10151
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Mirand A, Archimbaud C, Henquell C, Michel Y, Chambon M, Peigue-Lafeuille H, Bailly JL. Prospective identification of HEV-B enteroviruses during the 2005 outbreak. J Med Virol 2006; 78:1624-34. [PMID: 17063526 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) represent the main etiological agents of epidemics of viral meningitis and especially the serotypes related to the human enterovirus B species. Genetic typing by sequencing a PCR-amplified portion of the genome has proved to be useful for identifying EVs and is more rapid than standard seroneutralization tests. However, prospective genotyping has not been reported in routine practice within a clinical diagnostic laboratory. A genetic typing assay using two sets of primers was developed for the amplification and sequencing of the VP1 coding sequence of the HEV-B serotypes. Identification was carried out by sequence comparisons with EV sequences in GenBank using the BLAST search tool and confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. This method was used to identify prospectively the 48 enteroviruses isolated in patients with either enterovirus-proved meningitis (n = 41) or other clinical manifestations (n = 7) admitted to the University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (France) in 2005. The assay was also used to type retrospectively EVs isolated in cerebrospinal fluid specimens of 25 patients admitted to the Trousseau Paediatric Hospital in Paris (France) between February and August 2005. In both prospective and retrospective investigations of meningitis, echovirus 30 (E30) was the most frequent serotype, followed in decreasing order by E18, E13, coxsackievirus B5, B3, E6, E4, E7, E11, E33, and coxsackievirus A9. In patients with other manifestations, coxsackievirus B3, B5, and E3 were each identified twice, and E2 once. In E30 infected patients, nine different lineages were demonstrated by phylogenetic analysis. Genetic typing allowed the prospective, effective and rapid identification of all EV isolates involved in the 2005 outbreak. Molecular typing in combination with phylogenetic analysis will be a reliable means to confirm the emergence of new EV variants, and is of interest of both individual patients and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Mirand
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre de Biologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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10152
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Nawa M, Takasaki T, Ito M, Inoue S, Morita K, Kurane I. Immunoglobulin A antibody responses in dengue patients: a useful marker for serodiagnosis of dengue virus infection. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 12:1235-7. [PMID: 16210489 PMCID: PMC1247829 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.10.1235-1237.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We determined the usefulness of an immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis of dengue virus infections. The results indicate that the presence of IgA and IgM in serum samples assures recent primary dengue virus infection even with a single serum sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nawa
- Department of Microbiology, Saitama Medical School 38, Moroyama, Saitama 350-0495, Japan.
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10153
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Zhang S, Guo YJ, Sun SH, Wang KY, Wang KH, Zhang Y, Zhu WJ, Chen ZH, Jiang L. DNA vaccination using bacillus Calmette-Guerin-DNA as an adjuvant to enhance immune response to three kinds of swine diseases. Scand J Immunol 2005; 62:371-7. [PMID: 16253124 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to enhance the immune efficacy of DNA vaccination, experiments were conducted to investigate the regulating effects of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-DNA as an adjuvant on immune responses of mice against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), Aujeszky's disease (AjD) and classical swine fever (CSF). BCG-DNA was purified from BCG by ion-exchange chromatography. Three DNA vaccines (pVSG, pVgD and pVE2) against the respective infection were constructed, and BCG-DNA was coimmunized to mice by muscle injection. The results showed that titres of specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G to the vaccines mounted remarkably in the sera of the adjuvant covaccinated mice (P < 0.01). Antibody isotype IgG2a and IgG1 also increased, respectively, in mice coimmunized with BCG-DNA compared with those of the control groups (P < 0.01). Cellular immune cytokine interferon-gamma and cytotoxic T lymphocytes were detected in coimmunized BCG-DNA groups (P < 0.05). Whereas interleukin-4, humoral immune cytokine, was not significant (P > 0.05). These results suggest that codelivery of BCG-DNA with DNA vaccines against FMD, AjD and CSF can enhance the induction of antigen-specific, especially, cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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10154
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Takahashi K, Uraguchi K, Kudo S. The epidemiological status of Echinococcus multilocularis in animals in Hokkaido, Japan. MAMMAL STUDY 2005. [DOI: 10.3106/1348-6160(2005)30[101:tesoem]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10155
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Quiros-Roldan E, Moretti F, Torti C, Tirelli V, Casari S, Carosi G. HIV-1 genotype resistance pattern and evolution in patients failing nelfinavir-containing regimens. J Clin Lab Anal 2005; 19:26-9. [PMID: 15645464 PMCID: PMC6807794 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and in vitro studies have suggested that nelfinavir (NFV)-containing regimens may not preclude the use of other protease inhibitors (PIs) in treatment sequencing. We have studied the prevalence of 30N mutation in a human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-infected cohort and the virological response to a PI-containing regimen in patients who had previously failed NFV. A total of 335 patients were included in the study; 32 of them were antiretroviral-naive and 303 were antiretroviral-experienced (251 were PI-experienced). Mutations 30N and/or 90M were not detected in sequences obtained either from the antiretroviral naive or non-PI-experienced patients. The 30N mutation was detected in 21/251 (8.3%) of PI-experienced patients and 90M in 103/251 (41%). Moreover, we have observed that the 88D and 77I mutations were present in more than 75% of patients harbouring the 30N HIV-1 variant and the 71T mutation was present in almost 50% of them. Finally, mutations 30N+90M were never detected together in the same HIV-1 strain. The 30N and 90M mutations were not observed together. The presence of mutations at positions 36, 46, 71, 77, and/or 88 in a 30N background, increases the risk of the cross-resistance to other PIs. The use of NFV as a first-line PI, as an application of drug sequencing strategies, may help preserve future PI options.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Quiros-Roldan
- Institute of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Spedali Civili of Brescia, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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10156
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Strobel M, Veasna D, Saykham M, Wei Z, Tran DS, Valy K, Odermatt P, Dreyfus G. La paragonimose pleuropulmonaire. Med Mal Infect 2005; 35:476-81. [PMID: 16253459 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Paragonimiasis is a food borne zoonosis due to a trematode belonging to the genus Paragonimus. Although present throughout the world, about 90% of the cases occur in Asia where around 20 million people are infected. The parasitic cycle is complex with two different intermediate hosts. Man is infected by ingesting the raw or undercooked flesh of the second host - a freshwater crab or prawn - or possibly of a paratenic mammal host (wild boar), which contains the infective larval stage metacercariae that reaches the lung which is the main target organ. Epidemiological, pathological, and clinical aspects are reviewed. The main symptoms are protracted cough, and recurrent "benign" hemoptysis. Abnormal pleuro-pulmonary imaging features are constant, but protean and non-specific, leading to frequent confusion with tuberculosis. Diagnosis is easily achieved by ova search in the sputum or pleural fluid, or by serology. Evolution is usually considered benign, although not well known. Finally, praziquantel is the effective first choice treatment. Some paradoxical aspects of this disease are underlined such as: underdiagnosis despite a very simple diagnostic procedure, or opposite tendencies according to location, either extinction or re-emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Strobel
- Institut de la francophonie pour la médecine tropicale (IFMT), BP 9519, Vientiane, Laos.
