99951
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Abstract
Spatial navigation is a complex cognitive process based on multiple senses that are integrated and processed by a wide network of brain areas. Previous studies have revealed the retrosplenial complex (RSC) to be modulated in a task-related manner during navigation. However, these studies restricted participants' movement to stationary setups, which might have impacted heading computations due to the absence of vestibular and proprioceptive inputs. Here, we present evidence of human RSC theta oscillation (4-8 Hz) in an active spatial navigation task where participants actively ambulated from one location to several other points while the position of a landmark and the starting location were updated. The results revealed theta power in the RSC to be pronounced during heading changes but not during translational movements, indicating that physical rotations induce human RSC theta activity. This finding provides a potential evidence of head-direction computation in RSC in healthy humans during active spatial navigation.
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99952
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Wu Z, Chen C, Kang SS, Liu X, Gu X, Yu SP, Keene CD, Cheng L, Ye K. Neurotrophic signaling deficiency exacerbates environmental risks for Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2100986118. [PMID: 34140411 PMCID: PMC8237621 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100986118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis remains obscure. Life and/or environmental events, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), high-fat diet (HFD), and chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH), are proposed exogenous risk factors for AD. BDNF/TrkB, an essential neurotrophic signaling for synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival, are reduced in the aged brain and in AD patients. Here, we show that environmental factors activate C/EBPβ, an inflammatory transcription factor, which subsequently up-regulates δ-secretase that simultaneously cleaves both APP and Tau, triggering AD neuropathological changes. These adverse effects are additively exacerbated in BDNF+/- or TrkB+/- mice. Strikingly, TBI provokes both senile plaque deposit and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) formation in TrkB+/- mice, associated with augmented neuroinflammation and extensive neuronal loss, leading to cognitive deficits. Depletion of C/EBPβ inhibits TBI-induced AD-like pathologies in these mice. Remarkably, amyloid aggregates and NFT are tempospatially distributed in TrkB+/- mice brains after TBI, providing insight into their spreading in the progression of AD-like pathologies. Hence, our study revealed the roles of exogenous (TBI, HFD, and CCH) and endogenous (TrkB/BDNF) risk factors in the onset of AD-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhourui Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Chun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Seong Su Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104
| | - Liming Cheng
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China;
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322;
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99953
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Li F, Lo TY, Miles L, Wang Q, Noristani HN, Li D, Niu J, Trombley S, Goldshteyn JI, Wang C, Wang S, Qiu J, Pogoda K, Mandal K, Brewster M, Rompolas P, He Y, Janmey PA, Thomas GM, Li S, Song Y. The Atr-Chek1 pathway inhibits axon regeneration in response to Piezo-dependent mechanosensation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3845. [PMID: 34158506 PMCID: PMC8219705 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Atr is a serine/threonine kinase, known to sense single-stranded DNA breaks and activate the DNA damage checkpoint by phosphorylating Chek1, which inhibits Cdc25, causing cell cycle arrest. This pathway has not been implicated in neuroregeneration. We show that in Drosophila sensory neurons removing Atr or Chek1, or overexpressing Cdc25 promotes regeneration, whereas Atr or Chek1 overexpression, or Cdc25 knockdown impedes regeneration. Inhibiting the Atr-associated checkpoint complex in neurons promotes regeneration and improves synapse/behavioral recovery after CNS injury. Independent of DNA damage, Atr responds to the mechanical stimulus elicited during regeneration, via the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo and its downstream NO signaling. Sensory neuron-specific knockout of Atr in adult mice, or pharmacological inhibition of Atr-Chek1 in mammalian neurons in vitro and in flies in vivo enhances regeneration. Our findings reveal the Piezo-Atr-Chek1-Cdc25 axis as an evolutionarily conserved inhibitory mechanism for regeneration, and identify potential therapeutic targets for treating nervous system trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tsz Y Lo
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leann Miles
- The Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harun N Noristani
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dan Li
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jingwen Niu
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shannon Trombley
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessica I Goldshteyn
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chuxi Wang
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shuchao Wang
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jingyun Qiu
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katarzyna Pogoda
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kalpana Mandal
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Megan Brewster
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Ye He
- The City University of New York, Graduate Center - Advanced Science Research Center, Neuroscience Initiative, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gareth M Thomas
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuanquan Song
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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99954
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Ishii A, Furusho M, Bansal R. Mek/ERK1/2-MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling plays both independent and cooperative roles in Schwann cell differentiation, myelination and dysmyelination. Glia 2021; 69:2429-2446. [PMID: 34157170 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple signals are involved in the regulation of developmental myelination by Schwann cells and in the maintenance of a normal myelin homeostasis throughout adult life, preserving the integrity of the axons in the PNS. Recent studies suggest that Mek/ERK1/2-MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR intracellular signaling pathways play important, often overlapping roles in the regulation of myelination in the PNS. In addition, hyperactivation of these signaling pathways in Schwann cells leads to a late onset of various pathological changes in the sciatic nerves. However, it remains poorly understood whether these pathways function independently or sequentially or converge using a common mechanism to facilitate Schwann cell differentiation and myelin growth during development and in causing pathological changes in the adult animals. To address these questions, we analyzed multiple genetically modified mice using simultaneous loss- and constitutive gain-of-function approaches. We found that during development, the Mek/ERK1/2-MAPK pathway plays a primary role in Schwann cell differentiation, distinct from mTOR. However, during active myelination, ERK1/2 is dependent on mTOR signaling to drive the growth of the myelin sheath and regulate its thickness. Finally, our data suggest that peripheral nerve pathology during adulthood caused by hyperactivation of Mek/ERK1/2-MAPK or PI3K is likely to be independent or dependent on mTOR-signaling in different contexts. Thus, this study highlights the complexities in the roles played by two major intracellular signaling pathways in Schwann cells that affect their differentiation, myelination, and later PNS pathology and predicts that potential therapeutic modulation of these pathways in PNS neuropathies could be a complex process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ishii
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Miki Furusho
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rashmi Bansal
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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99955
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Arumugham SS, Srinivas D, Narayanaswamy JC, Jaisoorya TS, Kashyap H, Domenech P, Palfi S, Mallet L, Venkatasubramanian G, Reddy YJ. Identification of biomarkers that predict response to subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: protocol for an open-label follow-up study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e047492. [PMID: 34158304 PMCID: PMC8220486 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of bilateral anteromedial subthalamic nucleus (amSTN) has been found to be helpful in a subset of patients with severe, chronic and treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Biomarkers may aid in patient selection and optimisation of this invasive treatment. In this trial, we intend to evaluate neurocognitive function related to STN and related biosignatures as potential biomarkers for STN DBS in OCD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Twenty-four subjects with treatment-refractory OCD will undergo open-label STN DBS. Structural/functional imaging, electrophysiological recording and neurocognitive assessment would be performed at baseline. The subjects would undergo a structured clinical assessment for 12 months postsurgery. A group of 24 healthy volunteers and 24 subjects with treatment-refractory OCD who receive treatment as usual would be recruited for comparison of biomarkers and treatment response, respectively. Baseline biomarkers would be evaluated as predictors of clinical response. Neuroadaptive changes would be studied through a reassessment of neurocognitive functioning, imaging and electrophysiological activity post DBS. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The protocol has been approved by the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences Ethics Committee. The study findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed scientific journals and scientific meetings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sundar Arumugham
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Dwarakanath Srinivas
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Janardhanan C Narayanaswamy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - T S Jaisoorya
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Himani Kashyap
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Philippe Domenech
- Univ Paris-Est Créteil, DMU CARE - Département Médical-Universitaire de Chirurgie et Anesthésie réanimation, DMU IMPACT, Département Médical-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil, France
- Univ of Paris 12 UPEC, Faculté de médecine, INSERM U955, Creteil, France
| | - Stéphane Palfi
- Univ Paris-Est Créteil, DMU CARE - Département Médical-Universitaire de Chirurgie et Anesthésie réanimation, DMU IMPACT, Département Médical-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Creteil, France
- Univ of Paris 12 UPEC, Faculté de médecine, INSERM U955, Creteil, France
| | - Luc Mallet
- Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Yc Janardhan Reddy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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99956
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Roy A, Pathak Z, Kumar H. Strategies to neutralize RhoA/ROCK pathway after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 343:113794. [PMID: 34166685 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration is bungled following CNS injuries, including spinal cord injury (SCI). Inherent decay of permissive conditions restricts the regrowth of the mature CNS after an injury. Hypertrophic scarring, insignificant intrinsic axon-growth activity, and axon-growth inhibitory molecules such as myelin inhibitors and scar inhibitors constitute a significant hindrance to spinal cord repair. Besides these molecules, a combined absence of various mechanisms responsible for axonal regeneration is the main reason behind the dereliction of the adult CNS to regenerate. The neutralization of specific inhibitors/proteins by stymieing antibodies or encouraging enzymatic degradation results in improved axon regeneration. Previous efforts to induce regeneration after SCI have stimulated axonal development in or near lesion sites, but not beyond them. Several pathways are responsible for the axonal growth obstruction after a CNS injury, including SCI. Herein, we summarize the axonal, glial, and intrinsic factor which impedes the regeneration. We have also discussed the methods to stabilize microtubules and through this to maintain the proper cytoskeletal dynamics of growth cone as disorganized microtubules lead to the failure of axonal regeneration. Moreover, we primarily focus on diverse inhibitors of axonal growth and molecular approaches to counteract them and their downstream intracellular signaling through the RhoA/ROCK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Roy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Zarna Pathak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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99957
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Borghesani V, Dale CL, Lukic S, Hinkley LBN, Lauricella M, Shwe W, Mizuiri D, Honma S, Miller Z, Miller B, Houde JF, Gorno-Tempini ML, Nagarajan SS. Neural dynamics of semantic categorization in semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia. eLife 2021; 10:e63905. [PMID: 34155973 PMCID: PMC8241439 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Semantic representations are processed along a posterior-to-anterior gradient reflecting a shift from perceptual (e.g., it has eight legs) to conceptual (e.g., venomous spiders are rare) information. One critical region is the anterior temporal lobe (ATL): patients with semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA), a clinical syndrome associated with ATL neurodegeneration, manifest a deep loss of semantic knowledge. We test the hypothesis that svPPA patients perform semantic tasks by over-recruiting areas implicated in perceptual processing. We compared MEG recordings of svPPA patients and healthy controls during a categorization task. While behavioral performance did not differ, svPPA patients showed indications of greater activation over bilateral occipital cortices and superior temporal gyrus, and inconsistent engagement of frontal regions. These findings suggest a pervasive reorganization of brain networks in response to ATL neurodegeneration: the loss of this critical hub leads to a dysregulated (semantic) control system, and defective semantic representations are seemingly compensated via enhanced perceptual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Borghesani
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - CL Dale
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - S Lukic
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - LBN Hinkley
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - M Lauricella
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - W Shwe
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - D Mizuiri
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - S Honma
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Z Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - B Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - JF Houde
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - ML Gorno-Tempini
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Neurology, Dyslexia Center University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - SS Nagarajan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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99958
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Welbourne LE, Jonnalagadda A, Giesbrecht B, Eckstein MP. The transverse occipital sulcus and intraparietal sulcus show neural selectivity to object-scene size relationships. Commun Biol 2021; 4:768. [PMID: 34158579 PMCID: PMC8219818 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To optimize visual search, humans attend to objects with the expected size of the sought target relative to its surrounding scene (object-scene scale consistency). We investigate how the human brain responds to variations in object-scene scale consistency. We use functional magnetic resonance imaging and a voxel-wise feature encoding model to estimate tuning to different object/scene properties. We find that regions involved in scene processing (transverse occipital sulcus) and spatial attention (intraparietal sulcus) have the strongest responsiveness and selectivity to object-scene scale consistency: reduced activity to mis-scaled objects (either unusually smaller or larger). The findings show how and where the brain incorporates object-scene size relationships in the processing of scenes. The response properties of these brain areas might explain why during visual search humans often miss objects that are salient but at atypical sizes relative to the surrounding scene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Welbourne
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.
