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Bond J, Julion WA, Shattell M, Healey W, Reed M. The Lived Experiences of Racial Microaggressions for Black Individuals While Seeking Orthopedic-Related Care: A Qualitative Study. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024:10.1007/s40615-024-02063-4. [PMID: 39192057 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-024-02063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Race-based health disparities for racially and ethnically diverse people with orthopedic-related conditions are well documented and their experiences when seeking care deserve more attention. The purpose of this study was to understand the lived experiences of racial microaggressions occurring when racially and ethnically diverse people seek health care services for orthopedic-related conditions. We used transcendental phenomenology to understand their lived experiences of racial microaggressions while receiving orthopedic-related health care services. All participants self-identified as Black, none as Hispanic. Nineteen final codes were organized into five patterns and then into five themes-two background and three figural themes. Background themes: discrimination can occur across a lifetime, and poor treatment of poor people fuels health inequity. Figural themes: racial discrimination can come at any time and in various forms; resistance is necessary in the face of racial discrimination; and despite discriminatory encounters, health care goals are achievable. Participants shared their lived experiences of racial microaggressions while seeking care for their orthopedic-related conditions (figural) through a lens shaped by their other past experiences with varied discrimination (background). Black individuals have a longstanding relationship with racial discrimination that has a negative impact on many aspects of their lives, including their health. The results highlight ways to promote equity by capitalizing on Black individuls' goals to actively pursue health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerenda Bond
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | | | - Mona Shattell
- College of Nursing, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - William Healey
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Monique Reed
- College of Nursing, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Hinshaw SP, Porter PA, Ahmad SI. Developmental psychopathology turns 50: Applying core principles to longitudinal investigation of ADHD in girls and efforts to reduce stigma and discrimination. Dev Psychopathol 2024:1-15. [PMID: 39188249 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579424000981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
The seminal contributions of Dante Cicchetti to the field/paradigm/metaparadigm of developmental psychopathology (DP) - and its continuing ascendance as a guiding force for multidisciplinary investigation of normative and atypical development - are legion. Our aim is to illustrate a number of DP's core principles in the context of (a) prospective longitudinal research on children (particularly girls) with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and (b) theoretical and empirical work dedicated to alleviating the stigma and discrimination toward those experiencing mental health, substance use, and neurodevelopmental challenges. We feature (i) the mutual interplay of perspectives on normative and non-normative development, (ii) reciprocal and transactional processes, and the constructs of equifinaliy and multifinality; (iii) continuities and discontinuities in developmental processes and outcomes, with particular focus on heterotypic continuity; (iv) the inseparability of heritable and environmental risk; (v) multiple levels of analysis, and (vi) the benefits of qualitative perspectives. We highlight that interventions promoting recovery, along with the multi-level facilitation of protective factors/strengths, lie at the heart of both DP and anti-stigma efforts. The ongoing youth mental-health crisis provides a sobering counterpoint to the gains of the DP enterprise over the past half century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Hinshaw
- University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Schaeffer D, Griese L, Haarmann A. [Professional Health Literacy of General Practitioners - Results of the HLS-PROF]. DAS GESUNDHEITSWESEN 2024. [PMID: 39191374 DOI: 10.1055/a-2350-6377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
AIM To date, there are only a few studies analyzing health professionals' health literacy (HL). Mostly, the focus has been on personal rather than professional HL. To bridge this gap, a new concept and an associated survey instrument have been developed in a three-country consortium. The aim of this article was to examine the professional HL of general practitioners (GPs) in Germany. METHOD The survey instrument used consists of 34 items and assesses subjective difficulties in four dimensions to be addressed in promoting patients' HL: "information and knowledge management", "conveying information and knowledge", "patient-centred communication", "professional digital HL". A total of 297 GPs and internists working in general practice were surveyed online over the summer of 2022. The professional HL (score from 0 to 100) was analyzed descriptively and examined in relation to gender, selected job-related, and organizational characteristics, using multiple linear regression. RESULTS Depending on the four areas, GPs achieved approximately half to almost three-quarters of the highest possible score. The dimension "patient-centred communication" was perceived as the easiest, followed by "information and knowledge management", and "conveying information and knowledge". The most challenging dimension was "professional digital HL". According to the multivariate analysis, professional HL shows a relation to gender, organizational framework and training conditions, job duration, and coping with the diversity of digital information. The strength of correlation varies by area and is rather weak in some instances. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate the importance of promoting professional HL of GPs and provide numerous indications of where to start. They also indicate that the regression models should be extended by additional determinants, since the included variables can explain only a small amount of variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Schaeffer
- Fakultät für Gesundheitswissenschaften, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lennert Griese
- Fakultät für Gesundheitswissenschaften, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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Wykes T, Bowie CR, Cella M. Thinking About the Future of Cognitive Remediation Therapy Revisited: What Is Left to Solve Before Patients Have Access? Schizophr Bull 2024; 50:993-1005. [PMID: 38780191 PMCID: PMC11349022 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbae075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
In our previous paper on the Future of Cognitive Remediation published more than 10 years ago, we envisaged an imminent and wide implementation of cognitive remediation therapies into mental health services. This optimism was misplaced. Despite evidence of the benefits, costs, and savings of this intervention, access is still sparse. The therapy has made its way into some treatment guidance, but these documents weight the same evidence very differently, causing confusion, and do not consider barriers to implementation. This paper revisits our previous agenda and describes how some challenges were overcome but some remain. The scientific community, with its commitment to Open Science, has produced promising sets of empirical data to explore the mechanisms of treatment action. This same community needs to understand the specific and nonspecific effects of cognitive remediation if we are to provide a formulation-based approach that can be widely implemented. In the last 10 years we have learned that cognitive remediation is not "brain training" but is a holistic therapy that involves an active therapist providing motivation support, and who helps to mitigate the impact of cognitive difficulties through metacognition to develop awareness of cognitive approaches to problems. We conclude that, of course, more research is needed but, in addition and perhaps more importantly at this stage, we need more public and health professionals' understanding of the benefits of this therapy to inform and include this approach as part of treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Til Wykes
- Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Matteo Cella
- Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Yang M, Cai C, Yang Z, Wang X, Li G, Li J, Liu J, Zhang Z. Effect of dietary fibre on cognitive function and mental health in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Funct 2024; 15:8618-8628. [PMID: 39135486 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo02221a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of dietary fibre on the mental health and cognitive function of children and adolescents. Methods: All interventional and observational studies that contained information on the relevant population (children and adolescents), intervention/exposures (high dietary fibre consumption) and outcomes (mental and cognitive parameters) were eligible. Eight electronic databases (Embase, Medline, Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov) were searched up to December 11, 2023. Results: A total of 15 studies (n = 4628) met inclusion criteria, consisting of 9 intervention trials and 6 observational studies. According to observational studies, higher dietary fibre consumption was associated with a 49% reduction in the odds of depression compared to lower intake (P < 0.0001; OR = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.38, 0.69; I2 = 0%). Furthermore, no significant correlations were found between dietary fibre consumption and intelligence or anxiety. Among intervention studies, no significant difference was observed between fibre supplementation and placebo in terms of anxiety (standardized mean difference (SMD): -0.23; 95% CI: -0.72, 0.27), stress (SMD: 0.03; 95% CI: -0.21, 0.28), memory (SMD: 0.46; 95% CI: -0.79, 1.71), or attention (SMD: -2.72; 95% CI: -6.30, 0.86). Conclusion: Evidence from observation studies demonstrated that higher dietary fibre consumption is associated with a decreased odds of depression symptoms, both in childhood and adolescence. However, the causal relationship between dietary fibre intake and mental and cognitive function in children and adolescents still requires further clarification through high-quality intervention studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Yang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Chenxi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhongmin Yang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Xue Wang
- State School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Guiling Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jian Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jingwen Liu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Zhengxiao Zhang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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56
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Muschalla B. Psychological capacity profiles of different age groups and gender in a national representative sample. Psych J 2024. [PMID: 39188054 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Beyond the specific cognitive capacities like numerical or verbal intelligence and cognitive speed, the so-called soft skills, namely, psychological capacities, have become highly important in modern life. This is the first representative study on the distribution of work-relevant psychological capacities in the general population. We investigate capacities in different age groups, gender, and their relation with basic sociodemographics. A representative sample of 2531 people aged 14-95 years was investigated concerning work-relevant psychological capacities with the mini self-rating for psychological activities and participation (Mini-ICF-APP-S). The strongest capacities in young people were mobility, flexibility, proactivity, contact to thirds, and group interaction. Other capacities were stronger in midlife (30-59 years), such as adjustment to rules and routines, planning and structuring, decision making and judgement, application of competence and knowledge, assertiveness, dyadic relationships, endurance, and self-care. Women reported better dyadic relationship capacities, and men felt more assertive. The study provides, for the first time, representative data on a broad range of psychological capacities according to an internationally validated capacity concept. Good psychological capacities occur not primarily in youth, but especially in midlife and older age. Regarding demographic change, this implies older people are highly competent in the working world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Muschalla
- Institute of Psychology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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57
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Kemp PL, Loaiza VM, Kelley CM, Wahlheim CN. Correcting fake news headlines after repeated exposure: memory and belief accuracy in younger and older adults. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2024; 9:55. [PMID: 39183253 PMCID: PMC11345346 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-024-00585-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of fake news corrections in improving memory and belief accuracy may depend on how often adults see false information before it is corrected. Two experiments tested the competing predictions that repeating fake news before corrections will either impair or improve memory and belief accuracy. These experiments also examined whether fake news exposure effects would differ for younger and older adults due to age-related differences in the recollection of contextual details. Younger and older adults read real and fake news headlines that appeared once or thrice. Next, they identified fake news corrections among real news headlines. Later, recognition and cued recall tests assessed memory for real news, fake news, if corrections occurred, and beliefs in retrieved details. Repeating fake news increased detection and remembering of corrections, correct real news retrieval, and erroneous fake news retrieval. No age differences emerged for detection of corrections, but younger adults remembered corrections better than older adults. At test, correct fake news retrieval for earlier-detected corrections was associated with better real news retrieval. This benefit did not differ between age groups in recognition but was greater for younger than older adults in cued recall. When detected corrections were not remembered at test, repeated fake news increased memory errors. Overall, both age groups believed correctly retrieved real news more than erroneously retrieved fake news to a similar degree. These findings suggest that fake news repetition effects on subsequent memory accuracy depended on age differences in recollection-based retrieval of fake news and that it was corrected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige L Kemp
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 296 Eberhart Building, P. O. Box 26170, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA.
| | - Vanessa M Loaiza
- School of Psychology, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S1 2LT, England
| | - Colleen M Kelley
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Christopher N Wahlheim
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 296 Eberhart Building, P. O. Box 26170, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA.