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10157
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Li L, He Y, Yang H, Zhu J, Xu X, Dong J, Zhu Y, Jin Q. Genetic characteristics of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 circulating from 1999 to 2004 in Shenzhen, People's Republic of China. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:3835-9. [PMID: 16081920 PMCID: PMC1233905 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.8.3835-3839.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic and phylogenetic characteristics of human enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) sampled from children with hand, foot, and mouth disease in Shenzhen, People's Republic of China, over a 6-year period (1999 to 2004) were examined with reverse transcription-PCR and DNA sequencing. Out of 147 stool specimens, 60 showed positive signals when screened with EV71- and CA16-specific primers. EV71 was identified in 19 specimens, and CA16 was identified in 41 specimens; coinfection by EV71 and CA16 was not observed. Phylogenetic analysis of all EV71 strains isolated from the mainland Chinese samples established C4 as the predominant genotype. Only one other known strain (3254-TAI-98; AF286531), isolated in Taiwan in 1998, was identified as belonging to genotype C4. Phylogenetic analysis of CA16 strains allowed us to identify three new genetic lineages (A, B, and C), with lineage C recently predominating in Asian countries, such as the People's Republic of China, Malaysia, and Japan. These new observations indicate that CA16 circulating in the People's Republic of China is genetically diverse, and additional surveillance is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese CDC, Beijing, Department of Microbiology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqing He
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese CDC, Beijing, Department of Microbiology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese CDC, Beijing, Department of Microbiology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Junping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese CDC, Beijing, Department of Microbiology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingye Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese CDC, Beijing, Department of Microbiology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese CDC, Beijing, Department of Microbiology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese CDC, Beijing, Department of Microbiology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese CDC, Beijing, Department of Microbiology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese CDC, No. 6 Rongjing East Street, Yi zhuang, Beijing 100176, China. Phone: 86 10 67876915. Fax: 86 10 67877736. E-mail:
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10158
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10159
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Kim GY, Han MG, Song YS, Shin BC, Shin YI, Lee HJ, Moon DO, Lee CM, Kwak JY, Bae YS, Lee JD, Park YM. Proteoglycan isolated from Phellinus linteus induces toll-like receptors 2- and 4-mediated maturation of murine dendritic cells via activation of ERK, p38, and NF-kappaB. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 27:1656-62. [PMID: 15467214 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.27.1656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mushroom polysaccharides are increasingly being utilized to treat a wide variety of diseases. Phellinus linteus proteoglycan (PL) has been reported to have anti-tumor and immunomodulatory properties. However, the cellular and molecular mechanism underlying its therapeutic effect is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated whether PL induces the phenotypic and functional maturation of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DC) and the possibility that Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are known to be involved in immune-related responses, may be the receptor(s) of PL. The expression of surface molecules, including major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and CD86, increased on DC that were stimulated in a dose-dependent manner with PL, in comparison with unstimulated DC. Furthermore, PL increases the production of IL-12 by DC, as well as the IL-2 secretion and proliferation of allogeneic T cells. In addition, the activities of PL on DC were significantly reduced by treating the cells with anti-TLR2 or anti-TLR4 antibody (Ab) prior to PL, suggesting that both of them are possible receptors of PL. Also, maturation of DC by PL was able to directly activate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), such as ERK1/2 and p38, and the nuclear transcription factor NF-kappaB p65. Also, the pretreatment of DC with inhibitors of NF-kappaB p65, and ERK and p38 MAPK signal pathways inhibited PL-induced up-regulation of surface molecules, such as MHC class II and CD86, and IL-12 production. Our results demonstrated that PL stimulation could induce the phenotypic and functional maturation of DC via TLR2 and/or TLR4 mediated-NF-kappaB, ERK and p38 MAPK signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Young Kim
- Deparmtment of Microbiology, Pusan National University College of Medicine, South Korea
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10160
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Drago
- Department of Pediatrics, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA.
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10161
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Lee BJ, Kim SK, Kim MK, Park ES, Cho HC, Shim MS, Kim MJ, Shin YG, Chung CH. Limited effect of CpG ODN in preventing type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. Yonsei Med J 2005; 46:341-6. [PMID: 15988804 PMCID: PMC2815809 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2005.46.3.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is considered as Th1 cell mediated autoimmune disease and the suppression of Th1 cells or the activation of Th2 cells has been regarded as a plausible immunologic intervention for the prevention of type 1 diabetogenesis in a rodent model. CpG ODN is an immunostimulatory sequence primarily present in bacterial DNA, viral DNA and BCG. CpG ODN is conventionally classified as a Th1 cell activator, which has been clinically applied to cancer, allergy and infectious disease. Recently, there was a promising report of that CpG ODN administration suppressed the development of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice by inducing Th2 cell mediated cytokine. However, the antidiabetogenic effect of CpG ODN on NOD mice is controversial. Thus, two studies were serially undertaken with various kinds of CpG motif to find a more optimal sequence and administration method. In the first study, CpG ODN was vaccinated four times and pancreatic inflammation and the quantity of serum insulin subsequently evaluated. In the second study, the amounts of IFN gamma and IL-4 in sera were measured as representative cytokines of Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively. As a result, vaccination or continuous injection of CpG ODN failed to show a preventive effect on type 1 diabetogenesis in NOD mice. Structural differences of CpG ODN also had no affect on the result. CpG ODN also consistently showed affect on the pancreatic pathology. The productions of IFN gamma and IL-4 were detected only in the K and D type CpG ODN administration groups. Comparison of the two cytokines leads to the conclusion that CpG ODN generated a Th1-weighted response in both study groups. It was assumed that CpG ODN failed to produce Th2-weighted cytokine milieu, which can overcome the genetically determined phenotype of NOD mice. Given these results, it was concluded that the immunotherapeutic application of CpG ODN on Type 1 diabetes had clear limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byong Jun Lee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Soo Kie Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Yonsei University, Korea
| | - Moon Kyu Kim
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Eon Sub Park
- Department of Pathology, Chung-Ang Medical College, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Chul Cho
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Myung Sook Shim
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Mi Jin Kim
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Young Goo Shin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Choon Hee Chung
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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10162
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Arita M, Shimizu H, Nagata N, Ami Y, Suzaki Y, Sata T, Iwasaki T, Miyamura T. Temperature-sensitive mutants of enterovirus 71 show attenuation in cynomolgus monkeys. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:1391-1401. [PMID: 15831951 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease and is sometimes associated with serious neurological disorders. In this study, an attempt was made to identify molecular determinants of EV71 attenuation of neurovirulence in a monkey infection model. An infectious cDNA clone of the virulent strain of EV71 prototype BrCr was constructed; temperature-sensitive (ts) mutations of an attenuated strain of EV71 or of poliovirus (PV) Sabin vaccine strains were then introduced into the infectious clone. In vitro and in vivo phenotypes of the parental and mutant viruses were analysed in cultured cells and in cynomolgus monkeys, respectively. Mutations in 3D polymerase (3D(pol)) and in the 3' non-translated region (NTR), corresponding to ts determinants of Sabin 1, conferred distinct temperature sensitivity to EV71. An EV71 mutant [EV71(S1-3')] carrying mutations in the 5' NTR, 3D(pol) and in the 3' NTR showed attenuated neurovirulence, resulting in limited spread of virus in the central nervous system of monkeys. These results indicate that EV71 and PV1 share common genetic determinants of neurovirulence in monkeys, despite the distinct properties in their original pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ami
- Division of Experimental Animals Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yuriko Suzaki
- Division of Experimental Animals Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tetsutaro Sata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takuya Iwasaki
- Division of Clinical Investigation, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Miyamura
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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10163
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Miyagi K, Kawakami K, Kinjo Y, Uezu K, Kinjo T, Nakamura K, Saito A. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides promote the host protective response against infection with Cryptococcus neoformans through induction of interferon-gamma production by CD4+ T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 140:220-9. [PMID: 15807845 PMCID: PMC1809361 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we elucidated the effect of synthetic CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) on pulmonary and disseminated infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. CDF-1 mice were inoculated intratracheally with a highly virulent strain of this pathogen, which resulted in massive bacterial growth in the lung, dissemination to the brain and death. Administration of CpG-ODN promoted the clearance of C. neoformans in the lungs, decreased their dissemination to brain and prolonged the survival of infected mice. These effects correlated well with the enhanced production of interleukin (IL)-12 and interferon (IFN)-gamma and attenuated secretion of IL-4 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) and promoted development of Th1 cells, as indicated by the increased production of IFN-gamma by paratracheal lymph node cells upon restimulation with cryptococcal antigens. The IFN-gamma synthesis in BALF was inhibited by depletion of CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells on days 7 and 14 after infection, respectively, but not by depletion of NK and gammadelta T cells. Consistent with these data, intracellular expression of IFN-gamma was detected predominantly in CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells in the lung on days 7 and 14, respectively. The protective effect of CpG-ODN, as shown by the prolonged survival, was completely and partially inhibited by depletion of CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells, respectively, but not by depletion of other cells. Finally, TNF-alpha was markedly induced by CpG-ODN, and the protective effect of this agent was strongly inhibited by neutralizing anti-TNF-alpha MoAb. Our results indicate that CpG-ODN alters the Th1-Th2 cytokine balance and promotes host resistance against infection with C. neoformans.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Miyagi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
