1201
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Lima ARA, Barletta M, Costa MF, Ramos JAA, Dantas DV, Melo PAMC, Justino AKS, Ferreira GVB. Changes in the composition of ichthyoplankton assemblage and plastic debris in mangrove creeks relative to moon phases. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 89:619-640. [PMID: 26681492 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lunar influence on the distribution of fish larvae, zooplankton and plastic debris in mangrove creeks of the Goiana Estuary, Brazil, was studied over a lunar cycle. Cetengraulis edentulus, Anchovia clupeoides and Rhinosardinia bahiensis were the most abundant fish larvae (56·6%), independent of the moon phase. The full moon had a positive influence on the abundance of Gobionellus oceanicus, Cynoscion acoupa and Atherinella brasiliensis, and the new moon on Ulaema lefroyi. The full and new moons also influenced the number of zoeae and megalopae of Ucides cordatus, protozoeae and larvae of caridean shrimps, and the number of hard and soft plastic debris, both <5 and >5 mm. Micro and macroplastics were present in samples from all 12 creeks studied, at densities similar to the third most abundant taxon, R. bahiensis. Cetengraulis edentulus and R. bahiensis showed a strong positive correlation with the last quarter moon, when there was less zooplankton available in the creeks and higher abundance of microplastic threads. Anchovia clupeoides, Diapterus rhombeus, U. lefroyi and hard microplastics were positively associated with different moon phases, when calanoid copepods, Caridean larvae and zoeae of U. cordatus were highly available in the creeks. Cynoscion acoupa, G. oceanicus and A. brasiliensis were strongly associated with the full moon, when protozoeae of caridean shrimps and megalopae of U. cordatus were also highly available, as were hard and soft macroplastics, paint chips (<5 mm) and soft microplastics. The results reinforce the role of mangrove creeks as nursery habitats. The moon phases influenced the distribution of fish larvae species, zooplankton and plastic debris by changing their compositions and abundances in the mangrove creeks of the Goiana Estuary when under the influence of different tidal current regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R A Lima
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Gerenciamento de Ecossistemas Costeiros e Estuarinos, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, CEP 50740-550, Brazil
| | - M Barletta
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Gerenciamento de Ecossistemas Costeiros e Estuarinos, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, CEP 50740-550, Brazil
| | - M F Costa
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Gerenciamento de Ecossistemas Costeiros e Estuarinos, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, CEP 50740-550, Brazil
| | - J A A Ramos
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Gerenciamento de Ecossistemas Costeiros e Estuarinos, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, CEP 50740-550, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba-Campus Cabedelo, Rua Santa Rita de Cássia, s/n, Jardim Jericó, Cabedelo, Paraíba, CEP 58310-000, Brazil
| | - D V Dantas
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Gerenciamento de Ecossistemas Costeiros e Estuarinos, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, CEP 50740-550, Brazil
- PPGOAm/Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo-DCAB-CEUNES, BR 101 Norte, Litorâneo, São Mateus, CEP 29932-540, Brazil
| | - P A M C Melo
- Laboratório de Zooplâncton Marinho, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, CEP 50740-550, Brazil
| | - A K S Justino
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Gerenciamento de Ecossistemas Costeiros e Estuarinos, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, CEP 50740-550, Brazil
| | - G V B Ferreira
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Gerenciamento de Ecossistemas Costeiros e Estuarinos, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, CEP 50740-550, Brazil
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1202
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Booth AM, Hansen BH, Frenzel M, Johnsen H, Altin D. Uptake and toxicity of methylmethacrylate-based nanoplastic particles in aquatic organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:1641-1649. [PMID: 26011080 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The uptake and toxicity of 2 poly(methylmethacrylate)-based plastic nanoparticles (PNPs) with different surface chemistries (medium and hydrophobic) were assessed using aquatic organisms selected for their relevance based on the environmental behavior of the PNPs. Pure poly(methylmethacrylate) (medium; PMMA PNPs) and poly(methylmethacrylate-co-stearylmethacrylate) copolymer (hydrophobic; PMMA-PSMA PNPs) of 86 nm to 125 nm were synthesized using a miniemulsion polymerization method. Fluorescent analogs of each PNP were also synthesized using monomer 7-[4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin]acrylamide and studied. Daphnia magna, Corophium volutator, and Vibrio fischeri were employed in a series of standard acute ecotoxicity tests, being exposed to the PNPs at 3 different environmentally realistic concentrations (0.01 mg/L, 0.1 mg/L, and 1.0 mg/L) and a high concentration 500 mg/L to 1000 mg/L. In addition, sublethal effects of PNPs in C. volutator were determined using a sediment reburial test, and the uptake and depuration of fluorescent PNPs was studied in D. magna. The PNPs and fluorescent PNPs did not exhibit any observable toxicity at concentrations up to 500 mg/L to 1000 mg/L in any of the tests except for PMMA-PSMA PNPs and fluorescent PNPs following 48-h exposure to D. magna (median lethal concentration values of 879 mg/L and 887 mg/L, respectively). No significant differences were observed between labeled and nonlabeled PNPs, indicating the suitability of using fluorescent labeling. Significant uptake and rapid excretion of the fluorescent PNPs was observed in D. magna. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1641-1649. © 2015 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy M Booth