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Kalis A, Pascoe J, Segundo Ortin M. Running away from the marshmallow: the relevance of behaviour settings for a situated science of self-control. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230289. [PMID: 39005035 PMCID: PMC11338581 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The behaviour settings approach was introduced as a means to study the variability of human beings' behaviour outside the lab. More recently, it has been argued that it also provides a fruitful avenue for developing situated accounts of cognition. This article will provide a proof of concept for the latter suggestion, focusing on the science of self-control. Self-control is the ability of individuals to pursue goals they value in the face of conflicting motivations. The hypothesis we bring forward is that this ability should be understood as a set of skills by which individuals modulate their relation to their environment, more specifically the behaviour settings they inhabit. With this conception of self-control in hand, we will take a critical look at well-known experiments involving delayed gratification tasks and propose concrete suggestions on how to improve them. This will bring us to the conclusion that the behaviour settings framework might have a valuable role to play in developing a situated science of self-control. This article is part of the theme issue 'People, places, things and communities: expanding behaviour settings theory in the twenty-first century'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Kalis
- Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht3512 BL, The Netherlands
| | - Josephine Pascoe
- Department of Philosophy, University of Murcia, Murcia30100, Spain
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Line EN, Jaramillo S, Goldwater M, Horne Z. Anecdotes impact medical decisions even when presented with statistical information or decision aids. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2024; 9:51. [PMID: 39183199 PMCID: PMC11345347 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-024-00577-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
People are inundated with popular press reports about medical research concerning what is healthy, get advice from doctors, and hear personal anecdotes. How do people integrate conflicting anecdotal and statistical information when making medical decisions? In four experiments (N = 4126), we tested how people use conflicting information to judge the efficacy of artificial and real medical treatments. Participants read an anecdote from someone in a clinical trial, or who had undergone a medical treatment previously, for whom the medical treatment was ineffective. We found that reading anecdotes for either artificial or real medical treatments shifted participants' beliefs about the efficacy of a medical treatment. We observed this result even when the anecdote was uninformative, was paired with an icon array, or when participants were provided with thorough medical decision aids about reproductive health procedures. Our findings highlight the pervasive effect of anecdotes on medical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Line
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA.
| | - Sara Jaramillo
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Micah Goldwater
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Zachary Horne
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Ecker UKH, Prike T, Paver AB, Scott RJ, Swire-Thompson B. Don't believe them! Reducing misinformation influence through source discreditation. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2024; 9:52. [PMID: 39183204 PMCID: PMC11345350 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-024-00581-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Misinformation often continues to influence people's reasoning even after it has been corrected. Therefore, an important aim of applied cognition research is to identify effective measures to counter misinformation. One frequently recommended but hitherto insufficiently tested strategy is source discreditation, that is, attacking the credibility of a misinformation source. In two experiments, we tested whether immediate source discreditation could reduce people's subsequent reliance on fictional event-related misinformation. In Experiment 1, the discreditation targeted a person source of misinformation, pointing to a conflict of interest. This intervention was compared with a commonly employed message-focused correction and a combination of correction and discreditation. The discreditation alone was effective, but less effective than a correction, with the combination of both most effective. Experiment 2 compared discreditations that targeted a person versus a media source of misinformation, pointing either to a conflict of interest or a poor track record of communication. Discreditations were effective for both types of sources, although track-record discreditations were less effective when the misinformation source was a media outlet compared to a person. Results demonstrate that continued influence of misinformation is shaped by social as well as cognitive factors and that source discreditation is a broadly applicable misinformation countermeasure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ullrich K H Ecker
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia (M304), Perth, 6009, Australia.
- Public Policy Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| | - Toby Prike
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia (M304), Perth, 6009, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Antonia B Paver
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia (M304), Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Rosie J Scott
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia (M304), Perth, 6009, Australia
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61
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Lillie HM, Ratcliff CL, King AJ, Pokharel M, Jensen JD. Using narratives to correct politically charged health misinformation and address affective belief echoes. J Public Health (Oxf) 2024; 46:430-436. [PMID: 38632889 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdae050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In May 2020, news outlets reported misinformation about the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) related to COVID-19. Correcting misinformation about outbreaks and politics is particularly challenging. Affective belief echoes continue to influence audiences even after successful correction. Narrative and emotional flow scholarship suggest that a narrative corrective with a positive ending could reduce belief echoes. Therefore, this study investigated the efficacy of a narrative corrective with a relief ending for correcting misinformation about the CDC. METHODS Between 29 May and 4 June 2020, we tested the effectiveness of a narrative to correct this misinformation. Participants in the United States (N = 469) were enrolled via Qualtrics panels in an online message experiment and randomized to receive a narrative corrective, a didactic corrective or no corrective. RESULTS The narrative corrective resulted in lower endorsement of the misinformation compared with the control and the didactic corrective. The narrative corrective had a positive indirect effect on perceived CDC competence and mask wearing intentions for politically moderate and conservative participants via relief. CONCLUSIONS Public health institutions, such as the CDC, should consider utilizing narrative messaging with positive emotion endings to correct misinformation. Narratives better address affective belief echoes, particularly for counter-attitudinal audiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Lillie
- Department of Communication Studies, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
| | - Chelsea L Ratcliff
- Department of Communication Studies, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
| | - Andy J King
- Department of Communication, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA
| | - Manusheela Pokharel
- Department of Communication Studies, Texas State University, San Marcos 78666, USA
| | - Jakob D Jensen
- Department of Communication, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA
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Meshkat S, Wu M, Tassone VK, Janssen-Aguilar R, Pang H, Jung H, Lou W, Bhat V. Increased Odds of Cognitive Impairment in Adults with Depressive Symptoms and Antidepressant Use. PHARMACOPSYCHIATRY 2024. [PMID: 39178840 DOI: 10.1055/a-2381-2061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The relationship between antidepressant use and class with cognition in depression is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the association of cognition with depressive symptoms and antidepressant use (class, duration, number). METHODS Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were examined for cognitive function through various tests and memory issues through the Medical Conditions questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. RESULTS A total of 2867 participants were included. Participants with depressive symptoms had significantly higher odds of cognitive impairment (CI) on the animal fluency test (aOR=1.89, 95% CI=1.30, 2.73, P=0.002) and Digit Symbol Substitution test (aOR=2.58, 95% CI=1.34, 4.9, P=0.007), as well as subjective memory issues (aOR=7.25, 95% CI=4.26, 12.32, P<0.001) than those without depression. There were no statistically significant associations between any of the CI categories and depressive symptoms treated with an antidepressant and antidepressant use duration. Participants who were using more than one antidepressant had significantly higher odds of subjective memory issues than those who were using one antidepressant. Specifically, users of atypical antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) had significantly higher odds of subjective memory issues in comparison to no antidepressants, with TCAs showing the largest odds (aOR=4.21, 95% CI=1.19, 14.86, P=0.028). DISCUSSION This study highlights the relationship between depressive symptoms, antidepressant use, and CI. Future studies should further evaluate the mechanism underlying this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakila Meshkat
- Interventional Psychiatry Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vanessa K Tassone
- Interventional Psychiatry Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Hilary Pang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hyejung Jung
- Department of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wendy Lou
- Department of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Venkat Bhat
- Interventional Psychiatry Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Neuroscience Research Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Frau L, Jonaitis E, Langhough RE, Zuelsdorff M, Okonkwo O, Bruno D. The role of cognitive reserve and depression on executive function in older adults: A 10-year study from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention. Clin Neuropsychol 2024:1-23. [PMID: 39180168 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2024.2388904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Objective: The current study examined the longitudinal relationship between cognitive reserve (CR), depression, and executive function (EF) in a cohort of older adults. Methods: 416 participants were selected from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention. They were native English speakers, aged ≥50+, and cognitively unimpaired at baseline, with no history of neurological or other psychiatric disorders aside from depression. Depression was assessed with the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). A composite score, based on the premorbid IQ (WRAT-3 Reading subtest) and years of education was used to estimate CR. Another composite score from four cognitive tests was used to estimate EF. A moderation analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of CR and Depression on EF at follow-up after controlling for age, gender, and APOE risk score. Moreover, a multinomial logistic regression was used to predict conversion to Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) from the healthy baseline. Results: The negative relationship between depression and EF was stronger in individuals with higher CR levels, suggesting a possible floor effect at lower CR levels. In the multinomial regression, the interaction between CR and depression predicted conversion to MCI status, indicating that lower CR paired with more severe depression at baseline was associated with a higher risk of subsequent impairment. Conclusions: This study sheds light on the intricate relationship between depression and EF over time, suggesting that the association may be influenced by varying levels of CR. Further studies may replicate these findings in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Frau
- School of Psychology, Liverpool, John Moores University, United Kingdom
| | - Erin Jonaitis
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rebecca E Langhough
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Megan Zuelsdorff
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- School of Nursing (MZ), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ozioma Okonkwo
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Davide Bruno
- School of Psychology, Liverpool, John Moores University, United Kingdom
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Bhattacharyya KK, Molinari V, Gupta DD, Hueluer G. The Role of Life Satisfaction and Optimism for Successful Aging in Mid and Late Life. J Appl Gerontol 2024:7334648241273337. [PMID: 39177667 DOI: 10.1177/07334648241273337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Guided by the Rowe and Kahn model, the current study examined the longitudinal association of objective and subjective components of successful aging (SA) with individuals' life satisfaction and level of optimism across adulthood aiming to validate the related scanty existing research. Data were from waves 2 and 3 (2004-14) of the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. Using structural equation modeling, we examined (N = 2,040) whether subjective life satisfaction (wave 2) has any effect on a composite measure of SA (wave 3) while controlling for baseline sociodemographic and health factors. We also examined the mediation effects of optimism in the above associations. Findings revealed that life satisfaction has a significant positive effect on SA; also, this effect is bidirectional. Further, high optimism positively mediated the bidirectional association between life satisfaction and SA. This study identified life satisfaction and optimism as having potentially positive impacts on achieving SA in middle-aged and older adults.
