the source, genetic diversification, and transmission drivers of S. aureus in wildlife lag behind. In this work, we explore a wide array of S. aureus genomes from different sources in the Iberian Peninsula to understand population structure, gene content and niche adaptation at the human-livestock-wildlife nexus. Through Bayesian inference, we address the hypothesis that S. aureus strains in wildlife originate from humanized landscapes, either from contact with humans or through interactions with livestock. Phylogenetic reconstruction applied to whole genome sequence data was completed with a dataset of 450 isolates featuring multiple clones from the 1990-2022 period and a subset of CC398 strains representing the 2008-2022 period. Phylodynamic signatures of S. aureus from the Iberian Peninsula suggest widespread circulation of most clones among humans before jumping to other hosts. The number of transitions of CC398 strains within each host category (human, livestock, wildlife) was high (88.26 %), while the posterior probability of transitions from livestock to wildlife was remarkably high (0.99). Microbial genome-wide association analysis did not evidence genome rearrangements nor biomarkers suggesting S. aureus niche adaptation to wildlife, thus supporting recent spill overs. Altogether, our findings indicate that S. aureus isolates collected in the past years from wildlife most likely represent multiple introduction events from livestock. The clonal origin of CC398 and its potential to disseminate and evolve through different animal host species are highlighted, calling for management practices at the livestock-wildlife axis to improve biosecurity and thus restrict S. aureus transmission and niche expansion along gradients of human influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Ramos
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mónica V Cunha
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
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73
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Wang SQ, Peng Z, Sun H, Han YM, Zhang B, Pineda L, Boerboom G, Sun LH, Liu Y, Deng ZC. Evaluating the Impact of an Organic Trace Mineral mix on the Redox Homeostasis, Immunity, and Performance of Sows and their Offspring. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04300-7. [PMID: 38980512 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of trace mineral supplementation in sows during gestation and lactation on the performance and health status of sows and their offspring. Sows (n = 30; Landrace × Yorkshire; avg parity = 3.9) were randomly allocated into two dietary treatments. Sows received a basal diet supplemented with 12 mg/kg Cu, 30 mg/kg Fe, 90 mg/kg Zn, 70 mg/kg Mn, 0.30 mg/kg Se, and 1.5 mg/kg I from an inorganic trace mineral source (ITM) or a blend of hydroxychloride and organic trace mineral source (HOTM) from day 1 of gestation until the end of the lactation period at day 21. Compared to the ITM, the HOTM supplementation increased (P < 0.05) both litter birth weight and individual piglet birth weight. Although not statistically significant, HOTM tended to increase (P = 0.069) the level of lactose in colostrum. HOTM increased (P < 0.05) the concentration of Mn and Se in the colostrum, milk, and serum of sows and/or piglets. Notably, the Zn concentration in the serum of sows was higher in sows supplemented with ITM compared to HOTM. Moreover, HOTM increased (P < 0.05) the activities of GPX and SOD in gestating sows and piglets, as well as increased (P < 0.05) cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10) in the serum of sows. The immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) also increased in sows and/or piglets at certain experimental time points. In conclusion, HOTM supplementation positively affected piglet development and improved the health status of sows and piglets potentially by regulating redox homeostasis and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhe Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Hua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, 010031, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yan-Ming Han
- Selko Feed Additives, Nutreco, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Bo Zhang
- Selko Feed Additives, Nutreco, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Lane Pineda
- Selko Feed Additives, Nutreco, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Gavin Boerboom
- Selko Feed Additives, Nutreco, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Lv-Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Tianjin Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Tianjin, 300402, China.
| | - Zhang-Chao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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Ruiz-Rodríguez C, Blanco-Aguiar JA, Fernández-López J, Acevedo P, Montoro V, Illanas S, Peralbo-Moreno A, Herraiz C, Vicente J. A methodological framework to characterize the wildlife-livestock interface: The case of wild boar in mainland Spain. Prev Vet Med 2024; 230:106280. [PMID: 39047357 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The representation of wildlife-livestock interface (WLI) at an accurate spatial resolution poses several challenges. Furthermore, there is a lack of published material providing detailed descriptions of geospatial techniques for the purpose of producing visual results that are interpretable and contrastable for epidemiological analysis. OBJECTIVES Our aim is to develop a standardized, applicable, and scalable methodological framework for describing and characterizing the WLI across a large spatial extent. Subsequently, we aim to employ this framework to depict specific WLI based on different epidemiological scenarios determined by the abundance of wild boar (Sus scrofa) and domestic ungulates as an illustrative case, specifically focusing on mainland Spain. METHODS To establish a methodological framework, we merged data from both wild and domestic sources into a hexagonal grid. We utilized data on wild boar hunting and the locations of pig, cattle, sheep, and goat farms in mainland Spain. New variables were derived from this combined dataset to illustrate the overlapping abundance between wild boar and domestic species. Finally, a cluster analysis of the generated variables was carried out, with the aim of distinguishing and characterizing various scenarios of the wild boar-domestic ungulate interface in mainland Spain. RESULTS The hexagonal grid proved appropriate to represent and evaluate the WLI at fine spatial resolution over such broad extent. Despite the inability to ascribe a dominant livestock type and production system to a specific region, we were able to identify fifteen main areas of interest in terms of overlap. As for extensive livestock, normally at the highest risk of interaction with wild boar, the primary regions in Spain were those with dehesa agroecosystem and the Atlantic areas. Certain scenarios were particularly relevant in terms of risk for interaction and subsequent transmission of disease, namely, the case of extensive pig production in south western Spain (dehesa agroecosystem), which is especially concerned about the potential introduction of African Swine fever (ASF) in the Country. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: We provide a basis for visualizing and understanding of different WLI scenarios, which is extensible to other regions and interfaces, and automatable where precise source of data from wildlife and livestock are available. This spatial statistics framework enables the utilization of high-resolution data, ensuring consistency on uniform grids. This aligns with the needs of high-resolution disease dissemination models based on wildlife behaviour. Such aspects are crucial for developing risk assessment and improving strategies for the prevention, control, and eradication of shared priority emerging diseases at national and international levels, such as ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ruiz-Rodríguez
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain.
| | - José A Blanco-Aguiar
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain.
| | - Javier Fernández-López
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain; CEFE, Université Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier 34090, France.
| | - Pelayo Acevedo
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain.
| | - Vidal Montoro
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain.
| | - Sonia Illanas
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain.
| | - Alfonso Peralbo-Moreno
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain.
| | - Cesar Herraiz
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain.
| | - Joaquín Vicente
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain.