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10164
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Castro CMO, Cruz ACR, Silva EED, Gomes MDLC. Molecular and seroepidemiologic studies of Enterovirus 71 infection in the State of Para, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2005; 47:65-71. [PMID: 15880216 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652005000200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In many countries, the Enterovirus 71 (EV-71) Picornaviridae family is associated to hand, foot and mouth disease in addition to acute neurological diseases while in Brazil these viruses are more closely associated to the latter group. The aim of this research was to use the first EV-71 isolate of the Northern region of Brazil in molecular and seroepidemiologic studies. Two (2.2%) out of 88 stool samples (44 cases of AFP), collected from January 1998 to December 2000 were positive for EV-71 isolation (73442/PA/99). Nucleotide sequence of the gen that codifies the VP1 protein showed that isolate 73442/PA/99 was similar to the EV-71 strains belonging to genotype B - more closely identified with EV-71 from North America. Neutralization test with 389 sera samples collected from January 1998 to November 2001, from individuals ranging from 0 to 15 years of age living in the city of Belém, State of Para showed the following results in relation to isolate 73442/PA/99 and prototype BrCr: a total of 207 individuals (53.2%) had neutralization antibodies to both viruses, 167 (42.9%) had no antibodies and 15 showed the presence of neutralizing antibodies to one of the two viruses. Only 20.2% of the children aged 0 to 3 had neutralizing antibodies to EV-71, indicating that these children were more susceptible to the infection. Both the seroprevalence study and VP1 sequencing were important to demonstrate the spread and the molecular pattern of the EV-71 circulating in the Northern Region of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceyla M O Castro
- Laboratório de Enterovírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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10165
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Abstract
Most cases of diarrhoea-associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) are caused by Shiga-toxin-producing bacteria; the pathophysiology differs from that of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Among Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), O157:H7 has the strongest association worldwide with HUS. Many different vehicles, in addition to the commonly suspected ground (minced) beef, can transmit this pathogen to people. Antibiotics, antimotility agents, narcotics, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should not be given to acutely infected patients, and we advise hospital admission and administration of intravenous fluids. Management of HUS remains supportive; there are no specific therapies to ameliorate the course. The vascular injury leading to HUS is likely to be well under way by the time infected patients seek medical attention for diarrhoea. The best way to prevent HUS is to prevent primary infection with Shiga-toxin-producing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip I Tarr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8208, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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10166
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Abe T, Hemmi H, Miyamoto H, Moriishi K, Tamura S, Takaku H, Akira S, Matsuura Y. Involvement of the Toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway in the induction of innate immunity by baculovirus. J Virol 2005; 79:2847-58. [PMID: 15709004 PMCID: PMC548444 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.5.2847-2858.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2004] [Accepted: 10/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that mice inoculated intranasally with a wild-type baculovirus (Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus [AcNPV]) are protected from a lethal challenge by influenza virus. However, the precise mechanism of induction of this protective immune response by the AcNPV treatment remained unclear. Here we show that AcNPV activates immune cells via the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)/MyD88-dependent signaling pathway. The production of inflammatory cytokines was severely reduced in peritoneal macrophages (PECs) and splenic CD11c(+) dendritic cells (DCs) derived from mice deficient in MyD88 or TLR9 after cultivation with AcNPV. In contrast, a significant amount of alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) was still detectable in the PECs and DCs of these mice after stimulation with AcNPV, suggesting that a TLR9/MyD88-independent signaling pathway might also participate in the production of IFN-alpha by AcNPV. Since previous work showed that TLR9 ligands include bacterial DNA and certain oligonucleotides containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides, we also examined the effect of baculoviral DNA on the induction of innate immunity. Transfection of the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 with baculoviral DNA resulted in the production of the inflammatory cytokine, while the removal of envelope glycoproteins from viral particles, UV irradiation of the virus, and pretreatment with purified baculovirus envelope proteins or endosomal maturation inhibitors diminished the induction of the immune response by AcNPV. Together, these results indicate that the internalization of viral DNA via membrane fusion mediated by the viral envelope glycoprotein, as well as endosomal maturation, which releases the viral genome into TLR9-expressing cellular compartments, is necessary for the induction of the innate immune response by AcNPV.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/physiology
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Endocytosis
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Interferon-alpha/biosynthesis
- Macrophage Activation
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nucleopolyhedroviruses/genetics
- Nucleopolyhedroviruses/immunology
- Phagocytosis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/deficiency
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Toll-Like Receptor 9
- Transfection
- Viral Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Abe
- Research Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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10167
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Ahmed AM, Nakano H, Shimamoto T. Molecular characterization of integrons in non-typhoid Salmonella serovars isolated in Japan: description of an unusual class 2 integron. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 55:371-4. [PMID: 15705645 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkh534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize class 1 and class 2 integrons among non-typhoid Salmonella enterica serovars in Japan, and also to monitor the spread of the multidrug-resistant S. enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104. METHODS A total of 105 Salmonella isolates were included in this study. The broth microdilution method was used to determine the MIC values of a range of antibiotics for these isolates. PCR and DNA sequencing were used for screening and characterization of class 1 and class 2 integrons. RESULTS PCR sequencing analysis revealed the presence of seven profiles of class 1 integrons in addition to a new type of class 2 integron. The identified gene cassettes within class 1 integrons were as follows; aadA1, aadA2 and aadA5, which confer resistance to streptomycin and spectinomycin; aadB, which confers resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin and tobramycin; dfrA1 and dfrA17, which confer resistance to trimethoprim; bla(PSE-1), which confers resistance to ampicillin; catB3, which confers resistance to chloramphenicol; and sat1, which confers resistance to streptothricin. Two strains of the multidrug-resistant S. Typhimurium DT104 were characterized in this study. DNA sequencing of class 2 integrons identified one with an unusual array of gene cassettes, sat, sat1 and aadA1. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we characterized the antibiotic resistance gene cassettes within class 1 integrons in different isolates of non-typhoid Salmonella serovars, and we also identified a new type of class 2 integron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M Ahmed
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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10168
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Werber D, Dreesman J, Feil F, van Treeck U, Fell G, Ethelberg S, Hauri AM, Roggentin P, Prager R, Fisher IST, Behnke SC, Bartelt E, Weise E, Ellis A, Siitonen A, Andersson Y, Tschäpe H, Kramer MH, Ammon A. International outbreak of Salmonella Oranienburg due to German chocolate. BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5:7. [PMID: 15691371 PMCID: PMC552305 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-5-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2004] [Accepted: 02/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This report describes a large international chocolate-associated Salmonella outbreak originating from Germany. METHODS We conducted epidemiologic investigations including a case-control study, and food safety investigations. Salmonella (S.) Oranienburg isolates were subtyped by the use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS From 1 October 2001 through 24 March 2002, an estimated excess of 439 S. Oranienburg notifications was registered in Germany. Simultaneously, an increase in S. Oranienburg infections was noted in other European countries in the Enter-net surveillance network. In a multistate matched case-control study in Germany, daily consumption of chocolate (matched odds ratio [MOR]: 4.8; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3-26.5), having shopped at a large chain of discount grocery stores (MOR: 4.2; CI: 1.2-23.0), and consumption of chocolate purchased there (MOR: 5.0; CI: 1.1-47.0) were associated with illness. Subsequently, two brands from the same company, one exclusively produced for that chain, tested positive for S. Oranienburg. In two other European countries and in Canada chocolate from company A was ascertained that also contained S. Oranienburg. Isolates from humans and from chocolates had indistinguishable PFGE profiles. No source or point of contamination was identified. Epidemiological identification of chocolate as a vehicle of infections required two months, and was facilitated by proxy measures. CONCLUSIONS Despite the use of improved production technologies, the chocolate industry continues to carry a small risk of manufacturing Salmonella-containing products. Particularly in diffuse outbreak-settings, clear associations with surrogates of exposure should suffice to trigger public health action. Networks such as Enter-net have become invaluable for facilitating rapid and appropriate management of international outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Werber
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Fabian Feil
- Niedersächsisches Landesgesundheitsamt, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich van Treeck
- Landesinstitut für den öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienst, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Fell
- Institute for Hygiene and Environment, Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Germany
| | - Steen Ethelberg
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Parasitology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja M Hauri
- Government Health Service Institute, Dillenburg, Germany
| | - Peter Roggentin
- National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other Bacterial Enteric Pathogens, Institute for Hygiene and Environment Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rita Prager
- National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other Bacterial Enteric Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institut, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Ian ST Fisher
- Enter-net surveillance hub, HPA Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne C Behnke
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edda Bartelt
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Ellis
- Foodborne, Waterborne and Zoonotic Diseases Division, PPHB, Health Canada