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Watkins CD. Mate assessment based on physical characteristics: a review and reflection. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 39175167 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Mate choice, and sex differences in romantic behaviours, represented one of the first major applications of evolutionary biology to human behaviour. This paper reviews Darwinian approaches to heterosexual mate assessment based on physical characteristics, placing the literature in its historical context (1871-1979), before turning (predominantly) to psychological research on attractiveness judgements based on physical characteristics. Attractiveness is consistently inferred across multiple modalities, with biological theories explaining why we differentiate certain individuals, on average, from others. Simultaneously, it is a judgement that varies systematically in light of our own traits, environment, and experiences. Over 30 years of research has generated robust effects alongside reasons to be humble in our lack of understanding of the precise physiological mechanisms involved in mate assessment. This review concludes with three questions to focus attention in further research, and proposes that our romantic preferences still provide a critical window into the evolution of human sexuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Watkins
- Division of Psychology and Forensic Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Kydd Building, Bell Street, Dundee, DD11HG, UK
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66
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Olivo MLO, Oluwakemi RA, Lakner Z, Farkas T. Gender differences in research fields of bioeconomy and rural development-based on sustainable systems in Latin America and Africa regions. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308713. [PMID: 39172914 PMCID: PMC11340968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Using bibliometric analysis of large-scale publication data is a simple approach to exploring gender-related trends, especially gender equality in academic publishing. The aim of this study is to investigate gender trends in the fields of bio-economy and rural development sciences in two under develop regions as Latin America and Africa. This study examines gender differences in these fields in order to: (1) recognize the contribution of female researchers in bioeconomy and rural development, (2) explore the relational structure of gender aspects in academic publications, (3) identify trends in female authorship in these scientific research fields over time, and finally (4) identify gender potentials for women to become more visible in these fields of study. To achieve these objectives, we used bibliometric tools to analyses 1891 publication records in bioeconomy and rural development. After cleaning the database of full names of authors of academic publications relevant to the field studies, we performed a series of statistical analyses in R and SPSS software, such as Lotkas distribution, network analysis, co-authorship analysis and spatial distribution of authors in the study. The results show that the number of male authors is almost three times higher than the number of female authors, suggesting that women are under-represented in the fields studied. Men occupy the most important position of authorship in scientific articles; publications with corresponding male authors were found in 1389 out of 1891 publications related to the bio-economy and rural development. In terms of geographical regions, publications with female authors were more prevalent in European and North American areas, with a small exception in some developing countries such as Argentina and South Africa. In terms of research networks, from the total number of authors evaluated, only 23% are female authors on the map of research influence. This indicates that there is a significant gap to be filled in the promotion of scholarly impact through the sharing of knowledge and expertise among authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Lourdes Ordoñez Olivo
- Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Science, Gödöllo, Hungary
| | - Rachael Adeleye Oluwakemi
- Institute of Rural Development and Sustainable Economy, Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Science, Gödöllo, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Lakner
- Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Science, Gödöllo, Hungary
| | - Tibor Farkas
- Institute of Rural Development and Sustainable Economy, Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Science, Gödöllo, Hungary
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Aggrey S, Rwego IB, Sande E, Khayiyi JD, Kityo RM, Masembe C, Kading RC. Socioeconomic benefits associated with bats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2024; 20:78. [PMID: 39164694 PMCID: PMC11337575 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-024-00720-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While bats are tremendously important to global ecosystems, they have been and continue to be threatened by loss of habitat, food, or roosts, pollution, bat diseases, hunting and killing. Some bat species have also been implicated in the transmission of infectious disease agents to humans. While One Health efforts have been ramped up recently to educate and protect human and bat health, such initiatives have been limited by lack of adequate data on the pathways to ensure their support. For instance, data on the role of bats in supporting different components of human welfare assets would be utilized as a stepping stone to champion conservation campaigns. Unfortunately, these data are limited and efforts to synthesize existing literature have majorly focused on few components human welfare leaving other important aspects. METHODS Here, we analyze benefits associated with bats in the context of welfare economics considering all the asset components. We surveyed scientific and gray literature platforms utilizing particular keywords. We then classified these values using integrated approaches to understand different values across human welfare assets of "health," "material and immaterial assets," "security or safety" and "social or cultural or spiritual relations". RESULTS We found 235 papers from different countries indicating that bats play fundamental roles in supporting human welfare. These benefits were more prevalent in Asia and Africa. In terms of the use of bats to support welfare assets, bats were majorly utilized to derive material and immaterial benefits (n = 115), e.g., food and income. This was followed by their use in addressing health challenges (n = 99), e.g., treatment of ailments. There was a similarity in the benefits across different regions and countries. CONCLUSION These results indicate potential opportunities for strengthening bat conservation programs. We recommend more primary studies to enhance understanding of these benefits as well as their effectiveness in deriving the perceived outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siya Aggrey
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
- Uganda Wildlife Research and Training Institute, P. O. Box 173, Kasese, Uganda.
| | - Innocent B Rwego
- Uganda Wildlife Research and Training Institute, P. O. Box 173, Kasese, Uganda
| | - Eric Sande
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joyce D Khayiyi
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Robert M Kityo
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles Masembe
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rebekah C Kading
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Wu S, Pan D, Wang H, Guo J, Zhang F, Ning Y, Gu Y, Guo L. Establishment, Prediction, and Validation of a Nomogram for Cognitive Impairment in Elderly Patients With Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2024; 2024:5583707. [PMID: 39188897 PMCID: PMC11347027 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5583707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study is to establish a predictive model of cognitive impairment in elderly people with diabetes. Methods: We analyzed a total of 878 elderly patients with diabetes who were part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011 to 2014. The data were randomly divided into training and validation cohorts at a ratio of 6:4. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression analysis to identify independent risk factors and construct a prediction nomogram for cognitive impairment. The performance of the nomogram was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calibration curve. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was performed to evaluate the clinical utility of the nomogram. Results: LASSO logistic regression was used to screen eight variables, age, race, education, poverty income ratio (PIR), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum uric acid (SUA), and heart failure (HF). A nomogram model was built based on these predictors. The ROC analysis of our training set yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.786, while the validation set showed an AUC of 0.777. The calibration curve demonstrated a good fit between the two groups. Furthermore, the DCA indicated that the model has a favorable net benefit when the risk threshold exceeds 0.2. Conclusion: The newly developed nomogram has proved to be an important tool for accurately predicting cognitive impairment in elderly patients with diabetes, providing important information for targeted prevention and intervention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sensen Wu
- Department of Vascular SurgeryXuanwu HospitalCapital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Dikang Pan
- Department of Vascular SurgeryXuanwu HospitalCapital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Vascular SurgeryXuanwu HospitalCapital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Julong Guo
- Department of Vascular SurgeryXuanwu HospitalCapital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Vascular SurgeryXuanwu HospitalCapital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Yachan Ning
- Department of Vascular SurgeryXuanwu HospitalCapital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Yongquan Gu
- Department of Vascular SurgeryXuanwu HospitalCapital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Lianrui Guo
- Department of Vascular SurgeryXuanwu HospitalCapital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
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Li Y, Zhuang Z, Si H, Liu Q, Yu J, Zhou W, Huang T, Wang C. Causal Associations of Cognitive Reserve and Hierarchical Aging-Related Outcomes: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. Biol Res Nurs 2024:10998004241274271. [PMID: 39154286 DOI: 10.1177/10998004241274271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Two-sample Mendelian randomization methods were used to explore the causal effects of cognitive reserve proxies, such as educational attainment, occupational attainment, and physical activity (PA), on biological (leukocyte telomere length), phenotypic (sarcopenia-related features), and functional (frailty index and cognitive performance) aging levels. RESULTS Educational attainment had a potential protective effect on the telomere length (β = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.08-0.11), sarcopenia-related features (β = 0.04-0.24, 95% CI: 0.02-0.27), frailty risk (β = -0.31, 95% CI: -0.33 to -0.28), cognitive performance (β = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.75-0.80). Occupational attainment was causally related with sarcopenia-related features (β = 0.07-0.10, 95% CI: 0.05-0.14), and cognitive performance (β = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.24-0.36). Device-measured PA was potentially associated with one sarcopenia-related feature (β = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.03-0.25). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the potential causality of educational attainment on biological, phenotypic, and functional aging outcomes, of occupational attainment on phenotypic and functional aging-related outcomes, and of PA on phenotypic aging-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- Department of Basic Nursing, School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhuang Zhuang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huaxin Si
- Department of Basic Nursing, School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinqin Liu
- Department of Basic Nursing, School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Yu
- Department of Basic Nursing, School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wendie Zhou
- Department of Basic Nursing, School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Intelligent Public Health, Academy for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Cuili Wang
- Department of Basic Nursing, School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Bickel WK, Witkiewitz K, Athamneh LM, Kuhlemeier A. Recovery from alcohol use disorder: Reinforcer pathology theory, measurement, and methods. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2024. [PMID: 39155126 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Recovery from alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a dynamic process that often entails periods of drinking but has been defined primarily by abstinence. Recently, a broader interpretation of recovery was developed, including meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) remission criteria and improved psychosocial functioning. This new understanding of recovery has facilitated the development of novel theories and methodologies. This paper reviews a new theoretical perspective of recovery, Reinforcer Pathology, and two novel methodological approaches in light of this broader view of recovery. Using this theoretical framework as a foundation, we propose an alternative perspective to explain the recovery process as it relates to environmental factors and valuation of the future; we suggest that changing the environment in which substances are available (e.g., increasing non-alcohol-related activities) and extending one's temporal window are associated with improved recovery outcomes (e.g., remission and quality of life). In this review, we discuss two novel methodological approaches. The first uses latent profile analysis to show that using a measure of Relative Reinforcement Value of Alcohol-Free Activities is associated with a greater likelihood of belonging to a high functioning/infrequent heavy drinking recovery profile. The second developed an online national sample and used an accelerated longitudinal design to study longer-term recovery of up to 12 years over a 5-year study period. Reinforcer Pathology theory, novel methods, and measures may further our understanding of recovery and begin to address critical questions for future studies. Subsequent randomized clinical trials should examine whether the suggested targets and interventions based on the theoretical model improve recovery outcomes prospectively. Measuring and promoting alcohol-free activity engagement may facilitate improved recovery outcomes, while novel methodologies permit an understanding of returning to use or remission across different recovery durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren K Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Liqa M Athamneh
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
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71
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Qiao X, Zhang W, Hao N. Different neural correlates of deception: Crafting high and low creative scams. Neuroscience 2024; 558:37-49. [PMID: 39159840 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Deception is a complex social behavior that manifests in various forms, including scams. To successfully deceive victims, liars have to continually devise novel scams. This ability to create novel scams represents one kind of malevolent creativity, referred to as lying. This study aimed to explore different neural substrates involved in the generation of high and low creative scams. A total of 40 participants were required to design several creative scams, and their cortical activity was recorded by functional near-infrared spectroscopy. The results revealed that the right frontopolar cortex (FPC) was significantly active in scam generation. This region associated with theory of mind may be a key region for creating novel and complex scams. Moreover, creativity-related regions were positively involved in creative scams, while morality-related areas showed negative involvement. This suggests that individuals might attempt to use malevolent creativity while simultaneously minimizing the influence of moral considerations. The right FPC exhibited increased coupling with the right precentral gyrus during the design of high-harmfulness scams, suggesting a diminished control over immoral thoughts in the generation of harmful scams. Additionally, the perception of the victim's emotions (related to right pre-motor cortex) might diminish the quality of highly original scams. Furthermore, an efficient and cohesive neural coupling state appears to be a key factor in generating high-creativity scams. These findings suggest that the right FPC was crucial in scam creation, highlighting a neural basis for balancing malevolent creativity against moral considerations in high-creativity deception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinuo Qiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Ning Hao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Science of Anhui Province on Adolescent Mental Health and Crisis Intelligence Intervention, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, China.
