1051
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Li K, Zhong B. Regulation of Cellular Antiviral Signaling by Modifications of Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like Molecules. Immune Netw 2018; 18:e4. [PMID: 29503737 PMCID: PMC5833123 DOI: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation of cellular antiviral signaling depends on host pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs)-mediated recognition of viral nucleic acids that are known as classical pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PRRs recruit adaptor proteins and kinases to activate transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers to regulate transcription of hundreds of genes, the products of which collaborate to elicit antiviral responses. In addition, PRRs-triggered signaling induces activation of various inflammasomes which leads to the release of IL-1β and inflammation. Recent studies have demonstrated that PRRs-triggered signaling is critically regulated by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like molecules. In this review, we first summarize an updated understanding of cellular antiviral signaling and virus-induced activation of inflammasome and then focus on the regulation of key components by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Li
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Bo Zhong
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.,Department of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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1052
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Gates-Tanzer LT, Shisler JL. Cellular FLIP long isoform (cFLIP L)-IKKα interactions inhibit IRF7 activation, representing a new cellular strategy to inhibit IFNα expression. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:1745-1755. [PMID: 29222334 PMCID: PMC5798304 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon α (IFNα) is important for antiviral and anticancer defenses. However, overproduction is associated with autoimmune disorders. Thus, the cell must precisely up- and down-regulate IFNα to achieve immune system homeostasis. The cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (cFLIP) is reported to inhibit IFNα production. However, the mechanism for this antagonism remained unknown. The goal here was to identify this mechanism. Here we examined the signal transduction events that occur during TLR9-induced IRF7 activation. The cFLIP long isoform (cFLIPL) inhibited the expression of IRF7-controlled natural or synthetic genes in several cell lines, including those with abundant IRF7 protein levels (e.g. dendritic cells). cFLIPL inhibited IRF7 phosphorylation; however, cFLIPL-IRF7 interactions were not detectable, implying that cFLIPL acted upstream of IRF7 dimerization. Interestingly, cFLIPL co-immunoprecipitated with IKKα, and these interactions correlated with a loss of IKKα-IRF7 interactions. Thus, cFLIP appears to bind to IKKα to prevent IKKα from phosphorylating and activating IRF7. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a cellular protein that uses this approach to inhibit IRF7 activation. Perhaps this cFLIP property could be engineered to minimize the deleterious effects of IFNα expression that occur during certain autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna L Shisler
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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1053
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Regulation of MAVS activation through post-translational modifications. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 50:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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1054
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Xia H, Luo H, Shan C, Muruato AE, Nunes BTD, Medeiros DBA, Zou J, Xie X, Giraldo MI, Vasconcelos PFC, Weaver SC, Wang T, Rajsbaum R, Shi PY. An evolutionary NS1 mutation enhances Zika virus evasion of host interferon induction. Nat Commun 2018; 9:414. [PMID: 29379028 PMCID: PMC5788864 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02816-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-host interactions determine an infection outcome. The Asian lineage of Zika virus (ZIKV), responsible for the recent epidemics, has fixed a mutation in the NS1 gene after 2012 that enhances mosquito infection. Here we report that the same mutation confers NS1 to inhibit interferon-β induction. This mutation enables NS1 binding to TBK1 and reduces TBK1 phosphorylation. Engineering the mutation into a pre-epidemic ZIKV strain debilitates the virus for interferon-β induction; reversing the mutation in an epidemic ZIKV strain invigorates the virus for interferon-β induction; these mutational effects are lost in IRF3-knockout cells. Additionally, ZIKV NS2A, NS2B, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5 can also suppress interferon-β production through targeting distinct components of the RIG-I pathway; however, for these proteins, no antagonistic difference is observed among various ZIKV strains. Our results support the mechanism that ZIKV has accumulated mutation(s) that increases the ability to evade immune response and potentiates infection and epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Xia
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Huanle Luo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Chao Shan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Antonio E Muruato
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Bruno T D Nunes
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
| | - Daniele B A Medeiros
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
| | - Jing Zou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Maria Isabel Giraldo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Pedro F C Vasconcelos
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Pará State University, Belém, Brazil
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Institute for Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Ricardo Rajsbaum
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- Institute for Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Department of Phamarcology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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1055
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Samie M, Lim J, Verschueren E, Baughman JM, Peng I, Wong A, Kwon Y, Senbabaoglu Y, Hackney JA, Keir M, Mckenzie B, Kirkpatrick DS, van Lookeren Campagne M, Murthy A. Selective autophagy of the adaptor TRIF regulates innate inflammatory signaling. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:246-254. [PMID: 29358708 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-017-0042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Defective autophagy is linked to diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the mechanisms by which autophagy limits inflammation remain poorly understood. Here we found that loss of the autophagy-related gene Atg16l1 promoted accumulation of the adaptor TRIF and downstream signaling in macrophages. Multiplex proteomic profiling identified SQSTM1 and Tax1BP1 as selective autophagy-related receptors that mediated the turnover of TRIF. Knockdown of Tax1bp1 increased production of the cytokines IFN-β and IL-1β. Mice lacking Atg16l1 in myeloid cells succumbed to lipopolysaccharide-mediated sepsis but enhanced their clearance of intestinal Salmonella typhimurium in an interferon receptor-dependent manner. Human macrophages with the Crohn's disease-associated Atg16l1 variant T300A exhibited more production of IFN-β and IL-1β. An elevated interferon-response gene signature was observed in patients with IBD who were resistant to treatment with an antibody to the cytokine TNF. These findings identify selective autophagy as a key regulator of signaling via the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Samie
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Junghyun Lim
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erik Verschueren
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics & Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joshua M Baughman
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics & Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ivan Peng
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Wong
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Youngsu Kwon
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yasin Senbabaoglu
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jason A Hackney
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mary Keir
- Biomarker Discovery OMNI, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brent Mckenzie
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Donald S Kirkpatrick
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics & Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Aditya Murthy
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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1056
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Dong W, Lv H, Guo K, Wang T, Ouyang Y, Jin M, Zhang Y. Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection and Its NS4A Protein Expression Induce IL-8 Production through MAVS Signaling Pathway in Swine Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2687. [PMID: 29375538 PMCID: PMC5770398 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection causes a severe disease of pigs, which is characterized by hemorrhage, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and leucopenia. IL-8, a main chemokine and activator of neutrophils, regulates the permeability of endothelium, which may be related to the hemorrhage upon CSFV infection. Until now, the molecular mechanisms of IL-8 regulation during CSFV infection are poorly defined. Here, we showed that CSFV infection induced IL-8 production and the upregulation of IL-8 required virus replication in swine umbilical vein endothelial cells (SUVECs). Additionally, MAVS expression was increased and was required for IL-8 production upon CSFV infection. Moreover, ROS was involved in CSFV-induced IL-8 production. Subsequent studies demonstrated that ROS was involved in MAVS-induced IL-8 production and CSFV induced ROS production through MAVS pathway. These results indicate that CSFV induces IL-8 production through MAVS pathway and production of ROS. The role of NS4A in the pathogenesis of CSFV is not well-understood. In this study, we further demonstrated that CSFV NS4A induced IL-8 production through enhancing MAVS pathway and promoted CSFV replication. In addition, we discovered that CSFV NS4A was localized in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. Taken together, these results provide insights into the mechanisms of IL-8 regulation and NS4A functions during CSFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Huifang Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Kangkang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yueling Ouyang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mingxing Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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1057
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Trifonova RT, Barteneva NS. Quantitation of IRF3 Nuclear Translocation in Heterogeneous Cellular Populations from Cervical Tissue Using Imaging Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1745:125-153. [PMID: 29476467 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7680-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Imaging flow cytometry (IFC) has become a powerful tool for studying the activation of transcriptional factors in heterogeneous cell populations in high-content imaging mode. With considerable interest to the clinical development of IFC, the question becomes how we can accelerate its application to solid tissues. We developed the first IFC-based procedure to quantify the nuclear translocation of interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3, an important measure of induction of type I interferon antiviral response, in primary human immune cells including in solid tissues. After tissue digestion and protocol optimization by spectral flow cytometry, cell suspension is stained for intracellular IRF3 and acquired by IFC. Image analysis is performed using an optimized nuclear mask and similarity score parameter to correlate the location of IRF3 staining and a nuclear dye. The technique measures IRF3 activation at a single cell level and can detect small changes in the percent of activated cells providing objective quantitative data for statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radiana T Trifonova
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Natasha S Barteneva
- PCMM-Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Technology, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
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1058
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Martinez-Gil L, Goff PH, Tan GS. The Role of Self-Assembling Lipid Molecules in Vaccination. ADVANCES IN BIOMEMBRANES AND LIPID SELF-ASSEMBLY 2018. [PMCID: PMC7147077 DOI: 10.1016/bs.abl.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of vaccines represents one of the most significant advances in medical history. The protection provided by vaccines has greatly contributed in reducing the number of cases of infections and most notably to the eradication of small pox. A large number of new technologies and approaches in vaccine development are currently being investigated with the goal of providing the basis for the next generation of prophylactics against an ever-expanding list of emerging and reemerging pathogens. In this chapter, we will focus on the role of lipids and lipid self-assembling vesicles in new and promising vaccination approaches. We will start by describing how lipids can induce activation of the innate immune system and focus on some lipid-derived vaccine adjuvants. Next, we will review current lipid-based self-assembling particles used as vaccine platforms, specifically liposomes and virus-like particles, and how virus-like particles have facilitated research of highly pathogenic viruses such as Ebola.