- York NeuroImaging Centre, Department of Psychology, University of York, York, UK.
| | - Aditya Jonnalagadda
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Barry Giesbrecht
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Dynamical Neuroscience, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Miguel P Eckstein
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Dynamical Neuroscience, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.
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99959
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De Gregorio R, Chen X, Petit EI, Dobrenis K, Sze JY. Disruption of Transient SERT Expression in Thalamic Glutamatergic Neurons Alters Trajectory of Postnatal Interneuron Development in the Mouse Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:1623-1636. [PMID: 31504267 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, terminal differentiation of subpopulations of interneurons occurs in late postnatal stages, paralleling the emergence of the adult cortical architecture. Here, we investigated the effects of altered initial cortical architecture on later interneuron development. We identified that a class of somatostatin (SOM)-expressing GABAergic interneurons undergoes terminal differentiation between 2nd and 3rd postnatal week in the mouse somatosensory barrel cortex and upregulates Reelin expression during neurite outgrowth. Our previous work demonstrated that transient expression (E15-P10) of serotonin uptake transporter (SERT) in thalamocortical projection neurons regulates barrel elaboration during cortical map establishment. We show here that in thalamic neuron SERT knockout mice, these SOM-expressing interneurons develop at the right time, reach correct positions and express correct neurochemical markers, but only 70% of the neurons remain in the adult barrel cortex. Moreover, those neurons that remain display altered dendritic patterning. Our data indicate that a precise architecture at the cortical destination is not essential for specifying late-developing interneuron identities, their cortical deposition, and spatial organization, but dictates their number and dendritic structure ultimately integrated into the cortex. Our study illuminates how disruption of temporal-specific SERT function and related key regulators during cortical map establishment can alter interneuron development trajectory that persists to adult central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto De Gregorio
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Xiaoning Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Emilie I Petit
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kostantin Dobrenis
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ji Ying Sze
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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99960
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Aranäs C, Vestlund J, Witley S, Edvardsson CE, Kalafateli AL, Jerlhag E. Salmon Calcitonin Attenuates Some Behavioural Responses to Nicotine in Male Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:685631. [PMID: 34234676 PMCID: PMC8257032 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.685631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The behavioural responses to nicotine involve appetite-regulatory hormones; however, the effects of the anorexigenic hormone amylin on reward-related behaviours induced by nicotine remain to be established. Previous studies have shown that the amylinergic pathway regulates behavioural responses to alcohol, amphetamine and cocaine. Here, we evaluated the effects of salmon calcitonin (sCT), an amylin and calcitonin receptor (CTR) agonist, on nicotine-induced locomotor stimulation and sensitisation as well as dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell. Moreover, we investigated the effects of sCT on the acquisition and expression of nicotine-induced reward in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Finally, we performed Western Blot experiments in an attempt to identify the levels of the amylin receptor components CTRa, CTRb, and RAMP1 in reward-related areas of mice responding differently to repeated injections of sCT and nicotine in the locomotor sensitisation test. We found that sCT blocked nicotine’s stimulatory and dopamine-releasing effects and prevented its ability to cause locomotor sensitisation. On the other hand, sCT did not alter nicotine-induced acquisition and expression of CPP. Lastly, sCT-nicotine treated mice from the locomotor sensitisation experiment displayed higher levels of total CTR, i.e. CTRa and CTRb together, in the reward-processing laterodorsal tegmental area (LDTg) of the brain compared to mice treated with vehicle-nicotine. Overall, the present data reveal that activation of CTR or/and amylin receptors attenuates certain nicotine-induced behaviours in male mice, further contributing to the understanding of appetite-regulatory peptides in reward regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cajsa Aranäs
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jesper Vestlund
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sarah Witley
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christian E Edvardsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Aimilia Lydia Kalafateli
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Jerlhag
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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99961
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Hou X, Nozumi M, Nakamura H, Igarashi M, Sugiyama S. Coactosin Promotes F-Actin Protrusion in Growth Cones Under Cofilin-Related Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:660349. [PMID: 34235144 PMCID: PMC8256272 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.660349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During brain development, axon outgrowth and its subsequent pathfinding are reliant on a highly motile growth cone located at the tip of the axon. Actin polymerization that is regulated by actin-depolymerizing factors homology (ADF-H) domain-containing family drives the formation of lamellipodia and filopodia at the leading edge of growth cones for axon guidance. However, the precise localization and function of ADF-H domain-containing proteins involved in axon extension and retraction remain unclear. We have previously shown that transcripts and proteins of coactosin-like protein 1 (COTL1), an ADF-H domain-containing protein, are observed in neurites and axons in chick embryos. Coactosin overexpression analysis revealed that this protein was localized to axonal growth cones and involved in axon extension in the midbrain. We further examined the specific distribution of coactosin and cofilin within the growth cone using superresolution microscopy, structured illumination microscopy, which overcomes the optical diffraction limitation and is suitable to the analysis of cellular dynamic movements. We found that coactosin was tightly associated with F-actin bundles at the growth cones and that coactosin overexpression promoted the expansion of lamellipodia and extension of growth cones. Coactosin knockdown in oculomotor neurons resulted in an increase in the levels of the inactive, phosphorylated form of cofilin and dysregulation of actin polymerization and axonal elongation, which suggests that coactosin promoted axonal growth in a cofilin-dependent manner. Indeed, the application of a dominant-negative form of LIMK1, a downstream effector of GTPases, reversed the effect of coactosin knockdown on axonal growth by enhancing cofilin activity. Combined, our results indicate that coactosin functions promote the assembly of protrusive actin filament arrays at the leading edge for growth cone motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubin Hou
- Laboratory of Neuronal Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Motohiro Nozumi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Harukazu Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michihiro Igarashi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sayaka Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Neuronal Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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99962
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López-Gómez L, Szymaszkiewicz A, Zielińska M, Abalo R. Nutraceuticals and Enteric Glial Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:3762. [PMID: 34205534 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, glia were considered to be a structural support for neurons, however further investigations showed that glial cells are equally as important as neurons. Among many different types of glia, enteric glial cells (EGCs) found in the gastrointestinal tract, have been significantly underestimated, but proved to play an essential role in neuroprotection, immune system modulation and many other functions. They are also said to be remarkably altered in different physiopathological conditions. A nutraceutical is defined as any food substance or part of a food that provides medical or health benefits, including prevention and treatment of the disease. Following the description of these interesting peripheral glial cells and highlighting their role in physiological and pathological changes, this article reviews all the studies on the effects of nutraceuticals as modulators of their functions. Currently there are only a few studies available concerning the effects of nutraceuticals on EGCs. Most of them evaluated molecules with antioxidant properties in systemic conditions, whereas only a few studies have been performed using models of gastrointestinal disorders. Despite the scarcity of studies on the topic, all agree that nutraceuticals have the potential to be an interesting alternative in the prevention and/or treatment of enteric gliopathies (of systemic or local etiology) and their associated gastrointestinal conditions.