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72
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Kruckow S, Tolstrup JS. All cause and cause specific mortality in 15-24-year-olds in Denmark 2010 to 2022: nationwide study of socioeconomic predictors. BMJ MEDICINE 2024; 3:e000685. [PMID: 39175917 PMCID: PMC11340248 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmed-2023-000685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Objective To assess inequalities in all cause and cause specific mortality in young people and if there are differences across gender and age groups. Design Nationwide cohort study of socioeconomic predictors. Setting Denmark, 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2022. Participants All Danes of ages 15 to 24 years during the study period summing to a total of 9 314 807 person years and 2297 deaths. Participant and parental information were linked to obtain information on socioeconomic background to investigate differences in parents' educational level, employment status, and family's disposable income, using annually updated nationwide registers. Main outcome measures All cause and cause specific mortality including natural deaths (ie, medical conditions and diseases) and unnatural deaths (accidents, suicides, and homicides). Poisson regression was used to calculate incidence rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Overall mortality rate was 24.7 (95% CI 23.7 to 25.7) and higher for men (33.2 (31.5 to 34.8)) compared with women (15.8 (14.6 to 16.9)). All cause and cause specific mortality were higher in financially disadvantaged groups compared with more affluent groups, and consistently so for all three measures of socioeconomic position. Results generally reflected a dose dependent association showing a higher mortality with lower levels of socioeconomic position. For instance, incidence rate ratios of all cause mortality related to parents' education was 2.3 (95% CI 2.0 to 2.7) for elementary level, 1.5 (1.3 to 1.6) for low, and 1.3 (1.1 to 1.4) for medium level as compared with high level. For deaths, incidence rate ratios of elementary education level compared with the most well educated group were 2.2 (1.5 to 3.2) for natural causes, 3.3 (2.5 to 4.4) for accidents, 1.6 (1.2 to 2.2) for suicides, and 3.1 (0.8 to 12) for homicides. Associations were similar in strata of men and women and by age group (15-17 v 18-24 years). Mortality in young men was considerably higher than in young women for all of the causes. Conclusion Young people from disadvantaged backgrounds have a markedly higher mortality from all causes than those from more affluent families. The socioeconomic position of their parents was associated with premature mortality in a dose dependent manner meaning that this effect is not only a concern for marginalised groups. Public health attention should be directed to respond to these inequities by strengthening advocacy for adolescent health, ensuring focus on adolescents in health policies and strategies, using the response to adolescent health as an indicator of equity, and prioritising research into the underlying mechanisms linking socioeconomic position in adolescence and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Kruckow
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janne S Tolstrup
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Izadi M, Sadri N, Abdi A, Serajian S, Jalalei D, Tahmasebi S. Epigenetic biomarkers in aging and longevity: Current and future application. Life Sci 2024; 351:122842. [PMID: 38879158 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The aging process has been one of the most necessary research fields in the current century, and knowing different theories of aging and the role of different genetic, epigenetic, molecular, and environmental modulating factors in increasing the knowledge of aging mechanisms and developing appropriate diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive ways would be helpful. One of the most conserved signs of aging is epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, noncoding RNAs, and extracellular RNAs. Numerous biological processes and hallmarks are vital in aging development, but epigenomic alterations are especially notable because of their importance in gene regulation and cellular identity. The mounting evidence points to a possible interaction between age-related epigenomic alterations and other aging hallmarks, like genome instability. To extend a healthy lifespan and possibly reverse some facets of aging and aging-related diseases, it will be crucial to comprehend global and locus-specific epigenomic modifications and recognize corresponding regulators of health and longevity. In the current study, we will aim to discuss the role of epigenomic mechanisms in aging and the most recent developments in epigenetic diagnostic biomarkers, which have the potential to focus efforts on reversing the destructive signs of aging and extending the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Izadi
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Synapse Laboratory Diagnostic Technologies Accelerator, Tehran, Iran; Department of Research & Technology, Zeenome Longevity Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nariman Sadri
- Synapse Laboratory Diagnostic Technologies Accelerator, Tehran, Iran; Department of Research & Technology, Zeenome Longevity Research Institute, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Abdi
- Synapse Laboratory Diagnostic Technologies Accelerator, Tehran, Iran; Department of Research & Technology, Zeenome Longevity Research Institute, Tehran, Iran; Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Serajian
- Synapse Laboratory Diagnostic Technologies Accelerator, Tehran, Iran; Department of Research & Technology, Zeenome Longevity Research Institute, Tehran, Iran; Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dorsa Jalalei
- Synapse Laboratory Diagnostic Technologies Accelerator, Tehran, Iran; Department of Research & Technology, Zeenome Longevity Research Institute, Tehran, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Safa Tahmasebi
- Synapse Laboratory Diagnostic Technologies Accelerator, Tehran, Iran; Department of Research & Technology, Zeenome Longevity Research Institute, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Yang M, Huang W, Shen M, Du J, Wang L, Zhang Y, Xia Q, Yang J, Fu Y, Mao Q, Pan M, Huangfu Z, Wang F, Zhu W. Qualitative research on undergraduate nursing students' recognition and response to short videos' health disinformation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35455. [PMID: 39170481 PMCID: PMC11336716 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background With the popularity of the internet, short videos have become an indispensable tool to obtain health information. However, avoiding health disinformation owing to the openness of the Internet is difficult for users. Disinformation may endanger the health and lives of users. Objective With a focus on the process of identifying short videos' health disinformation and the factors affecting the accuracy of identification, this study aimed to investigate the identification methods, coping strategies, and the impact of short videos' health disinformation on undergraduate nursing students. The findings will provide guidance to users on obtaining high-quality and healthy information, in addition to reducing health risks. Methods Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 22 undergraduate nursing students in October 2022, and data were collected for collation and content analyses. Results The techniques used to identify short videos that include health disinformation as well as how undergraduate nursing students perceived these videos' features are among the study's findings. The failure factors in identification, coping paths, and adverse impacts of short videos on health disinformation were analyzed. The platform, the material itself, and the students' individual characteristics all have an impact on their identifying behavior. Conclusions Medical students continue to face many obstacles in identifying and responding to health disinformation through short videos. Preventing and stopping health disinformation not only requires individual efforts to improve health literacy and maintain rational thinking, it also requires the joint efforts of short video producers, relevant departments, and platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Xinyang Central Hospital, Xinyang City, 464000, Henan Province, China
| | - Wanyu Huang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan City, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Meiyu Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Juan Du
- School of Nursing, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Medical College, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang City, 464000, Henan Province, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Xinyang Central Hospital, Xinyang City, 464000, Henan Province, China
| | - Qingshan Xia
- Xinyang Central Hospital, Xinyang City, 464000, Henan Province, China
| | - Jingying Yang
- Medical College, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang City, 464000, Henan Province, China
| | - Yingjie Fu
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan City, 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiyue Mao
- School of Information Engineering, Hubei Light Industry Technology Institute, Wuhan City, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Minghao Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Medical College, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang City, 464000, Henan Province, China
| | - Zheng Huangfu
- School of Journalism and Communication, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing City, 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Information Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan City, 430072, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Medical College, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang City, 464000, Henan Province, China
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Guan Z, Weng X, Zhang L, Feng P. Association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and cognitive performance in older adults: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2011-2014. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:1348-1359. [PMID: 38954438 DOI: 10.1039/d4em00290c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Background: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are classified as neurotoxins, but the relationship between exposure to PAHs and cognition in adults is unclear, and their non-linear and mixed exposure association hasn't been explored. Objective: to evaluate the non-linear and joint association between co-exposure to PAHs and multiple cognitive tests in U.S. older people. Methods: restricted cubic spline (RCS) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were conducted to evaluate the non-linear and mixed exposure association, based on the cross-sectional data from NHANES 2011-2014: 772 participants over 60 years old, 4 cognitive test scores, including the Immediate Recall Test (IRT), Delayed Recall Test (DRT), Animal Fluency Test (AFT), and Digit Symbol Substitution test (DSST), and 5 urinary PAH metabolites. Results: a V-shaped nonlinear relationship was found between 3-hydroxyfluorene (3-FLUO), 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-FLUO), and DRT. Negative trends between mixed PAH exposure and IRT, DRT, and DSST scores were observed. 2-FLUO contributed the most to the negative association of multiple PAHs with IRT and DRT scores and 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-NAP) played the most important role in the decreasing relationship between mixed PAH exposure and DSST scores. Conclusion: our study suggested that PAH exposure in the U.S. elderly might be related to their poor performances in IRT, DRT and DSST. Further prospective studies are needed to validate the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerong Guan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xueqiong Weng
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ligang Zhang
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Peiran Feng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Reconstruction, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University (Heyuan Shenhe People's Hospital), Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China
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76
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Kaufmann L, Gruenbaum T, Janssen R, Weiss EM, Benke T, Dal-Bianco P, Defrancesco M, Ransmayr G, Schmidt R, Stögmann E, Marksteiner J. Predictive value of somatic and functional variables for cognitive deterioration for early-stage patients with Alzheimer's Disease: Evidence from a prospective registry on dementia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307111. [PMID: 39141602 PMCID: PMC11324136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) imposes a major burden on affected individuals, their caregivers and health-care systems alike. Though quite many risk factors for disease progression have been identified, there is a lack of prospective studies investigating the interplay and predictive value of a wide variety of patient variables associated with cognitive deterioration (defined as key feature of AD progression). Study participants were patients with probable and possible AD, that were assessed at four time points over a period of two years (T1-T4). The main results were threefold: (i) over time, significant changes were observed regarding patients' cognitive functioning, activities of daily living and caregiver load (but not depression, pain, neuropsychiatric symptoms); (ii) intercorrelations between caregiver load and patients' cognitive and functional variables were high, correlation patterns remaining rather stable across time; (iii) cognitive functioning at T4 was best predicted by patients' age, sex, atrial fibrillation and activities of daily living at T1; and (iv) across all four assessment points, cognitive functioning was best predicted by time (i.e., disease duration), age, sex, activities of daily living and depression. Overall, even in early stages of AD and during a short two-year period, functional changes were significant and tightly intertwined with caregiver load, thus stressing the need to consider caregiver load when diagnosing and treating patients with AD. A novel and clinically relevant finding is that even in early stages of AD, cognitive deterioration was best predicted by a combination of patients' demographic, somatic and functional variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Kaufmann
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuropsychology, Ernst von Bergmann Klinikum, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tilman Gruenbaum
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuropsychology, Ernst von Bergmann Klinikum, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Roman Janssen
- Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- LaPsyDÉ, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Thomas Benke