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75
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Liu K, Xu X, Song Y, Xiao L, Wen J, Ding H, Zhao S, Qiao D, Zhang B, Niu A, Bai J, Liu Y. Effect of altrenogest treatment before weaning on reproductive performance and production efficiency in primiparous and multiparous sows. Porcine Health Manag 2024; 10:25. [PMID: 38971810 PMCID: PMC11227700 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-024-00377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most sows will experience negative energy balance during lactation resulting in impaired follicular development. This study aimed to treat 28-day lactating sows with altrenogest (ALT) to suppress follicle enlargement during lactation, and to assess the estrus and reproductive performance post-weaning. METHODS In this study, we conducted two trials. In trial 1, we monitored the follicular development of lactating sows including 10 primiparous sows and 10 multiparous sows during the whole lactation to confirm the ALT administration time. In trial 2, a total of 42 primiparous and 111 multiparous sows were allocated to three treatments: Ctrl (control group, n = 51): no treatment; TAI (timed artificial insemination group, n = 51): sows were injected with equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) after weaning 24 h and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) when they expressed estrus; and AT-TAI (ALT treatment-timed artificial insemination group, n = 51): base on the process of TAI group, the sows were fed with 20 mg ALT per day before weaning 10 days. All sows were artificially inseminated twice at 12 h and 36 h after estrus. The follicle size changes and serum hormone levels were explored in this process. RESULTS Although the follicle size of multiparous sows was larger than primiparous sows during the whole lactation (P < 0.05), similar change trends of follicle size were observed in primiparous and multiparous sows. Meanwhile, the FSH, LH and E2 levels of multiparous sows were higher than primiparous sows. The ALT treatment significantly inhibits the increase in follicle size (P < 0.05) and reduces the serum levels of FSH, LH and E2 (P > 0.05). Additionally, ALT treatment increases estrus concentration and the preovulatory follicle size (P < 0.05), meanwhile, it delays the weaning-to-estrus interval (WEI, P < 0.001). However, the estrus rate, pregnancy rate, total pigs born and born alive did not differ between treatments (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS There were significant differences in the size of follicles in the lactation between primiparous and multiparous sows. ALT treatment during the last ten days of lactation concentrated estrus expression leading to higher work efficiency of breeder in batch production, however, with no improvement in reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexiong Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yuqing Song
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Linli Xiao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Junhui Wen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Haiquan Ding
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Shuxin Zhao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Dongliang Qiao
- Development Center of Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Beijing Zhongyu Pig Breeding Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100194, China
| | - Aihua Niu
- Beijing Zhongyu Pig Breeding Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100194, China
| | - Jiahua Bai
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
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Yoon KN, Lee HG, Yeom SJ, Kim SS, Park JH, Song BS, Yi SW, Do YJ, Oh B, Oh SI, Eun JB, Park SH, Lee JH, Kim HB, Lee JH, Hur TY, Kim JK. Lactiplantibacillus argentoratensis AGMB00912 alleviates salmonellosis and modulates gut microbiota in weaned piglets: a pilot study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15466. [PMID: 38965336 PMCID: PMC11224356 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Lactiplantibacillus argentoratensis AGMB00912 (LA) in reducing Salmonella Typhimurium infection in weaned piglets. The investigation focused on the influence of LA on the gut microbiota composition, growth performance, and Salmonella fecal shedding. The results indicated that LA supplementation significantly improved average daily gain and reduced the prevalence and severity of diarrhea. Fecal analysis revealed reduced Salmonella shedding in the LA-supplemented group. Furthermore, LA notably altered the composition of the gut microbiota, increasing the levels of beneficial Bacillus and decreasing those of harmful Proteobacteria and Spirochaetes. Histopathological examination showed less intestinal damage in LA-treated piglets than in the controls. The study also observed that LA affected metabolic functions related to carbohydrate, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism, thereby enhancing gut health and resilience against infection. Short-chain fatty acid concentrations in the feces were higher in the LA group, suggesting improved gut microbial activity. LA supplementation enriched the population of beneficial bacteria, including Streptococcus, Clostridium, and Bifidobacterium, while reducing the number of harmful bacteria, such as Escherichia and Campylobacter. These findings indicate the potential of LA as a probiotic alternative for swine nutrition, offering protective effects to the gut microbiota against Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Nam Yoon
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graduate School of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Gyu Lee
- Division of Animal Diseases and Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Joon Yeom
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Su Kim
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Heum Park
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Seok Song
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Won Yi
- Division of Animal Diseases and Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Do
- Division of Animal Diseases and Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungkwan Oh
- Biosafety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ik Oh
- Biosafety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Bang Eun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graduate School of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Park
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Huck Lee
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hoon Lee
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai-Young Hur
- Division of Animal Diseases and Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Kyung Kim
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea.
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Liu J, Yang DA, Qu H, Liu D, Huang K. Bacillus subtilis Feed Supplementation Combined with Oral E. coli Immunization in Sows as a Tool to Reduce Neonatal Diarrhea in Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1978. [PMID: 38998090 PMCID: PMC11240787 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of B. subtilis on the specific immune response of lactating sows to E. coli and the diarrhea rate in suckling piglets, thirty large white sows with similar farrowing dates were randomly divided into two groups: a feedback feeding (i.e., feeding a homogenate of intestinal contents and tissues from E. coli-infected piglets to sows; FB) group and a feedback feeding with B. subtilis (FB + BS) group. Serum, colostrum, and intestinal tissues from sows and piglets were collected to assess the immune response and intestinal barrier function at weaning. T and B cells from Peyer's patches (PPs) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) in lactating mice (with treatments consistent with the sows') were isolated to explore the underlying mechanism. The results showed that, compared with the FB group, the reproductive performance of sows and the growth performance of their offspring were effectively improved in the FB + BS group. Moreover, the levels of IgG/IgA and those of IgG/IgA against E. coli in the serum and colostrum of sows in the FB+BS group were increased (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the ratio of CD4+/CD8+, CD4+CXCR5+PD1+, and B220+IgA+ cells in MLNs and PPs, and the IgA levels in the mammary glands of mice, were also increased in the FB + BS group (p < 0.05). Notably, in suckling piglets in the FB + BS group, the diarrhea rate was decreased (p < 0.05), and the intestinal barrier function and intestinal flora composition at weaning were significantly improved. Overall, these results indicated that B. subtilis feed supplementation combined with feedback feeding in pregnant and lactating sows can reduce diarrhea in suckling piglets by enhancing the maternal immune response against E. coli and intestinal barrier function in their offspring, improving survival rates and pre-weaning growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Danchen Aaron Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haobo Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Ando A, Matsubara T, Suzuki S, Imaeda N, Takasu M, Shigenari A, Miyamoto A, Ohshima S, Kametani Y, Shiina T, Kulski JK, Kitagawa H. Genetic Links between Reproductive Traits and Amino Acid Pairwise Distances of Swine Leukocyte Antigen Alleles among Mating Partners in Microminipigs. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7362. [PMID: 39000468 PMCID: PMC11242825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Previously, we found that a greater dissimilarity in swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) class I and class II alleles between mating partners resulted in increased farrowing rates in a highly inbred population of Microminipigs (MMPs). In this follow-up study, we have analyzed the effects of dissimilarity in SLA alleles between mating partners for seven different reproductive traits, including litter size and the number of stillborn and live or dead weaned piglets. We determined the relationships among reproductive traits within each mating event and the amino acid distances of SLA alleles as markers of diversity between mating partners. Our results indicate that mating partners with greater amino acid pairwise genetic distances in the SLA-1 class I gene or DQB1 class II gene alleles were associated with significantly larger litter sizes and higher numbers of live piglets at birth and weaning. Also, partners with greater pairwise distances in the SLA-2 class I gene alleles exhibited fewer pre-weaning deaths. These findings suggest that the dissimilarity in SLA class I and class II alleles between mating partners may affect not only farrowing rates but also other key reproductive traits such as litter size and improved piglet survival rates. Consequently, SLA alleles could serve as valuable genetic markers for selecting mating partners in breeding programs and for conducting epistatic studies on various reproductive traits in MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Ando
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (S.S.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (S.O.); (Y.K.); (T.S.); or (J.K.K.)
| | - Tatsuya Matsubara
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (T.M.); (N.I.)
| | - Shingo Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (S.S.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (S.O.); (Y.K.); (T.S.); or (J.K.K.)
| | - Noriaki Imaeda
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (T.M.); (N.I.)
| | - Masaki Takasu
- Gifu University Institute for Advanced Study, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan;
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Atsuko Shigenari
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (S.S.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (S.O.); (Y.K.); (T.S.); or (J.K.K.)
| | - Asuka Miyamoto
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (S.S.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (S.O.); (Y.K.); (T.S.); or (J.K.K.)
| | - Shino Ohshima
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (S.S.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (S.O.); (Y.K.); (T.S.); or (J.K.K.)
| | - Yoshie Kametani
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (S.S.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (S.O.); (Y.K.); (T.S.); or (J.K.K.)
| | - Takashi Shiina
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (S.S.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (S.O.); (Y.K.); (T.S.); or (J.K.K.)
| | - Jerzy K. Kulski
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (S.S.); (A.S.); (A.M.); (S.O.); (Y.K.); (T.S.); or (J.K.K.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biomedical Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Hitoshi Kitagawa
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (T.M.); (N.I.)