| | - Anja Siitonen
- Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yvonne Andersson
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helmut Tschäpe
- Government Health Service Institute, Dillenburg, Germany
| | - Michael H Kramer
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Ammon
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
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10169
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Brunet A, Grabar S, Blanche P, Héripret-Fredouille L, Spiridon G, Calboreanu A, Rollot F, Launay O, Sicard D, Salmon-Céron D, Abad S. Prévalence et facteurs de risque de l'hépatite A au sein d'une population de patients infectés par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine. Med Mal Infect 2005; 35:73-81. [PMID: 15780896 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2004.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2004] [Accepted: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are common risk factors between hepatitis A virus (HAV) and human immuno deficiency virus (HIV) infections. OBJECTIVES We tried to evaluate if HIV-infected patients could be at risk for HAV. More over, HAV could worsen prognosis of HIV infection and HAV vaccination was then to be considered. Thus we assessed the prevalence and risk factors of HAV infection in an HIV-infected population. PATIENTS AND METHODS Seroprevalence and risk factors for HAV were studied among 154 HIV-positive patients followed in a Parisian hospital (mean age: 42 years, male patients: 70.8%, female patients: 29.2%). They were screened for HAV antibodies and answered a questionnaire on risk factors for HAV and means of HIV contamination. RESULTS The global prevalence was 72.7% [IC95%: 65.7-79.7]. We excluded patients who were born in highly endemic areas where seroprevalence reached 60% [IC95%: 51.2-70]. The HAV seroprevalence was almost 100% in migrants from highly endemic countries and for those born before 1946. The multivariate analysis showed that risk factors were the geographic origin [OR=20.88; IC95%: 2.40-181], age [OR = 2.33; IC95%: 1.24-4.39], and hemophilia [OR = 13.78; IC95%: 1.34-141]. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that a screening test for HAV antibodies should be performed before vaccination, especially in HIV-infected patients born after 1946 or in non-endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brunet
- Service de médecine interne 2, hôpital Cochin-Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, université René-Descartes, 27, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Jacques, 75679 Paris cedex 14, France
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10170
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Kerns W, Schwartz L, Blanchard K, Burchiel S, Essayan D, Fung E, Johnson R, Lawton M, Louden C, MacGregor J, Miller F, Nagarkatti P, Robertson D, Snyder P, Thomas H, Wagner B, Ward A, Zhang J. Drug-induced vascular injury—a quest for biomarkers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 203:62-87. [PMID: 15694465 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 08/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10171
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Chuo CP, Liang SM, Sung HH. Signal transduction of the prophenoloxidase activating system of prawn haemocytes triggered by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 18:149-162. [PMID: 15475311 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2004.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular phenoloxidase (PO) activity in haemocyte lysate supernatant (HLS) of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) was shown to be enhanced by CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) 2006, but not by so-ODN13. When haemocytes were treated in vitro with 50 microg/ml of ODN2006 for 30 min, the increases in both intra- and extracellular stimulated PO activity (POS) and extracellular total PO activity (POT) and the reduction of POT suggest that the PO activity of haemocytes is enhanced by ODN2006 stimulation, but new prophenoloxidase (proPO) is not synthesised. In an attempt to determine which signal transduction pathway is involved in the activation of the proPO system, haemocytes were separately treated with activators or inhibitors of specific signalling components. The results show that there was an increase in both intra- and extracellular POT of haemocytes treated with sodium fluoride (a G-protein activator); the addition of phosphokinase A (PKA)-activating 8-bromo-cAMP to haemocytes only increased intracellular POT, and the addition of either phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA; a phosphokinase C (PKC) activator) or caffeine (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor) only increased extracellular POT. When PMA-stimulated haemocytes were treated with chelerythrine (a PKC inhibitor), the induced extracellular POT was significantly reduced. Furthermore, the study of ODN2006-stimulated haemocytes treated with chelerythrine or palmitoyl-DL-carnitine (a PKC inhibitor) showed that the enhancement effects of ODN2006 on the intra- and extracellular POS and extracellular POT were significantly decreased. ODN-stimulated haemocytes treated with genistein (an inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinase) showed a further increase in extracellular POT, but the other PO activities remained the same as those of the ODN-stimulated group. These results suggest that the activation of the proPO system of prawn haemocytes, including degranulation and PO activity, is induced by ODN2006 via a PKC-activating signalling pathway, but negatively regulated via the tyrosine kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Pei Chuo
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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10172
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Shima K, Terajima J, Sato T, Nishimura K, Tamura K, Watanabe H, Takeda Y, Yamasaki S. Development of a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay for the epidemiological analysis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 42:5205-13. [PMID: 15528716 PMCID: PMC525232 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.11.5205-5213.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Six characteristic regions (I to VI) were identified in Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) phages (T. Sato, T. Shimizu, M. Watarai, M. Kobayashi, S. Kano, T. Hamabata, Y. Takeda, and S. Yamasaki, Gene 309:35-48, 2003). Region V, which is ca. 10 kb in size and is located in the upstream region of the Stx operons, includes the most distinctive region among six Stx phages whose genome sequences have been determined. In this study, we developed a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay for the epidemiological analysis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) on the basis of the diversity of region V. When region V was amplified by long and accurate-PCR (LA-PCR) with five control E. coli strains carrying six different Stx phages such as E. coli strains C600 (Stx1 phage), C600 (933W phage), C600 (Stx2 phage-I), C600 (Stx2 phage-II), and O157:H7 Sakai strain RIMD0509952 (VT1-Sakai phage and VT2-Sakai phage), an expected size of the band was obtained. Restriction digest of each PCR product with BglI or EcoRV also gave the expected sizes of banding patterns and discriminated the RFLPs of five control strains. When a total of 204 STEC O157 strains were analyzed by LA-PCR, one to three bands whose sizes ranged from 8.2 to 14 kb were obtained. Two STEC O157 strains, however, did not produce any bands. Subsequent restriction digest of the PCR products with BglI or EcoRV differentiated the RFLPs of 202 STEC O157 strains into 24 groups. The RFLP patterns of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of representative strains of STEC O157 divided into 24 groups were well correlated with those of PCR-RFLP when STEC O157 strains were isolated in the same time period and in the close geographic area. To evaluate the PCR-RFLP assay developed here, ten strains, each isolated from four different outbreaks in different areas in Japan (Tochigi, Hyogo, Aichi, and Fukuoka prefecture), were examined to determine whether the strains in each group showed the same RFLP patterns in the PCR-RFLP assay. In accordance with the results of PFGE except for strains isolated in an area (Fukuoka), which did not produce any amplicon, ten strains in each group demonstrated the same RFLP pattern. Taken together, these data suggest that the PCR-RFLP based on region V is as useful as PFGE but perhaps more simple and rapid than PFGE for the molecular epidemiological analysis of STEC strains during sporadic and common source outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Shima
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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10173
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Bashawri LAM, Fawaz NA, Ahmad MS, Qadi AA, Almawi WY. Prevalence of seromarkers of HBV and HCV among blood donors in eastern Saudi Arabia, 1998-2001. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 26:225-8. [PMID: 15163322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2257.2004.00601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of serological markers of HBV and HCV were determined for blood donors in eastern Saudi Arabia. Between 1998 and 2001, 13,443 donors (10,778 Saudi and 2665 non-Saudi), were screened for HBsAg, anti-HBc Ab, and anti-HCV Ab using commercial kits. There was a steady decrease in the HBsAg (2.58 and 1.67%), anti-HBc rates (15.32 and 9.15%), and anti-HCV (1.04 and 0.59%) rates between 1998 and 2001, respectively. However, there was a marked difference between Saudi and non-Saudi donors with regard to anti-HBc (P < 0.001) and anti-HCV (P < 0.01), but not HBsAg prevalence rates in the same time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A M Bashawri
- Department of Hematology, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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10174
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Grossman Z, Lorber M, Maayan S, Bar-Yacov N, Levy I, Averbuch D, Istomin V, Chowers M, Sthoeger Z, Ram D, Rudich H, Mileguir F, Pavel R, Almaliach R, Schlaeffer F, Kra-Oz Z, Mendelson E, Schapiro JM, Riesenberg K. Drug-Resistant HIV Infection among Drug-Naive Patients in Israel. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:294-302. [PMID: 15655750 DOI: 10.1086/426592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2004] [Accepted: 09/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Israel, <0.06% of the general population is infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), with a much higher prevalence among specific groups. These groups are distinguished demographically by risk behavior category and by virus subtype. We investigated transmission of drug resistance within groups to assess the impact of these factors. METHODS Plasma samples from >15% of all patients with new diagnoses of HIV infection were randomly collected between June 1999 and June 2003. Sequences from 176 drug-naive patients included 20 of subtype A, 20 of subtype AE, 2 of subtype AC, 29 of subtype B, 100 of subtype C, and 5 of subtype F. RESULTS Major drug resistance mutations (protease: L90M; reverse transcriptase: M41L, K103N, V106M, M184V, Y181S, G190A, L210W, T215Y/F, and K219R) were detected in 1 subject with A subtype, 3 with subtype B, and 9 with subtype C. In addition, 1 subject with A subtypes, 2 with subtype B, and 10 with subtype C had secondary mutations (protease: M46I; reverse transcriptase: A98G, K101Q, and V108I). Only 1 patient had mutations associated with >1 class of drugs. Among subjects who contracted HIV infection in Israel, 16 of 56 (1 of 7 with subtypes A or AE, 4 of 17 with subtype B, and 11 of 32 with subtype C; P=.7-1.0) carried resistant virus--a significantly higher proportion (P<.001) than in subjects infected in other countries (10 of 120 infected). CONCLUSIONS Drug-resistant virus was detected in 14.8% of patients with new diagnoses of HIV infection but in 28.6% of patients known to have been infected in Israel. The implications include a need for pretreatment resistance testing and for better programs aimed at prevention of transmission, directed particularly at patients. We did not find significant differences in transmission of resistant virus between those infected with subtypes B and C, despite the different demographic background. A conclusive analysis and interpretation should await a more extensive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Grossman
- National HIV Reference Laboratory, PHL, MOH, Central Virology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Israel.