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1059
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Marron TU, Hammerich L, Brody J. Local Immunotherapies of Cancer. Oncoimmunology 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62431-0_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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1060
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Abstract
This review introduces recent concepts in innate immunity highlighting some of the latest exciting findings. These include: the discovery of the initiator of pyroptosis, Gasdermin D, and mechanisms of inflammatory caspases in innate immune signaling; the formation of oligomeric signalosomes downstream of innate immune receptors; mechanisms that shape innate immune responses, such as cellular homeostasis, cell metabolism, and pathogen viability; rapid methods of cell-to-cell communication; the interplay between the host and its microbiome and the concept of innate immunological memory. Furthermore, we discuss open questions and illustrate how technological advances, such as CRISPR/Cas9, may provide important answers for outstanding questions in the field of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Pelka
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Dominic De Nardo
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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1061
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Oberson A, Spagnuolo L, Puddinu V, Barchet W, Rittner K, Bourquin C. NAB2 is a novel immune stimulator of MDA-5 that promotes a strong type I interferon response. Oncotarget 2017; 9:5641-5651. [PMID: 29464024 PMCID: PMC5814164 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel adjuvants are needed to increase the efficacy of vaccine formulations and immune therapies for cancer and chronic infections. In particular, adjuvants that promote a strong type I IFN response are required, since this cytokine is crucial for the development of efficient anti-tumoral and anti-viral immunity. Nucleic acid band 2 (NAB2) is a double-stranded RNA molecule isolated from yeast and identified as an agonist of the pattern-recognition receptors TLR3 and MDA-5. We compared the ability of NAB2 to activate innate immunity with that of poly(I:C), a well-characterized TLR3 and MDA-5 agonist known for the induction of type I IFN. NAB2 promoted stronger IFN-α production and induced a higher activation state of both murine and human innate immune cells compared to poly(I:C). This correlated with a stronger activation of the signalling pathway downstream of MDA-5, and IFN-α induction was dependent on MDA-5. Upon injection, NAB2 induced higher levels of serum IFN-α in mice than poly(I:C). These results suggest that NAB2 has the potential to become an efficient adjuvant for the induction of type-I IFN responses in therapeutic immunization against cancer or infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Oberson
- Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Spagnuolo
- Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Viola Puddinu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Winfried Barchet
- German Center for Infection Research, Cologne-Bonn, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Karola Rittner
- Transgene S.A., Parc d'Innovation, CS80166, 67405 Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex, France
| | - Carole Bourquin
- Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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1062
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Gonugunta VK, Sakai T, Pokatayev V, Yang K, Wu J, Dobbs N, Yan N. Trafficking-Mediated STING Degradation Requires Sorting to Acidified Endolysosomes and Can Be Targeted to Enhance Anti-tumor Response. Cell Rep 2017; 21:3234-3242. [PMID: 29241549 PMCID: PMC5905341 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
STING is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated transmembrane protein that turns on and quickly turns off downstream signaling as it translocates from the ER to vesicles. How STING signaling is attenuated during trafficking remains poorly understood. Here, we show that trafficking-mediated STING degradation requires ER exit and function of vacuolar ATPase complex. Late-stage STING vesicles are sorted to Rab7-positive endolysosomes for degradation. Based on analysis of existing structures, we also identified the helix amino acid 281 (aa281)-297 as a motif required for trafficking-mediated STING degradation. Immuno-electron microscopy (EM) reveals the size and clustering of STING vesicles and topology of STING on the vesicle. Importantly, blockade of trafficking-mediated STING degradation using bafilomycin A1 specifically enhanced cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP)-mediated immune response and anti-tumor effect in mice. Together, our findings provide biochemical and imaging evidence for STING degradation by the lysosome and pinpoint trafficking-mediated STING degradation as a previously unanticipated therapeutic target for enhancing STING signaling in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Gonugunta
- Department of Immunology and Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Tomomi Sakai
- Department of Immunology and Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Vladislav Pokatayev
- Department of Immunology and Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Immunology and Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jianjun Wu
- Department of Immunology and Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nicole Dobbs
- Department of Immunology and Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nan Yan
- Department of Immunology and Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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1063
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Zhang FK, Hou JL, Guo AJ, Tian AL, Sheng ZA, Zheng WB, Huang WY, Elsheikha HM, Zhu XQ. Expression profiles of genes involved in TLRs and NLRs signaling pathways of water buffaloes infected with Fasciola gigantica. Mol Immunol 2017; 94:18-26. [PMID: 29241030 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Infection of ruminants and humans with Fasciola gigantica is attracting increasing attention due to its economic impact and public health significance. However, little is known of innate immune responses during F. gigantica infection. Here, we investigated the expression profiles of genes involved in Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) signaling pathways in buffaloes infected with 500F. gigantica metacercariae. Serum, liver and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples were collected from infected and control buffaloes at 3, 10, 28, and 70days post infection (dpi). Then, the levels of 12 cytokines in serum samples were evaluated by ELISA. Also, the levels of expression of 42 genes, related to TLRs and NLRs signaling, in liver and PBMCs were determined using custom RT2 Profiler PCR Arrays. At 3 dpi, modest activation of TLR4 and TLR8 and the adaptor protein (TICAM1) was detected. At 10 dpi, NF-κB1 and Interferon Regulatory Factor signaling pathways were upregulated along with activation of TLR1, TLR2, TLR6, TLR10, TRAF6, IRF3, TBK1, CASP1, CD80, and IFNA1 in the liver, and inflammatory response with activated TLR4, TLR9, TICAM1, NF-κB1, NLRP3, CD86, IL-1B, IL-6, and IL-8 in PBMCs. At 28 dpi, there was increase in the levels of cytokines along with induction of NLRP1 and NLRP3 inflammasomes-dependent immune responses in the liver and PBMCs. At 70 dpi, F. gigantica activated TLRs and NLRs, and their downstream interacting molecules. The activation of TLR7/9 signaling (perhaps due to increased B-cell maturation and activation) and upregulation of NLRP3 gene were also detected. These findings indicate that F. gigantica alters the expression of TLRs and NLRs genes to evade host immune defenses. Elucidation of the roles of the downstream effectors interacting with these genes may aid in the development of new interventions to control disease caused by F. gigantica infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China.
| | - Jun-Ling Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Ai-Jiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Ai-Ling Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Zhao-An Sheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530005, PR China
| | - Wen-Bin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Wei-Yi Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530005, PR China
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, PR China.