- Environmental Technology Department, Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research (SINTEF) Materials and Chemistry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn Henrik Hansen
- Environmental Technology Department, Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research (SINTEF) Materials and Chemistry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Max Frenzel
- Environmental Technology Department, Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research (SINTEF) Materials and Chemistry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Heidi Johnsen
- Biotechnology and Nanomedicine Department, Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research (SINTEF) Materials and Chemistry, Trondheim, Norway
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1203
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Batel A, Linti F, Scherer M, Erdinger L, Braunbeck T. Transfer of benzo[a]pyrene from microplastics to Artemia nauplii and further to zebrafish via a trophic food web experiment: CYP1A induction and visual tracking of persistent organic pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:1656-66. [PMID: 26752309 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The uptake of microplastic particles and the transfer of potential harmful substances along with microplastics has been studied in a variety of organisms, especially invertebrates. However, the potential accumulation of very small microplastic particles along food webs ending with vertebrate models has not been investigated so far. Therefore, a simple artificial food chain with Artemia sp. nauplii and zebrafish (Danio rerio) was established to analyze the transfer of microplastic particles and associated persistent organic pollutants (POPs) between different trophic levels. Very small (1-20 μm) microplastic particles accumulated in Artemia nauplii and were subsequently transferred to fish. Virgin particles not loaded with POPs did not cause any observable physical harm in the intestinal tracts of zebrafish, although parts of the particles were retained within the mucus of intestinal villi and might even have been taken up by epithelial cells. The transfer of associated POPs was tested with the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[a]pyrene and an ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay for CYP1A induction in zebrafish liver as well as via fluorescence analyses. Whereas a significant induction in the EROD assay could not be shown, because of high individual variation and low sensitivity regarding substance concentration, the fluorescence tracking of benzo[a]pyrene indicates that food-borne microplastic-associated POPs may actually desorb in the intestine of fish and are thus transferred to the intestinal epithelium and liver. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1656-1666. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Batel
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frederic Linti
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Scherer
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lothar Erdinger
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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1204
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Imhof HK, Laforsch C, Wiesheu AC, Schmid J, Anger PM, Niessner R, Ivleva NP. Pigments and plastic in limnetic ecosystems: A qualitative and quantitative study on microparticles of different size classes. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 98:64-74. [PMID: 27082693 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, macroplastic (>5 mm) and especially microplastic (<5 mm) particles have been reported as emerging contaminants in marine and limnetic ecosystems. Their coloration is gained by the addition of pigments to the polymer blend which is the major component of the respective product. However, color is also a feature of paint and coatings whereby the pigment is the major component. Once abraded from a surface, paint particles may enter the environment via similar pathways as microplastic particles. So far no detailed studies of microplastic particles (pigmented and non-pigmented) as well as paint particles have been performed focusing on very small microparticles (1-50 μm), in either marine or limnetic ecosystems. Using Raman microspectroscopy with a spatial resolution down to 1 μm, we report a remarkable increase in the occurrence of (pigmented) microplastic particles below 500 μm. Among those, most particles were found at a size of ∼130 μm in a freshwater ecosystem (subalpine Lake Garda, Italy). Moreover, our qualitative and quantitative analyses revealed that the number of paint microparticles significantly increased below the size range of 50 μm due to their brittleness (the smallest detected paint particle had a size of 4 μm). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry measurements showed that both colored particles found in nature as well as virgin particles contain a high variety of metals such as cadmium, lead and copper. These additives may elicit adverse effects in biota ingesting these microparticles, thus paints and associated compounds may act as formerly overlooked contaminants in freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes K Imhof