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99963
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Li HD, Xu Y, Zhu X, Liu Q, Omenn GS, Wang J. ClusterMine: A knowledge-integrated clustering approach based on expression profiles of gene sets. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2021; 18:2040009. [PMID: 32698720 DOI: 10.1142/s0219720020400090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Clustering analysis of gene expression data is essential for understanding complex biological data, and is widely used in important biological applications such as the identification of cell subpopulations and disease subtypes. In commonly used methods such as hierarchical clustering (HC) and consensus clustering (CC), holistic expression profiles of all genes are often used to assess the similarity between samples for clustering. While these methods have been proven successful in identifying sample clusters in many areas, they do not provide information about which gene sets (functions) contribute most to the clustering, thus limiting the interpretability of the resulting cluster. We hypothesize that integrating prior knowledge of annotated gene sets would not only achieve satisfactory clustering performance but also, more importantly, enable potential biological interpretation of clusters. Here we report ClusterMine, an approach that identifies clusters by assessing functional similarity between samples through integrating known annotated gene sets in functional annotation databases such as Gene Ontology. In addition to the cluster membership of each sample as provided by conventional approaches, it also outputs gene sets that most likely contribute to the clustering, thus facilitating biological interpretation. We compare ClusterMine with conventional approaches on nine real-world experimental datasets that represent different application scenarios in biology. We find that ClusterMine achieves better performances and that the gene sets prioritized by our method are biologically meaningful. ClusterMine is implemented as an R package and is freely available at: www.genemine.org/clustermine.php.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Dong Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab on Bioinformatics, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 400083, P. R. China
| | - Yunpei Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab on Bioinformatics, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 400083, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoshu Zhu
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab on Bioinformatics, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 400083, P. R. China.,School of Computer Science and Engineering, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Quan Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab on Bioinformatics, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 400083, P. R. China
| | - Gilbert S Omenn
- Departments of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Internal Medicine, Human Genetics and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2218, USA
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab on Bioinformatics, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 400083, P. R. China
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99964
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Johnson CK, Miller DD, Bianchi L. Effect of the protease plasmin on C. elegans hyperactive DEG/ENaC channels MEC-4(d) and UNC-8(d). MicroPubl Biol 2021; 2021. [PMID: 34189421 PMCID: PMC8223032 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
C. elegans MEC-4 and UNC-8 belong to the DEG/ENaC family of voltage-independent Na+ channels and have been implicated in mechanosensation and synaptic remodeling. MEC-4 and UNC-8 hyperactive mutants, designated (d) mutants, conduct enhanced currents and cause cell death due to uncontrolled influx of cations. We show here that MEC-4(d) but not UNC-8(d) currents are further potentiated by treatment with the protease plasmin and that this effect is dependent upon co-expression with the chaperon protein MEC-6. Mammalian DEG/ENaC channels are cleaved by plasmin in the channel finger domain and both MEC-4 and UNC-8 have a predicted plasmin cleavage site in this domain. We previously showed that MEC-4(d), but not UNC-8(d), currents are increased by co-expression with MEC-6, which interacts with the channel via the finger domain. We suggest that interaction of the channel subunit with MEC-6 may render the plasmin cleavage site more accessible. Given that C. elegans expresses a homolog of plasmin, these effects might be relevant in vivo.
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99965
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Escobar AP, Martínez-Pinto J, Silva-Olivares F, Sotomayor-Zárate R, Moya PR. Altered Grooming Syntax and Amphetamine-Induced Dopamine Release in EAAT3 Overexpressing Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:661478. [PMID: 34234648 PMCID: PMC8255620 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.661478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The excitatory amino acid transporter EAAT3 plays an important role in the neuronal uptake of glutamate regulating the activation of glutamate receptors. Polymorphisms in the gene-encoding EAAT3 have been associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), although the mechanisms underlying this relationship are still unknown. We recently reported that mice with increased EAAT3 expression in forebrain neurons (EAAT3 g lo /CMKII) display behavioral and synaptic features relevant to OCD, including increased grooming, higher anxiety-like behavior and altered cortico-striatal synaptic function. The dopamine neurotransmitter system is implicated in ritualistic behaviors. Indeed, dopaminergic neurons express EAAT3, and mice lacking EAAT3 exhibit decreased dopamine release and decreased expression of the dopamine D1 receptor. Moreover, EAAT3 plays a role on the effect of the psychostimulant amphetamine. As such, we sought to determine if the OCD-like behavior in EAAT3 g lo /CMKII mice is accompanied by altered nigro-striatal dopaminergic transmission. The aim of this study was to analyze dopamine transmission both in basal conditions and after an acute challenge of amphetamine, using behavioral, neurochemical, molecular, and cellular approaches. We found that in basal conditions, EAAT3 g lo /CMKII mice performed more grooming events and that they remained in phase 1 of the grooming chain syntax compared with control littermates. Administration of amphetamine increased the number of grooming events in control mice, while EAAT3 g lo /CMKII mice remain unaffected. Interestingly, the grooming syntax of amphetamine-control mice resembled that of EAAT3 g lo /CMKII mice in basal conditions. Using in vivo microdialysis, we found decreased basal dopamine levels in EAAT3 g lo /CMKII compared with control mice. Unexpectedly, we found that after acute amphetamine, EAAT3 g lo /CMKII mice had a higher release of dopamine compared with that of control mice, suggesting that EAAT3 overexpression leads to increased dopamine releasability. To determine postsynaptic effect of EAAT3 overexpression over dopamine transmission, we performed Western blot analysis of dopaminergic proteins and found that EAAT3 g lo /CMKII mice have higher expression of D2 receptors, suggesting a higher inhibition of the indirect striatal pathway. Together, the data indicate that EAAT3 overexpression impacts on dopamine transmission, making dopamine neurons more sensitive to the effect of amphetamine and leading to a disbalance between the direct and indirect striatal pathways that favors the performance of repetitive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica P Escobar
- Facultad de Ciencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Jonathan Martínez-Pinto
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Francisco Silva-Olivares
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Ramón Sotomayor-Zárate
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Pablo R Moya
- Facultad de Ciencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
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99966
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Gialluisi A, Reccia MG, Modugno N, Nutile T, Lombardi A, Di Giovannantonio LG, Pietracupa S, Ruggiero D, Scala S, Gambardella S, Iacoviello L, Gianfrancesco F, Acampora D, D’Esposito M, Simeone A, Ciullo M, Esposito T. Identification of sixteen novel candidate genes for late onset Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:35. [PMID: 34148545 PMCID: PMC8215754 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder affecting 1-5% of the general population for which neither effective cure nor early diagnostic tools are available that could tackle the pathology in the early phase. Here we report a multi-stage procedure to identify candidate genes likely involved in the etiopathogenesis of PD. METHODS The study includes a discovery stage based on the analysis of whole exome data from 26 dominant late onset PD families, a validation analysis performed on 1542 independent PD patients and 706 controls from different cohorts and the assessment of polygenic variants load in the Italian cohort (394 unrelated patients and 203 controls). RESULTS Family-based approach identified 28 disrupting variants in 26 candidate genes for PD including PARK2, PINK1, DJ-1(PARK7), LRRK2, HTRA2, FBXO7, EIF4G1, DNAJC6, DNAJC13, SNCAIP, AIMP2, CHMP1A, GIPC1, HMOX2, HSPA8, IMMT, KIF21B, KIF24, MAN2C1, RHOT2, SLC25A39, SPTBN1, TMEM175, TOMM22, TVP23A and ZSCAN21. Sixteen of them have not been associated to PD before, were expressed in mesencephalon and were involved in pathways potentially deregulated in PD. Mutation analysis in independent cohorts disclosed a significant excess of highly deleterious variants in cases (p = 0.0001), supporting their role in PD. Moreover, we demonstrated that the co-inheritance of multiple rare variants (≥ 2) in the 26 genes may predict PD occurrence in about 20% of patients, both familial and sporadic cases, with high specificity (> 93%; p = 4.4 × 10- 5). Moreover, our data highlight the fact that the genetic landmarks of late onset PD does not systematically differ between sporadic and familial forms, especially in the case of small nuclear families and underline the importance of rare variants in the genetics of sporadic PD. Furthermore, patients carrying multiple rare variants showed higher risk of manifesting dyskinesia induced by levodopa treatment. CONCLUSIONS Besides confirming the extreme genetic heterogeneity of PD, these data provide novel insights into the genetic of the disease and may be relevant for its prediction, diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gialluisi
- grid.419543.e0000 0004 1760 3561IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Mafalda Giovanna Reccia
- grid.419543.e0000 0004 1760 3561IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Nicola Modugno
- grid.419543.e0000 0004 1760 3561IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Teresa Nutile
- grid.419869.b0000 0004 1758 2860National Research Council, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Lombardi
- grid.419543.e0000 0004 1760 3561IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Luca Giovanni Di Giovannantonio
- grid.419869.b0000 0004 1758 2860National Research Council, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Pietracupa
- grid.419543.e0000 0004 1760 3561IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- grid.419543.e0000 0004 1760 3561IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
- grid.419869.b0000 0004 1758 2860National Research Council, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Scala
- grid.419543.e0000 0004 1760 3561IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Stefano Gambardella
- grid.419543.e0000 0004 1760 3561IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
- grid.12711.340000 0001 2369 7670Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Urbino Carlo Bò, Urbino, Italy
| | | | - Licia Iacoviello
- grid.419543.e0000 0004 1760 3561IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
- grid.18147.3b0000000121724807Research Center in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (EPIMED), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Fernando Gianfrancesco
- grid.419869.b0000 0004 1758 2860National Research Council, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Naples, Italy
| | - Dario Acampora
- grid.419869.b0000 0004 1758 2860National Research Council, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio D’Esposito
- grid.419869.b0000 0004 1758 2860National Research Council, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Simeone
- grid.419869.b0000 0004 1758 2860National Research Council, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Ciullo
- grid.419543.e0000 0004 1760 3561IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
- grid.419869.b0000 0004 1758 2860National Research Council, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Esposito
- grid.419543.e0000 0004 1760 3561IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
- grid.419869.b0000 0004 1758 2860National Research Council, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Naples, Italy
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99967
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Peylo C, Hilla Y, Sauseng P. Cause or consequence? Alpha oscillations in visuospatial attention. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:705-713. [PMID: 34167840 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A well-established finding in the literature of human studies is that alpha activity (rhythmical brain activity around 10 Hz) shows retinotopic amplitude modulation during shifts in visual attention. Thus, it has long been argued that alpha amplitude modulation might play a crucial role in attention-driven alterations in visual information processing. Recently, there has been a revival of the topic, driven in part by new studies directly investigating the possible causal relationship between alpha activity and responses to visual input, both neuronally and perceptually. Here, we discuss evidence for and against a causal role of alpha activity in visual attentional processing. We conclude with hypotheses regarding the mechanisms by which top-down-modulated alpha activity in the parietal cortex might select visual information for attentive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Peylo