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1064
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Malaria parasite DNA-harbouring vesicles activate cytosolic immune sensors. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1985. [PMID: 29215015 PMCID: PMC5719353 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
STING is an innate immune cytosolic adaptor for DNA sensors that engage malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum) or other pathogen DNA. As P. falciparum infects red blood cells and not leukocytes, how parasite DNA reaches such host cytosolic DNA sensors in immune cells is unclear. Here we show that malaria parasites inside red blood cells can engage host cytosolic innate immune cell receptors from a distance by secreting extracellular vesicles (EV) containing parasitic small RNA and genomic DNA. Upon internalization of DNA-harboring EVs by human monocytes, P. falciparum DNA is released within the host cell cytosol, leading to STING-dependent DNA sensing. STING subsequently activates the kinase TBK1, which phosphorylates the transcription factor IRF3, causing IRF3 to translocate to the nucleus and induce STING-dependent gene expression. This DNA-sensing pathway may be an important decoy mechanism to promote P. falciparum virulence and thereby may affect future strategies to treat malaria. STING is an intracellular DNA sensor that can alter response to infection, but in the case of malaria it is unclear how parasite DNA in red blood cells (RBCs) reaches DNA sensors in immune cells. Here the authors show that STING in human monocytes can sense P. falciparum nucleic acids transported from infected RBCs via parasite extracellular vesicles.
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1065
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Sarker S, Wang Y, Warren-Smith B, Helbig KJ. Dynamic Changes in Host Gene Expression following In Vitro Viral Mimic Stimulation in Crocodile Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1634. [PMID: 29213275 PMCID: PMC5702629 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial control of viral infection in a host is dominated by a very well orchestrated early innate immune system; however, very little is known about the ability of a host to control viral infection outside of mammals. The reptiles offer an evolutionary bridge between the fish and mammals, with the crocodile having evolved from the archosauria clade that included the dinosaurs, and being the largest living reptile species. Using an RNA-seq approach, we have defined the dynamic changes of a passaged primary crocodile cell line to stimulation with both RNA and DNA viral mimics. Cells displayed a marked upregulation of many genes known to be involved in the mammalian response to viral infection, including viperin, Mx1, IRF7, IRF1, and RIG-I with approximately 10% of the genes being uncharacterized transcripts. Both pathway and genome analysis suggested that the crocodile may utilize the main known mammalian TLR and cytosolic antiviral RNA signaling pathways, with the pathways being responsible for sensing DNA viruses less clear. Viral mimic stimulation upregulated the type I interferon, IFN-Omega, with many known antiviral interferon-stimulated genes also being upregulated. This work demonstrates for the first time that reptiles show functional regulation of many known and unknown antiviral pathways and effector genes. An enhanced knowledge of these ancient antiviral pathways will not only add to our understanding of the host antiviral innate response in non-mammalian species, but is critical to fully comprehend the complexity of the mammalian innate immune response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Sarker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yinan Wang
- Genomics Research Platform, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brenden Warren-Smith
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karla J Helbig
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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1066
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Fang R, Jiang Q, Zhou X, Wang C, Guan Y, Tao J, Xi J, Feng JM, Jiang Z. MAVS activates TBK1 and IKKε through TRAFs in NEMO dependent and independent manner. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006720. [PMID: 29125880 PMCID: PMC5699845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) transmits signals from RIG-I-like receptors after RNA virus infections. However, the mechanism by which MAVS activates downstream components, such as TBK1 and IKKα/β, is unclear, although previous work suggests the involvement of NEMO or TBK1-binding proteins TANK, NAP1, and SINTBAD. Here, we report that MAVS-mediated innate immune activation is dependent on TRAFs, partially on NEMO, but not on TBK1-binding proteins. MAVS recruited TBK1/IKKε by TRAFs that were pre-associated with TBK1/IKKε via direct interaction between the coiled-coil domain of TRAFs and the SDD domain of TBK1/IKKε. TRAF2-/-3-/-5-/-6-/- cells completely lost RNA virus responses. TRAFs' E3 ligase activity was required for NEMO activation by synthesizing ubiquitin chains that bound to NEMO for NF-κB and TBK1/IKKε activation. NEMO-activated IKKα/β were important for TBK1/IKKε activation through IKKα/β-mediated TBK1/IKKε phosphorylation. Moreover, individual TRAFs differently mediated TBK1/IKKε activation and thus fine-tuned antiviral immunity under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Fang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qifei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yukun Guan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianli Tao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhong Xi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Ming Feng
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Zhengfan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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1067
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Chen YA, Shen YL, Hsia HY, Tiang YP, Sung TL, Chen LY. Extrachromosomal telomere repeat DNA is linked to ALT development via cGAS-STING DNA sensing pathway. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 24:1124-1131. [PMID: 29106411 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Extrachromosomal telomere repeat (ECTR) DNA is unique to cancer cells that maintain telomeres through the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway, but the role of ECTRs in ALT development remains elusive. We found that induction of ECTRs in normal human fibroblasts activated the cGAS-STING-TBK1-IRF3 signaling axis to trigger IFNβ production and a type I interferon response, resulting in cell-proliferation defects. In contrast, ALT cancer cells are commonly defective in sensing cytosolic DNA. We found that STING expression was inhibited in ALT cancer cell lines and transformed ALT cells. Notably, the ALT suppressors histone H3.3 and the ATRX-Daxx histone chaperone complex were also required to activate the DNA-sensing pathway. Collectively, our data suggest that the loss of the cGAS-STING pathway may be required to evade ECTR-induced anti-proliferation effects and permit ALT development, and this requirement may be exploited for treatments specific to cancers utilizing the ALT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-An Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Shen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Yu Hsia
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Peng Tiang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ling Sung
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liuh-Yow Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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1068
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Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are recognized by different cellular pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which are expressed on cell membrane or in the cytoplasm of cells of the innate immune system. Nucleic acids derived from pathogens or from certain cellular conditions represent a large category of PAMPs/DAMPs that trigger production of type I interferons (IFN-I) in addition to pro-inflammatory cytokines, by specifically binding to intracellular Toll-like receptors or cytosolic receptors. These cytosolic receptors, which are not related to TLRs and we call them “Toll-free” receptors, include the RNA-sensing RIG-I like receptors (RLRs), the DNA-sensing HIN200 family, and cGAS, amongst others. Viruses have evolved myriad strategies to evoke both host cellular and viral factors to evade IFN-I-mediated innate immune responses, to facilitate their infection, replication, and establishment of latency. This review outlines these “Toll-free” innate immune pathways and recent updates on their regulation, with focus on cellular and viral factors with enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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1069
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IRF3 and type I interferons fuel a fatal response to myocardial infarction. Nat Med 2017; 23:1481-1487. [PMID: 29106401 PMCID: PMC6477926 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and type I interferons (IFNs) protect against infections1 and cancer2, but excessive IRF3 activation and type I IFN production cause auto-inflammatory conditions such as Aicardi Goutieres Syndrome3,4 and STING-associated vasculopathy of infancy (SAVI)3. Myocardial infarction (MI) elicits inflammation5, but the dominant molecular drivers of MI-associated inflammation remain unclear. Here, we show that ischemic cell death in the heart fuels a fatal response to myocardial infarction by activating IRF3 and type I IFN production. In mice, single cell RNA-Seq analysis of 4,215 leukocytes isolated from infarcted and non-infarcted hearts revealed that MI provokes activation of an IRF3-interferon axis in a distinct population of interferon inducible cells (IFNICs that were classified as cardiac macrophages). Mice genetically deficient in cGAS, its adaptor STING, IRF3, or the type I interferon receptor IFNAR exhibited impaired interferon stimulated gene (ISG) expression and, in the case of mice deficient in IRF3 or IFNAR, improved survival after MI as compared to controls. Interruption of IRF3-dependent signaling resulted in decreased cardiac expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and decreased cardiac inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as in attenuated ventricular dilation and improved cardiac function. Similarly, treatment of mice with an IFNAR neutralizing antibody after MI ablated the IFN response and improved left ventricular dysfunction and survival. These results identify IRF3 and the type I interferon response as a potential therapeutic target for post-MI cardioprotection. The massive cell death that occurs during myocardial infarction releases self-DNA and triggers an interferon response in infiltrating leukocytes via a cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway. In mice subjected to myocardial infarction, genetic disrupton of this pathway or antibody blockade of the type I interferon receptor improved heart function and survival.