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Dal-Bianco
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Defrancesco
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Division of Psychiatry I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerhard Ransmayr
- Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Med Campus III, Linz, Austria
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Josef Marksteiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy A, General Hospital, Hall, Austria
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77
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Hallam R. Is Culture Learned? The Neglected Role of Evoking Events. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2024:10.1007/s12124-024-09865-5. [PMID: 39138787 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-024-09865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Although no one disputes that the transmission of culture depends on social learning, a capacity that has enabled humans, unlike other animals, to modify cultural practices across generations, this review argues that cultural change can also be evoked by environmental events leading to an alteration in the configuration of an habitual behavioural repertoire. An evoked mechanism allows latent or normally suppressed behaviour to emerge. Cannibalism and warfare are put forward as examples. Evoked mechanisms have largely been ignored by one of the few attempts to reconcile biology and culture, namely cumulative cultural evolution (CCE). This review endorses CCE's aim of developing a biocultural conceptual framework but criticises this model for failing to produce a credible analysis of culture into 'units' or 'variants'. The critique of CCE is situated within a discussion of the long-standing separation within academia of science and arts disciplines, each focusing at different levels of analysis and with different aims. It is suggested that the main obstacle to developing a biocultural framework can be attributed to an incompatibility between nomothetic and idiographic research methods, the former being typical of the biological sciences, the latter of the arts. A successful biocultural conceptual framework would therefore have to accommodate the particular and the general. It is suggested that progress in this direction would be made if agreement could be reached on ways of observing or inferring behaviours rather than pursuing an analysis in terms of hypothetical constructs such as mental representations or units of 'cultural information'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hallam
- Independent Researcher, 56 Limes Grove, London, SE13 6DE, UK.
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78
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Pooja R, Ghosh P, Sreekumar V. Towards an ecologically valid naturalistic cognitive neuroscience of memory and event cognition. Neuropsychologia 2024; 203:108970. [PMID: 39147361 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The landscape of human memory and event cognition research has witnessed a transformative journey toward the use of naturalistic contexts and tasks. In this review, we track this progression from abrupt, artificial stimuli used in extensively controlled laboratory experiments to more naturalistic tasks and stimuli that present a more faithful representation of the real world. We argue that in order to improve ecological validity, naturalistic study designs must consider the complexity of the cognitive phenomenon being studied. Then, we review the current state of "naturalistic" event segmentation studies and critically assess frequently employed movie stimuli. We evaluate recently developed tools like lifelogging and other extended reality technologies to help address the challenges we identified with existing naturalistic approaches. We conclude by offering some guidelines that can be used to design ecologically valid cognitive neuroscience studies of memory and event cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Pooja
- Cognitive Science Lab, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Pritha Ghosh
- Cognitive Science Lab, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vishnu Sreekumar
- Cognitive Science Lab, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, India.
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79
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Gonzalez-Gomez R, Legaz A, Moguilner S, Cruzat J, Hernández H, Baez S, Cocchi R, Coronel-Olivero C, Medel V, Tagliazuchi E, Migeot J, Ochoa-Rosales C, Maito MA, Reyes P, Santamaria Garcia H, Godoy ME, Javandel S, García AM, Matallana DL, Avila-Funes JA, Slachevsky A, Behrens MI, Custodio N, Cardona JF, Brusco IL, Bruno MA, Sosa Ortiz AL, Pina-Escudero SD, Takada LT, Resende EDPF, Valcour V, Possin KL, Okada de Oliveira M, Lopera F, Lawlor B, Hu K, Miller B, Yokoyama JS, Gonzalez Campo C, Ibañez A. Educational disparities in brain health and dementia across Latin America and the United States. Alzheimers Dement 2024. [PMID: 39136296 DOI: 10.1002/alz.14085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Education influences brain health and dementia. However, its impact across regions, specifically Latin America (LA) and the United States (US), is unknown. METHODS A total of 1412 participants comprising controls, patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) from LA and the US were included. We studied the association of education with brain volume and functional connectivity while controlling for imaging quality and variability, age, sex, total intracranial volume (TIV), and recording type. RESULTS Education influenced brain measures, explaining 24%-98% of the geographical differences. The educational disparities between LA and the US were associated with gray matter volume and connectivity variations, especially in LA and AD patients. Education emerged as a critical factor in classifying aging and dementia across regions. DISCUSSION The results underscore the impact of education on brain structure and function in LA, highlighting the importance of incorporating educational factors into diagnosing, care, and prevention, and emphasizing the need for global diversity in research. HIGHLIGHTS Lower education was linked to reduced brain volume and connectivity in healthy controls (HCs), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Latin American cohorts have lower educational levels compared to the those in the United States. Educational disparities majorly drive brain health differences between regions. Educational differences were significant in both conditions, but more in AD than FTLD. Education stands as a critical factor in classifying aging and dementia across regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Gonzalez-Gomez
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Agustina Legaz
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Moguilner
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Josephine Cruzat
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hernán Hernández
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandra Baez
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Rafael Cocchi
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Coronel-Olivero
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Vicente Medel
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enzo Tagliazuchi
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (FIBA -CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Joaquín Migeot
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Ochoa-Rosales
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Adrián Maito
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Reyes
- Instituto de Envejecimiento, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Hernando Santamaria Garcia
- Instituto de Envejecimiento, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- Center for Memory and Cognition, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio Bogotá, San Ignacio, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Maria E Godoy
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Shireen Javandel
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Adolfo M García
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Departamento de Lingüística y Literatura, Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diana L Matallana
- Instituto de Envejecimiento, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- Center for Memory and Cognition, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio Bogotá, San Ignacio, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - José Alberto Avila-Funes
- Dirección de Enseñanza, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, D.C., México
| | - Andrea Slachevsky
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Memory and Neuropsychiatric Center (CMYN), Neurology Department, Hospital del Salvador & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (LANNEC), Physiopathology Program - Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Neuroscience and East Neuroscience Departments, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Servicio de Neurología, Departamento de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - María I Behrens
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Clínica Avanzada (CICA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nilton Custodio
- Unit Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Prevention, Peruvian Institute of Neurosciences, Lima, Peru
| | - Juan F Cardona
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Ignacio L Brusco
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín A Bruno
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Católica de Cuyo, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Ana L Sosa Ortiz
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, D.C., México
| | - Stefanie D Pina-Escudero
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Elisa de Paula França Resende
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Victor Valcour
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Katherine L Possin
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maira Okada de Oliveira
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Cognitive Neurology and Behavioral Unit (GNCC), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Neurosicence Research Group (GNA), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Brian Lawlor
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kun Hu
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce Miller
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jennifer S Yokoyama
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cecilia Gonzalez Campo
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustin Ibañez
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Universidad de San Andrés, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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80
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Hofbauer LM, Rodriguez FS. The Mediating Role of Lifestyle Activities in the Association Between Social Deprivation and Cognition in Older Adulthood: Results From the Health and Retirement (HRS) Study. J Aging Health 2024:8982643241273988. [PMID: 39137921 DOI: 10.1177/08982643241273988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Objectives: We aimed to investigate the mediating role of lifestyle activities in the association between social deprivation and cognition. Methods: To investigate, we analysed data of 3867 respondents (Mean Age: 73.37, SD: 5.57) in the U.S. Health and Retirement Study (HRS) using growth curve and path analysis, adjusted for demographic and health covariates. Results: Being in the high (vs. moderate) Social Deprivation Index group was associated with lower cognition scores (β = -2.63, [95 % CI: -2.90, -2.36]). Conversely, higher (vs. lower) Lifestyle Index scores were associated with higher cognition scores (β = 1.17, [95 % CI: 0.72, 1.63]). In mediation analysis, the Lifestyle Index score explained 27 % of the association of So Dep Index group on cognition at the final follow-up. Discussion: While lifestyle activities did mediate the association between social deprivation and cognition, factors not investigated accounted for the majority of the variation. These may include systemic disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena M Hofbauer
- Research Group Psychosocial Epidemiology and Public Health, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Francisca S Rodriguez
- Research Group Psychosocial Epidemiology and Public Health, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Greifswald, Germany
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Marshall J, Shiu C, Raatz M, Penman A, Beak K, Clarke S, Ward EC. Telesimulation for Training in Infant Feeding: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Dysphagia 2024:10.1007/s00455-024-10746-7. [PMID: 39133239 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-024-10746-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Simulation is an education modality known to support clinical skill development. Unfortunately, access to simulation has been challenging, both prior to and during the pandemic. Simulation via telepractice, i.e., "telesimulation", has emerged, but little is known about whether outcomes are comparable to in-person simulation. This study compared in-person versus telesimulation learner outcomes in an infant feeding scenario. The secondary aim was to compare outcomes between novice and experienced participants.This pragmatic randomized controlled trial included speech pathologists who could attend if randomized to the in-person modality. Block randomization matched participants with < 6 months' infant feeding experience to those with > 6 months experience (2:1 ratio) into telesimulation or in-person simulation. Measures of clinical reasoning, confidence/anxiety, and satisfaction were collected, pre-, post-, and 4-weeks post-simulation.Overall, 39 clinicians completed either in-person simulation (n = 17) or telesimulation training (n = 22), including 16 experienced and 23 novice learners. Both in-person and telesimulation groups achieved significant improvements across time in clinical reasoning, self-reported confidence, and anxiety. The extent of change in clinical reasoning, confidence and anxiety was comparable between the telesimulation and in-person simulation groups. Comparing by experience, novice-level participants reported significantly greater changes in confidence and anxiety than experienced participants. Satisfaction levels were high regardless of simulation modality or experience.Participants in telesimulation and in-person simulation achieved similar improvements in the primary outcome measure of clinical reasoning, had comparable improvements in self-perceived confidence and anxiety, and demonstrated high satisfaction levels. Telesimulation is a promising means to improve clinician access to simulation training in infant feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Marshall
- Queensland Children's Hospital, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia.