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10175
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Mason KA, Ariga H, Neal R, Valdecanas D, Hunter N, Krieg AM, Whisnant JK, Milas L. Targeting Toll-like Receptor 9 with CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Enhances Tumor Response to Fractionated Radiotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.361.11.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG motifs detected by Toll-like receptor 9 of dendritic cells and B cells have potent immunomodulatory effects. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induce cytokines, activate natural killer cells, and elicit T-cell responses leading to antitumor effects, including improved efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents and, as we reported recently, synergy between CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 and single-dose radiotherapy of an immunogenic mouse fibrosarcoma. The present study extends this finding to the fractionated radiotherapy of the fibrosarcoma tumor and assesses the ability of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 to increase the radioresponse of a tumor (nonimmunogenic fibrosarcoma). The experiments used a murine immunogenic fibrosarcoma tumor, fibrosarcoma growing in the leg of mice, and response to radiotherapy was assessed by tumor growth delay and tumor cure rate (TCD50, radiation dose yielding 50% tumor cure). Multiple s.c. peritumoral or i.t. administrations of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 at a dose of 100 μg per mouse were given when established tumors were 6 mm in diameter. Local tumor irradiation was initiated when tumors grew to 8 mm in diameter; radiation was delivered in 1 to 9 Gy fractions given twice daily separated by 6 to 7 hours for 5 consecutive days to achieve a total dose of 10 to 90 Gy. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826, given as a single agent, had only a small antitumor effect, but it dramatically enhanced fibrosarcoma response to radiotherapy. Although 83.1 (79.2-90.0) Gy total dose were needed to achieve tumor cures in 50% of mice treated with radiotherapy alone, only 23.0 (11.5-32.7) Gy total dose were needed in mice treated with both CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 and radiotherapy. The magnitude of potentiation of tumor radioresponse at the TCD50 level was by a factor of 3.61, a much higher value than that (a factor of 1.93) that we reported for single-dose radiotherapy. Mice cured of their tumors by combined CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 plus radiotherapy were highly resistant to s.c. tumor take or development of tumor nodules in the lung from i.v. injected tumor cells when rechallenged with fibrosarcoma cells 100 to 120 days after the treatment, suggesting the development of a memory response. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 also increased radioresponse of the nonimmunogenic fibrosarcoma tumor by a factor of 1.41 and 1.73 when CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 was given s.c. and i.t., respectively. These findings show that CpG oligodeoxynucleotides are highly potent enhancers of tumor response to both single-dose and fractionated radiation and as such have potential to improve clinical radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Mason
- 1Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and
| | - Hisanori Ariga
- 1Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and
| | - Robert Neal
- 1Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and
| | - David Valdecanas
- 1Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and
| | - Nancy Hunter
- 1Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and
| | | | | | - Luka Milas
- 1Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and
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10176
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Staines DR. Do vasoactive neuropeptides and heat shock proteins mediate fatigue-related autoimmune disorders? Med Hypotheses 2005; 64:539-42. [PMID: 15617862 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2004] [Accepted: 08/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune dysfunction of certain vasoactive neuropeptides may be implicated in a range of disorders associated with fatigue like states (chronic fatigue syndrome, Gulf War syndrome) and even sudden infant death syndrome. These substances have neurotrophic, neuroregulatory, and neurotransmission functions, as well as that of immune modulators and hormones. They exert significant control over carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The hypothesis is that because these substances have vital and indispensable roles in cellular processes, loss or compromise of these roles would lead to predictable and severe cellular and systemic effects. The important roles of certain VNs make them a vulnerable target for autoimmune dysfunction. They are known to be associated with heat shock proteins for intracellular functioning with which they may form immunostimulating complexes. While peptide-HSP complexes are a relatively new area for research, this paper asserts that attention could be focused on these substances and complexes in an effort to elucidate a number of perplexing fatigue-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Staines
- Gold Coast Public Health Unit, 10-12 Young Street, Southport 4215, Qld, Australia.