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1070
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Bengtsson AA, Rönnblom L. Role of interferons in SLE. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2017; 31:415-428. [PMID: 29224681 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that affects many different organ systems, with excessive production of type I interferons (IFNs) and autoantibodies against nucleic acids as hallmarks. Activation of the type I IFN system in SLE is due to continuous stimulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells by endogenous nucleic acids, leading to sustained type I IFN production. This is reflected by an overexpression of type I IFN-regulated genes or an IFN signature. Type I IFNs have effects on both the innate and adaptive immune systems, which contribute to both loss of tolerance and the autoimmune disease process. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of IFNs in SLE, focusing on their regulation, the influence of genetic background, and environmental factors and therapies that are under development aiming to inhibit the type I IFN system in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders A Bengtsson
- Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Rheumatology, 22185 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Lars Rönnblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Section of Rheumatology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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1071
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Wang B, Kang W, Zuo J, Kang W, Sun Y. The Significance of Type-I Interferons in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1431. [PMID: 29163506 PMCID: PMC5671973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Type-I interferons (IFN-I) are a widely expressed family that could promote antivirus immunity in the process of pathogens invasion. In a human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1)-infected individual, the production of IFN-I can be detected as early as the acute phase and will persist throughout the course of infection. However, sustained stimulation of immune system by IFN-I also contributes greatly to host-mediated immunopathology and diseases progression. Although the protective effects of IFN-I in the acute phase of HIV-1 infection have been observed, more studies recently focus on their detrimental role in the chronic stage. Inhibition of IFN-I signaling may reverse HIV-1-induced immune hyperactivation and furthermore reduce HIV-1 reservoirs, which suggest this strategy may provide a potential way to enhance the therapeutic effect of antiretroviral therapy. Therefore, we review the role of IFN-I in HIV-1 progression, their effects on different immunocytes, and therapeutic prospects targeting the IFN-I system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen Kang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiahui Zuo
- Clinical Laboratory, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenzhen Kang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongtao Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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1072
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Lu L, Wang X, Wu S, Song X, Zou Z, Xie X, Xiao J, Chen S, Feng H. Black carp STING functions importantly in innate immune defense against RNA virus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:13-24. [PMID: 28863891 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a central and multifaceted mediator in the innate immune response of higher vertebrates. To explore its role in teleost fish, the STING homolog of black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) (bcSTING) has been cloned and characterized in this paper. bcSTING transcription in Mylopharyngodon piceus fin (MPF) cells increased remarkably in response to GCRV and SVCV infection, or poly (I:C) stimulation. bcSTING migrated around 42 KDa in immunoblot assay and was identified as a cytosolic protein locating on ER majorly through immunofluorescence staining. Under condition of SVCV/GCRV infection or poly (I:C) stimulation, the subcellular distribution of bcSTING majorly displayed on mitochondria, which overlapped with that of bcMAVS. HA-bcSTING instead of bcSTING-HA presented strong IFN-inducing activity in reporter assay and antiviral ability against both SVCV and GCRV in plaque assay. Site mutation of serine (S) on C-terminus of bcSTING demonstrated that both S371 and S379 were crucial for its mediated signaling. Taken together, our study support the conclusion that bcSTING plays an important role in host innate immune defense against RNA virus such as SVCV and GCRV, in which its C-terminus functions crucially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Sizhong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xuejiao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Ziqi Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xinchi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Song Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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1073
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Carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) suppresses STING-mediated DNA sensing pathway through inducing mitochondrial fission. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:737-743. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.08.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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1074
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Chen J, Du H, Cui S, Liu T, Yang G, Sun H, Tao W, Jiang B, Yu L, You F. E. fischeriana Root Compound Dpo Activates Antiviral Innate Immunity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:456. [PMID: 29124042 PMCID: PMC5662903 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
E. fischeriana has long been used as a traditional Chinese medicine. Recent studies reported that some compounds of E. fischeriana exhibited antimicrobial and immune enhance activity. Innate immune system is essential for the immune surveillance of inner and outer threats, initial host defense responses and immune modulation. The role of natural drug compounds, including E. fischeriana, in innate immune regulation is largely unknown. Here we demonstrated that E. fischeriana compound Dpo is involved in antiviral signaling. The genome wide RNA-seq analysis revealed that the induction of ISGs by viral infection could be synergized by Dpo. Consistently, Dpo enhanced the antiviral immune responses and protected the mice from death during viral infection. Dpo however was not able to rescue STING deficient mice lethality caused by HSV-1 infection. The enhancement of ISG15 by Dpo was also impaired in STING, IRF3, IRF7, or ELF4 deficient cells, demonstrating that Dpo activates innate immune responses in a STING/IRFs/ELF4 dependent way. The STING/IRFs/ELF4 axis is therefore important for Dpo induced ISGs expression, and can be used by host to counteract infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Chen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqiang Du
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Cui
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University Beijing, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHFPC), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaping Sun
- Jiangsu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Tao
- Center for Translational Systems Biology and Neuroscience, School of Basic Biomedical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Baoping Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Pharmacy College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Pharmacy College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fuping You
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Department of Parasitology, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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1075
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Wang P, Xu J, Wang Y, Cao X. An interferon-independent lncRNA promotes viral replication by modulating cellular metabolism. Science 2017; 358:1051-1055. [PMID: 29074580 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viruses regulate host metabolic networks to improve their survival. The molecules that are responsive to viral infection and regulate such metabolic changes are hardly known, but are essential for understanding viral infection. Here we identify a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that is induced by multiple viruses, but not by type I interferon (IFN-I), and facilitates viral replication in mouse and human cells. In vivo deficiency of lncRNA-ACOD1 (a lncRNA identified by its nearest coding gene Acod1, aconitate decarboxylase 1) significantly attenuates viral infection through IFN-I-IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3)-independent pathways. Cytoplasmic lncRNA-ACOD1 directly binds the metabolic enzyme glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT2) near the substrate niche, enhancing its catalytic activity. Recombinant GOT2 protein and its metabolites could rescue viral replication upon lncRNA-ACOD1 deficiency and increase lethality. This work reveals a feedback mechanism of virus-induced lncRNA-mediated metabolic promotion of viral infection and a potential target for developing broad-acting antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Junfang Xu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China. .,Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Department of Immunology and Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
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1076
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Tan P, He L, Cui J, Qian C, Cao X, Lin M, Zhu Q, Li Y, Xing C, Yu X, Wang HY, Wang RF. Assembly of the WHIP-TRIM14-PPP6C Mitochondrial Complex Promotes RIG-I-Mediated Antiviral Signaling. Mol Cell 2017; 68:293-307.e5. [PMID: 29053956 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial antiviral signaling platform protein (MAVS) acts as a central hub for RIG-I receptor proximal signal propagation. However, key components in the assembly of the MAVS mitochondrial platform that promote RIG-I mitochondrial localization and optimal activation are still largely undefined. Employing pooled RNAi and yeast two-hybrid screenings, we report that the mitochondrial adaptor protein tripartite motif (TRIM)14 provides a docking platform for the assembly of the mitochondrial signaling complex required for maximal activation of RIG-I-mediated signaling, consisting of WHIP and protein phosphatase PPP6C. Following viral infection, the ubiquitin-binding domain in WHIP bridges RIG-I with MAVS by binding to polyUb chains of RIG-I at lysine 164. The ATPase domain in WHIP contributes to stabilization of the RIG-I-dsRNA interaction. Moreover, phosphatase PPP6C is responsible for RIG-I dephosphorylation. Together, our findings define the WHIP-TRIM14-PPP6C mitochondrial signalosome required for RIG-I-mediated innate antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Tan
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lian He
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jun Cui
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chen Qian
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xin Cao