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoino-oka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
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Zhang Z, Wu W, Li Q, Du F, Wang X, Yang M, Zhang H. The effect of matrine and glycyrrhizic acid on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Vitro and in vivo. Virol J 2024; 21:150. [PMID: 38965549 PMCID: PMC11225320 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02415-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is endemic worldwide, seriously affecting the development of the pig industry, but vaccines have limited protective effects against PRRSV transmission. The aim of this study was to identify potential anti-PRRSV drugs. We examined the cytotoxicity of seven compounds formulated based on the mass ratio of glycyrrhizic acid to matrine and calculated their inhibition rates against PRRSV in vitro. The results showed that the seven compounds all had direct killing and therapeutic effects on PRRSV, and the compounds inhibited PRRSV replication in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The compound with the strongest anti-PRRSV effect was selected for subsequent in vivo experiments. Pigs were divided into a control group and a medication group for the in vivo evaluation. The results showed that pigs treated with the 4:1 compound had 100% morbidity after PRRSV challenge, and the mortality rate reached 75% on the 8th day of the virus challenge. These results suggest that this compound has no practical anti-PRRSV effect in vivo and can actually accelerate the death of infected pigs. Next, we further analyzed the pigs that exhibited semiprotective effects following vaccination with the compound to determine whether the compound can synergize with the vaccine in vivo. The results indicated that pigs treated with the compound had higher mortality rates and more severe clinical reactions after PRRSV infection (p < 0.05). The levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) were significantly greater in the compound-treated pigs than in the positive control-treated pigs (p < 0.05), and there was no synergistic enhancement with the live attenuated PRRSV vaccine (p < 0.05). The compound enhanced the inflammatory response, prompted the body to produce excessive levels of inflammatory cytokines and caused body damage, preventing a therapeutic effect. In conclusion, the present study revealed that the in vitro effectiveness of these agents does not indicate that they are effective in vivo or useful for developing anti-PRRSV drugs. Our findings also showed that, to identify effective anti-PRRSV drugs, comprehensive drug screening is needed, for compounds with solid anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo. Our study may aid in the development of new anti-PRRSV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou city, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Wenyi Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou city, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Qiannan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou city, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Fangfang Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou city, Henan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Animal-Derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou city, Henan, P.R. China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou city, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Xuebing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou city, Henan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Animal-Derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou city, Henan, P.R. China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou city, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Mingfan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou city, Henan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Animal-Derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou city, Henan, P.R. China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou city, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou city, Henan, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory for Animal-Derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou city, Henan, P.R. China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou city, Henan, P.R. China.
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Hess RA, Park CJ, Soto S, Reinacher L, Oh JE, Bunnell M, Ko CJ. Male animal sterilization: history, current practices, and potential methods for replacing castration. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1409386. [PMID: 39027909 PMCID: PMC11255590 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1409386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Sterilization and castration have been synonyms for thousands of years. Making an animal sterile meant to render them incapable of producing offspring. Castration or the physical removal of the testes was discovered to be the most simple but reliable method for managing reproduction and sexual behavior in the male. Today, there continues to be global utilization of castration in domestic animals. More than six hundred million pigs are castrated every year, and surgical removal of testes in dogs and cats is a routine practice in veterinary medicine. However, modern biological research has extended the meaning of sterilization to include methods that spare testis removal and involve a variety of options, from chemical castration and immunocastration to various methods of vasectomy. This review begins with the history of sterilization, showing a direct link between its practice in man and animals. Then, it traces the evolution of concepts for inducing sterility, where research has overlapped with basic studies of reproductive hormones and the discovery of testicular toxicants, some of which serve as sterilizing agents in rodent pests. Finally, the most recent efforts to use the immune system and gene editing to block hormonal stimulation of testis function are discussed. As we respond to the crisis of animal overpopulation and strive for better animal welfare, these novel methods provide optimism for replacing surgical castration in some species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex A. Hess
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Epivara, Inc, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Chan Jin Park
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Epivara, Inc, Champaign, IL, United States
| | | | | | - Ji-Eun Oh
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Mary Bunnell
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - CheMyong J. Ko
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Epivara, Inc, Champaign, IL, United States
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81
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Pittman Ratterree DC, Chitlapilly Dass S, Ndeffo-Mbah ML. The Reproduction Number of Swine Viral Respiratory Diseases: A Systematic Review. Vet Sci 2024; 11:300. [PMID: 39057984 PMCID: PMC11281358 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11070300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Diseases in the swine industry can cause significant economic and health impacts. This review examines R0 estimates for respiratory diseases in pigs, assessing variations and comparing transmission risks within and between farms. A literature search of three databases aggregated peer-reviewed research articles on swine viral respiratory diseases' R0 values. The study focused on seven diseases: Aujeszky's disease (AD), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), Circovirus, Influenza A (IA), Encephalomyocarditis Virus (EV), Classical Swine Fever (CSF), and African Swine Fever (ASF). R0 values were estimated for transmission within and between herds/farms using various methods, from complex mathematical models to simple calculations. Data primarily came from disease surveillance and laboratory experiments. The median R0 for within-herd and between-herd transmission was 10 and 3.31 for AD, 2.78 and 1.14 for PRRSV, 5.9 and 0.89 for Circovirus, 1.75 and 1.6 for CSF, and 3.94 and 3.15 for ASF. For IA and EV, only within-herd R0 values were estimated at 8.65 and 1.3, respectively. Diseases with high R0 values highlight the need for prompt detection and response to outbreaks. Continuous monitoring and evaluation of pathogen transmissibility are crucial for enhancing disease surveillance and reducing the impact of livestock diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana C. Pittman Ratterree
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Sapna Chitlapilly Dass
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Martial L. Ndeffo-Mbah
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
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Huang Z, Mai Z, Kong C, You J, Lin S, Gao C, Zhang W, Chen X, Xie Q, Wang H, Tang S, Zhou P, Gong L, Zhang G. African swine fever virus pB475L evades host antiviral innate immunity via targeting STAT2 to inhibit IFN-I signaling. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107472. [PMID: 38879005 PMCID: PMC11328877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes severe disease in domestic pigs and wild boars, seriously threatening the development of the global pig industry. Type I interferon (IFN-I) is an important component of innate immunity, inducing the transcription and expression of antiviral cytokines by activating Janus-activated kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which ASFV antagonizes IFN-I signaling have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, using coimmunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy, and dual luciferase reporter assay methods, we investigated these mechanisms and identified a novel ASFV immunosuppressive protein, pB475L, which interacts with the C-terminal domain of STAT2. Consequently, pB475L inhibited IFN-I signaling by inhibiting STAT1 and STAT2 heterodimerization and nuclear translocation. Furthermore, we constructed an ASFV-B475L7PM mutant strain by homologous recombination, finding that ASFV-B475L7PM attenuated the inhibitory effects on IFN-I signaling compared to ASFV-WT. In summary, this study reveals a new mechanism by which ASFV impairs host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanzhuo Mai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuiying Kong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianyi You
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sizhan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - WenBo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiongnan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengqiu Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Lang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.