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10177
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Abstract
The DNA vaccine has proven to be one of the most promising applications in the field of gene therapy. Due to its unique ability to readily induce humoral as well as cellular immune responses, it attracted great interest when the concept was first confirmed in the early 1990s. After thousands of articles related to the DNA vaccine were published, scientists began to realize that although the DNA vaccine is very effective in small animal models, its effectiveness in recent clinical trails is rather disappointing. Therefore, current effort has been shifted to understanding the different performance of the DNA vaccine in mouse and large animal models and on how to transfer the success of the DNA vaccine in small animals to large animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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10178
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Ishii KJ, Akira S. Innate immune recognition of nucleic acids: Beyond toll-like receptors. Int J Cancer 2005; 117:517-23. [PMID: 16080197 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During infection or tissue damage, the innate immune system detects and responds to nucleic acids released from pathogens or damaged host cells. Accumulating evidence has showed that specific sequences, modifications or structures of nucleic acids influence their immunomodulatory activities. Resulting innate immune modulations are regulated by Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent or -independent signaling pathways. The first step in host defense against foreign or unwelcome self nucleic acids may play important roles in immune responses against infectious organisms, as well as in clearance of unnecessary tissues, which may be linked to autoimmune diseases and possibly to other immunological disorders. Elucidating mechanisms of innate immune activation by nucleic acids will help future development of more efficient or safer nucleic acid-based immunotherapies and gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken J Ishii
- Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Osaka
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10179
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Agrawal DK, Edwan J, Kandimalla ER, Yu D, Bhagat L, Wang D, Agrawal S. Novel immunomodulatory oligonucleotides prevent development of allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma. Int Immunopharmacol 2004; 4:127-38. [PMID: 14975367 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2003.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2003] [Revised: 11/20/2003] [Accepted: 11/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG oligos) have been shown to prevent development of allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in mouse models of asthma. Recently, we reported immunomodulatory oligonucleotides (IMOs) containing novel structures (immunomers) and synthetic immunostimulatory CpR (R=2'-deoxy-7-deazguanosine) motifs show potent stimulatory activity with distinct cytokine secretion profiles. Since type 2 T cells predominate in asthma and increase in type 1 cells can prevent the differentiation of naïve T lymphocytes to a type 2 phenotype, we hypothesized that IMOs can prevent the development of allergic airway inflammation and AHR in the ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized and challenged mouse model. We found that co-administration of novel IMOs during OVA-sensitization abrogated both early and late allergic responses (LARs). AHR to methacholine was also blocked with IMO treatment. Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of mice treated with IMOs demonstrated complete reduction in eosinophils, with concomitant decreases in both serum and BAL fluid IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6 levels. In addition, there was a significant reduction in serum IL-10 levels. IMOs, in general, significantly attenuated the rise in serum IgE levels. In comparison, IMOs showed a significantly more potent effect on early and late allergic response than a conventional CpG oligo in this model. These data suggest that the treatment with these novel IMOs prevents OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation and AHR in asthma in the mouse and may provide a useful agent in the treatment of human asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra K Agrawal
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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10180
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Shimizu H, Thorley B, Paladin FJ, Brussen KA, Stambos V, Yuen L, Utama A, Tano Y, Arita M, Yoshida H, Yoneyama T, Benegas A, Roesel S, Pallansch M, Kew O, Miyamura T. Circulation of type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus in the Philippines in 2001. J Virol 2004; 78:13512-21. [PMID: 15564462 PMCID: PMC533948 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.24.13512-13521.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2001, highly evolved type 1 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) was isolated from three acute flaccid paralysis patients and one contact from three separate communities in the Philippines. Complete genomic sequencing of these four cVDPV isolates revealed that the capsid region was derived from the Sabin 1 vaccine strain but most of the noncapsid region was derived from an unidentified enterovirus unrelated to the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) strains. The sequences of the cVDPV isolates were closely related to each other, and the isolates had a common recombination site. Most of the genetic and biological properties of the cVDPV isolates were indistinguishable from those of wild polioviruses. However, the most recently identified cVDPV isolate from a healthy contact retained the temperature sensitivity and partial attenuation phenotypes. The sequence relationships among the isolates and Sabin 1 suggested that cVDPV originated from an OPV dose given in 1998 to 1999 and that cVDPV circulated along a narrow chain of transmission. Type 1 cVDPV was last detected in the Philippines in September 2001, and population immunity to polio was raised by extensive OPV campaigns in late 2001 and early 2002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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10181
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Asakura H, Panutdaporn N, Kawamoto K, Igimi S, Yamamoto S, Makino SI. Isolation of mini-Tn5Km2 insertion mutants of Salmonella enterica serovar Oranienburg sensitive to NaCl-induced osmotic stress. Microbiol Immunol 2004; 48:981-4. [PMID: 15611616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the viability of Salmonella Oranienburg strains under NaCl stress was variable and depended on the strain's origin; food strains were resistant and patient strains sensitive to NaCl. Therefore, we mutagenized a food strain with a mini-Tn5Km2 transposon. Of 2,400 mutants screened, 15 NaCl-sensitive mutants were isolated, and 7 genes associated with NaCl-sensitivity were identified. The intact genes complemented their own food-strain mutants, but not patient-strain mutants, suggesting that the difference in NaCl-sensitivity between food and patient S. Oranienburg strains might not arise from a single gene mutation, but from change in multiple osmoregulatory mechanisms in Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Asakura
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Research Center for Animal Hygiene and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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10182
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Wyles DL, Gerber JG. Antiretroviral drug pharmacokinetics in hepatitis with hepatic dysfunction. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 40:174-81. [PMID: 15614709 DOI: 10.1086/426021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral hepatitis is common among persons with HIV-1 infection, because of shared modes of transmission, and coinfection results in accelerated liver damage, compared with persons with chronic viral hepatitis alone. The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to a significant decrease in the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV-1 infection. A number of the medications that are commonly used in HAART regimens are metabolized by the hepatic CYP enzymes, which raises the possibility of significant interactions between antiretroviral medications and hepatic impairment induced by chronic viral hepatitis. Although the data are still very scant, the pharmacokinetics of several antiretroviral medications have been shown to be significantly altered in the presence of liver disease. In the present report, we review the available data and consider potential options, such as dose adjustment and therapeutic drug monitoring, for the administration of antiretroviral therapy to patients with significant hepatic impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Wyles
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA
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10183
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Wong HC, Chen SY, Chen MY, Oliver JD, Hor LI, Tsai WC. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of Vibrio vulnificus strains isolated from Taiwan and the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:5153-8. [PMID: 15345394 PMCID: PMC520860 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.9.5153-5158.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a marine bacterium that causes human wound infections and septicemia with a high mortality rate. V. vulnificus strains from different clinical and environmental sources or geographic regions have been successfully characterized by ribotyping and several other methods. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is a highly discriminative method, but previous studies suggested that it was not suitable for examining the correlation of V. vulnificus strains from different origins. We employed PFGE to determine its efficacy for characterizing V. vulnificus strains from different geographic regions, characterizing a total of 153 strains from clinical and environmental origins from the United States and Taiwan after SfiI or NotI digestion. V. vulnificus strains showed a high intraspecific diversity by PFGE after SfiI or NotI digestion, and about 12% of the strains could not be typed by the use of either of these enzymes. For PFGE with SfiI digestion, most of the clinical and environmental strains from the United States were grouped into cluster A, while the strains from Taiwan were grouped into other clusters. Clinical strains from the United States showed a higher level of genetic homogeneity than clinical strains from Taiwan, and environmental strains from both regions showed a similarly high level of heterogeneity. PFGE with NotI digestion was useful for studying the correlation of clinical strains from the United States and Taiwan, but it was not suitable for analyzing environmental strains. The results showed that PFGE with SfiI digestion may be used to characterize V. vulnificus strains from distant geographic regions, with NotI being a recommended alternative enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hin-Chung Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, 70 Lin-Si Rd., Taipei, Taiwan 111, Republic of China.
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10184
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Convit J, Ulrich M, Zerpa O, Borges R, Aranzazu N, Valera M, Villarroel H, Zapata Z, Tomedes I. Immunotherapy of american cutaneous leishmaniasis in Venezuela during the period 1990-99. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2004; 97:469-72. [PMID: 15259484 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(03)90093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Of a total of 11532 Venezuelan patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) receiving immunotherapy with a combined vaccine containing heat-killed Leishmania promastigotes and bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) during the period 1990-99, we evaluated 5341 from 4 widely separated geographical states. Clinical healing varied from 91.2 to 98.7%, with an average of 95.7%. Adverse reactions were mild and limited to those associated with BCG vaccination alone. Immunotherapy failures in 143 patients included 54.5% with typical localized ulcers and 45.5% with non-mucosal intermediate cutaneous leishmaniasis (ICL). Less than 2% of the patients in this study had lesions suggestive of ICL. The disproportionately large number of immunotherapy failures in the ICL group suggests that it should not be used as monotherapy in this group. Weaker reactivity to purified protein derivative in immunotherapy failures, while not statistically significant in the small group reported here, suggests the possibility that these patients develop a relatively torpid immune response. The high percentage of clinical cures achieved with immunotherapy, associated with few secondary effects and low cost, support the use of immunotherapy in the routine treatment of localized ACL.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Convit
- Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela/Ministerio de Salud y Desarrollo Social, Apartado 4043, Caracas, 1010A, Venezuela.