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Yannik Hilla
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Sauseng
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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99968
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Middleton SJ, Barry AM, Comini M, Li Y, Ray PR, Shiers S, Themistocleous AC, Uhelski ML, Yang X, Dougherty PM, Price TJ, Bennett DL. Studying human nociceptors: from fundamentals to clinic. Brain 2021; 144:1312-1335. [PMID: 34128530 PMCID: PMC8219361 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain affects one in five of the general population and is the third most important cause of disability-adjusted life-years globally. Unfortunately, treatment remains inadequate due to poor efficacy and tolerability. There has been a failure in translating promising preclinical drug targets into clinic use. This reflects challenges across the whole drug development pathway, from preclinical models to trial design. Nociceptors remain an attractive therapeutic target: their sensitization makes an important contribution to many chronic pain states, they are located outside the blood-brain barrier, and they are relatively specific. The past decade has seen significant advances in the techniques available to study human nociceptors, including: the use of corneal confocal microscopy and biopsy samples to observe nociceptor morphology, the culture of human nociceptors (either from surgical or post-mortem tissue or using human induced pluripotent stem cell derived nociceptors), the application of high throughput technologies such as transcriptomics, the in vitro and in vivo electrophysiological characterization through microneurography, and the correlation with pain percepts provided by quantitative sensory testing. Genome editing in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived nociceptors enables the interrogation of the causal role of genes in the regulation of nociceptor function. Both human and rodent nociceptors are more heterogeneous at a molecular level than previously appreciated, and while we find that there are broad similarities between human and rodent nociceptors there are also important differences involving ion channel function, expression, and cellular excitability. These technological advances have emphasized the maladaptive plastic changes occurring in human nociceptors following injury that contribute to chronic pain. Studying human nociceptors has revealed new therapeutic targets for the suppression of chronic pain and enhanced repair. Cellular models of human nociceptors have enabled the screening of small molecule and gene therapy approaches on nociceptor function, and in some cases have enabled correlation with clinical outcomes. Undoubtedly, challenges remain. Many of these techniques are difficult to implement at scale, current induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation protocols do not generate the full diversity of nociceptor populations, and we still have a relatively poor understanding of inter-individual variation in nociceptors due to factors such as age, sex, or ethnicity. We hope our ability to directly investigate human nociceptors will not only aid our understanding of the fundamental neurobiology underlying acute and chronic pain but also help bridge the translational gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Middleton
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Allison M Barry
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Maddalena Comini
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pradipta R Ray
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Stephanie Shiers
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Andreas C Themistocleous
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.,Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Megan L Uhelski
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xun Yang
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Patrick M Dougherty
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Theodore J Price
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - David L Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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99969
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Zhao P, Huo S, Fan J, Chen J, Kiessling F, Boersma AJ, Göstl R, Herrmann A. Activation of the Catalytic Activity of Thrombin for Fibrin Formation by Ultrasound. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14707-14714. [PMID: 33939872 PMCID: PMC8252103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of enzyme activity is a method to control biological function. We report two systems enabling the ultrasound-induced activation of thrombin, which is vital for secondary hemostasis. First, we designed polyaptamers, which can specifically bind to thrombin, inhibiting its catalytic activity. With ultrasound generating inertial cavitation and therapeutic medical focused ultrasound, the interactions between polyaptamer and enzyme are cleaved, restoring the activity to catalyze the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin. Second, we used split aptamers conjugated to the surface of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). In the presence of thrombin, these assemble into an aptamer tertiary structure, induce AuNP aggregation, and deactivate the enzyme. By ultrasonication, the AuNP aggregates reversibly disassemble releasing and activating the enzyme. We envision that this approach will be a blueprint to control the function of other proteins by mechanical stimuli in the sonogenetics field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengkun Zhao
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Shuaidong Huo
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchSchool of Pharmaceutical ScienceXiamen University361102XiamenChina
| | - Jilin Fan
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Junlin Chen
- Institute for Experimental Molecular ImagingUniversity Hospital AachenForckenbeckstr. 5552074AachenGermany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular ImagingUniversity Hospital AachenForckenbeckstr. 5552074AachenGermany
| | - Arnold J. Boersma
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
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99970
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Goymann W, Schwabl H. The tyranny of phylogeny-A plea for a less dogmatic stance on two-species comparisons: Funding bodies, journals and referees discourage two- or few-species comparisons, but such studies provide essential insights complementary to phylogenetic comparative studies. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100071. [PMID: 34155665 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetically controlled studies across multiple species correct for taxonomic confounds in physiological performance traits. Therefore, they are preferred over comparisons of two or few closely-related species. Funding bodies, referees and journal editors nowadays often even reject to consider detailed comparisons of two or few closely related species. Here, we plea for a less dogmatic stance on such comparisons, because phylogenetic studies come with their own limitations similar in magnitude as those of two-species comparisons. Two-species comparisons are particularly relevant and instructive for understanding physiological pathways and de novo mutations in three contexts: in a purely mechanistic context, when differences in the regulation of a trait are the focus of investigation, when a physiological trait lacks a direct connection to fitness, and when physiological measures cannot easily be standardized among laboratories. In conclusion, phylogenetic comparative and two-species studies have different strengths and weaknesses and combining these complementary approaches will help integrating biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Goymann
- Department of Behavioural Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Hubert Schwabl
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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99971
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Zhang H, Zhang X, Hong X, Tong X. Homogeneity or heterogeneity, the paradox of neurovascular pericytes in the brain. Glia 2021; 69:2474-2487. [PMID: 34152032 PMCID: PMC8453512 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes are one of the main components of the neurovascular unit. They play a critical role in regulating blood flow, blood–brain barrier permeability, neuroinflammation, and neuronal activity. In the central nervous system (CNS), pericytes are classified into three subtypes, that is, ensheathing, mesh, and thin‐strand pericytes, based on their distinct morphologies and region‐specific distributions. However, whether these three types of pericytes exhibit heterogeneity or homogeneity with regard to membrane properties has been understudied to date. Here, we combined bulk RNA sequencing analysis with electrophysiological methods to demonstrate that the three subtypes of pericytes share similar electrical membrane properties in the CNS, suggesting a homogenous population of neurovascular pericytes in the brain. Furthermore, we identified an inwardly rectifying potassium channel subtype Kir4.1 functionally expressed in pericytes. Electrophysiological patch clamp recordings indicate that Kir4.1 channel currents in pericytes represent a small portion of the K+ macroscopic currents in physiological conditions. However, a significant augmentation of Kir4.1 currents in pericytes was induced when the extracellular K+ was elevated to pathological levels, suggesting pericytes Kir4.1 channels might play an important role as K+ sensors and contribute to K+ homeostasis in local neurovascular networks in pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhang
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqi Hong
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoping Tong
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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99972
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Yao M, Fang J, Tao W, Feng G, Wei M, Gao Y, Xin W, Li Y, Du S. Modulation of proteoglycan receptor regulates RhoA/CRMP2 pathways and promotes axonal myelination. Neurosci Lett 2021; 760:136079. [PMID: 34166723 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The function of the myelinating system is important because a defective myelin sheath results in various nervous disorders, including multiple sclerosis and peripheral neuropathies. The dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) is a transitional area between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that is generated by two types of cells-oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells (SCs). It is well known that after injury the extracellular matrix, including the CSPG, impairs axonal myelination by activating protein tyrosine phosphatase-σ (PTPσ) in both cells. The Intracellular Sigma Peptide (ISP) is memetic of the PTPσ wedge region. It competitively binds to PTPσ and regulates the downstream signaling of RhoA. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether the ISP increased myelination in vivo and in vitro. The in vitro assay was meant to further verify the in vivo mechanisms. We observed that ISP administration could increase axonal myelination both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we provide evidence that, in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, the myelination-induced effects of ISP application entail an inverse expression of the RhoA/CRMP2 signaling pathway. Overall, our results indicate that the ISP modulation of PTPσ enhances axonal myelination via the RhoA/CRMP2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jie Fang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wei Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Gang Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mingyi Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuhao Gao
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Biology, Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wen Xin
- Beijing TransGen Biotech Co., Ltd, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Shiwei Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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99973
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Weilbächer RA, Krajbich I, Rieskamp J, Gluth S. The influence of visual attention on memory-based preferential choice. Cognition 2021; 215:104804. [PMID: 34167016 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many decisions rely on past experiences. Recent research indicates that people's choices are biased towards choosing better-remembered options, even if these options are comparatively unattractive (i.e., a memory bias). In the current study, we used eye tracking to compare the influence of visual attention on preferential choice between memory-based and non-memory-based decisions. Participants completed the remember-and-decide task. In this task, they first learned associations between screen locations and snack items. Then, they made binary choices between snack items. These snacks were either hidden and required recall (memory-based decisions), or they were visible (non-memory-based decisions). Remarkably, choices were more strongly influenced by attention in memory-based compared to non-memory-based decisions. However, visual attention did not mediate the memory bias on preferential choices. Finally, we adopt and expand a recently proposed computational model to provide a comprehensive description of the role of attention in memory-based decisions. In sum, the present work elucidates how visual attention interacts with episodic memory and preference formation in memory-based decisions.