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83
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Adebowale T, Jiang Q, Yao K. Dietary fat and high energy density diet: Influence on intestinal health, oxidative stress and performance of weaned piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:978-986. [PMID: 38403923 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of dietary components to support gut function and the health of young animals is an important factor for improved performance. The influence of high dietary fat levels in a low or high energy density diet on the performance of weaned piglets in relation to intestinal absorptive function, amino acid utilization, oxidative stress, and microbial metabolites was assessed in this study. The study examined the effect of two different diets containing either a low energy density/high-fat level or a high energy density/high-fat level. A total of 16 healthy weaners (9.60 ± 0.13 kg) were allocated to one of the two dietary treatments. There were eight weaners per treatment. Results showed that feed intake and body weight gain of weaners were increased by the diet of high energy density/high-fat level (p < 0.05), but the feed efficiency showed an increased tendency of significance (p = 0.05). In the duodenum, the villus height (VH) and VH/crypt depth (CD) ratio (VH:CD) were increased by dietary high energy density/high fat. In the jejunum and ileum, the CD was increased by low energy density/high-fat diet, while the goblet cell count and VH:CD were increased by dietary high energy density/high-fat level. Methionine, lysine and phenylalanine concentrations were increased by high energy density/high-fat diet while low energy density/high-fat diet showed an increased tendency to increase citrulline and ornithine concentrations in the piglet. Oxidative stress marker, lactase enzyme activity and serum calcium concentration were increased by a high energy density/high-fat diet. Increased dietary fat in all diets induced diarrhoea in the weaners (p < 0.01). It was concluded that a dietary high energy density/high-fat diet seems to positively modulate gut absorptive function, serum amino acid (methionine and lysine), calcium levels and increased oxidative stress markers in the weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolulope Adebowale
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kang Yao
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
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84
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Shaw C, McLure A, Glass K. Modelling African swine fever introduction in diverse Australian feral pig populations. Prev Vet Med 2024; 228:106212. [PMID: 38704921 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a viral disease that affects domestic and feral pigs. While not currently present in Australia, ASF outbreaks have been reported nearby in Indonesia, Timor-Leste, and Papua New Guinea. Feral pigs are found in all Australian states and territories and are distributed in a variety of habitats. To investigate the impacts of an ASF introduction event in Australia, we used a stochastic network-based metapopulation feral pig model to simulate ASF outbreaks in different regions of Australia. Outbreak intensity and persistence in feral pig populations was governed by local pig recruitment rates, population size, carcass decay period, and, if applicable, metapopulation topology. In Northern Australia, the carcass decay period was too short for prolonged persistence, while endemic transmission could possibly occur in cooler southern areas. Populations in Macquarie Marshes in New South Wales and in Namadgi National Park in the Australian Capital Territory had the highest rates of persistence. The regions had different modes of transmission that led to long-term persistence. Endemic Macquarie Marshes simulations were characterised by rapid transmission caused by high population density that required a fragmented metapopulation to act as a bottleneck to slow transmission. Endemic simulations in Namadgi, with low density and relatively slow transmission, relied on large, well-connected populations coupled with long carcass decay times. Despite the potential for endemic transmission, both settings required potentially unlikely population sizes and dynamics for prolonged disease survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Shaw
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Angus McLure
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kathryn Glass
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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85
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Zhou J, Huang Y, Wang W, Li J, Hou Y, Yi Z, Yang H, Hu K, Zhu Y, Wang Z, Ma S. Chronotoxici-Plate Containing Droplet-Engineered Rhythmic Liver Organoids for Drug Toxicity Evaluation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305925. [PMID: 38720476 PMCID: PMC11267367 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The circadian clock coordinates the daily rhythmicity of biological processes, and its dysregulation is associated with various human diseases. Despite the direct targeting of rhythmic genes by many prevalent and World Health Organization (WHO) essential drugs, traditional approaches can't satisfy the need of explore multi-timepoint drug administration strategies across a wide range of drugs. Here, droplet-engineered primary liver organoids (DPLOs) are generated with rhythmic characteristics in 4 days, and developed Chronotoxici-plate as an in vitro high-throughput automated rhythmic tool for chronotherapy assessment within 7 days. Cryptochrome 1 (Cry1) is identified as a rhythmic marker in DPLOs, providing insights for rapid assessment of organoid rhythmicity. Using oxaliplatin as a representative drug, time-dependent variations are demonstrated in toxicity on the Chronotoxici-plate, highlighting the importance of considering time-dependent effects. Additionally, the role of chronobiology is underscored in primary organoid modeling. This study may provide tools for both precision chronotherapy and chronotoxicity in drug development by optimizing administration timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhou
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS)Tsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
- Tsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI)Shenzhen518055China
| | - Yi‐chun Huang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS)Tsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Wanlong Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS)Tsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
- Tsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI)Shenzhen518055China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS)Tsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
- Tsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI)Shenzhen518055China
| | - Yibo Hou
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS)Tsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Ziqi Yi
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS)Tsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Haowei Yang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS)Tsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
- Tsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI)Shenzhen518055China
| | - Keer Hu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS)Tsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS)Tsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Zitian Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS)Tsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Shaohua Ma
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS)Tsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
- Tsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI)Shenzhen518055China
- Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis Ministry of EducationTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
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86
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Fan S, Chen J, Tian H, Yang X, Zhou L, Zhao Q, Qin Y, Zhang J, Tang C. Selenium maintains intestinal epithelial cells to activate M2 macrophages against deoxynivalenol injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 219:215-230. [PMID: 38636715 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.04.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is indispensable in alleviating various types of intestinal injuries. Here, we thoroughly investigated the protective effect of Se on the regulation of the epithelial cell-M2 macrophages pathway in deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced intestinal damage. In the present study, Se has positive impacts on gut health by improving gut barrier function and reducing the levels of serum DON in vivo. Furthermore, our study revealed that Se supplementation increased the abundances of GPX4, p-PI3K, and AKT, decreased the levels of 4-HNE and inhibited ferroptosis. Moreover, when mice were treated with DON and Fer-1(ferroptosis inhibitor), ferroptosis was suppressed and PI3K/AKT pathway was activated. These results indicated that GPX4-PI3K/AKT-ferroptosis was a predominant pathway in DON-induced intestinal inflammation. Interestingly, we discovered that both the number of M2 anti-inflammatory macrophages and the levels of CSF-1 decreased while the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 increased in the intestine and MODE-K cells supernatant. Therefore, Se supplementation activated the CSF-1-M2 macrophages axis, resulting in a decrease in IL-6 expression and an enhancement of the intestinal anti-inflammatory capacity. This study provides novel insights into how intestinal epithelial cells regulate the CSF-1-M2 macrophage pathway, which is essential in maintaining intestinal homeostasis confer to environmental hazardous stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiaying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huihui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Longzhu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuchang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chaohua Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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87