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Charis Shiu
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Madeline Raatz
- Queensland Children's Hospital, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Logan Hospital, Metro South Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Adriana Penman
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kelly Beak
- Queensland Children's Hospital, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sally Clarke
- Queensland Children's Hospital, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Elizabeth C Ward
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Functioning and Health Research (CFAHR), Metro South Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia
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82
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Chen Y, Zhang Z, Yang E, Qing H, Wei Y, Tang S. The effect of family physician team processes on chronic disease management performance from a structural network perspective. BMC PRIMARY CARE 2024; 25:292. [PMID: 39127629 PMCID: PMC11316317 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-024-02550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The family physician team has become the core carrier for delivery primary health care in China. This study aimed to measure the effect of the network structural characteristics of family physician team processes on health performance. Strategic recommendations for optimizing the family physician team processes with a view to improving performance were presented. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted from October to December 2021 in Qianjiang in Hubei Province and Changsha in Hunan Province. Task performance, contextual performance, social networks, and sociodemographic characteristics were collected. Social network analysis was conducted to calculate density and centralization, then hierarchical linear regression analysis was employed to explore the relationship between the network structural characteristics of family physician team processes and performance. RESULTS In total, 88 family physician teams attended in this investigation. The transition processes of family physician team showed a distinctive low density (0.272 ± 0.112), high centralization (0.866 ± 0.197) network structure. For family physician team, the density of action processes significantly and positively affected task performance (B = 0.600, P < 0.05); the centralization of action processes positively affected task performance (B = 0.604, P < 0.01); the density of action processes positively affected contextual performance (B = 0.545, P < 0.01); the density of interpersonal processes significantly and positively affected contextual performance (B = 0.326, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The network density and centralization of family physician team processes have positive effects on chronic disease management performance. The results from this study help to enhance our conceptual understanding of social network and its implications for team-dynamics. Optimizing family physician team processes is an effective way to strengthen the construction of family physician team and promote the quality and efficiency of family physician-contracted service. It is recommended to strengthen the management of team processes, enhance the internal collaboration mechanism, and optimize the centralized network structure of family physician team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Chen
- Nanyang Central Hospital, Nanyang, Henan, 473000, China
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- Nanyang Central Hospital, Nanyang, Henan, 473000, China
| | - En Yang
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Hua Qing
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yilin Wei
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Shangfeng Tang
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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83
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Napolitano CM, Duckworth AL, Gross JJ. Trait self-control: A Process Model perspective. Curr Opin Psychol 2024; 59:101858. [PMID: 39163811 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
What do self-controlled individuals do that distinguishes them from those who are more impulsive? That is, why are some people better able to align their behavior with personal long-term goals despite alternatives that would be more immediately gratifying? To address this question, we use the Process Model of Self-Control [1], which posits that all impulses are generated via a four-stage, recursive process and can be regulated by intentionally intervening at any of these stages. We suggest that this framework illuminates not only individual states of self-control, but also the diverse ways that stable individual differences in self-control can come about.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela L Duckworth
- Department of Psychology at the University of Pennsylvania; and Operations, Information, and Decisions Department at the Wharton School, USA
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Hart ER, Sperber JF, Troller-Renfree SV, Ortells-Faci P, Halpern-Meekin S, Sandre A, Noble KG. Mothers with low incomes view both individual and structural interventions as potentially helpful for supporting early child development. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18374. [PMID: 39112497 PMCID: PMC11306557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68762-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Many developmental psychologists aspire to conduct research that informs interventions and policies to prevent income-related disparities in child development. Among growing researcher discussion about the value of interventions that target "structural" and resource-related correlates of income inequality and child development (e.g., housing, food, material goods, cash), rather than individual, person-centered correlates (e.g., parenting behaviors), the perspectives of mothers with low incomes may provide important context. 281 mothers with young children and low incomes rated various structural and individual interventions, framed as having minimal costs and entry barriers, for their perceived helpfulness. Analyses were pre-registered. Overall, mothers rated all interventions very highly, though they rated structural interventions as slightly more helpful than individual interventions. Mothers rated interventions they used in the past as less helpful than those they hadn't previously used. An exploratory qualitative analysis revealed mothers' desires for supports in other intervention domains beyond those addressed in our survey. Together, mothers' responses indicated that they did not see individual interventions as inherently unhelpful due to a focus on individual states, knowledge, and skills. Implications for developmental psychology and intervention science are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Hart
- Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 W 120thSt., Box 54N, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Jessica F Sperber
- Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 W 120thSt., Box 54N, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | | | | | | | - Aislinn Sandre
- Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 W 120thSt., Box 54N, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Kimberly G Noble
- Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 W 120thSt., Box 54N, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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85
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Li W, Li Q. Psychometric properties of the chinese version of the value-based stigma inventory (VASI): a translation and validation study. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:550. [PMID: 39112959 PMCID: PMC11308479 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05998-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop a culturally adapted Chinese version of the Value-based Stigma Inventory (VASI) and to evaluate its psychometric properties, including reliability and validity, among the general Chinese population. METHODS This study is a cross-sectional study. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 708 general citizens from Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China. The VASI's internal consistency, split-half reliability, and test-retest reliability were tested to assess the translated scale's reliability. Several validity tests were performed, including expert consultation, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, United States) and AMOS 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, United States). RESULTS The Chinese version of the VASI showed good reliability, with a Cronbach's α value of 0.808, and the dimensions ranged from 0.812 to 0.850. Test-retest reliability showed good temporal stability with a value of 0.855, and the split-half reliability value was 0.845, indicating a high degree of consistency. The scale also demonstrated good content validity with a content validity index of 0.952. After conducting exploratory factor analysis, a five-factor structure was identified, including factors of self-realization, personal enrichment, reputation, meritocratic values, and security. In the confirmatory factor analysis, all recommended fit indicators were found to be within the acceptable range, including χ2/DF = 1.338, GFI = 0.960, AGFI = 0.940, RMSEA = 0.031, TLI = 0.985, CFI = 0.989, IFI = 0.989, PGFI = 0.640, and PNFI = 0.729. CONCLUSION The Chinese version of the VASI is valid and reliable among the Chinese general public. The five-factor structured scale effectively assessed public stigma against mental illness, including the value orientations associated with personal stigma. Given the harsh and widespread public stigma against mental illness, the findings from the questionnaire may inform the development of future public health education programs. Public health education is needed to reduce the stigma of mental illness, increase public awareness of mental health issues, and mitigate the continued stigmatization of mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Qiujie Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
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86
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Stroom M, Eichholtz P, Kok N. Does working from home work? That depends on the home. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306475. [PMID: 39110683 PMCID: PMC11305525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Working from home (WFH) has risen in popularity since the COVID-19 pandemic. There is an ongoing debate about the productivity implications of WFH, but the physical climate of the home office has received only limited attention. This paper investigates the effect of home office satisfaction and environment-improving behavior on productivity and burnout tendency for WFH employees. We surveyed over 1,000 Dutch WFH individuals about their home office and perceived WFH performance. We fit logistic regressions and structural equation models to investigate the effect of home office satisfaction and characteristics on self-reported productivity, burnout tendency, and willingness to continue WFH. Our results reveal that individual differences in WFH productivity are explained by heterogeneity in the physical home office environment. Higher satisfaction with home office factors is significantly associated with increased productivity and decreased burnout tendency. We continue by showing that more ventilation during working hours is associated with increased productivity, willingness to continue WFH, and burnout resilience. This effect is fully mediated by satisfaction with the home office. We find that higher home office satisfaction is associated with WFH success and air-quality-improving behavior is associated with higher satisfaction. Our results underline a holistic perspective such that investing in a healthy and objectively measured physical climate is a key aspect of the bright future of working from home. The move from the work office to the home office needs to be accompanied by careful design and investment in the quality of the office and its climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Stroom
- Department of Finance, School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Piet Eichholtz
- Department of Finance, School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Kok
- Department of Finance, School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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87
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Dawson C, Julku H, Pihlajamäki M, Kaakinen JK, Schooler JW, Simola J. Evidence-based scientific thinking and decision-making in everyday life. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2024; 9:50. [PMID: 39110276 PMCID: PMC11306497 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-024-00578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In today's knowledge economy, it is critical to make decisions based on high-quality evidence. Science-related decision-making is thought to rely on a complex interplay of reasoning skills, cognitive styles, attitudes, and motivations toward information. By investigating the relationship between individual differences and behaviors related to evidence-based decision-making, our aim was to better understand how adults engage with scientific information in everyday life. First, we used a data-driven exploratory approach to identify four latent factors in a large set of measures related to cognitive skills and epistemic attitudes. The resulting structure suggests that key factors include curiosity and positive attitudes toward science, prosociality, cognitive skills, and openmindedness to new information. Second, we investigated whether these factors predicted behavior in a naturalistic decision-making task. In the task, participants were introduced to a real science-related petition and were asked to read six online articles related to the petition, which varied in scientific quality, while deciding how to vote. We demonstrate that curiosity and positive science attitudes, cognitive flexibility, prosociality and emotional states, were related to engaging with information and discernment of evidence reliability. We further found that that social authority is a powerful cue for source credibility, even above the actual quality and relevance of the sources. Our results highlight that individual motivating factors toward information engagement, like curiosity, and social factors such as social authority are important drivers of how adults judge the credibility of everyday sources of scientific information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Dawson
- Department of Education, University of Helsinki, Siltavuorenpenger 3A, 00170, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hanna Julku
- Department of Education, University of Helsinki, Siltavuorenpenger 3A, 00170, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Milla Pihlajamäki
- Department of Education, University of Helsinki, Siltavuorenpenger 3A, 00170, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna K Kaakinen
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
- INVEST Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Jonathan W Schooler
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Building 251, Santa Barbara, 93106, USA
| | - Jaana Simola
- Department of Education, University of Helsinki, Siltavuorenpenger 3A, 00170, Helsinki, Finland
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88
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Larrauri CA. Messiah or pariah? Psychosis, science, and finding meaning in lived experience. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 10:67. [PMID: 39103367 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-024-00486-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Larrauri
- Accelerating Medicines Partnership® (AMP® SCZ) Schizophrenia, National Alliance on Mental Illness, Arlington, VA, USA.