- Department of Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christian Laforsch
- Department of Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Alexandra C Wiesheu
- Institute of Hydrochemistry (IWC), Chair for Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Marchioninistr. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Schmid
- Institute of Hydrochemistry (IWC), Chair for Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Marchioninistr. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp M Anger
- Institute of Hydrochemistry (IWC), Chair for Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Marchioninistr. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Niessner
- Institute of Hydrochemistry (IWC), Chair for Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Marchioninistr. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Natalia P Ivleva
- Institute of Hydrochemistry (IWC), Chair for Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Marchioninistr. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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1205
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Yu X, Peng J, Wang J, Wang K, Bao S. Occurrence of microplastics in the beach sand of the Chinese inner sea: the Bohai Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 214:722-730. [PMID: 27149149 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of microplastics in the beach sand of the Bohai Sea was investigated for the first time. The Bohai Sea is the largest Chinese inner sea and its coastal region is one of the most densely urbanized and industrialized zones of China. Samples from three costal sites (i.e., Bijianshan, Xingcheng and Dongdaihe) were collected, quantified and identified for microplastic analysis. Effects of sample depth and tourism activity were investigated. Surface samples (2 cm) contained higher microplastic concentrations than deep samples (20 cm). Samples from the bathing beach exhibited higher microplastic concentrations than the non-bathing beach, suggesting the direct contribution of microplastics from tourism activity. Of eight types of microplastics that were found, PEVA (polyethylene vinyl acetate), LDPE (light density polyethylene) and PS (polystyrene) were the largest in abundances. Moreover, the non-plastic items from samples were analyzed and results revealed that the majority abundance of the observed non-plastics were viscose cellulose fibers. Further studies are required to evaluate the environmental hazards of microplastics, especially as they may "act as a contaminant transporter" to the Bohai Sea ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubiao Yu
- Faculty of Architectural, Civil Engineering & Environment, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
| | - Jinping Peng
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jundong Wang
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Kan Wang
- Faculty of Architectural, Civil Engineering & Environment, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Shaowu Bao
- The School of Coastal and Marine Systems Science, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, 29528, United States
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1206
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Ziccardi LM, Edgington A, Hentz K, Kulacki KJ, Kane Driscoll S. Microplastics as vectors for bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic chemicals in the marine environment: A state-of-the-science review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:1667-76. [PMID: 27093569 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A state-of-the-science review was conducted to examine the potential for microplastics to sorb hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) from the marine environment, for aquatic organisms to take up these HOCs from the microplastics, and for this exposure to result in adverse effects to ecological and human health. Despite concentrations of HOCs associated with microplastics that can be orders of magnitude greater than surrounding seawater, the relative importance of microplastics as a route of exposure is difficult to quantify because aquatic organisms are typically exposed to HOCs from various compartments, including water, sediment, and food. Results of laboratory experiments and modeling studies indicate that HOCs can partition from microplastics to organisms or from organisms to microplastics, depending on experimental conditions. Very little information is available to evaluate ecological or human health effects from this exposure. Most of the available studies measured biomarkers that are more indicative of exposure than effects, and no studies showed effects to ecologically relevant endpoints. Therefore, evidence is weak to support the occurrence of ecologically significant adverse effects on aquatic life as a result of exposure to HOCs sorbed to microplastics or to wildlife populations and humans from secondary exposure via the food chain. More data are needed to fully understand the relative importance of exposure to HOCs from microplastics compared with other exposure pathways. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1667-1676. © 2016 SETAC.