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Buthelezi NL, Mtileni B, Nephawe KA, Modiba MC, Mpedi H, Idowu PA, Mpofu TJ. Effects of parity, season of birth, and sex on within-litter variation and pre-weaning performance of F1 Large White × Landrace pigs. Vet World 2024; 17:1459-1468. [PMID: 39185040 PMCID: PMC11344108 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1459-1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim A piglet's pre-weaning performance significantly influences both animal welfare and profitability in pig production. Understanding piglet pre-weaning performance influencing factors is key to enhancing animal welfare, reducing losses, and boosting profitability. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of parity, season of birth, and sex on within-litter variation and pre-weaning performance of F1 Large White × Landrace pigs. Materials and Methods Information regarding total litter size, number of born alive, number of stillbirths, piglet weight at birth, mortality, and count of weaned F1 Large White × Landrace piglets was acquired from the farm database (April 2022-February 2023). 2602 females and 2882 males, a total of 5484 piglets were utilized, with records from 360 sows. The coefficient of variation (CV) of birth weights among piglets within a litter was calculated. The general linear model analysis in MiniTab 17 was used to evaluate the data, with Fisher's least significant difference test (p < 0.05) used for mean separation and Pearson's moment correlation coefficient calculated to assess relationships between survival rates, mortality rates, litter size, birth weight, and birth weight CV. Results Parity had a statistically significant impact on litter size, birth weight, and survival rate (p < 0.05). The sow's parity did not significantly (p > 0.05) impact the number of piglets born alive or weaned. Multiparous sows had a significantly larger litter size (p < 0.05) than primiparous sows at birth. The litter weights for parities 2, 4, and 5 did not significantly differ (p > 0.05), with averages of 20.95, 20.74, and 20.03 kg, respectively. About 91.29% was the highest survival rate recorded in parity 2 (p < 0.05). The 1st week of life recorded an 8.02% mortality rate. The mortality rate in parity 3-5 group was significantly (p < 0.05) higher (11.90%) in week 1 than in the other groups (parity 1: 6.79%, parity 2: 5.74%, parity 3-5: 8.54 and 9.21%). The litter sizes in autumn (17.34) and spring (17.72) were significantly larger (p < 0.05) than those in summer (16.47) and winter (16.83). In autumn and spring, the survival rate (83.15 and 85.84%, respectively) was significantly lower (p < 0.05) compared to summer (88.40%) and winter (89.07%). In all seasons, the litter weights did not significantly differ (p > 0.05). The birth weight CV was significantly (p < 0.05) lower during summer (20.11%) than during spring (22.43%), autumn (23.71%), and winter (21.69%). The season of birth had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on the number of live piglets. Males (1.34 kg) were heavier (p < 0.05) than females (1.30 kg) at birth. Notably, the birth weight CV was similar between males (22.43%) and females (22.52%). Litter size was positively correlated with average litter weight (rp = 0.576, p < 0.001), birth weight CV (rp = 0.244, p < 0.001), and mortality rate (rp = 0.378, p < 0.001). An insignificant relationship was observed between average litter weight and birth weight CV (rp = -0.028, p > 0.05) and survival rate (rp = -0.032, p > 0.05). Conclusion In F1 Large White × Landrace pigs, birth uniformity among piglets declines as litter size grows larger. In parity 3-5, multiparous sows yield litters with reduced uniformity. With an increase in litter size, uniformity among piglets at birth worsens. A larger litter size and greater piglet birth weight variation are linked to a higher pre-weaning mortality rate. Producers need a balanced selection approach to boost litter size and must cull aging sows carefully to introduce younger, more productive females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nqobile Lungile Buthelezi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
- Topigs Norsvin Animal Genetic Center, Farm Bossemanskraal 538 JR, Bronkhorstspruit, 1020, South Africa
| | - Bohani Mtileni
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Khathutshelo Agree Nephawe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Mamokoma Catherine Modiba
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Hezekiel Mpedi
- Topigs Norsvin Animal Genetic Center, Farm Bossemanskraal 538 JR, Bronkhorstspruit, 1020, South Africa
| | - Peter Ayodeji Idowu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Takalani Judas Mpofu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
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88
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Mallioris P, Luiken REC, Tobias T, Vonk J, Wagenaar JA, Stegeman A, Mughini-Gras L. Risk factors for antimicrobial use in Dutch pig farms: A cross-sectional study. Res Vet Sci 2024; 174:105307. [PMID: 38781817 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial use (AMU) has decreased significantly in Dutch pig farms since 2009. However, this decrease has stagnated recently, with relatively high AMU levels persisting mainly among weaners. The aim of this study was to identify farm-level characteristics associated with: i) total AMU and ii) use of specific antimicrobial classes. METHODS In 2020, cross-sectional data from 154 Dutch pig farms were collected, including information on AMU and farm characteristics. A mixed-effects conditional Random Forest analysis was applied to select the subset of features that was best associated with AMU. RESULTS The main risk factors for total AMU in weaners were vaccination for PRRS in sucklings, being a conventional farm (vs. not), high within-farm density, and early weaning. The main protective factors for total AMU in sows/sucklings were E. coli vaccination in sows and having boars for estrus detection from own production. Regarding antimicrobial class-specific outcomes, several risk factors overlapped for weaners and sows/sucklings, such as farmer's non-tertiary education, not having free-sow systems during lactation, and conventional farming. An additional risk factor for weaners was having fully slatted floors. For fatteners, the main risk factor for total AMU was PRRS vaccination in sucklings. CONCLUSIONS Several factors found here to be associated with AMU. Some were known but others were novel, such as farmer's tertiary education, low pig aggression and free-sow systems which were all associated with lower AMU. These factors provide targets for developing tailor-made interventions, as well as an evidence-based selection of features for further causal assessment and mediation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Mallioris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Roosmarijn E C Luiken
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tijs Tobias
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Farm Animal Health unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Swine Health Department, Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - John Vonk
- John Vonk DVM, BSc Agriculture, De Varkenspraktijk, Obrechtstraat 2, 5344 AT, Oss, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan Stegeman
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Farm Animal Health unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lapo Mughini-Gras
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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89
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Gerszon J, Büchse A, Genz B, Pollock Y, Gleeson B, Morris A, Sellars MJ, Moser RJ. The use of oral fluids and sock samples for monitoring key pathogens in pig populations for surveillance purposes. Prev Vet Med 2024; 228:106237. [PMID: 38820832 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of co-infections and the association of over 50 viral and 46 bacterial pathogens with pig diseases, little is known about their simultaneous occurrence, particularly in commercial pig farming environments where health programs are in place. To address this knowledge gap, this study aimed to evaluate the pathogen threshold of respiratory and enteric pathogens in pig herds using the Pork MultiPath™ (PMP1 and PMP2, respiratory and enteric respectively) technology, which detects multiple pathogens simultaneously in a single reaction with high sensitivity and specificity. In this study the most prevalent respiratory pathogens, Mycoplasma hyrohinis, Pasteurella multocida, and Haemophilus parasuis detected by PMP1 were effectively controlled during the nursery stage through strategic treatment with tiamulin. Even though the major respiratory incidences were reduced, the recorded coughing and sneezing rates were associated with the levels of H. parasuis and M. hyrohinis, which were set at 1356 and 1275 copies/reaction, respectively. In addition, one of the identified co-infection patterns indicated a strong relationship between the occurrence of H. parasuis and M. hyorhinis at the sample and pen levels, highlighting the high likelihood of detecting these two pathogens together. Testing with enteric panel PMP2 revealed that the most frequently detected virulence factors during the early nursery stage were Escherichia coli genes for toxins - ST1, ST2, and fimbriae - F4 and F18. Moreover, a co-infection with Rotavirus B and C was often observed during the nursery stage, and a strong positive correlation between these two markers has been identified. Additionally, the levels of several markers, namely E. coli F4, F5, F18, LT, ST1, and ST2, have been associated with a higher likelihood of sickness in pig populations. In addition, the onset of Brachyspira pilosicoli during the nursery and grower stages was found to be associated with an increased risk of diarrhoea, with a set threshold at around 500 copies/reaction. Although simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens is not yet widely used in the pig industry, it offers a significant advantage in capturing the diversity and interactions of co-infections. Testing pooled samples with Pork MultiPath™ is cost-effective and practical to regularly monitor the health status of pig populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gerszon
- Genics Pty Ltd., Level 5, 60 Research Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia.