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99974
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Wegiel J, Flory M, Kuchna I, Nowicki K, Ma SY, Wegiel J, Badmaev E, Leon MD, Wisniewski T, Reisberg B. Clinicopathological Staging of Dynamics of Neurodegeneration and Neuronal Loss in Alzheimer Disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:21-44. [PMID: 33270870 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and neuropathological staging of Alzheimer disease (AD) neurodegeneration and neuronal loss dynamics is the baseline for identification of treatment targets and timing. The aim of this study of 14 brain regions in 25 subjects diagnosed with AD and 13 age-matched control subjects was to establish the pattern of neurodegeneration, and the severity and rate of neuronal loss in mild cognitive impairment/mild AD (Functional Assessment Staging [FAST] test 3-4), moderate to moderately severe AD (FAST 5-6), and severe AD (FAST 7). The study revealed (1) the most severe neuronal loss in FAST 3-4; (2) the highest rate of neuronal loss in FAST 5-6, to the "critical" point limiting further increase in neuronal loss; (3) progression of neurofibrillary degeneration, but decline of neuronal loss to a floor level in FAST 7; and (4) structure-specific rate of neuronal loss caused by neurofibrillary degeneration and a large pool of neuronal loss caused by other mechanisms. This study defines a range and speed of progression of AD pathology and functional decline that might potentially be prevented by the arrest of neuronal loss, both related and unrelated to neurofibrillary degeneration, during the 9-year duration of mild cognitive impairment/mild AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Flory
- Research Design and Analysis Service, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York
| | | | | | | | - Jarek Wegiel
- From the Department of Developmental Neurobiology
| | | | | | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Departments of Neurology, Pathology, and Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Barry Reisberg
- Departments of Neurology, Pathology, and Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
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99975
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Józsa TI, Padmos RM, El-Bouri WK, Hoekstra AG, Payne SJ. On the Sensitivity Analysis of Porous Finite Element Models for Cerebral Perfusion Estimation. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:3647-3665. [PMID: 34155569 PMCID: PMC8671295 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-021-02808-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Computational physiological models are promising tools to enhance the design of clinical trials and to assist in decision making. Organ-scale haemodynamic models are gaining popularity to evaluate perfusion in a virtual environment both in healthy and diseased patients. Recently, the principles of verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification of such physiological models have been laid down to ensure safe applications of engineering software in the medical device industry. The present study sets out to establish guidelines for the usage of a three-dimensional steady state porous cerebral perfusion model of the human brain following principles detailed in the verification and validation (V&V 40) standard of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The model relies on the finite element method and has been developed specifically to estimate how brain perfusion is altered in ischaemic stroke patients before, during, and after treatments. Simulations are compared with exact analytical solutions and a thorough sensitivity analysis is presented covering every numerical and physiological model parameter. The results suggest that such porous models can approximate blood pressure and perfusion distributions reliably even on a coarse grid with first order elements. On the other hand, higher order elements are essential to mitigate errors in volumetric blood flow rate estimation through cortical surface regions. Matching the volumetric flow rate corresponding to major cerebral arteries is identified as a validation milestone. It is found that inlet velocity boundary conditions are hard to obtain and that constant pressure inlet boundary conditions are feasible alternatives. A one-dimensional model is presented which can serve as a computationally inexpensive replacement of the three-dimensional brain model to ease parameter optimisation, sensitivity analyses and uncertainty quantification. The findings of the present study can be generalised to organ-scale porous perfusion models. The results increase the applicability of computational tools regarding treatment development for stroke and other cerebrovascular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T I Józsa
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK.
| | - R M Padmos
- Computational Science Laboratory, Institute for Informatics, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - W K El-Bouri
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK.,Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Liverpool, Thomas Drive, Liverpool, L14 3PE, UK
| | - A G Hoekstra
- Computational Science Laboratory, Institute for Informatics, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - S J Payne
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
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99976
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Weiss
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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99977
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Staicu CE, Jipa F, Axente E, Radu M, Radu BM, Sima F. Lab-on-a-Chip Platforms as Tools for Drug Screening in Neuropathologies Associated with Blood-Brain Barrier Alterations. Biomolecules 2021; 11:916. [PMID: 34205550 PMCID: PMC8235582 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) and organ-on-a-chip (OOC) devices are highly versatile platforms that enable miniaturization and advanced controlled laboratory functions (i.e., microfluidics, advanced optical or electrical recordings, high-throughput screening). The manufacturing advancements of LOCs/OOCs for biomedical applications and their current limitations are briefly discussed. Multiple studies have exploited the advantages of mimicking organs or tissues on a chip. Among these, we focused our attention on the brain-on-a-chip, blood-brain barrier (BBB)-on-a-chip, and neurovascular unit (NVU)-on-a-chip applications. Mainly, we review the latest developments of brain-on-a-chip, BBB-on-a-chip, and NVU-on-a-chip devices and their use as testing platforms for high-throughput pharmacological screening. In particular, we analyze the most important contributions of these studies in the field of neurodegenerative diseases and their relevance in translational personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Elena Staicu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania;
- Center for Advanced Laser Technologies, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Măgurele, Romania; (F.J.); (E.A.); (F.S.)
| | - Florin Jipa
- Center for Advanced Laser Technologies, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Măgurele, Romania; (F.J.); (E.A.); (F.S.)
| | - Emanuel Axente
- Center for Advanced Laser Technologies, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Măgurele, Romania; (F.J.); (E.A.); (F.S.)
| | - Mihai Radu
- Department of Life and Environmental Physics, ‘Horia Hulubei’ National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 077125 Măgurele, Romania;
| | - Beatrice Mihaela Radu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Felix Sima
- Center for Advanced Laser Technologies, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Măgurele, Romania; (F.J.); (E.A.); (F.S.)
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99978
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Sirangelo I, Iannuzzi C. Understanding the Role of Protein Glycation in the Amyloid Aggregation Process. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126609. [PMID: 34205510 PMCID: PMC8235188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein function and flexibility is directly related to the native distribution of its structural elements and any alteration in protein architecture leads to several abnormalities and accumulation of misfolded proteins. This phenomenon is associated with a range of increasingly common human disorders, including Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, type II diabetes, and a number of systemic amyloidosis characterized by the accumulation of amyloid aggregates both in the extracellular space of tissues and as intracellular deposits. Post-translational modifications are known to have an active role in the in vivo amyloid aggregation as able to affect protein structure and dynamics. Among them, a key role seems to be played by non-enzymatic glycation, the most unwanted irreversible modification of the protein structure, which strongly affects long-living proteins throughout the body. This study provided an overview of the molecular effects induced by glycation on the amyloid aggregation process of several protein models associated with misfolding diseases. In particular, we analyzed the role of glycation on protein folding, kinetics of amyloid formation, and amyloid cytotoxicity in order to shed light on the role of this post-translational modification in the in vivo amyloid aggregation process.
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99979
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Lu Z, Xu S, Wang H, He E, Liu J, Dai Y, Xie J, Song Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Qu L, Cai X. PtNPt/MWCNT-PEDOT:PSS-Modified Microelectrode Arrays for the Synchronous Dopamine and Neural Spike Detection in Rat Models of Sleep Deprivation. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2021; 4:4872-4884. [PMID: 35007036 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a biosensor assembly based on microelectrode arrays (MEAs) modified with PtNPt/MWCNT-PEDOT:PSS nanocomposites is presented to synchronously detect the dopamine (DA) and electrophysiological activities in rat brains. Different morphological and electrochemical characterizations were conducted to show the excellent mechanical and electrical properties of the as-prepared probes. The developed biosensors realized the sensitive and selective detection of DA with the existence of significant interferences such as uric acid (UA), ascorbic acid (AA), glutamate (Glu), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). Calibration curve for the DA response was linear with the concentration from 0.05 μM to 79 μM (R = 0.999), with a sensitivity of 30.561 pA/μM and detection limit as low as 50 nM. Finally, the proposed microelectrode was applied to be implanted into the cortex and caudate putamen (CPU) of rats, which was demonstrated to stably measure the synchronous neurochemical and neurophysiological changes caused by 72 h sleep deprivation. The in vivo measuring results showed that the sleep deprivation increased the DA release and neural spike activity in both cortex and CPU. The local field potential (LFP) power in the delta and theta band was significantly increased as well. These changes in brain may reflect the brain's adaptive reaction toward the side effects induced by sleep deprivation and may partially explain the mechanism of forced wakefulness in the presence of accumulated sleep pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100120, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100042, China
| | - Shengwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100120, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100042, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100120, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100042, China
| | - Enhui He
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100120, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100042, China
| | - Juntao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100120, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100042, China
| | - Yuchuan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100120, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100042, China
| | - Jingyu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100120, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100042, China
| | - Yilin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100120, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100042, China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100120, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100042, China
| | - Yiding Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100120, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100042, China
| | - Lina Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Xinxia Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100120, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100042, China
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99980
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Abstract
In some organs, such as the brain, endothelial cells form a robust and highly selective blood-to-tissue barrier. However, in other organs, such as the intestine, endothelial cells provide less stringent permeability, to allow rapid exchange of solutes and nutrients where needed. To maintain the structural and functional integrity of the highly dynamic blood–brain and gut–vascular barriers, endothelial cells form highly specialized cell-cell junctions, known as adherens junctions and tight junctions. Claudins are a family of four-membrane-spanning proteins at tight junctions and they have both barrier-forming and pore-forming properties. Tissue-specific expression of claudins has been linked to different diseases that are characterized by barrier impairment. In this review, we summarize the more recent progress in the field of the claudins, with particular attention to their expression and function in the blood–brain barrier and the recently described gut–vascular barrier, under physiological and pathological conditions. Abbreviations: 22q11DS 22q11 deletion syndrome; ACKR1 atypical chemokine receptor 1; AD Alzheimer disease; AQP aquaporin; ATP adenosine triphosphate; Aβ amyloid β; BAC bacterial artificial chromosome; BBB blood-brain barrier; C/EBP-α CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α; cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate (or 3ʹ,5ʹ-cyclic adenosine monophosphate); CD cluster of differentiation; CNS central nervous system; DSRED discosoma red; EAE experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; ECV304 immortalized endothelial cell line established from the vein of an apparently normal human umbilical cord; EGFP enhanced green fluorescent protein; ESAM endothelial cell-selective adhesion molecule; GLUT-1 glucose transporter 1; GVB gut-vascular barrier; H2B histone H2B; HAPP human amyloid precursor protein; HEK human embryonic kidney; JACOP junction-associated coiled coil protein; JAM junctional adhesion molecules; LYVE1 lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1; MADCAM1 mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1; MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase; MCAO middle cerebral artery occlusion; MMP metalloprotease; MS multiple sclerosis; MUPP multi-PDZ domain protein; PATJ PALS-1-associated tight junction protein; PDGFR-α platelet-derived growth factor receptor α polypeptide; PDGFR-β platelet-derived growth factor receptor β polypeptide; RHO rho-associated protein kinase; ROCK rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase; RT-qPCR real time quantitative polymerase chain reactions; PDGFR-β soluble platelet-derived growth factor receptor, β polypeptide; T24 human urinary bladder carcinoma cells; TG2576 transgenic mice expressing the human amyloid precursor protein; TNF-α tumor necrosis factor α; WTwild-type; ZO zonula occludens.