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89
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Sonbol HM, Metwally El-Sayed M, Taha SM, Abdelwahab Khedr M, El-Ashry AM, Abd Elhay ES. Effectiveness of a spiritual adaptation of cognitive behavioural therapy in improving resilience, self-esteem and spirituality among clients with opioid use disorder: A quasi-experimental study. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2024. [PMID: 39099304 DOI: 10.1111/jpm.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a prevalent problem among Egyptian youth, and achieving recovery and abstinence is challenging. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), a well-known approach, can be particularly beneficial when it addresses psychological aspects such as resilience and self-esteem. WHAT DOES THE PAPER ADD TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: Our research is recognized as a trailblazer in integrating a spiritual adaptation of CBT with spiritual elements for treating patients with OUD in the Egyptian context. This innovative approach marks a significant advancement in the field. The study found a statistically significant increase in the mean scores of resilience, self-esteem, and spirituality (p < .001 each) following the spiritual adaptation of CBT sessions compared to the control group. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: The findings can guide psychiatrists and nurses in providing more comprehensive and effective care to patients with OUD by incorporating a spiritual adaptation of CBT with spiritual components into treatment plans. ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a prevalent problem among Egyptian youth, and achieving recovery and abstinence is challenging. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), a well-known approach, can be particularly beneficial when it addresses psychological aspects such as resilience, self-esteem and spirituality. AIM This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a spiritual adaptation of CBT in enhancing these factors among clients with OUD. METHODS A quasi-experimental study with a control group was conducted using a pretest-posttest design. The study included 49 clients with OUD and 46 clients in the control group. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale-Modified Arabic Version, Daily Spiritual Experience Scale, and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale were used as measurement tools. CBT was delivered in 60-min group sessions. After 3 months, the questionnaires were re-administered to evaluate the effectiveness of a spiritual adaptation of CBT sessions. RESULTS The study found a statistically significant increase in the mean scores of resilience, self-esteem and spirituality (p < .001 each) following a spiritual adaptation of CBT sessions compared to the control group. DISCUSSION A spiritual adaptation of CBT effectively enhanced resilience, self-esteem and spirituality in clients with OUD. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Understanding the effectiveness of a spiritual adaptation of CBT in enhancing resilience, self-esteem and spirituality can enable psychiatrists and nurses to provide more comprehensive and effective care to patients with OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mona Metwally El-Sayed
- Assistant Professor of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Samah Mohamed Taha
- Assistant Professor of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Abdelwahab Khedr
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Hafr Albatin University, Hafr Albatin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman Mohamed El-Ashry
- Assistant Professor of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Lecturer of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eman Sameh Abd Elhay
- Assistant Professor of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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90
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Nikoumanesh N, Chase CJ, Nagarajan R, Potter K, Martini DN. Frontal cortex neurometabolites and mobility in older adults: a preliminary study. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:2013-2022. [PMID: 38949687 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frontal cortex, relevant to global cognition and motor function, is recruited to compensate for mobility dysfunction in older adults. However, the in vivo neurophysiological (e.g., neurometabolites) underpinnings of the frontal cortex compensation for mobility dysfunction remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among frontal cortex neurophysiology, mobility, and cognition in healthy older adults. METHODS Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) quantified N-acetylasparate (tNAA) and total choline (tCho) concentrations and ratios in the frontal cortex in 21 older adults. Four inertial sensors recorded the Timed Up & Go (TUG) test. Cognition was assessed using the Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention Test which requires conflict resolution because of response interference from flanking distractors during incongruent trials. Congruent trials require no conflict resolution. RESULTS tNAA concentration significantly related to the standing (p = 0.04) and sitting (p = 0.03) lean angles. tCho concentration (p = 0.04) and tCho ratio (p = 0.02) significantly related to TUG duration. tCho concentration significantly related to incongruent response time (p = 0.01). tCho ratio significantly related to both congruent (p = 0.009) and incongruent (p < 0.001) response times. Congruent (p = 0.02) and incongruent (p = 0.02) Flanker response times significantly related to TUG duration. CONCLUSIONS Altered levels of frontal cortex neurometabolites are associated with both mobility and cognitive abilities in healthy older adults. Identifying neurometabolites associated with frontal cortex compensation of mobility dysfunction could improve targeted therapies aimed at improving mobility in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikou Nikoumanesh
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Totman Building 30 Eastman Lane Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Colleen J Chase
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Totman Building 30 Eastman Lane Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Rajakumar Nagarajan
- Human Magnetic Resonance Center, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Katie Potter
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Totman Building 30 Eastman Lane Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Center for Personalized Health Monitoring, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Douglas N Martini
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Totman Building 30 Eastman Lane Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
- Center for Personalized Health Monitoring, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
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91
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Kreienkamp M, Wheatley D, Ndobo A. Assessing the efficacy of a resilience training intervention for long-term improvements in well-being and resilience. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2024; 16:1197-1223. [PMID: 38226711 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
This article has two aims: (1) to assess the impacts of a novel training intervention for individual well-being and (2) to measure the trajectory of resilience over the training period dependent on reported significant life events. Using a randomised controlled trial with a diverse German sample with the majority drawn from a student population, we measure the effects of the intervention to provide insight into its impacts and act as a proof of concept for the training. We find that the training intervention boosts resilience and other related well-being measures with a high effect size in comparison with a control group and compared with existing resilience training studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kreienkamp
- Fachbereich Psychologie, HMKW Hochschule für Medien, Kommunikation und Wirtschaft, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Wheatley
- Birmingham Business School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - André Ndobo
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire, Nantes Université, Univ Angers, Nantes, France
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92
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Kokkoris MD. Self-control and self-expression. Curr Opin Psychol 2024; 58:101846. [PMID: 39089088 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Does self-control express or suppress our true selves? This article reviews the emerging body of literature on the effect of self-control on authentic self-expression from the actors' (self-signaling) and the observers' (other-signaling) perspective. While actors can experience self-control as either expression or suppression of the self, individual differences in decision-making or personal values can predict when self-control is more likely to be experienced in one way or the other. Self-control also signals to observers both positive (e.g., competent, trustworthy, powerful) and negative (e.g., inauthentic, robotic, less warm) identities, with specific inferences depending on the context (e.g., work vs. fun). Overall, the relationship between self-control and self-expression is more nuanced than earlier research suggested, and several open questions await further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail D Kokkoris
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, School of Business and Economics, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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93
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Palser ER, Veziris CR, Morris NA, Roy ARK, Watson-Pereira C, Holley SR, Miller BL, Gorno-Tempini ML, Sturm VE. Elevated unanticipated acoustic startle reactivity in dyslexia. DYSLEXIA (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2024; 30:e1779. [PMID: 38979661 PMCID: PMC11257413 DOI: 10.1002/dys.1779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
People with dyslexia, a neurodevelopmental disorder of reading, are highly attuned to the emotional world. Compared with their typically developing peers, children with dyslexia exhibit greater autonomic nervous system reactivity and facial behaviour to emotion- and empathy-inducing film clips. Affective symptoms, such as anxiety, are also more common in children with dyslexia than in those without. Here, we investigated whether the startle response, an automatic reaction that lies at the interface of emotion and reflex, is elevated in dyslexia. We measured facial behaviour, electrodermal reactivity (a sympathetic nervous system measure) and emotional experience in response to a 100 ms, 105 dB unanticipated acoustic startle task in 30 children with dyslexia and 20 comparison children without dyslexia (aged 7-13) who were matched on age, sex and nonverbal reasoning. Our results indicated that the children with dyslexia had greater total facial behaviour and electrodermal reactivity to the acoustic startle task than the children without dyslexia. Across the sample, greater electrodermal reactivity during the startle predicted greater parent-reported anxiety symptoms. These findings contribute to an emerging picture of heightened emotional reactivity in dyslexia and suggest accentuated sympathetic nervous system reactivity may contribute to the elevated anxiety that is often seen in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor R. Palser
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Christina R. Veziris
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nathaniel A. Morris
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ashlin R. K. Roy
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Christa Watson-Pereira
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sarah R. Holley
- Psychology Department, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94131, USA
| | - Bruce L. Miller
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94131, USA
| | - Virginia E. Sturm
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94131, USA
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94
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Paleologo M, Lanubile A, Camardo Leggieri M, Graffigna G, Gomarasca P, Barello S. Public perception of new plant breeding techniques and the psychosocial determinants of acceptance: A systematic review. PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2024; 33:795-812. [PMID: 38863424 PMCID: PMC11290029 DOI: 10.1177/09636625241254981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Advancements in New Plant Breeding Techniques have emerged as promising tools for enhancing crop productivity, quality, and resilience in the face of global challenges, such as climate change and food security. However, the successful implementation of these techniques relies also on public acceptance of this innovation. Understanding what shapes public perception and acceptance of New Plant Breeding Techniques is crucial for effective science communication, policymaking, and the sustainable adoption of these innovations. The objective of this systematic review was to synthesize existing research on the public perception of New Plant Breeding Techniques applied to food crops and explore the psychosocial determinants that influence acceptance. Twenty papers published between 2015 and 2023 were included on various New Plant Breeding Techniques and their reception by the general public. Determinants affecting the acceptance of food crops derived from New Plant Breeding Techniques were categorized into six areas: sociodemographic factors, perceived benefits and risks, attitudes toward science, communication strategies, personal values, and product characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Lanubile
- Alessandra Lanubile, Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
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95
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Swirsky LT, Spaniol J. Consequences of curiosity for recognition memory in younger and older adults. Psychon Bull Rev 2024; 31:1527-1535. [PMID: 38097888 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Older adults are more prone to false recognition than younger adults, particularly when new information is semantically related to old information. Curiosity, which guides information-seeking behavior and has beneficial effects on memory across the life span, may offer protection against false recognition, but this hypothesis has not been tested experimentally to date. The current study investigated the effect of curiosity on correct and false recognition in younger and older adults (total N = 102) using a trivia paradigm. On Day 1 of the study, participants encoded trivia questions and answers while rating their curiosity levels. On Day 2, participants completed a surprise old/new recognition test in which they saw the same trivia questions. Half of the questions were paired with old (correct) answers, and half were paired with new (incorrect) answers. New answers were either semantically related or unrelated to correct answers. For both age groups, curiosity at encoding was positively associated with correct recognition. For older adults, semantically related lures produced more false recognition than unrelated lures. However, this effect was mitigated by curiosity, such that older adults were less likely to endorse semantically related lures for high- versus low-curiosity questions. Overall, these results extend prior findings of curiosity-related memory benefits to the domain of recognition memory, and they provide novel evidence that curiosity may protect against false memory formation in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyana T Swirsky
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada.