| | - Andreas Büchse
- Statistical Consultant, Über den Bächelwiesen 13, Hochspeyer 67691, Germany
| | - Berit Genz
- Genics Pty Ltd., Level 5, 60 Research Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Yvette Pollock
- SunPork Group, Unit 1/6 Eagleview Place, Eagle Farm, QLD 4009, Australia
| | - Bernie Gleeson
- SunPork Group, Unit 1/6 Eagleview Place, Eagle Farm, QLD 4009, Australia
| | - Andrew Morris
- Riverbend Pork Group, Level 1/487-489 Ruthven St, Toowoomba City, QLD 4350, Australia
| | - Melony J Sellars
- Genics Pty Ltd., Level 5, 60 Research Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Ralf J Moser
- Genics Pty Ltd., Level 5, 60 Research Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
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90
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Basuray N, Deehan EC, Vieira FT, Avedzi HM, Duke RL, Colín-Ramírez E, Tun HM, Zhang Z, Wine E, Madsen KL, Field CJ, Haqq AM. Dichotomous effect of dietary fiber in pediatrics: a narrative review of the health benefits and tolerance of fiber. Eur J Clin Nutr 2024; 78:557-568. [PMID: 38480843 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-024-01429-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Dietary fibers are associated with favorable gastrointestinal, immune, and metabolic health outcomes when consumed at sufficient levels. Despite the well-described benefits of dietary fibers, children and adolescents continue to fall short of daily recommended levels. This gap in fiber intake (i.e., "fiber gap") might increase the risk of developing early-onset pediatric obesity and obesity-related comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus into adulthood. The structure-dependent physicochemical properties of dietary fiber are diverse. Differences in solubility, viscosity, water-holding capacity, binding capability, bulking effect, and fermentability influence the physiological effects of dietary fibers that aid in regulating appetite, glycemic and lipidemic responses, and inflammation. Of growing interest is the fermentation of fibers by the gut microbiota, which yields both beneficial and less favorable end-products such as short-chain fatty acids (e.g., acetate, propionate, and butyrate) that impart metabolic and immunomodulatory properties, and gases (e.g., hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane) that cause gastrointestinal symptoms, respectively. This narrative review summarizes (1) the implications of fibers on the gut microbiota and the pathophysiology of pediatric obesity, (2) some factors that potentially contribute to the fiber gap with an emphasis on undesirable gastrointestinal symptoms, (3) some methods to alleviate fiber-induced symptoms, and (4) the therapeutic potential of whole foods and commonly marketed fiber supplements for improved health in pediatric obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Basuray
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Edward C Deehan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Flávio T Vieira
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hayford M Avedzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Reena L Duke
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Hein M Tun
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Zhengxiao Zhang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Eytan Wine
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Karen L Madsen
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andrea M Haqq
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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91
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Pérez-Pérez L, Carvajal A, Puente H, Peres Rubio C, Cerón JJ, Rubio P, Argüello H. New insights into swine dysentery: faecal shedding, macro and microscopic lesions and biomarkers in early and acute stages of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae infection. Porcine Health Manag 2024; 10:24. [PMID: 38951921 PMCID: PMC11218200 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-024-00375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swine dysentery (SD) is a severe mucohaemorrhagic colitis in pigs caused classically by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Although several aspects of B. hyodysenteriae infection dynamic are already described, further research in the early stage of this infection is required. In this study, 7-week-old pigs were orally challenged with B. hyodysenteriae to obtain information about faecal shedding, macro and microscopic intestinal lesions and serum acute phase proteins in pigs at the onset of B. hyodysenteriae shedding (early infection group, n = 8), in pigs with mucohaemorrhagic diarrhoea (acute infection group, n = 8) and in non-infected controls (n = 16). RESULTS First B. hyodysenteriae detection by q-PCR and first loose stools with blood and mucus occurred both at 8 days post-inoculation. The lapse between a positive q-PCR and observation of mucohaemorrhagic diarrhoea ranged from 0 to 3 days, except in a single pig in which this period lasted 5 days. Macroscopic lesions were observed in the large intestine from both infected groups although more frequent and severe in acute infection group. Microscopic observation of the apex mucosa revealed that in early infection only higher ulceration values were observed compared to healthy controls. In contrast, the acute infection group exhibited higher ulceration, neutrophils infiltration and increased mucosal thickness compared to the other two groups. Among the serum biomarkers tested, only haptoglobin, C-reactive protein, and creatine kinase showed a significant increase in pigs in the acute infection period compared to controls, whereas haptoglobin was the only factor with a significant increase at the early infection compared to non-infected animals. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new insights about SD and remarks the complex and limited options to perform an early detection of infected animals beyond PCR diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Pérez-Pérez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Ana Carvajal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain.
- INDEGSAL, Universidad de León, León, Spain.
| | - Héctor Puente
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Camila Peres Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro Rubio
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- INDEGSAL, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Héctor Argüello
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- INDEGSAL, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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92
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Vidal RM, Montero DA, Bentancor A, Arellano C, Alvarez A, Cundon C, Blanco Crivelli X, Del Canto F, Salazar JC, Oñate AA. Evaluation of the Humoral Response after Immunization with a Chimeric Subunit Vaccine against Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Pregnant Sows and Their Offspring. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:726. [PMID: 39066363 PMCID: PMC11281613 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) poses a significant public health risk due to its zoonotic potential and association with severe human diseases, such as hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Ruminants are recognized as primary reservoirs for STEC, but swine also contribute to the epidemiology of this pathogen, highlighting the need for effective prevention strategies across species. Notably, a subgroup of STEC that produces Shiga toxin type 2e (Stx2e) causes edema disease (ED) in newborn piglets, economically affecting pig production. This study evaluates the immunogenicity of a chimeric protein-based vaccine candidate against STEC in pregnant sows and the subsequent transfer of immunity to their offspring. This vaccine candidate, which includes chimeric proteins displaying selected epitopes from the proteins Cah, OmpT, and Hes, was previously proven to be immunogenic in pregnant cows. Our analysis revealed a broad diversity of STEC serotypes within swine populations, with the cah and ompT genes being prevalent, validating them as suitable antigens for vaccine development. Although the hes gene was detected less frequently, the presence of at least one of these three genes in a significant proportion of STEC suggests the potential of this vaccine to target a wide range of strains. The vaccination of pregnant sows led to an increase in specific IgG and IgA antibodies against the chimeric proteins, indicating successful immunization. Additionally, our results demonstrated the effective passive transfer of maternal antibodies to piglets, providing them with immediate, albeit temporary, humoral immunity against STEC. These humoral responses demonstrate the immunogenicity of the vaccine candidate and are preliminary indicators of its potential efficacy. However, further research is needed to conclusively evaluate its impact on STEC colonization and shedding. This study highlights the potential of maternal vaccination to protect piglets from ED and contributes to the development of vaccination strategies to reduce the prevalence of STEC in various animal reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto M. Vidal
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.A.); (A.A.); (F.D.C.); (J.C.S.)
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - David A. Montero
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.A.); (A.A.); (F.D.C.); (J.C.S.)