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99981
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Lombardi A, Arseni L, Carriero R, Compe E, Botta E, Ferri D, Uggè M, Biamonti G, Peverali FA, Bione S, Orioli D. Reduced levels of prostaglandin I 2 synthase: a distinctive feature of the cancer-free trichothiodystrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2024502118. [PMID: 34155103 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024502118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer-free photosensitive trichothiodystrophy (PS-TTD) and the cancer-prone xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) are rare monogenic disorders that can arise from mutations in the same genes, namely ERCC2/XPD or ERCC3/XPB Both XPD and XPB proteins belong to the 10-subunit complex transcription factor IIH (TFIIH) that plays a key role in transcription and nucleotide excision repair, the DNA repair pathway devoted to the removal of ultraviolet-induced DNA lesions. Compelling evidence suggests that mutations affecting the DNA repair activity of TFIIH are responsible for the pathological features of XP, whereas those also impairing transcription give rise to TTD. By adopting a relatives-based whole transcriptome sequencing approach followed by specific gene expression profiling in primary fibroblasts from a large cohort of TTD or XP cases with mutations in ERCC2/XPD gene, we identify the expression alterations specific for TTD primary dermal fibroblasts. While most of these transcription deregulations do not impact on the protein level, very low amounts of prostaglandin I2 synthase (PTGIS) are found in TTD cells. PTGIS catalyzes the last step of prostaglandin I2 synthesis, a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Its reduction characterizes all TTD cases so far investigated, both the PS-TTD with mutations in TFIIH coding genes as well as the nonphotosensitive (NPS)-TTD. A severe impairment of TFIIH and RNA polymerase II recruitment on the PTGIS promoter is found in TTD but not in XP cells. Thus, PTGIS represents a biomarker that combines all PS- and NPS-TTD cases and distinguishes them from XP.
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99982
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Cirillo G, Di Vico IA, Emadi Andani M, Morgante F, Sepe G, Tessitore A, Bologna M, Tinazzi M. Changes in Corticospinal Circuits During Premovement Facilitation in Physiological Conditions. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:684013. [PMID: 34234660 PMCID: PMC8255790 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.684013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in corticospinal excitability have been well documented in the preparatory period before movement, however, their mechanisms and physiological role have not been entirely elucidated. We aimed to investigate the functional changes of excitatory corticospinal circuits during a reaction time (RT) motor task (thumb abduction) in healthy subjects (HS). 26 HS received single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex (M1). After a visual go signal, we calculated RT and delivered TMS at three intervals (50, 100, and 150 ms) within RT and before movement onset, recording motor evoked potentials (MEP) from the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and the task-irrelevant abductor digiti minimi (ADM). We found that TMS increased MEPAPB amplitude when delivered at 150, 100, and 50 ms before movement onset, demonstrating the occurrence of premovement facilitation (PMF). MEP increase was greater at the shorter interval (MEP50) and restricted to APB (no significant effects were detected recording from ADM). We also reported time-dependent changes of the RT and a TMS side-dependent effect on MEP amplitude (greater on the dominant side). In conclusion, we here report changes of RT and side-dependent, selective and facilitatory effects on the MEPAPB amplitude when TMS is delivered before movement onset (PMF), supporting the role of excitatory corticospinal mechanisms at the basis of the selective PMF of the target muscle during the RT protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cirillo
- Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Network, Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Mental, Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Movement Disorders Division, Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Antonella Di Vico
- Movement Disorders Division, Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mehran Emadi Andani
- Movement Disorders Division, Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Morgante
- Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Sepe
- Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Network, Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Mental, Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tessitore
- Division of Neurology and Neurophysiopathology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Matteo Bologna
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Movement Disorders Division, Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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99983
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Vila Pouca
- Zoological Inst., Stockholm Univ. Stockholm Sweden
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Wageningen Univ. and Research Wageningen the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Alexander Kotrschal
- Zoological Inst., Stockholm Univ. Stockholm Sweden
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Wageningen Univ. and Research Wageningen the Netherlands
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99984
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Xi J, Wang GT, Zhao J, Huang CB. General and Specific Effects of Stereo Learning. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:535512. [PMID: 34234656 PMCID: PMC8256795 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.535512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Technological advancements in virtual reality challenge the human vision, especially stereopsis, a function, which characterizes how two eyes coordinate to form a unified three-dimensional (3D) representation of the external world and is found to be deficient in 30% of the normal population. Although a few previous studies have consistently found that the perceptual learning of stereopsis significantly improved stereoacuity, an underlying mechanism of stereo learning remains heavily debated. Here, we trained subjects with normal stereo vision (assessed with the FLY Stereo Acuity Test) to judge stereopsis containing three types of binocular disparity orders (i.e., zero-, first-, and second-order), aiming to systematically examine the characteristics and plasticity of stereo learning. Thirty subjects were randomly assigned to the three training groups (each for the zero-, first-, or second-order disparity separately). The disparity thresholds were measured before and after training. The disparity threshold was measured in 10 additional control subjects only at the pre- and post-training phase. Stereoscopic images were displayed through a shutter goggle, which is synchronized to a monitor. We found that the training significantly improved the zero-, first-, and second-order disparity threshold by 52.42, 36.28, and 14.9% in the zero-order training condition; 30.44, 63.74, and 21.07% in the first-order training condition; and 30.77, 25.19, and 75.12% in the second-order training condition, respectively. There was no significant improvement in the control group. Interestingly, the greatest improvements in the first- and second-order disparity threshold were found in the corresponding disparity training group; on the contrary, the improvements in the zero-order disparity threshold were comparable across all the three disparity training groups. Our findings demonstrated both general (related to the zero-order disparity) and specific improvements (related to the first- and second-order disparity) in stereo learning, suggesting that stereo training occurs at different visual processing stages and its effects might depend on the specific training sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xi
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ge-Tong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Bing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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99985
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Bittar TP, Labonté B. Functional Contribution of the Medial Prefrontal Circuitry in Major Depressive Disorder and Stress-Induced Depressive-Like Behaviors. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:699592. [PMID: 34234655 PMCID: PMC8257081 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.699592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research on the neurobiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), the mechanisms underlying its expression remain unknown. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a hub region involved in emotional processing and stress response elaboration, is highly impacted in MDD patients and animal models of chronic stress. Recent advances showed alterations in the morphology and activity of mPFC neurons along with profound changes in their transcriptional programs. Studies at the circuitry level highlighted the relevance of deciphering the contributions of the distinct prefrontal circuits in the elaboration of adapted and maladapted behavioral responses in the context of chronic stress. Interestingly, MDD presents a sexual dimorphism, a feature recognized in the molecular field but understudied on the circuit level. This review examines the recent literature and summarizes the contribution of the mPFC circuitry in the expression of MDD in males and females along with the morphological and functional alterations that change the activity of these neuronal circuits in human MDD and animal models of depressive-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault P. Bittar
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Benoit Labonté
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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99986
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Coleman MJ, White SA. Basal ganglia: Bursting with song. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R791-R793. [PMID: 34157263 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The songs of mature zebra finches are notoriously repetitious, or 'crystallized'. Despite this stability, new work reveals that chronic pharmacologically driven bursting of cortical inputs to the basal ganglia can drive cumulative and lasting changes to multiple vocal features, including phenomena reminiscent of human stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Coleman
- W.M. Keck Science Department, Claremont, McKenna, Scripps and Pitzer Colleges, Claremont, CA 91711, USA.
| | - Stephanie A White
- Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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99987
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Jacobs S, Maldonado-Slootjes S, Verhulst D, Gille M. Fatal encephalopathy with brainstem involvement under dabrafenib and trametinib in a BRAF-positive metastatic melanoma. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2021; 177:1195-1198. [PMID: 34167806 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Jacobs
- Departments of Neurology and Oncology, Cliniques de l'Europe, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - D Verhulst
- Cliniques de l'Europe, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Gille
- Departments of Neurology and Oncology, Cliniques de l'Europe, Brussels, Belgium.
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99988
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Hallez Q, Monier F, Droit-Volet S. Simultaneous time processing in children and adults: When attention predicts temporal interference effects. J Exp Child Psychol 2021; 210:105209. [PMID: 34166993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Children from 5 to 8 years of age, as well as adults, performed a temporal reproduction task in both a solo-timing condition and a multi-timing condition, with different durations presented simultaneously. In the multi-timing condition, all durations were processed because the participants did not know in advance which stimulus needed to be judged. In a first experiment, two or three durations were presented with a synchrony of their onset. In a second experiment, two durations were presented simultaneously with asynchrony of their offset, different lengths of the concurrent duration, and different presentation orders. In addition, the participants' cognitive abilities in terms of selective attention, as well as short-term and working memory, were assessed with different neuropsychological tests. The results of both experiments showed that children and adults alike were able to process multiple durations simultaneously. However, the simultaneous presentation of different durations generated a temporal interference effect in children and adults, resulting in longer and more variable time estimates. This temporal interference effect was nevertheless higher in children due to their limited attention capacities. Therefore, a developmental improvement in the ability to process different durations simultaneously is related to the cognitive development of attention capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Hallez
- Laboratory DIPHE (Développement, Individu, Processus, Handicap, Education), Psychology Institute, University Lumière Lyon 2, 69500 Bron, France.