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10185
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Thaikruea L, Thongsawat S, Maneekarn N, Netski D, Thomas DL, Nelson KE. Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in northern Thailand. Transfusion 2004; 44:1433-40. [PMID: 15383015 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2004.04073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiology, virology, and risk factors for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among blood donors in northern Thailand have not been extensively evaluated. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We did a prospective matched case-control study of blood donors who tested positive for HCV and were confirmed by recombinant immunoblot assay or nucleic acid testing. Infected donors were matched with one to four HCV-uninfected donors for sex, age +/- 5 years, and donation at the same site within 15 days of the HCV-positive donor. Married donors were invited to bring their spouse for HCV testing. RESULTS Among 166 matched sets, a history of intravenous drug use (IDU), reported by 58 HCV infected donors (35.5%) and 2 HCV-negative donors, was strongly associated with HCV infection (odds ratio [OR], 107.6; 95% confidence interval, 14.8-780.7). In multivariate analysis among donors without a history of IDU, significant risk factors included a history of a blood transfusion (OR, 28.8), immediate family with a history of hepatitis/jaundice (OR, 4.4), six or more lifetime sexual partners (OR, 2.7), and increased frequency of blood donation (OR, 0.9). Six of 45 spouses of HCV-infected donors, and none of 44 spouses of uninfected donors, were HCV positive (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION Our data indicate that illicit IDU and a history of transfusion are important risk factors for HCV infection in Thailand. Also, our data suggest there may be some risk of transmission by sex or other close contact between spouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakkana Thaikruea
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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10186
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Milas L, Mason KA, Ariga H, Hunter N, Neal R, Valdecanas D, Krieg AM, Whisnant JK. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide enhances tumor response to radiation. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5074-7. [PMID: 15289307 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) are synthetic DNA sequences containing unmethylated cytosine-guanine motifs with potent immunomodulatory effects. Via Toll-like receptor 9 agonism of dendritic cells and B cells, CpG ODNs induce cytokines, activate natural killer cells, and elicit vigorous T-cell responses that lead to significant antitumor effects, including improved efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. On the basis of these properties of CpG ODNs, we tested whether they also could enhance tumor response to radiotherapy. Using an immunogenic mouse tumor, designated FSa, the response to radiotherapy was assayed by tumor growth delay and tumor cure rate (TCD(50), radiation dose yielding 50% tumor cure rate). Treatments were initiated when established tumors were either 6 or 8 mm in diameter. CpG ODN as a single agent given s.c. peritumorally had little effect on tumor growth; however, it dramatically enhanced tumor growth delay in response to single-dose radiation by a factor of 2.58-2.65. CpG ODN also dramatically improved tumor radiocurability, reducing the TCD(50) by a factor of 1.93, from 39.6 (36.1-43.1) Gy to 20.5 (14.3-25.7) Gy. The CpG ODN-induced enhancement of tumor radioresponse was diminished in tumor-bearing mice immunocompromised by sublethal whole-body radiation. Tumors treated with CpG ODN and radiation showed histologic changes characterized by increased necrosis, heavy infiltration by host inflammatory cells (lymphocytes and granulocytes), and reduced tumor cell density. These results show that CpG ODNs are potent enhancers of tumor radioresponse and as such have potential to improve clinical radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Milas
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology-66, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4095, USA.
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10187
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Pinto UM, Cardoso RR, Vanetti MCD. Detecção de Listeria, Salmonella e Klebsiella em serviço de alimentação hospitalar. REV NUTR 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-52732004000300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: A presença de Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella sp. e Klebsiella sp. em dietas enterais e em ambientes, utensílios e equipamentos de preparo de alimentos em serviço de alimentação hospitalar, foi o objetivo desta pesquisa. MÉTODOS: A contaminação de ambientes, utensílios e equipamentos de preparo de alimentos em serviço de alimentação hospitalar por Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella sp. e Klebsiella sp. foi avaliada em 50 amostras coletadas pela técnica de swab. Quatro amostras de dietas enterais também foram analisadas. Colônias típicas de bactérias do gênero Listeria foram isoladas de dieta enteral em ágar Oxford e a identificação da espécie L. monocytogenes foi feita por testes bioquímicos e imunológicos. RESULTADOS: A presença de Salmonella foi detectada em dieta enteral e identificada como S. rissen por sorologia. Pela relevância como agente causador de infecções hospitalares, bactérias do gênero Klebsiella foram pesquisadas e isoladas em ágar seletivo MacConkey-inositol-carbenicilina. K. pneumoniae foi encontrada em equipamento e utensílio e K. oxytoca em ambiente, equipamento e dieta enteral. Os isolados de L. monocytogenes apresentaram resistência apenas ao antibiótico cefoxitina e os do gênero Klebsiella foram resistentes a ampicilina e amoxilina. S. rissen foi sensível aos 13 antibióticos avaliados. CONCLUSÃO: A contaminação de 11% das amostras analisadas com pelo menos um dos patógenos, alerta para a necessidade de implantação de um rigoroso sistema de controle de qualidade nas áreas de manipulação dos alimentos, a fim de aumentar a segurança alimentar dos pacientes hospitalizados.
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10188
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Abstract
DNA circulates in the blood in systemic lupus erythematosus, among other conditions, and plays a role in immunopathogenesis in the form of immune complexes. As shown in experiments in mice, blood DNA levels rise following treatments to induce apoptosis and the administration of cells made apoptotic or necrotic in vitro. In mice lacking macrophage function, however, blood levels do not rise following administration of dead cells. These results indicate that circulating DNA may be a marker of cell death, although its levels likely reflect a complex process involving the interactions of macrophages with dead and dying cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Pisetsky
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Medical Research Service, Durham, NC, USA.
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10189
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Harandi AM. The potential of immunostimulatory CpG DNA for inducing immunity against genital herpes: opportunities and challenges. J Clin Virol 2004; 30:207-10. [PMID: 15135735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2004.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) invades human genital tract mucosa and following local replications can be rapidly transmitted via peripheral nerve axons to the sacral ganglia where it can establish latency. Reactivation of the latent viral reservoir results in recurrent ulcers in the genital region. Innate immunity, the first line of defence during both primary and recurrent genital herpes infections, is crucial during the period of acute infection to limit early virus replication and to facilitate the development of an appropriate specific acquired immunity. Recent developments in immunology reveal that the mammalian innate immune systems use Toll-like receptor (TLR) to specifically sense evolutionary conserved molecules such as bacterial DNA in pathogens. Recently, local-vaginal delivery of CpG containing oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), a synthetic mimic of bacterial DNA, holds substantial promise as a strong inducer of innate immunity against genital herpes infections in the animal models of the disease. These preclinical observations provide a scientific ground work for introduction of this novel intervention strategy to clinic. This review aims to highlight recent developments and future challenges in use of immunostimulatory CpG ODN for inducing immunity against genital herpes infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Harandi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University Vaccine Research Institute, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 7A, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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10190
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Trogerstr. 9, 81675 Munich, Germany.
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10191
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Abstract
We report on three cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) occurring in patients with myelodysplasia, two with autoimmune manifestations. In two cases the myelodysplasia was diagnosed during the treatment of the GBS, while in the third case the myelodysplasia preceded its diagnosis. We discuss possible underlying mechanisms for the previously unreported finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Myers
- Department of Haematology, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
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10192
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Cutter JL, Lim WY, Ang LW, Tun Y, James L, Chew SK. HIV in Singapore--past, present, and future. AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR AIDS EDUCATION 2004; 16:110-118. [PMID: 15262570 DOI: 10.1521/aeap.16.3.5.110.35528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The first case of HIV infection in Singapore was reported in 1985. Between 1991 and 1998, the number of reported cases of HIV and AIDS increased rapidly before stabilizing from 1999. The epidemiology of the AIDS epidemic in Singapore is characterized by a predominance of male cases (seven to one) and heterosexual transmission. A multipronged control program comprising public education and education of high-risk groups, legislation, protection of the national blood supply, management of cases, and epidemiological surveillance has been put in place. The promotion of condom use among local sex workers has been fairly successful, with very low rates of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). However, freelance and potential indirect sex workers such as masseuses and lounge hostesses are a concern in view of their higher prevalence of HIV and STIs. Another concern is the high proportion of cases who are diagnosed only when they develop AIDS. A better understanding of sexual networks among men who have sex with men will enable more effective intervention programs for this group. Fresh innovative approaches are needed to encourage safe sex practices and early screening.