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Adriana Bentancor
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina; (A.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Carolina Arellano
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.A.); (A.A.); (F.D.C.); (J.C.S.)
| | - Alhejandra Alvarez
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.A.); (A.A.); (F.D.C.); (J.C.S.)
| | - Cecilia Cundon
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina; (A.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Ximena Blanco Crivelli
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigaciones en Epidemiología Veterinaria, Cátedra de Microbiología, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina; (A.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Felipe Del Canto
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.A.); (A.A.); (F.D.C.); (J.C.S.)
| | - Juan C. Salazar
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.A.); (A.A.); (F.D.C.); (J.C.S.)
| | - Angel A. Oñate
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile;
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93
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Ochoteco-Asensio J, Zigovski G, Batista Costa L, Rio-López R, Clavell-Sansalvador A, Ramayo-Caldas Y, Dalmau A. Effect on Feeding Behaviour and Growing of Being a Dominant or Subordinate Growing Pig and Its Relationship with the Faecal Microbiota. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1906. [PMID: 38998018 PMCID: PMC11240813 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigs are a social species, and they establish hierarchies for better use of resources and to reduce conflicts. However, in pig production, the opportunities for growth can differ between dominant and subordinate animals. In the present study, a system was tested to perform a dominant versus subordinate test in growing pigs to investigate how the hierarchy affects feeding behaviour, growth, and gut microbiota assessed in faeces. Sixty-four animals housed in eight different pens were used, with four castrated males and four females in each one, weighing 18 kg at arrival and maintained during the whole growing period, until 140 kg. Three stool samples were obtained from the animals directly from the anus to avoid contamination of the faeces 58, 100, and 133 days after the start of the study to investigate the microbiota composition. The dominant animals had higher gains during the growing period than the subordinates. In addition, they were performing more visits to the feeder throughout the day. Differential abundance patterns were observed in five bacterial genera, with Oliverpabstia, Peptococcus, and Faecalbacterium being more abundant in dominant animals and Holdemanella and Acetitomaculum being overrepresented in subordinate ones. This microbial biomarker accurately classified dominant versus subordinate groups of samples with an AUC of 0.92.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ochoteco-Asensio
- Animal Welfare Program and Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institute of Agrifood and Technology (IRTA), Veïnat de Sies s/n, 17121 Monells, Spain; (J.O.-A.); (R.R.-L.); (A.C.-S.); (Y.R.-C.)
| | - Gustavo Zigovski
- Graduate Program of Animal Science, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Paraná-PUCPR, Curitibia 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil; (G.Z.); (L.B.C.)
| | - Leandro Batista Costa
- Graduate Program of Animal Science, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Paraná-PUCPR, Curitibia 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil; (G.Z.); (L.B.C.)
| | - Raquel Rio-López
- Animal Welfare Program and Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institute of Agrifood and Technology (IRTA), Veïnat de Sies s/n, 17121 Monells, Spain; (J.O.-A.); (R.R.-L.); (A.C.-S.); (Y.R.-C.)
| | - Adrià Clavell-Sansalvador
- Animal Welfare Program and Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institute of Agrifood and Technology (IRTA), Veïnat de Sies s/n, 17121 Monells, Spain; (J.O.-A.); (R.R.-L.); (A.C.-S.); (Y.R.-C.)
| | - Yuliaxis Ramayo-Caldas
- Animal Welfare Program and Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institute of Agrifood and Technology (IRTA), Veïnat de Sies s/n, 17121 Monells, Spain; (J.O.-A.); (R.R.-L.); (A.C.-S.); (Y.R.-C.)
| | - Antoni Dalmau
- Animal Welfare Program and Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institute of Agrifood and Technology (IRTA), Veïnat de Sies s/n, 17121 Monells, Spain; (J.O.-A.); (R.R.-L.); (A.C.-S.); (Y.R.-C.)
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94
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van Staaveren N, Pessoa J, Boyle LA, Calderón Díaz JA. Description of patterns of ear and tail lesions during the grower-finisher period in a commercial pig farm. Porcine Health Manag 2024; 10:23. [PMID: 38937857 PMCID: PMC11210170 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-024-00374-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ear and tail lesions are prevalent indicators of impaired welfare observed in pig production with different multifactorial causes. Understanding the progression of ear and tail lesions over time is important to implement preventative strategies on commercial pig farms. Therefore, this case study aimed to provide a detailed account of patterns of ear and tail lesions in pigs on a single commercial farm during the grower-finisher period. CASE PRESENTATION A total of 1,676 12-week old pigs (n = 773 females and n = 903 males, all tail docked) were followed from arrival to the grower facilities until transferred to the finisher stage on a commercial pig farm in Ireland. Pigs were individually weighed and inspected for the severity of fresh ear and tail lesions (score 0-4) on transfer to the first grower (24.9 ± 5.33 kg, 12 weeks of age, n = 1,676 pigs), second grower (33.3 ± 7.04 kg, 14 weeks of age, n = 1,641 pigs), and finisher stage (60.2 ± 7.74 kg, 18 weeks of age, n = 1,626 pigs). Due to the low number of pigs with high scores, ear lesions were classified as no (score 0), mild (score 1), moderate (score 2) and severe (score ≥ 3) and tail lesions were classified as no (score 0), mild (score 1), and moderate-to-severe (score ≥ 2). Ear lesions were more prevalent than tail lesions at each inspection. There were approx. 19% of pigs with ear lesions at all three inspections but no pigs presented with tail lesions at all three inspections. When considering the specific severity categories, we observed 32 different ear lesion score combinations and 15 different tail lesion score combinations across the three inspections. CONCLUSION The high number of observed patterns of ear and tail lesions suggest large individual variability in lesion progression. Ear lesions were more of an issue than tail lesions and little is known about this health and welfare problem indicating that further research into causes and management strategies is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke van Staaveren
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Joana Pessoa
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Kemitorvet 204, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Laura Ann Boyle
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Co. Cork, Fermoy, Ireland.
| | - Julia Adriana Calderón Díaz
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Co. Cork, Fermoy, Ireland
- PIC Europe, Sant Cugat del Valles, C/Pau Vila, 22 2o piso, Barcelona, 08174, Spain
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95
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Wang Q, Li A, Yu H, Wang C, Wang T, Zhang J. Evaluation of Cross-Talk and Alleviate Potential of Cytotoxic Factors Induced by Deoxynivalenol in IPEC-J2 Cells Interference with Curcumin. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6984. [PMID: 39000093 PMCID: PMC11241398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium graminearum, and curcumin (CUR) is a natural polyphenolic compound found in turmeric. However, the combined treatment of CUR and DON to explore the mitigating effect of CUR on DON and their combined mechanism of action is not clear. Therefore, in this study, we established four treatment groups (CON, CUR, DON and CUR + DON) to investigate their mechanism in the porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). In addition, the cross-talk and alleviating potential of CUR interfering with DON-induced cytotoxic factors were evaluated by in vitro experiments; the results showed that CUR could effectively inhibit DON-exposed activated TNF-α/NF-κB pathway, attenuate DON-induced apoptosis, and alleviate DON-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress through PERK/CHOP pathways, which were verified at both mRNA and protein levels. In conclusion, these promising findings may contribute to the future use of CUR as a novel feed additive to protect livestock from the harmful effects of DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Wang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Aike Li
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Hao Yu
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Chuanqi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China
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96
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Li X, Hu Z, Tian X, Fan M, Liu Q, Wang X. A suitable sampling strategy for the detection of African swine fever virus in living and deceased pigs in the field: a retrospective study. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1419083. [PMID: 38988987 PMCID: PMC11234165 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1419083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal disease that threatens the health status of the swine population and thus can impact the economic outcome of the global pig industry. Monitoring the ASF virus (ASFV) is of utmost concern to prevent and control its distribution. This study aims to identify a suitable sampling strategy for ASFV detection in living and deceased pigs under field conditions. A range of samples, comprising tissues obtained from deceased pigs, as well as serum and tonsil swab samples from live pigs, were gathered and subjected to detection using the qPCR method. The findings revealed that the mandibular lymph nodes demonstrated the highest viral loads among superficial tissues, thereby indicating their potential suitability for detecting ASFV in deceased pigs. Additionally, the correlations between virus loads in various tissues have demonstrated that tonsil swab samples are a viable specimen for monitoring live pigs, given the strong associations observed with other tissues. These findings indicated two dependable sample types for the detection of ASFV: mandibular lymph nodes for deceased pigs and tonsil swabs for live pigs, which supply some references for the development of efficacious preventive measures against ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Dezhou, China
- China Agriculture Research System-Yangling Comprehensive Test Station, Xianyang, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Dezhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, China
| | - Xiaogang Tian
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Dezhou, China
| | - Mingyu Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Dezhou, China
| | - Qingyuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Dezhou, China
| | - Xinglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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97
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Friedrichs V, Reicks D, Zimmerman JJ, Nelson EA, Sauter-Louis C, Beer M, Christopher-Hennings J, Blome S. Establishment of a Suitable Diagnostic Workflow to Ensure Sensitive Detection of African Swine Fever Virus Genome in Porcine Semen. Pathogens 2024; 13:537. [PMID: 39057764 PMCID: PMC11280010 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of African swine fever virus (ASFV), causing severe and often lethal disease in domestic pigs and Eurasian wild boar, continues to be a threat to pig populations and dependent industries. Despite scientific achievements that have deepened our understanding of ASFV pathogenesis, alternative transmission routes for ASFV remain to be elucidated. We previously demonstrated the efficient transmission of ASFV from infected boars to naïve recipient gilts via artificial insemination, thereby highlighting the importance of surveillance of boar semen prior to its shipment. Since the accurate and reliable detection of even low amounts of ASFV in boar semen is key to disease prevention and control, we established a suitable diagnostic workflow to efficiently detect the ASFV genome in boar semen. Here, we assessed the sensitivity of various routine nucleic acid extraction kits as well as qPCR protocols in detecting the ASFV genome in the blood and semen of infected boars. The feasibility of the respective kits and methods for future use in boar studs was also considered. Variability in sensitivity mostly concerned samples with low to very low amounts of the ASFV genome. Ultimately, we defined a well-suited workflow for precisely detecting the ASFV genome in boar semen as early as 2 days post ASFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Friedrichs
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.F.); (C.S.-L.); (M.B.)