| | - Florie Monier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvie Droit-Volet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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99989
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Warsi NM, Narvacan K, Donner E, Go C, Strantzas S, Ochi A, Otsubo H, Sharma R, Snead OC, Ibrahim GM. Supplementing Extraoperative Electrocorticography With Real-Time Intraoperative Recordings Using the Same Chronically Implanted Electrodes. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2021; 20:559-564. [PMID: 33555026 DOI: 10.1093/ons/opab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The practice of intraoperative electrocorticography (iECoG) to guide resective epilepsy surgery is variable. Limitations of iECoG include variability in recordings from previously unsampled cortex, increased operative time and cost, and a lack of clear benefit to surgical decision-making. OBJECTIVE To describe a simple technique to supplement extraoperative intracranial recordings with real-time iECoG using the same chronically implanted electrodes that overcome some of these limitations. METHODS We describe the technical procedure, intraoperative findings, and outcomes of 7 consecutive children undergoing 2-stage resective epilepsy surgery with invasive subdural grid monitoring between January 2017 and December 2019. All children underwent placement of subdural grids, strips, and depth electrodes. Planned neocortical resection was based on extraoperative mapping of ictal and interictal recordings. During resection in the second stage, the same electrodes were used to perform real-time iECoG. RESULTS Real-time iECoG using this technique leads to modification of resection for 2 of the 7 children. The first was extended due to an electroencephalographic seizure from a distant electrode not part of the original resection plan. The second was restricted due to attenuation of epileptiform activity following a partial resection, thereby limiting the extent of a Rolandic resection. No infections or other adverse events were encountered. CONCLUSION We report a simple technique to leverage chronically implanted electrodes for real-time iECoG during 2-stage resective surgery. This technique presents fewer limitations than traditional approaches and may alter intraoperative decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebras M Warsi
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karl Narvacan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Donner
- Department of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cristina Go
- Department of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samuel Strantzas
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayako Ochi
- Department of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Otsubo
- Department of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roy Sharma
- Department of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - O Carter Snead
- Department of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - George M Ibrahim
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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99990
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Benedetti B, Dannehl D, König R, Coviello S, Kreutzer C, Zaunmair P, Jakubecova D, Weiger TM, Aigner L, Nacher J, Engelhardt M, Couillard-Després S. Functional Integration of Neuronal Precursors in the Adult Murine Piriform Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:1499-1515. [PMID: 31647533 PMCID: PMC7132906 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent of functional maturation and integration of nonproliferative neuronal precursors, becoming neurons in the adult murine piriform cortex, is largely unexplored. We thus questioned whether precursors eventually become equivalent to neighboring principal neurons or whether they represent a novel functional network element. Adult brain neuronal precursors and immature neurons (complex cells) were labeled in transgenic mice (DCX-DsRed and DCX-CreERT2 /flox-EGFP), and their cell fate was characterized with patch clamp experiments and morphometric analysis of axon initial segments. Young (DCX+) complex cells in the piriform cortex of 2- to 4-month-old mice received sparse synaptic input and fired action potentials at low maximal frequency, resembling neonatal principal neurons. Following maturation, the synaptic input detected on older (DCX−) complex cells was larger, but predominantly GABAergic, despite evidence of glutamatergic synaptic contacts. Furthermore, the rheobase current of old complex cells was larger and the maximal firing frequency was lower than those measured in neighboring age-matched principal neurons. The striking differences between principal neurons and complex cells suggest that the latter are a novel type of neuron and new coding element in the adult brain rather than simple addition or replacement for preexisting network components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Benedetti
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Dannehl
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Institute of Neuroanatomy, CBTM, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Richard König
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Simona Coviello
- BIOTECMED, Universitat de València and Center for Collaborative Research on Mental Health CIBERSAM, 46100 València, Spain
| | - Christina Kreutzer
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pia Zaunmair
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominika Jakubecova
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas M Weiger
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Juan Nacher
- BIOTECMED, Universitat de València and Center for Collaborative Research on Mental Health CIBERSAM, 46100 València, Spain
| | - Maren Engelhardt
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, CBTM, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sébastien Couillard-Després
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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99991
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Guzhang Y, Shelchkova N, Ezzo R, Poletti M. Transient perceptual enhancements resulting from selective shifts of exogenous attention in the central fovea. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2698-2703.e2. [PMID: 33930304 PMCID: PMC8763350 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous attention, a powerful adaptive tool that quickly and involuntarily orients processing resources to salient stimuli, has traditionally been studied in the lower-resolution parafoveal and peripheral visual field.1-4 It is not known whether and how it operates across the 1° central fovea where visual resolution peaks.5,6 Here we investigated the dynamics of exogenous attention in the foveola. To circumvent the challenges posed by fixational eye movements at this scale, we used high-precision eye-tracking and gaze-contingent display control for retinal stabilization.7 High-acuity stimuli were briefly presented foveally at varying delays following an exogenous cue. Attended and unattended locations were just a few arcminutes away from the preferred locus of fixation. Our results show that for short temporal delays, observers' ability to discriminate fine detail is enhanced at the cued location. This enhancement is highly localized and does not extend to the nearby locations only 16' away. On a longer timescale, instead, we report an inverse effect: paradoxically, acuity is sharper at the unattended locations, resembling the phenomenon of inhibition of return at much larger eccentricities.8-10 Although exogenous attention represents a mechanism for low-cost monitoring of the environment in the extrafoveal space, these findings show that, in the foveola, it transiently modulates vision of detail with a high degree of resolution. Together with inhibition of return, it may aid visual exploration of complex foveal stimuli.11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Guzhang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Natalya Shelchkova
- Program in Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rania Ezzo
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martina Poletti
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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99992
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Era V, Aglioti SM, Candidi M. Inhibitory Theta Burst Stimulation Highlights the Role of Left aIPS and Right TPJ during Complementary and Imitative Human-Avatar Interactions in Cooperative and Competitive Scenarios. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:1677-1687. [PMID: 31667496 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Competitive and cooperative interactions are based on anticipation or synchronization with the partner's actions. Both forms of interaction may either require performing imitative or complementary movements with respect to those performed by our partner. We explored how parietal regions involved in the control of imitative behavior (temporo-parietal junction, TPJ), goal coding and visuo-motor integration (anterior intraparietal sulcus, aIPS) contribute to the execution of imitative and complementary movements during cooperative and competitive interactions. To this aim, we delivered off-line non-invasive inhibitory brain stimulation to healthy individuals' left aIPS and right TPJ before they were asked to reach and grasp an object together with a virtual partner by either performing imitative or complementary interactions. In different blocks, participants were asked to compete or cooperate with the virtual partner that varied its behavior according to cooperative or competitive contexts. Left aIPS and right TPJ inhibition impaired individuals' performance (i.e., synchrony in cooperative task and anticipation in competition) during complementary and imitative interactions, respectively, in both cooperative and competitive contexts, indicating that aIPS and TPJ inhibition affects own-other action integration and action imitation (that are different in complementary vs imitative interactions) more than action synchronization or anticipation (that are different in cooperative vs competitive contexts).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Era
- SCNLab Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS, Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Maria Aglioti
- SCNLab Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS, Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Candidi
- SCNLab Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS, Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00185, Rome, Italy
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99993
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Le TM, Wang W, Zhornitsky S, Dhingra I, Zhang S, Li CSR. Interdependent Neural Correlates of Reward and Punishment Sensitivity During Rewarded Action and Inhibition of Action. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:1662-1676. [PMID: 31667492 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging studies have distinguished the brain correlates of approach and avoidance behaviors and suggested the influence of individual differences in trait sensitivity to reward (SR) and punishment (SP) on these neural processes. Theoretical work of reinforcement sensitivity postulates that SR and SP may interdependently regulate behavior. Here, we examined the distinct and interrelated neural substrates underlying rewarded action versus inhibition of action in relation to SR and SP as evaluated by the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire. Forty-nine healthy adults performed a reward go/no-go task with approximately 2/3 go and 1/3 no-go trials. Correct go and no-go responses were rewarded and incorrect responses were penalized. The results showed that SR and SP modulated rewarded go and no-go, respectively, both by recruiting the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and left middle frontal gyrus (rACC/left MFG). Importantly, SR and SP influenced these regional activations in opposite directions, thus exhibiting an antagonistic relationship as suggested by the reinforcement sensitivity theory. Furthermore, mediation analysis revealed that heightened SR contributed to higher rewarded go success rate via enhanced rACC/left MFG activity. The findings demonstrate interrelated neural correlates of SR and SP to support the diametric processes of behavioral approach and avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thang M Le
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Wuyi Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Simon Zhornitsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Isha Dhingra
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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99994
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Doddamani RS, Agrawal M, Samala R, Ramanujam B, Chandra PS, Tripathi M. Vagal Nerve Stimulation in the Management of Epilepsy - Recent Concepts. Neurol India 2021; 68:S259-S267. [PMID: 33318360 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.302475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy surgery currently offers the best treatment for patients with drug-refractory epilepsy (DRE). Resective surgery, in the presence of a well-localized epileptogenic focus, remains the best modality towards achieving seizure freedom. However, localization of the focus may not be possible in all the cases of DRE, despite comprehensive epilepsy workup. Neuromodulation techniques such as vagal nerve stimulation (VNS), deep brain stimulation (DBS) and responsive neurostimulation (RNS) may be a good alternative in these cases. This article intends to provide an overview of VNS in the management of DRE, including indications, comprehensive preoperative workup, exemplified by case illustrations and outcomes by reviewing the evidence available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohit Agrawal
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Raghu Samala
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhargavi Ramanujam
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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99995
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Richards A, Berth SH, Brady S, Morfini G. Engagement of Neurotropic Viruses in Fast Axonal Transport: Mechanisms, Potential Role of Host Kinases and Implications for Neuronal Dysfunction. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:684762. [PMID: 34234649 PMCID: PMC8255969 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.684762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Much remains unknown about mechanisms sustaining the various stages in the life cycle of neurotropic viruses. An understanding of those mechanisms operating before their replication and propagation could advance the development of effective anti-viral strategies. Here, we review our current knowledge of strategies used by neurotropic viruses to undergo bidirectional movement along axons. We discuss how the invasion strategies used by specific viruses might influence their mode of interaction with selected components of the host’s fast axonal transport (FAT) machinery, including specialized membrane-bounded organelles and microtubule-based motor proteins. As part of this discussion, we provide a critical evaluation of various reported interactions among viral and motor proteins and highlight limitations of some in vitro approaches that led to their identification. Based on a large body of evidence documenting activation of host kinases by neurotropic viruses, and on recent work revealing regulation of FAT through phosphorylation-based mechanisms, we posit a potential role of host kinases on the engagement of viruses in retrograde FAT. Finally, we briefly describe recent evidence linking aberrant activation of kinase pathways to deficits in FAT and neuronal degeneration in the context of human neurodegenerative diseases. Based on these findings, we speculate that neurotoxicity elicited by viral infection may involve deregulation of host kinases involved in the regulation of FAT and other cellular processes sustaining neuronal function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexsia Richards
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Sarah H Berth
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Scott Brady
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gerardo Morfini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Pebworth MP, Ross J, Andrews M, Bhaduri A, Kriegstein AR. Human intermediate progenitor diversity during cortical development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2019415118. [PMID: 34155100 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019415118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the spatiotemporal, transcriptomic, and morphological diversity of radial glia (RG) have spurred our current models of human corticogenesis. In the developing cortex, neural intermediate progenitor cells (nIPCs) are a neuron-producing transit-amplifying cell type born in the germinal zones of the cortex from RG. The potential diversity of the nIPC population, that produces a significant portion of excitatory cortical neurons, is understudied, particularly in the developing human brain. Here we explore the spatiotemporal, transcriptomic, and morphological variation that exists within the human nIPC population and provide a resource for future studies. We observe that the spatial distribution of nIPCs in the cortex changes abruptly around gestational week (GW) 19/20, marking a distinct shift in cellular distribution and organization during late neurogenesis. We also identify five transcriptomic subtypes, one of which appears at this spatiotemporal transition. Finally, we observe a diversity of nIPC morphologies that do not correlate with specific transcriptomic subtypes. These results provide an analysis of the spatiotemporal, transcriptional, and morphological diversity of nIPCs in developing brain tissue and provide an atlas of nIPC subtypes in the developing human cortex that can benchmark in vitro models of human development such as cerebral organoids and help inform future studies of how nIPCs contribute to cortical neurogenesis.