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Meng Lin
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qingyuan Zhu
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yinyin Li
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiao Yu
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Helen Y Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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1077
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Xing J, Zhang A, Zhang H, Wang J, Li XC, Zeng MS, Zhang Z. TRIM29 promotes DNA virus infections by inhibiting innate immune response. Nat Commun 2017; 8:945. [PMID: 29038422 PMCID: PMC5643338 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00101-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many double-stranded DNA viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus, can establish persistent infection, but the underlying virus-host interactions remain poorly understood. Here we report that in human airway epithelial cells Epstein-Barr virus induces TRIM29, a member of the TRIM family of proteins, to inhibit innate immune activation. Knockdown of TRIM29 in airway epithelial cells enhances type I interferon production, and in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells results in almost complete Epstein-Barr virus clearance. TRIM29 is also highly induced by cytosolic double-stranded DNA in myeloid dendritic cells. TRIM29 -/- mice have lower adenovirus titers in the lung, and are resistant to lethal herpes simplex virus-1 infection due to enhanced production of type I interferon. Mechanistically, TRIM29 induces K48-linked ubiquitination of Stimulator of interferon genes, a key adaptor in double-stranded DNA-sensing pathway, followed by its rapid degradation. These data demonstrate that Epstein-Barr virus and possible other double-stranded DNA viruses use TRIM29 to suppress local innate immunity, leading to the persistence of DNA virus infections.Proteins of the TRIM family have regulatory functions in immune signaling, often via ubiquitination of target proteins. Here, the authors show that TRIM29 is induced upon infection with DNA viruses, resulting in degradation of STING, decreased interferon signaling and increased pathogenicity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Xing
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xian Chang Li
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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1078
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Gaidt MM, Ebert TS, Chauhan D, Ramshorn K, Pinci F, Zuber S, O'Duill F, Schmid-Burgk JL, Hoss F, Buhmann R, Wittmann G, Latz E, Subklewe M, Hornung V. The DNA Inflammasome in Human Myeloid Cells Is Initiated by a STING-Cell Death Program Upstream of NLRP3. Cell 2017; 171:1110-1124.e18. [PMID: 29033128 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Detection of cytosolic DNA constitutes a central event in the context of numerous infectious and sterile inflammatory conditions. Recent studies have uncovered a bipartite mode of cytosolic DNA recognition, in which the cGAS-STING axis triggers antiviral immunity, whereas AIM2 triggers inflammasome activation. Here, we show that AIM2 is dispensable for DNA-mediated inflammasome activation in human myeloid cells. Instead, detection of cytosolic DNA by the cGAS-STING axis induces a cell death program initiating potassium efflux upstream of NLRP3. Forward genetics identified regulators of lysosomal trafficking to modulate this cell death program, and subsequent studies revealed that activated STING traffics to the lysosome, where it triggers membrane permeabilization and thus lysosomal cell death (LCD). Importantly, the cGAS-STING-NLRP3 pathway constitutes the default inflammasome response during viral and bacterial infections in human myeloid cells. We conclude that targeting the cGAS-STING-LCD-NLRP3 pathway will ameliorate pathology in inflammatory conditions that are associated with cytosolic DNA sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz M Gaidt
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas S Ebert
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dhruv Chauhan
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Ramshorn
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Francesca Pinci
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Zuber
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Fionan O'Duill
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jonathan L Schmid-Burgk
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Hoss
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Raymund Buhmann
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Wittmann
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Marion Subklewe
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany; Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany; Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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1079
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TLR4 Signaling Pathway Modulators as Potential Therapeutics in Inflammation and Sepsis. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5040034. [PMID: 28976923 PMCID: PMC5748601 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) signal pathway plays an important role in initiating the innate immune response and its activation by bacterial endotoxin is responsible for chronic and acute inflammatory disorders that are becoming more and more frequent in developed countries. Modulation of the TLR4 pathway is a potential strategy to specifically target these pathologies. Among the diseases caused by TLR4 abnormal activation by bacterial endotoxin, sepsis is the most dangerous one because it is a life-threatening acute system inflammatory condition that still lacks specific pharmacological treatment. Here, we review molecules at a preclinical or clinical phase of development, that are active in inhibiting the TLR4-MyD88 and TLR4-TRIF pathways in animal models. These are low-molecular weight compounds of natural and synthetic origin that can be considered leads for drug development. The results of in vivo studies in the sepsis model and the mechanisms of action of drug leads are presented and critically discussed, evidencing the differences in treatment results from rodents to humans.
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1080
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Margolis SR, Wilson SC, Vance RE. Evolutionary Origins of cGAS-STING Signaling. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:733-743. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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1081
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Kim JE, Kim YE, Stinski MF, Ahn JH, Song YJ. Human Cytomegalovirus IE2 86 kDa Protein Induces STING Degradation and Inhibits cGAMP-Mediated IFN-β Induction. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1854. [PMID: 29018427 PMCID: PMC5622937 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a critical signaling molecule in the innate immune response against DNA viruses by either directly sensing intracellular DNA or functioning as an adaptor molecule to activate the type I interferon (IFN) signaling pathway. We determined the functional interaction between STING and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). A cDNA library containing 133 HCMV ORFs was screened to identify viral genes that inhibit STING-induced IFN-β promoter activation. Among the screened ORFs, UL122, which encodes the immediate-early 2 86 kDa (IE86) protein, strongly abolished STING-induced IFN-β promoter activation. Interestingly, IE86 protein facilitated the proteasome-dependent degradation of STING and inhibited 2′3′-cGAMP-mediated induction of IFNB1 and CXCL10. Taken together, this study demonstrates the existence of a post-translational regulation of STING by HCMV IE86 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Young-Eui Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Mark F Stinski
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Yoon-Jae Song
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
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1082
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Yan BR, Zhou L, Hu MM, Li M, Lin H, Yang Y, Wang YY, Shu HB. PKACs attenuate innate antiviral response by phosphorylating VISA and priming it for MARCH5-mediated degradation. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006648. [PMID: 28934360 PMCID: PMC5626498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing of viral RNA by RIG-I-like receptors initiates innate antiviral response, which is mediated by the central adaptor VISA. How the RIG-I-VISA-mediated antiviral response is terminated at the late phase of infection is enigmatic. Here we identified the protein kinase A catalytic (PKAC) subunits α and β as negative regulators of RNA virus-triggered signaling in a redundant manner. Viral infection up-regulated cellular cAMP levels and activated PKACs, which then phosphorylated VISA at T54. This phosphorylation abrogated virus-induced aggregation of VISA and primed it for K48-linked polyubiquitination and degradation by the E3 ligase MARCH5, leading to attenuation of virus-triggered induction of downstream antiviral genes. PKACs-deficiency or inactivation by the inhibitor H89 potentiated innate immunity to RNA viruses in cells and mice. Our findings reveal a critical mechanism of attenuating innate immune response to avoid host damage at the late phase of viral infection by the house-keeping PKA kinase. VISA is a central adaptor protein required for innate immune response to RNA virus. Phosphorylation of VISA by protein kinase A leads to its polyubiquitination and degradation by the E3 ligase MARCH5 at the late phase of viral infection, which provides a critical control mechanism for the host to avoid excessive and harmful immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Ru Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming-Ming Hu
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Yi Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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1083
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Purbey PK, Scumpia PO, Kim PJ, Tong AJ, Iwamoto KS, McBride WH, Smale ST. Defined Sensing Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways Contribute to the Global Inflammatory Gene Expression Output Elicited by Ionizing Radiation. Immunity 2017; 47:421-434.e3. [PMID: 28930658 PMCID: PMC5661954 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Environmental insults are often detected by multiple sensors that activate diverse signaling pathways and transcriptional regulators, leading to a tailored transcriptional output. To understand how a tailored response is coordinated, we examined the inflammatory response elicited in mouse macrophages by ionizing radiation (IR). RNA-sequencing studies revealed that most radiation-induced genes were strongly dependent on only one of a small number of sensors and signaling pathways, notably the DNA damage-induced kinase ATM, which regulated many IR-response genes, including interferon response genes, via an atypical IRF1-dependent, STING-independent mechanism. Moreover, small, defined sets of genes activated by p53 and NRF2 accounted for the selective response to radiation in comparison to a microbial inducer of inflammation. Our findings reveal that genes comprising an environmental response are activated by defined sensing mechanisms with a high degree of selectivity, and they identify distinct components of the radiation response that might be susceptible to therapeutic perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat K Purbey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Philip O Scumpia