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10193
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Oberste MS, Peñaranda S, Maher K, Pallansch MA. Complete genome sequences of all members of the species Human enterovirus A. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:1597-1607. [PMID: 15166444 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.79789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The speciesHuman enterovirus A(HEV-A) in the familyPicornaviridaeconsists of coxsackieviruses (CV) A2–A8, A10, A12, A14 and A16 and enterovirus 71. Complete genome sequences for the prototype strains of the 10 serotypes whose sequences were not represented in public databases have been determined and analysed in conjunction with previously available complete sequences in GenBank. Members of HEV-A are monophyletic relative to all other human enterovirus species in all regions of the genome except in the 5′ non-translated region (NTR), where they are known to cluster with members of HEV-B. The HEV-A prototype strains were about 66 to 86 % identical to one another in deduced capsid amino acid sequence. Antigenic cross-reactivity has been reported between CVA3-Olson and CVA8-Donovan, between CVA5-Swartz and CVA12-Texas-12 and between CVA16-G-10 and EV71-BrCr. Similarity plots, individual sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses demonstrate a high degree of capsid sequence similarity within each of these three pairs of prototype strains, providing a molecular basis for the observed antigenic relationships. In several cases, phylogenies constructed from the structural (P1) and non-structural regions of the genome (P2 and P3) are incongruent. The incongruent phylogenies and the similarity plot analyses imply that recombination has played a role in the evolution of the HEV-A prototype strains. CVA6-Gdula clearly contains sequences that are also present in CVA10-Kowalik and CVA12-Texas-12, suggesting that these three strains have a shared evolutionary history despite their lack of similarity in the capsid region.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Steven Oberste
- Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop G-17, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Silvia Peñaranda
- Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop G-17, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Kaija Maher
- Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop G-17, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Mark A Pallansch
- Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop G-17, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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10194
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Beatty ME, Bopp CA, Wells JG, Greene KD, Puhr ND, Mintz ED. Enterotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O169:H41, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10:518-21. [PMID: 15109427 PMCID: PMC3322800 DOI: 10.3201/eid1003.030268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
From 1996 to 2003, 16 outbreaks of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infections in the United States and on cruise ships were confirmed. E. coli serotype O169:H41 was identified in 10 outbreaks and was the only serotype in 6. This serotype was identified in 1 of 21 confirmed ETEC outbreaks before 1996.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Beatty
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop A38, 1600 Clifton Roafd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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10195
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Perera D, Podin Y, Akin W, Tan CS, Cardosa MJ. Incorrect identification of recent Asian strains of Coxsackievirus A16 as human enterovirus 71: improved primers for the specific detection of human enterovirus 71 by RT PCR. BMC Infect Dis 2004; 4:11. [PMID: 15122971 PMCID: PMC415548 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-4-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2004] [Accepted: 05/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human enterovirus 71 has emerged as an important pathogen in the Asia Pacific region and it is important to be able to make a rapid and specific diagnosis for outbreak control. Recent Asian strains of Coxsackievirus A16 have changes in the VP1 gene which causes mispriming of widely used primers for human enterovirus 71 specific identification. Methods Local strains of Coxsackievirus A16 were sequenced in the VP4 and VP1 genes and using sequence alignment tools, an improved set of primers were designed for specific identification of human enterovirus 71. These primers were evaluated against virus isolates as well as primary clinical specimens. Results A total of 218 virus strains were tested. All 39 human enterovirus 71 isolates were positive and none of the 38 Coxsackievirus A16, 127 other enteroviruses and 14 prototype flaviviruses and adenoviruses were positive when tested with the new primers. When aliquots of primary specimens known to have yielded human enterovirus 71 were retrospectively tested, we found that within 2 months of collection of the specimens, greater than 90% were positive but that the success rate diminished rapidly to 18% after 2 years storage. Conclusions Our new primers will be useful in rapid diagnosis of human enterovirus 71 infection, and can also be used as a screening tool in surveillance programmes for early warning of human enterovirus 71 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Perera
- Institute of Health & Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, 94300 Malaysia
| | - Yuwana Podin
- Institute of Health & Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, 94300 Malaysia
| | - Winnie Akin
- Institute of Health & Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, 94300 Malaysia
| | - Cheng-Siang Tan
- Institute of Health & Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, 94300 Malaysia
| | - Mary Jane Cardosa
- Institute of Health & Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, 94300 Malaysia
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10196
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Abstract
Failure of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a challenging obstacle for clinical and experimental hepatology. Both viral and host factors have been implicated in reducing responsiveness to IFN-alpha therapy. The role of viral factors has been studied extensively and has been summarized in several review articles; however, much less attention has been paid to host factors. In this paper, we review evidence of host factor involvement in IFN-alpha treatment failure. We discuss possible underlying mechanisms responsible for these effects. Potential therapeutic strategies to enhance the effectiveness of IFN-alpha therapy for HCV are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gao
- Section on Liver Biology, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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10197
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Shimizu H, Utama A, Onnimala N, Li C, Li-Bi Z, Yu-Jie M, Pongsuwanna Y, Miyamura T. Molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71 infection in the Western Pacific Region. Pediatr Int 2004; 46:231-5. [PMID: 15056257 DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-200x.2004.01868.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, there have been large outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) mainly caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71) associated with severe neurological diseases in the Western Pacific Region (WPR). To monitor the realtime trend of EV71 transmission throughout the WPR, the authors conducted a molecular epidemiological analysis of EV71 infection. METHODS Viruses were isolated from clinical samples from patients with HFMD or those with neurological complications. The EV71 isolates were identified by microneutralization assay. The VP4 and/or VP1 regions of recent EV71 isolates were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis using reference EV71 strains. RESULTS The phylogenetic analysis of EV71 isolates from the WPR revealed two major genogroups, B and C, based on the nucleotide sequence alignment of the VP1 or VP4 region. These two major genogroups were further divided into subgenogroups, B1, B2, B3, and B4 and C1, C2, C3 and C4, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The molecular epidemiological analyses of recent and previous EV71 isolates in the WPR indicated that two major genogroups of EV71 are co-circulating in Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and Japan. Recent EV71 isolates in Mainland China constitute a new distinct genetic cluster, subgenogroup C4. Two major lineages of EV71 are the major causative agents of the present HFMD epidemics in the WPR and both are considered to be neurovirulent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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10198
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Asakura H, Kawamoto K, Shirahata T, Makino SI. Changes in Salmonella enterica serovar Oranienburg viability caused by NaCl-induced osmotic stress is related to DNA relaxation by the H-NS protein during host infection. Microb Pathog 2004; 36:147-51. [PMID: 14726232 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2003.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The NaCl sensitivity of Salmonella enterica serovar Oranienburg strains depends on their origin. We found previously that food- and patient-origin isolates in an outbreak were, respectively, NaCl-resistant and NaCl-sensitive, and the NaCl-resistant strain of food-origin isolates became NaCl-sensitive after passage of the strain through mice [FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 212 (2002) 87]. Here, we report that this phenotypic difference is mainly dependent on topological changes regulated by H-NS, a bacterial histone-like nucleoid protein that binds non-specifically to DNA. That is, this phenotypic difference was caused by changes in DNA topology during infection of the host. Based on these findings, we propose this mechanism has a key role in promoting the survival of Salmonella under osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Asakura
- Research Center for Animal Hygiene and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
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10199
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Abstract
Over the past 10 years, a number of molecular amplification assays have been developed for the detection of flaviviruses. Most of these assays utilize the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as the amplification format with detection by either agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining or hybridization with molecular probes. Recently, a modification of the standard RT-PCR using fluorescent-labeled oligonucleotide probes for detection (TaqMan) has been described. As a result, several assays for detecting flaviviruses have been developed using this approach. In addition, another amplification format, nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA), has been developed and utilized for the detection of several flaviviruses. The various assay formats will be described and their utility discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Lanciotti
- Diagnostic and Reference Laboratory, Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
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10200
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Convit J, Ulrich M, Polegre MA, Avila A, Rodríguez N, Mazzedo MI, Blanco B. Therapy of Venezuelan patients with severe mucocutaneous or early lesions of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis with a vaccine containing pasteurized Leishmania promastigotes and bacillus Calmette-Guerin: preliminary report. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2004; 99:57-62. [PMID: 15057348 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762004000100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe mucocutaneous (MCL) and diffuse (DCL) forms of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) are infrequent in Venezuela. Chemotherapy produces only transitory remission in DCL, and occasional treatment failures are observed in MCL. We have evaluated therapy with an experimental vaccine in patients with severe leishmaniasis. Four patients with MCL and 3 with early DCL were treated with monthly intradermal injections of a vaccine containing promastigotes of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis killed by pasteurization and viable Bacillus Calmette- Guerin. Clinical and immunological responses were evaluated. Integrity of protein constituents in extracts of pasteurized promastigotes was evaluated by gel electrophoresis. Complete remission of lesions occurred after 5-9 injections in patients with MCL or 7-10 injections in patients with early DCL. DCL patients developed positive skin reactions, average size 18.7 mm. All have been free of active lesions for at least 10 months. Adverse effects of the vaccine were limited to local reactivity to BCG at the injection sites and fever in 2 patients. Extracts of pasteurized and fresh promastigotes did not reveal differences in the integrity of protein components detectable by gel electrophoresis. Immunotherapy with this modified vaccine offers an effective, safe option for the treatment of patients who do not respond to immunotherapy with vaccine containing autoclaved parasites or to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinto Convit
- Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
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