| | - Julia Spaniol
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
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96
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Ingendahl M, Woitzel J, Alves H. Who shows the Unlikelihood Effect - and why? Psychon Bull Rev 2024; 31:1768-1781. [PMID: 38286912 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Recent work shows that people judge an outcome as less likely when they learn the probabilities of all single pathways that lead to that outcome, a phenomenon termed the Unlikelihood Effect. The initial explanation for this effect is that the low pathway probabilities trigger thoughts that deem the outcome unlikely. We tested the alternative explanation that the effect results from people's erroneous interpretation and processing of the probability information provided in the paradigm. By reanalyzing the original experiments, we discovered that the Unlikelihood Effect had been substantially driven by a small subset of people who give extremely low likelihood judgments. We conducted six preregistered experiments, showing that these people are unaware of the total outcome probability and do formally incorrect calculations with the given probabilities. Controlling for these factors statistically and experimentally reduced the proportion of people giving extremely low likelihood judgments, reducing and sometimes eliminating the Unlikelihood Effect. Our results confirm that the Unlikelihood Effect is overall a robust empirical phenomenon, but suggest that the effect results at least to some degree from a few people's difficulties with encoding, understanding, and integrating probabilities. Our findings align with current research on other psychological effects, showing that empirical effects can be caused by participants engaging in qualitatively different mental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Ingendahl
- Department of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44801, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Johanna Woitzel
- Department of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hans Alves
- Department of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44801, Bochum, Germany
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van Schie CC, Lewis K, Barr KR, Jewell M, Malcolmson N, Townsend ML, Grenyer BFS. Borderline personality disorder and stigma: Lived experience perspectives on helpful and hurtful language. Personal Ment Health 2024; 18:216-226. [PMID: 38482732 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe mental health disorder that is subject to significant stigmatisation. With language being a key reinforcer of stigma, this co-produced study aims to explore the language use regarding BPD and its effect on those with BPD and carers. Recommendations to reduce stigmatisation are provided for both clinicians and researchers. Participants with BPD (consumer n = 33) and those supporting someone with BPD (carer n = 30) discussed their experience of hurtful and helpful language. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse written and verbal responses into core conflictual relationship themes (CCRT) reflecting how different words were heard and experienced. All consumers and carers in the study reported experiences with stigmatising language. Feelings of inadequacy and frustration were common amongst consumers, specifically when they perceived others as trivialising their needs or not seeing them as a unique individual. Carers often reported feelings of frustration when they perceived others as blaming them or not acknowledging their needs. Both consumers and carers reported helpful language as being connecting, validating and accepting. Unhelpful communication patterns have negative consequences for the person's self-understanding (i.e., self-stigma) and their relationships with others, including the therapeutic alliance. A consideration of these communication patterns may foster the use of reflective positive language that is compassionate and hopeful.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate Lewis
- School of Psychology and School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Karlen R Barr
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Mahlie Jewell
- Project Air Strategy Consumer and Carer Advisory Committee, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Natalie Malcolmson
- Project Air Strategy Consumer and Carer Advisory Committee, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle L Townsend
- School of Psychology and School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Brin F S Grenyer
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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98
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Clouston SAP, Hanes DW, Smith DM, Richmond LL, Richards M, Link B. Inequalities in accelerated cognitive decline: Resolving observational window bias using nested non-linear regression. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:5540-5550. [PMID: 39001609 PMCID: PMC11350020 DOI: 10.1002/alz.14053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Limited observational windows lead to conflicting results in studies examining educational differences in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) risk, due to observational window bias relative to onset of accelerated cognitive decline. This study tested a novel model to address observational window bias and tested for the presence and sources of disparities in accelerated cognitive declines due to ADRD. METHODS The sample examined 167,314 cognitive assessments from 32,441 Health and Retirement Study participants. We implemented a parametric non-linear nested longitudinal regression and reported multivariable-adjusted nodal incidence ratios (aNIR). RESULTS University degrees were associated with lower incidence (aNIR = 0.253, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.221 to 0.289], p < 0.001), while black participants had a higher incidence (aNIR = 1.995, [1.858 to 2.141], p < 0.001) of accelerated cognitive decline, adjusting for demographic, sociobehavioral, and medical risk factors. Sex-stratified analyses identified diminished educational returns for women and increased incidence among minoritized women. DISCUSSION Addressing observational window bias reveals large social inequalities in the onset of accelerated cognitive declines indicative of ADRD. HIGHLIGHTS This study identifies observational window bias as a source of conflicting results among previous studies of educational achievement in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) disparities. The study locates preclinical accelerated cognitive decline, which is indicative of ADRD while occurring 10+ years prior to symptom onset, as a site to study ADRD disparities that mitigates observational window bias. A novel method, nested non-linear regression, is developed to test for differences in the onset of accelerated cognitive decline. Educational and racial/ethnic disparities are demonstrated in the onset of accelerated cognitive decline, as are their intersecting differences with sex/gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A. P. Clouston
- Program in Public Health, Renaissance School of MedicineStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
- Department of Family, Population, and Preventive Medicine, Renaissance School of MedicineStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Douglas W. Hanes
- Program in Public Health, Renaissance School of MedicineStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Dylan M. Smith
- Program in Public Health, Renaissance School of MedicineStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
- Department of Family, Population, and Preventive Medicine, Renaissance School of MedicineStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCLUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Bruce Link
- Department of SociologyUniversity of California at RiversideRiversideCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Public PolicyUniversity of California at RiversideRiversideCaliforniaUSA
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99
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Geraets AFJ, Schram MT, Jansen JFA, Köhler S, van Boxtel MPJ, Eussen SJPM, Koster A, Stehouwer CDA, Bosma H, Leist AK. The associations of socioeconomic position with structural brain damage and connectivity and cognitive functioning: The Maastricht Study. Soc Sci Med 2024; 355:117111. [PMID: 39018997 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Socioeconomic inequalities in cognitive impairment may partly act through structural brain damage and reduced connectivity. This study investigated the extent to which the association of early-life socioeconomic position (SEP) with later-life cognitive functioning is mediated by later-life SEP, and whether the associations of SEP with later-life cognitive functioning can be explained by structural brain damage and connectivity. METHODS We used cross-sectional data from the Dutch population-based Maastricht Study (n = 4,839; mean age 59.2 ± 8.7 years, 49.8% women). Early-life SEP was assessed by self-reported poverty during childhood and parental education. Later-life SEP included education, occupation, and current household income. Participants underwent cognitive testing and 3-T magnetic resonance imaging to measure volumes of white matter hyperintensities, grey matter, white matter, cerebrospinal fluid, and structural connectivity. Multiple linear regression analyses tested the associations between SEP, markers of structural brain damage and connectivity, and cognitive functioning. Mediation was tested using structural equation modeling. RESULTS Although there were direct associations between both indicators of SEP and later-life cognitive functioning, a large part of the association between early-life SEP and later-life cognitive functioning was explained by later-life SEP (72.2%). The extent to which structural brain damage or connectivity acted as mediators between SEP and cognitive functioning was small (up to 5.9%). CONCLUSIONS We observed substantial SEP differences in later-life cognitive functioning. Associations of structural brain damage and connectivity with cognitive functioning were relatively small, and only marginally explained the SEP gradients in cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk F J Geraets
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Miranda T Schram
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht, The Netherlands; School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacobus F A Jansen
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht, The Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht, The Netherlands; Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin P J van Boxtel
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht, The Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht, The Netherlands; Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Simone J P M Eussen
- School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Koster
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Social Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Coen D A Stehouwer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands; School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Bosma
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Social Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Anja K Leist
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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100
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Stein B, Hoeft F, Richter CG. Stress, resilience, and emotional well-being in children and adolescents with specific learning disabilities. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2024; 58:101410. [PMID: 39157263 PMCID: PMC11326484 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2024.101410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
This article reviews the prevalence of stress and explores resilience factors in children and adolescents with specific learning disabilities (SLDs). We show that the increased stress and emotional challenges faced by this group are likely due to societal pressures and stigma. Recent findings on neuroendocrine changes in this population are discussed, suggesting a predisposition to psychiatric disorders. This review advocates for a societal shift towards the neurodiversity paradigm, which recognizes SLDs as natural variations in brain function, emphasizing individual strengths and promoting a more inclusive approach that values cognitive diversity. Such advocacy is likely important to combat stress and stigma in those with SLDs. This article also reviews recent work identifying resilience-promoting factors, such as perception of self and peer/teacher relationships, for enhancing emotional well-being and mental health for children and adolescents with SLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Stein
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Fumiko Hoeft
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, CA, 675 18 St., San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Caroline G. Richter
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
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