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter J Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ann-Jay Tong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Keisuke S Iwamoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stephen T Smale
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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1084
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Cooper JM, Ou YH, McMillan EA, Vaden RM, Zaman A, Bodemann BO, Makkar G, Posner BA, White MA. TBK1 Provides Context-Selective Support of the Activated AKT/mTOR Pathway in Lung Cancer. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5077-5094. [PMID: 28716898 PMCID: PMC5833933 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Emerging observations link dysregulation of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) to developmental disorders, inflammatory disease, and cancer. Biochemical mechanisms accounting for direct participation of TBK1 in host defense signaling have been well described. However, the molecular underpinnings of the selective participation of TBK1 in a myriad of additional cell biological systems in normal and pathophysiologic contexts remain poorly understood. To elucidate the context-selective role of TBK1 in cancer cell survival, we employed a combination of broad-scale chemogenomic and interactome discovery strategies to generate data-driven mechanism-of-action hypotheses. This approach uncovered evidence that TBK1 supports AKT/mTORC1 pathway activation and function through direct modulation of multiple pathway components acting both upstream and downstream of the mTOR kinase itself. Furthermore, we identified distinct molecular features in which mesenchymal, Ras-mutant lung cancer is acutely dependent on TBK1-mediated support of AKT/mTORC1 pathway activation for survival. Cancer Res; 77(18); 5077-94. ©2017 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Mesoderm/drug effects
- Mesoderm/metabolism
- Mesoderm/pathology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Small Molecule Libraries/pharmacology
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Cooper
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yi-Hung Ou
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Rachel M Vaden
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Aubhishek Zaman
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Brian O Bodemann
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Gurbani Makkar
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Bruce A Posner
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Michael A White
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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1085
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Abstract
Infections can cause a multitude of stresses on the host and microbe. To detect potential infections, the mammalian immune system utilizes several families of pattern recognition receptors, which survey the intracellular and extracellular environments for microbial products. Members of each receptor family induce antimicrobial effector responses, which include inflammatory cytokine or interferon expression, downregulation of protein synthesis, or host cell death. In this review, we discuss the benefits of each of these innate immune responses. We highlight how non-infectious bacteria and viruses typically activate a single family of receptors, which results in a predictable host response. Infections with virulent pathogens, in contrast, may activate receptors from distinct families. As each receptor family may induce responses that antagonize or synergize with the activities of another family, cell fate decisions during pathogenic encounters are unpredictable. Understanding the antagonistic antimicrobial activities of the innate immune system should provide insight into how cell fate decisions are made during infections and potentially during other environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Franz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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1086
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Gulen MF, Koch U, Haag SM, Schuler F, Apetoh L, Villunger A, Radtke F, Ablasser A. Signalling strength determines proapoptotic functions of STING. Nat Commun 2017; 8:427. [PMID: 28874664 PMCID: PMC5585373 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00573-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells use cytosolic nucleic acid receptors to detect pathogens and other stress signals. In innate immune cells the presence of cytosolic DNA is sensed by the cGAS-STING signalling pathway, which initiates a gene expression programme linked to cellular activation and cytokine production. Whether the outcome of the STING response varies between distinct cell types remains largely unknown. Here we show that T cells exhibit an intensified STING response, which leads to the expression of a distinct set of genes and results in the induction of apoptosis. Of note, this proapoptotic STING response is still functional in cancerous T cells and delivery of small molecule STING agonists prevents in vivo growth of T-cell-derived tumours independent of its adjuvant activity. Our results demonstrate how the magnitude of STING signalling can shape distinct effector responses, which may permit for cell type-adjusted behaviours towards endogenous or exogenous insults.The cGAS/STING signalling pathway is responsible for sensing intracellular DNA and activating downstream inflammatory genes. Here the authors show mouse primary T cells and T leukaemia are hyperresponsive to STING agonist, and this strong STING signalling is associated with apoptosis induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet F Gulen
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ute Koch
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simone M Haag
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Schuler
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lionel Apetoh
- INSERM U866, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne, 7 Boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21078, Dijon, France
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innrain 66, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Freddy Radtke
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Ablasser
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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1087
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Qin Y, Li M, Zhou SL, Yin W, Bian Z, Shu HB. SPI-2/CrmA inhibits IFN-β induction by targeting TBK1/IKKε. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10495. [PMID: 28874755 PMCID: PMC5585206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses modulate the host immune system to evade host antiviral responses. The poxvirus proteins serine proteinase inhibitor 2 (SPI-2) and cytokine response modifier A (CrmA) are involved in multiple poxvirus evasion strategies. SPI-2 and CrmA target caspase-1 to prevent apoptosis and cytokine activation. Here, we identified SPI-2 and CrmA as negative regulators of virus-triggered induction of IFN-β. Ectopic expression of SPI-2 or CrmA inhibited virus-triggered induction of IFN-β and its downstream genes. Consistently, knockdown of SPI-2 by RNAi potentiated VACV-induced transcription of antiviral genes. Further studies revealed that SPI-2 and CrmA associated with TBK1 and IKKε to disrupt the MITA-TBK1/IKKε-IRF3 complex. These findings reveal a novel mechanism of SPI-2/CrmA-mediated poxvirus immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qin
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, Hubei Province and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education (Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBME), School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Mi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Sheng-Long Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, Hubei Province and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education (Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBME), School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wei Yin
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, Hubei Province and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education (Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBME), School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Zhuan Bian
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, Hubei Province and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education (Hubei-MOST KLOS & KLOBME), School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.,Medical Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Viral Immunology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
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1088
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Cui J, Yang Q, Song W, Zhao X, Bi D, Xu T. Functional characterization and subcellular localization of miiuy croaker cytosolic MITA involved in activation NF-κB pathway. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:29-36. [PMID: 28684325 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the innate immune responses in host protection, pattern recognition receptors are involve in a variety of sensing mechanisms to recognize and counter pathogen invasion. Recently, a resident endoplasmic reticulum adaptor, stimulator of interferon genes (STING) protein, also called MPYS, ERIS and MITA, has been indicated to play a critical role in innate immune responses. In this study, bioinformatics and functions of MITA from miiuy croaker (mmiMITA) were characterized. MmiMITA was ubiquitously expressed in the detected tissues of miiuy croaker and the highest expression in liver. Moreover, the expressions were dramatically upregulated in liver, spleen and kidney after stimulation with poly(I:C). Meanwhile, the expressions analysis of mmiMITA at the transcriptome database further prove that upon different stimuli, mmiMITA is most sensitive to the stimulation of poly(I:C) in vivo. Furthermore, the immunofluorescence of mmiMITA shows in the cytoplasm of Hela cells. Overexpression of mmiMITA can activate NF-κB reporter gene, it implying that mmiMITA might act as an important role in immune responses by activating NF-κB to induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The research of mmiMITA will enrich the information of teleost fish MITA and the functional experiments also will be helpful for researching about fish immune systems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Cui
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Weihua Song
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Xueyan Zhao
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Dekun Bi
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Tianjun Xu
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China.