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1207
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Martins K, Hagedorn B, Ali S, Kennish J, Applegate B, Leu M, Epp L, Pallister C, Zwollo P. Tissue Phthalate Levels Correlate With Changes in Immune Gene Expression in a Population of Juvenile Wild Salmon. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 71:35-47. [PMID: 27177745 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-016-0283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates have detrimental effects on health and have been shown to dysregulate the immune system of mammals, birds, and fish. We recently reported that di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure reduces the abundance and inhibits the proliferation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) IgM(+) B lymphocytes and expression of secreted immunoglobulin heavy-chain mu transcripts in an in vitro culture system. We proposed that phthalates act as immunomodulators by modifying the normal B cell-activation pathways by accelerating B cell differentiation while suppressing plasmablast expansion, thus resulting in fewer IgM-secreting plasma cells. This hypothesis was tested here in an in vivo field study of juvenile Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) from a plastic-polluted lake in the Gulf of Alaska. Fish tissues were analyzed for both phthalate levels using liquid chromatography-coupled tandem mass spectrometry and for changes in immune gene expression using reverse transcriptase-real time polymerase chain reaction. Results showed that fish with higher tissue levels of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di(n-butyl) phthalate, and/or dimethyl phthalate expressed significantly fewer secreted and membrane-bound immunoglobulin heavy-chain mu and Blimp1 transcripts in their hematopoietic tissue. This suggests that in vivo uptake of phthalates in fish changes the expression of B cell-specific genes. Chronic exposure to phthalates likely dysregulates normal B-lymphoid development and antibody responses in salmonids and may increase susceptibility to infection. Given the conserved nature of B-lineage cells in vertebrate animals, other marine species may be similarly affected by chronic phthalate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Martins
- Department of Biology, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - Birgit Hagedorn
- Environment and Natural Resources Institute, The University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Shareen Ali
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - John Kennish
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Ben Applegate
- Environment and Natural Resources Institute, The University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Matthias Leu
- Department of Biology, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - Lidia Epp
- Department of Biology, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | | | - Patty Zwollo
- Department of Biology, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA.
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1208
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Cannon SME, Lavers JL, Figueiredo B. Plastic ingestion by fish in the Southern Hemisphere: A baseline study and review of methods. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 107:286-291. [PMID: 27058965 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plastic ingestion is well documented among marine birds and sea turtles but fewer studies have investigated ingestion in fish, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere. We investigated the frequency of plastic ingestion in 21 species of fish and one species of cephalopod. The overall occurrence of plastic ingestion was 0.3%. Two micro-plastic items were recovered from the gastrointestinal tract of a single Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni). Ingestion rates were similar to other studies of fish conducted in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, however comparisons across species and locations are challenging due to the lack of consistency in the identification and classification of plastic debris. In response, we propose a standardised sampling protocol based on the available literature to provide a stronger basis for comparisons among existing and future studies of plastic ingestion in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon M E Cannon
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tasmania 7004, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Lavers
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tasmania 7004, Australia.
| | - Bianca Figueiredo
- Living Ocean Centre for Marine Studies, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
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1209
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Murphy F, Ewins C, Carbonnier F, Quinn B. Wastewater Treatment Works (WwTW) as a Source of Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:5800-8. [PMID: 27191224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 893] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Municipal effluent discharged from wastewater treatment works (WwTW) is suspected to be a significant contributor of microplastics (MP) to the environment as many personal care products contain plastic microbeads. A secondary WwTW (population equivalent 650 000) was sampled for microplastics at different stages of the treatment process to ascertain at what stage in the treatment process the MP are being removed. The influent contained on average 15.70 (±5.23) MP·L(-1). This was reduced to 0.25 (±0.04) MP·L(-1) in the final effluent, a decrease of 98.41%. Despite this large reduction we calculate that this WwTW is releasing 65 million microplastics into the receiving water every day. A significant proportion of the microplastic accumulated in and was removed during the grease removal stage (19.67 (±4.51) MP/2.5 g), it was only in the grease that the much publicised microbeads were found. This study shows that despite the efficient removal rates of MP achieved by this modern treatment plant when dealing with such a large volume of effluent even a modest amount of microplastics being released per liter of effluent could result in significant amounts of microplastics entering the environment. This is the first study to describe in detail the fate of microplastics during the wastewater treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionn Murphy
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research (IBEHR), University of the West of Scotland , Paisley PA1 2BE, Scotland
| | - Ciaran Ewins