| | - Darwin Reicks
- Reicks Veterinary Research and Consulting, Saint Peter, MN 56082, USA;
| | - Jeffrey J. Zimmerman
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Eric A. Nelson
- Animal Disease Research & Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA;
| | - Carola Sauter-Louis
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.F.); (C.S.-L.); (M.B.)
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.F.); (C.S.-L.); (M.B.)
| | - Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Animal Disease Research & Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA;
| | - Sandra Blome
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.F.); (C.S.-L.); (M.B.)
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98
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Arendt M, Stadler J, Ritzmann M, Ade J, Hoelzle K, Hoelzle LE. Hemotrophic Mycoplasmas-Vector Transmission in Livestock. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1278. [PMID: 39065047 PMCID: PMC11279228 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hemotrophic mycoplasmas (HMs) are highly host-adapted and specialized pathogens infecting a wide range of mammals including farm animals, i.e., pigs, cattle, sheep, and goats. Although HMs have been known for over 90 years, we still do not know much about the natural transmission routes within herds. Recently, it has been repeatedly discussed in publications that arthropod vectors may play a role in the transmission of HMs from animal to animal. This is mainly since several HM species could be detected in different potential arthropod vectors by PCR. This review summarizes the available literature about the transmission of bovine, porcine, ovine, and caprine HM species by different hematophagous arthropod vectors. Since most studies are only based on the detection of HMs in potential vectors, there are rare data about the actual vector competence of arthropods. Furthermore, there is a need for additional studies to investigate, whether there are biological vectors in which HMs can multiply and be delivered to new hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Arendt
- Department of Livestock Infectiology and Environmental Hygiene, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.A.); (J.A.); (K.H.)
| | - Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (J.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (J.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Julia Ade
- Department of Livestock Infectiology and Environmental Hygiene, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.A.); (J.A.); (K.H.)
| | - Katharina Hoelzle
- Department of Livestock Infectiology and Environmental Hygiene, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.A.); (J.A.); (K.H.)
| | - Ludwig E. Hoelzle
- Department of Livestock Infectiology and Environmental Hygiene, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.A.); (J.A.); (K.H.)
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99
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Gormley A, Jang KB, Garavito-Duarte Y, Deng Z, Kim SW. Impacts of Maternal Nutrition on Sow Performance and Potential Positive Effects on Piglet Performance. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1858. [PMID: 38997970 PMCID: PMC11240334 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this review are to identify the nutritional challenges faced by modern sows and present potential solutions to mitigate excessive maternal tissue loss and reproductive failure as it relates to recent genetic improvements. Current feeding programs have limitations to support the rapid genetic improvements in reproductive performance for modern sows. Since 2012, both litter size at birth and fetal weight have increased by 2.26 pigs per litter and 0.22 kg per piglet, respectively, thereby increasing the nutrient needs for sows during gestation and lactation. Prediction models generated in this review predict that modern sows would need 31% more lysine during gestation when compared with current feeding programs. Physiological challenges facing modern sows are also addressed in this review. High oxidative stress, pelvic organ prolapse, and lameness can directly affect the sow, whereas these physiological challenges can have negative impacts on colostrum and milk quality. In response, there is growing interest in investigating the functional roles of select bioactive compounds as feed additives to mitigate the severity of these challenges. Selenium sources, catechins, and select plant extracts have been utilized to reduce oxidative stress, calcium chloride and phytase have been used to mitigate pelvic organ prolapse and lameness, algae and yeast derivatives have been used to improve colostrum and milk quality, and fiber sources and probiotics have been commonly utilized to improve sow intestinal health. Collectively, this review demonstrates the unique challenges associated with managing the feeding programs for modern sows and the opportunities for revision of the amino acid requirements as well as the use of select bioactive compounds to improve reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (A.G.); (K.B.J.); (Y.G.-D.); (Z.D.)
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100
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Ade J, Eddicks M, Ritzmann M, Hoelzle K, Hoelzle LE, Stadler J. Haemotrophic Mycoplasmas Infecting Pigs: A Review of the Current Knowledge. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1267. [PMID: 39065036 PMCID: PMC11279051 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Haemotrophic mycoplasmas (haemoplasmas) are a group of highly specific and adapted bacteria. Three different haemoplasma species in pigs are known to date: Mycoplasma (M.) suis, M. parvum and 'Candidatus (Ca.) M. haemosuis'. Even though these bacteria have been known in pig farming for a long time, it is difficult to draw general conclusions about the relevance of their infections in pigs. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the three porcine haemoplasma species with regards to clinical and pathological descriptions, pathobiology, epidemiology and diagnostics as well as prevention and therapy. Overall, it is clear that considerably more data are available for M. suis than for the other two species, but generally, porcine haemoplasmas were found to be highly prevalent all over the world. Mycoplasma suis is the most virulent species, causing acute infectious anaemia in pigs (IAP), whereas M. parvum usually results in chronic and subclinical infections associated with performance losses. Little is known about the clinical significance of the recently discovered third porcine species 'Ca. M. haemosuis'. So far, the described pathogenic mechanisms mainly include direct destruction of erythrocytes via adhesion, invasion, eryptosis and nutrient scavenging, indirect erythrocyte lysis due to immune-mediated events and immune dysregulation processes. A review of published diagnostic data confirms PCR assays as the current standard method, with various cross-species and species-specific protocols. Overall, there is a need for further examination to obtain valuable insights for practical application, specifically regarding the importance of subclinical infections in naturally infected animals. An essential requirement for this will be to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms operating between the host and the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ade
- Department of Livestock Infectiology and Environmental Hygiene, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Eddicks
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Katharina Hoelzle
- Department of Livestock Infectiology and Environmental Hygiene, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ludwig E. Hoelzle
- Department of Livestock Infectiology and Environmental Hygiene, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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