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1089
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He F, Melén K, Maljanen S, Lundberg R, Jiang M, Österlund P, Kakkola L, Julkunen I. Ebolavirus protein VP24 interferes with innate immune responses by inhibiting interferon-λ1 gene expression. Virology 2017; 509:23-34. [PMID: 28595092 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ebolaviruses (EBOV) cause severe disease with a recent outbreak in West Africa in 2014-2015 leading to more than 28 000 cases and 11 300 fatalities. This emphasizes the urgent need for better knowledge on these highly pathogenic RNA viruses. Host innate immune responses play a key role in restricting the spread of a viral disease. In this study we systematically analyzed the effects of cloned EBOV genes on the main host immune response to RNA viruses: the activation of RIG-I pathway and type I and III interferon (IFN) gene expression. EBOV VP24, in addition of inhibiting IFN-induced antiviral responses, was found to efficiently inhibit type III IFN-λ1 gene expression. This inhibition was found to occur downstream of IRF3 activation and to be dependent on VP24 importin binding residues. These results emphasize the importance of VP24 in EBOV infection cycle, making VP24 as an excellent target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix He
- Institute of Biomedicine/Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Krister Melén
- Institute of Biomedicine/Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520 Turku, Finland; Expert Microbiology Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sari Maljanen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Rickard Lundberg
- Institute of Biomedicine/Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Miao Jiang
- Expert Microbiology Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Pamela Österlund
- Expert Microbiology Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Institute of Biomedicine/Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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1090
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Rotavirus NSP1 Requires Casein Kinase II-Mediated Phosphorylation for Hijacking of Cullin-RING Ligases. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.01213-17. [PMID: 28851847 PMCID: PMC5574712 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01213-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rotavirus nonstructural protein NSP1 repurposes cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs) to antagonize innate immune responses. By functioning as substrate adaptors of hijacked CRLs, NSP1 causes ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of host proteins that are essential for expression of interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated gene products. The target of most human and porcine rotaviruses is the β-transducin repeat-containing protein (β-TrCP), a regulator of NF-κB activation. β-TrCP recognizes a phosphorylated degron (DSGΦXS) present in the inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB); phosphorylation of the IκB degron is mediated by IκB kinase (IKK). Because NSP1 contains a C-terminal IκB-like degron (ILD; DSGXS) that recruits β-TrCP, we investigated whether the NSP1 ILD is similarly activated by phosphorylation and whether this modification is required to trigger the incorporation of NSP1 into CRLs. Based on mutagenesis and phosphatase treatment studies, we found that both serine residues of the NSP1 ILD are phosphorylated, a pattern mimicking phosphorylation of IκB. A three-pronged approach using small-molecule inhibitors, small interfering RNAs, and mutagenesis demonstrated that NSP1 phosphorylation is mediated by the constitutively active casein kinase II (CKII), rather than IKK. In coimmunoprecipitation assays, we found that this modification was essential for NSP1 recruitment of β-TrCP and induced changes involving the NSP1 N-terminal RING motif that allowed formation of Cul3-NSP1 complexes. Taken together, our results indicate a highly regulated stepwise process in the formation of NSP1-Cul3 CRLs that is initiated by CKII phosphorylation of NSP1, followed by NSP1 recruitment of β-TrCP and ending with incorporation of the NSP1–β-TrCP complex into the CRL via interactions dependent on the highly conserved NSP1 RING motif. Rotavirus is a segmented double-stranded RNA virus that causes severe diarrhea in young children. A primary mechanism used by the virus to inhibit host innate immune responses is to hijack cellular cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs) and redirect their targeting activity to the degradation of cellular proteins crucial for interferon expression. This task is accomplished through the rotavirus nonstructural protein NSP1, which incorporates itself into a CRL and serves as a substrate recognition subunit. The substrate recognized by the NSP1 of many human and porcine rotaviruses is β-TrCP, a protein that regulates the transcription factor NF-κB. In this study, we show that formation of NSP1 CRLs is a highly regulated stepwise process initiated by CKII phosphorylation of the β-TrCP recognition motif in NSP1. This modification triggers recruitment of the β-TrCP substrate and induces subsequent changes in a highly conserved NSP1 RING domain that allow anchoring of the NSP1–β-TrCP complex to a cullin scaffold.
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1091
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Keestra-Gounder AM, Tsolis RM. NOD1 and NOD2: Beyond Peptidoglycan Sensing. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:758-767. [PMID: 28823510 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NOD1 and NOD2 are pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system with well-established roles in sensing fragments of bacterial peptidoglycan. In addition to their role as microbial sensors, recent evidence indicates that nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains (NODs) can also recognize a broader array of danger signals. Indeed, recent work has expanded the roles of NOD1 and NOD2 to encompass not only sensing of infections with viruses and parasites but also perceiving perturbations of cellular processes such as regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and maintenance of endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. This review will comment on recent progress and point out emerging questions in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renée M Tsolis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA USA.
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1092
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Zhou Y, He C, Wang L, Ge B. Post-translational regulation of antiviral innate signaling. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1414-1426. [PMID: 28744851 PMCID: PMC7163624 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201746959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system initiates immune responses by pattern‐recognition receptors (PRR). Virus‐derived nucleic acids are sensed by the retinoic acid‐inducible gene I (RIG‐I)‐like receptor (RLR) family and the toll‐like receptor (TLR) family as well as the DNA sensor cyclic GMP‐AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS). These receptors activate IRF3/7 and NF‐κB signaling pathways to induce the expression of type I interferons (IFNs) and other cytokines firing antiviral responses within the cell. However, to achieve a favorable outcome for the host, a balanced production of IFNs and activation of antiviral responses is required. Post‐translational modifications (PTMs), such as the covalent linkage of functional groups to amino acid chains, are crucial for this immune homeostasis in antiviral responses. Canonical PTMs including phosphorylation and ubiquitination have been extensively studied and other PTMs such as methylation, acetylation, SUMOylation, ADP‐ribosylation and glutamylation are being increasingly implicated in antiviral innate immunity. Here we summarize our recent understanding of the most important PTMs regulating the antiviral innate immune response, and their role in virus‐related immune pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Zhou
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxi He
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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1093
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Luecke S, Holleufer A, Christensen MH, Jønsson KL, Boni GA, Sørensen LK, Johannsen M, Jakobsen MR, Hartmann R, Paludan SR. cGAS is activated by DNA in a length-dependent manner. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1707-1715. [PMID: 28801534 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic DNA stimulates innate immune responses, including type I interferons (IFN), which have antiviral and immunomodulatory activities. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) recognizes cytoplasmic DNA and signals via STING to induce IFN production. Despite the importance of DNA in innate immunity, the nature of the DNA that stimulates IFN production is not well described. Using low DNA concentrations, we show that dsDNA induces IFN in a length-dependent manner. This is observed over a wide length-span of DNA, ranging from the minimal stimulatory length to several kilobases, and is fully dependent on cGAS irrespective of DNA length. Importantly, in vitro studies reveal that long DNA activates recombinant human cGAS more efficiently than short DNA, showing that length-dependent DNA recognition is an intrinsic property of cGAS independent of accessory proteins. Collectively, this work identifies long DNA as the molecular entity stimulating the cGAS pathway upon cytosolic DNA challenge such as viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Luecke
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas Holleufer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Gerardo A Boni
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lambert K Sørensen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mogens Johannsen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Rune Hartmann
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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1094
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Feng T, Sun T, Li G, Pan W, Wang K, Dai J. DEAD-Box Helicase DDX25 Is a Negative Regulator of Type I Interferon Pathway and Facilitates RNA Virus Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:356. [PMID: 28824886 PMCID: PMC5543031 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease that rapidly spread in tropic and subtropic area in recent years. DEAD (Glu-Asp-Ala-Glu)-box RNA helicases have been reported to play important roles in viral infection, either as cytosolic sensors of viral nucleic acids or as essential host factors for the replication of different viruses. In this study, we reported that DDX25, a DEAD-box RNA helicase, plays a proviral role in DENV infection. The expression levels of DDX25 mRNA and protein were upregulated in DENV infected cells. During DENV infection, the intracellular viral loads were significantly lower in DDX25 silenced cells and higher in DDX25 overexpressed cells. Meanwhile, the expression level of type I interferon (IFN) was increased in DDX25 siRNA treated cells during viral infection. Consistent with the in vitro findings, the Ddx25-transgenic mice have an increased susceptibility to lethal vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) virus challenge. The viremia was significantly higher while the anti-viral cytokine levels were lower in Ddx25-transgenic mice. Further, DDX25 modulated RIG-I signaling pathway and blocked IFNβ production, by interrupting IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and NFκB activation. Thus, DDX25 is a novel negative regulator of IFN pathway and facilitates RNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Ta Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Guanghao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Wen Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Kezhen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
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1095