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Nordengen K, Morland C, Slusher BS, Gundersen V. Dendritic Localization and Exocytosis of NAAG in the Rat Hippocampus. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:1422-1435. [PMID: 31504271 PMCID: PMC7132944 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While a lot is known about classical, anterograde neurotransmission, less is known about the mechanisms and molecules involved in retrograde neurotransmission. Our hypothesis is that N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), the most abundant dipeptide in the brain, may act as a retrograde transmitter in the brain. NAAG was predominantly localized in dendritic compartments of glutamatergic synapses in the intact hippocampus, where it was present in close proximity to synaptic-like vesicles. In acute hippocampal slices, NAAG was depleted from postsynaptic dendritic elements during neuronal stimulation induced by depolarizing concentrations of potassium or by exposure to glutamate receptor (GluR) agonists. The depletion was completely blocked by botulinum toxin B and strictly dependent on extracellular calcium, indicating exocytotic release. In contrast, there were low levels of NAAG and no effect by depolarization or GluR agonists in presynaptic glutamatergic terminals or GABAergic pre- and postsynaptic elements. Together these data suggest a possible role for NAAG as a retrograde signaling molecule at glutamatergic synapses via exocytotic release.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nordengen
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo NO-0317, Norway.,Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog N-1478, Norway
| | - C Morland
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo NO-0317, Norway.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo NO-0317, Norway
| | - B S Slusher
- Department of Neurology and Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, John Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - V Gundersen
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo NO-0317, Norway.,Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo N-0424, Norway.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo NO-0317, Norway
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Grotell M, Abdurakhmanova S, Elsilä LV, Korpi ER. Mice Lacking GABA A Receptor δ Subunit Have Altered Pharmaco-EEG Responses to Multiple Drugs. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:706894. [PMID: 34234684 PMCID: PMC8255781 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.706894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain, extrasynaptically expressed ionotropic, δ subunit-containing γ-aminobutyric acid A-type receptors (δ-GABAARs) have been implicated in drug effects at both neuronal and behavioral levels. These alterations are supposed to be caused via drug-induced modulation of receptor ionophores affecting chloride ion-mediated inhibitory tonic currents. Often, a transgenic mouse model genetically lacking the δ-GABAARs (δ-KO) has been used to study the roles of δ-GABAARs in brain functions, because a specific antagonist of the δ-GABAARs is still lacking. We have previously observed with these δ-KO mice that activation of δ-GABAARs is needed for morphine-induced conditioning of place preference, and others have suggested that δ-GABAARs act as targets selectively for low doses of ethanol. Furthermore, activation of these receptors via drug-mediated agonism induces a robust increase in the slow-wave frequency bands of electroencephalography (EEG). Here, we tested δ-KO mice (compared to littermate wild-type controls) for the pharmaco-EEG responses of a broad spectrum of pharmacologically different drug classes, including alcohol, opioids, stimulants, and psychedelics. Gaboxadol (THIP), a known superagonist of δ-GABAARs, was included as the positive control, and as expected, δ-KO mice produced a blunted pharmaco-EEG response to 6 mg/kg THIP. Pharmaco-EEGs showed notable differences between treatments but also differences between δ-KO mice and their wild-type littermates. Interestingly mephedrone (4-MMC, 5 mg/kg), an amphetamine-like stimulant, had reduced effects in the δ-KO mice. The responses to ethanol (1 g/kg), LSD (0.2 mg/kg), and morphine (20 mg/kg) were similar in δ-KO and wild-type mice. Since stimulants are not known to act on δ-GABAARs, our findings on pharmaco-EEG effects of 4-MMC suggest that δ-GABAARs are involved in the secondary indirect regulation of the brain rhythms after 4-MMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milo Grotell
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Lauri V Elsilä
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa R Korpi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Hooten WM, Hu D, Cunningham JM. Effects of the ABCB1 c.3435C>T (rs1045642) Polymorphism on Heat Pain Perception in Opioid-Free Adults With Chronic Pain. Anesth Analg 2021; 133:1028-1035. [PMID: 34153010 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette, subfamily B, member 1 gene (ABCB1) encodes P-glycoprotein (P-gp) that influences the intracellular transport of solutes including endogenous opioid peptides. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effects of the ABCB1 polymorphism c.3435C>T (rs10454642) on heat pain (HP) perception in a group of opioid-free adults with chronic pain. METHODS Opioid-free adults with chronic pain consecutively admitted to a pain rehabilitation program comprised the study cohort (N = 134). Individuals were genotyped for the c.3435C>T (rs10454642) polymorphism. The polymorphism was analyzed with nonparametric tests using a dominant (cytosine-cytosine [CC] versus cytosine-thymine [CT] + thymine-thymine [TT]) and recessive (CC + CT versus TT) model of allele effects. Quantitative sensory testing was performed using the Computer Aided Sensory Evaluator IV system. RESULTS The distribution of genotypes was 22% (N = 29) for CC, 45% (N = 60) for CT, and 33% (N = 45) for TT (Hardy-Weinberg, P > .1). A significant association was observed between the recessive model and HP threshold. Standardized values of HP threshold were significantly greater in the TT group than the CC + CT group (median difference, -0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.49 to -0.23; P = .005), and the effect size estimate was small (Cliff delta = 0.30). In the dominant model, no significant difference in HP threshold was observed between the CC and CT + TT groups (median difference, -0.45; 95% CI, -1.15 to 0.00; P = .108). CONCLUSIONS These results posit that the efflux of endogenous opioid peptides is reduced in individuals with the TT genotype due to lower expression of P-gp, which, in turn, results in higher HP threshold. This study contributes to the emerging understanding of how the ABCB1 c.3435C>T polymorphism contributes to pain perception in opioid-free adults with chronic pain and provides the foundation for investigating the potential effects of this polymorphism on the clinical course of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Michael Hooten
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Danqing Hu
- Department of Pain Medicine, Mayo Graduate School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Julie M Cunningham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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100000
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Feng X, Yang F, Rabenstein M, Wang Z, Frech MJ, Wree A, Bräuer AU, Witt M, Gläser A, Hermann A, Rolfs A, Luo J. Stimulation of mGluR1/5 Improves Defective Internalization of AMPA Receptors in NPC1 Mutant Mouse. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:1465-1480. [PMID: 31599924 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) disease is characterized by neurodegeneration caused by cholesterol accumulation in the late endosome/lysosome. In this study, a defective basal and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-stimulated internalization of GluR2-containing AMPA receptors in NPC1-/- cortical neurons was detected. Our results show that the amount of cholesterol and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1/5) in lipid rafts of NPC1-/- cortical tissue and neurons are decreased and their downstream signals of p-ERK are defective, which are restored by a rebalance of cholesterol homeostasis through β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) treatment. Application of 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG)-a mGluR1/5 agonist-and β-CD markedly increases the internalization of AMPA receptors and decreases over-influx of calcium in NPC1-/- neurons, respectively. Furthermore, the defective phosphorylated GluR2 and protein kinase C signals are ameliorated by the treatment with DHPG and β-CD, respectively, suggesting an involvement of them in internalization dysfunction. Taken together, our data imply that abnormal internalization of AMPA receptors is a critical mechanism for neuronal dysfunction and the correction of dysfunctional mGluR1/5 is a potential therapeutic strategy for NPC1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Feng
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht Kossel", Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock 18147, Germany
| | - Fan Yang
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht Kossel", Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock 18147, Germany
| | - Michael Rabenstein
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht Kossel", Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock 18147, Germany
| | - Zhen Wang
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Moritz J Frech
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht Kossel", Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock 18147, Germany.,Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock 18147, Germany
| | - Andreas Wree
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock 18147, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock 18055, Germany
| | - Anja U Bräuer
- Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock 18055, Germany.,Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 26129, Germany.,Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Martin Witt
- Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock 18055, Germany
| | - Anne Gläser
- Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock 18055, Germany
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht Kossel", Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock 18147, Germany.,Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock 18147, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock 18147, Germany
| | | | - Jiankai Luo
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section "Albrecht Kossel", Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock 18147, Germany.,Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock 18147, Germany
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