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Park G, Kim SY, Song YJ. Ester alkaloids from Cephalotaxus interfere with the 2'3'-cGAMP-induced type I interferon pathway in vitro. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182701. [PMID: 28771599 PMCID: PMC5542643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated activation of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway by self-DNA contributes to interferonopathy and promotes autoimmune diseases. To identify potential suppressors of STING-induced type I interferon (IFN) induction, ethanol extracts of medicinal plants were screened for inhibitory activity against IFN-ß promoter activation. Notably, 70% ethanol extract of Cephalotaxus koreana specifically down-regulated STING-induced, but not TBK1- or IRF3-induced, IFN-ß promoter activity. The compounds exerting inhibitory activity specifically against STING-mediated IFN-ß promoter activation were identified as ester alkaloids isolated from the genus, Cephalotaxus, homoharringtonine and harringtonine. Furthermore, these two compounds inhibited 2’3’-cGAMP-induced IFN-stimulated gene expression and interaction between STING and TBK1. These suppressive effects were not observed with cephalotaxine devoid of the ester side-chain. Our data support the potential utility of homoharringtonine and harringtonine to treat STING-associated interferonopathy and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayoung Park
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam-Si, Kyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yoon-Jae Song
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam-Si, Kyeonggi-Do, Korea
- * E-mail:
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1096
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Berraondo P, Minute L, Ajona D, Corrales L, Melero I, Pio R. Innate immune mediators in cancer: between defense and resistance. Immunol Rev 2017; 274:290-306. [PMID: 27782320 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in the tumor microenvironment and evasion of the antitumor effector immune response are two of the emerging hallmarks required for oncogenesis and cancer progression. The innate immune system not only plays a critical role in perpetuating these tumor-promoting hallmarks but also in developing antitumor adaptive immune responses. Thus, understanding the dual role of the innate system in cancer immunology is required for the design of combined immunotherapy strategies able to tackle established tumors. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of the role of cell populations and soluble components of the innate immune system in cancer, with a focus on complement, the adapter molecule Stimulator of Interferon Genes, natural killer cells, myeloid cells, and B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Berraondo
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luna Minute
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Daniel Ajona
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Program of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, CIMA, Pamplona, Spain.,Deparment of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Melero
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ruben Pio
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain. .,Program of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, CIMA, Pamplona, Spain. .,Deparment of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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1097
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Sokolowska O, Nowis D. STING Signaling in Cancer Cells: Important or Not? Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 66:125-132. [PMID: 28748479 PMCID: PMC5851689 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-017-0481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an adaptor protein that plays an important role in the activation of type I interferons in response to cytosolic nucleic acid ligands. Recent evidence indicates involvement of the STING pathway in the induction of antitumor immune response. Therefore, STING agonists are now being extensively developed as a new class of cancer therapeutics. However, little is known about the consequences of activated STING-mediated signaling in cancer cells on the efficacy of the antitumor treatment. It has been shown that activation of the STING-dependent pathway in cancer cells can result in tumor infiltration with immune cells and modulation of the anticancer immune response. Understanding the function of STING pathway in cancer cells might provide important insights into the development of effective therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on the role of STING pathway in cancer cells, the largely unknown topic that has recently emerged to be important in the context of STING-mediated antitumor responses.
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1098
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Guo X, Shu C, Li H, Pei Y, Woo SL, Zheng J, Liu M, Xu H, Botchlett R, Guo T, Cai Y, Gao X, Zhou J, Chen L, Li Q, Xiao X, Xie L, Zhang KK, Ji JY, Huo Y, Meng F, Alpini G, Li P, Wu C. Cyclic GMP-AMP Ameliorates Diet-induced Metabolic Dysregulation and Regulates Proinflammatory Responses Distinctly from STING Activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6355. [PMID: 28743914 PMCID: PMC5526935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05884-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) binds and activates STING to induce type I interferons. However, whether cGAMP plays any roles in regulating metabolic homeostasis remains unknown. Here we show that exogenous cGAMP ameliorates obesity-associated metabolic dysregulation and uniquely alters proinflammatory responses. In obese mice, treatment with cGAMP significantly decreases diet-induced proinflammatory responses in liver and adipose tissues and ameliorates metabolic dysregulation. Strikingly, cGAMP exerts cell-type-specific anti-inflammatory effects on macrophages, hepatocytes, and adipocytes, which is distinct from the effect of STING activation by DMXAA on enhancing proinflammatory responses. While enhancing insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation in hepatocytes and adipocytes, cGAMP weakens the effects of glucagon on stimulating hepatocyte gluconeogenic enzyme expression and glucose output and blunts palmitate-induced hepatocyte fat deposition in an Akt-dependent manner. Taken together, these results suggest an essential role for cGAMP in linking innate immunity and metabolic homeostasis, indicating potential applications of cGAMP in treating obesity-associated inflammatory and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Chang Shu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Honggui Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ya Pei
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Shih-Lung Woo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Juan Zheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Mengyang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Hang Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Rachel Botchlett
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ting Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yuli Cai
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Xinsheng Gao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Qifu Li
- Department of Endocrinology and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,The Laboratory of Lipid & Glucose Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Linglin Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ke K Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Jun-Yuan Ji
- Department of Endocrinology and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.,Drug Discovery Center, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Departments of Medical Physiology and Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Departments of Medical Physiology and Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
| | - Pingwei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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1099
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Quicke KM, Diamond MS, Suthar MS. Negative regulators of the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:615-628. [PMID: 28295214 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Upon recognition of specific molecular patterns on microbes, host cells trigger an innate immune response, which culminates in the production of type I interferons, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and restricts pathogen replication and spread within the host. At each stage of this response, there are stimulatory and inhibitory signals that regulate the magnitude, quality, and character of the response. Positive regulation promotes an antiviral state to control and eventually clear infection, whereas negative regulation dampens inflammation and prevents immune-mediated tissue damage. An overexuberant innate response can lead to cell and tissue destruction, and the development of spontaneous autoimmunity. The retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), belong to a family of cytosolic host RNA helicases that recognize distinct nonself RNA signatures and trigger innate immune responses against several RNA viruses by signaling through the essential adaptor protein mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS). The RLR signaling pathway is tightly regulated to maximize antiviral immunity and minimize immune-mediated pathology. This review highlights contemporary findings on negative regulators of the RLR signaling pathway, with specific focus on the proteins and biological processes that directly regulate RIG-I, MDA5 and MAVS signaling function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra M Quicke
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Baker PJ, De Nardo D, Moghaddas F, Tran LS, Bachem A, Nguyen T, Hayman T, Tye H, Vince JE, Bedoui S, Ferrero RL, Masters SL. Posttranslational Modification as a Critical Determinant of Cytoplasmic Innate Immune Recognition. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1165-1209. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00026.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface innate immune receptors can directly detect a variety of extracellular pathogens to which cytoplasmic innate immune sensors are rarely exposed. Instead, within the cytoplasm, the environment is rife with cellular machinery and signaling pathways that are indirectly perturbed by pathogenic microbes to activate intracellular sensors, such as pyrin, NLRP1, NLRP3, or NLRC4. Therefore, subtle changes in key intracellular processes such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and other pathways leading to posttranslational protein modification are key determinants of innate immune recognition in the cytoplasm. This concept is critical to establish the “guard hypothesis” whereby otherwise homeostatic pathways that keep innate immune sensors at bay are released in response to alterations in their posttranslational modification status. Originally identified in plants, evidence that a similar guardlike mechanism exists in humans has recently been identified, whereby a mutation that prevents phosphorylation of the innate immune sensor pyrin triggers a dominantly inherited autoinflammatory disease. It is also noteworthy that even when a cytoplasmic innate immune sensor has a direct ligand, such as bacterial peptidoglycan (NOD1 or NOD2), RNA (RIG-I or MDA5), or DNA (cGAS or IFI16), it can still be influenced by posttranslational modification to dramatically alter its response. Therefore, due to their existence in the cytoplasmic milieu, posttranslational modification is a key determinant of intracellular innate immune receptor functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Baker
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Dominic De Nardo
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Fiona Moghaddas
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Le Son Tran
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Annabell Bachem
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Tan Nguyen
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Thomas Hayman
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Hazel Tye
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - James E. Vince
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Richard L. Ferrero
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Seth L. Masters
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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