- University of the West of Scotland , Paisley PA1 2BE, Scotland
| | | | - Brian Quinn
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research (IBEHR), University of the West of Scotland , Paisley PA1 2BE, Scotland
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1210
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Ter Halle A, Ladirat L, Gendre X, Goudouneche D, Pusineri C, Routaboul C, Tenailleau C, Duployer B, Perez E. Understanding the Fragmentation Pattern of Marine Plastic Debris. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:5668-75. [PMID: 27138466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The global estimation of microplastic afloat in the ocean is only approximately 1% of annual global plastic inputs. This reflects fundamental knowledge gaps in the transformation, fragmentation, and fates of microplastics in the ocean. In order to better understand microplastic fragmentation we proceeded to a thorough physicochemical characterization of samples collected from the North Artlantic subtropical gyre during the sea campaign Expedition seventh Continent in May 2014. The results were confronted with a mathematical approach. The introduction of mass distribution in opposition to the size distribution commonly proposed in this area clarify the fragmentation pattern. The mathematical analysis of the mass distribution points out a lack of debris with mass lighter than 1 mg. Characterization by means of microscopy, microtomography, and infrared microscopy gives a better understanding of the behavior of microplastic at sea. Flat pieces of debris (2 to 5 mm in length) typically have one face that is more photodegraded (due to exposure to the sun) and the other with more biofilm, suggesting that they float in a preferred orientation. Smaller debris, with a cubic shape (below 2 mm), seems to roll at sea. All faces are evenly photodegraded and they are less colonized. The breakpoint in the mathematical model and the experimental observation around 2 mm leads to the conclusion that there is a discontinuity in the rate of fragmentation: we hypothesized that the smaller microplastics, the cubic ones mostly, are fragmented much faster than the parallelepipeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ter Halle
- Laboratoire des Interactions Moléculaires et Réactivité Chimique et Photochimique (IMRCP), UMR CNRS 5623, Université Paul Sabatier-UPS , Bâtiment 2R1, 3ème étage, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Lucie Ladirat
- Laboratoire des Interactions Moléculaires et Réactivité Chimique et Photochimique (IMRCP), UMR CNRS 5623, Université Paul Sabatier-UPS , Bâtiment 2R1, 3ème étage, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Xavier Gendre
- Institut de Mathématique de Toulouse (IMT), UMR CNRS 5219, Université Paul Sabatier , 133, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Dominique Goudouneche
- Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie,Faculté de Médecine Toulouse Rangueil, Université de Toulouse , 133, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Claire Pusineri
- Ocean Science & Logistic , 14 rue Cresson, 97310 Kourou, France
| | - Corinne Routaboul
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, ICT , 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Christophe Tenailleau
- Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche et d'Ingénierie des MATériaux (CIRIMAT), UMR CNRS 5085, Université Paul Sabatier-UPS , 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Benjamin Duployer
- Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche et d'Ingénierie des MATériaux (CIRIMAT), UMR CNRS 5085, Université Paul Sabatier-UPS , 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Emile Perez
- Laboratoire des Interactions Moléculaires et Réactivité Chimique et Photochimique (IMRCP), UMR CNRS 5623, Université Paul Sabatier-UPS , Bâtiment 2R1, 3ème étage, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
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1211
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Lönnstedt OM, Eklöv P. RETRACTED: Environmentally relevant concentrations of microplastic particles influence larval fish ecology. Science 2016; 352:1213-6. [PMID: 27257256 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad8828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence and accumulation of plastic waste in the environment have become a growing global concern over the past decade. Although some marine organisms have been shown to ingest plastic, few studies have investigated the ecological effects of plastic waste on animals. Here we show that exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of microplastic polystyrene particles (90 micrometers) inhibits hatching, decreases growth rates, and alters feeding preferences and innate behaviors of European perch (Perca fluviatilis) larvae. Furthermore, individuals exposed to microplastics do not respond to olfactory threat cues, which greatly increases predator-induced mortality rates. Our results demonstrate that microplastic particles operate both chemically and physically on larval fish performance and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oona M Lönnstedt
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Limnology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Eklöv
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Limnology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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1212
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1213
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Rehse S, Kloas W, Zarfl C. Short-term exposure with high concentrations of pristine microplastic particles leads to immobilisation of Daphnia magna. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 153:91-9. [PMID: 27010171 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies revealed that freshwaters are not only polluted by chemicals, but also by persistent synthetic material like microplastics (plastic particles <1 mm). Microplastics include a diverse range of characteristics, e.g. polymer type, size or shape, but also their tendency to sorb pollutants or release additives. Although there is rising concern about the pollution of freshwaters by microplastics, knowledge about their potential effects on organisms is limited. For a better understanding of their risks, it is crucial to unravel which characteristics influence their effects on organisms. Analysing effects by the mere particles is the first step before including more complex interactions e.g. with associated chemicals. The aim of this study was to analyse potential physical effects of microplastics on one representative organism for limnic zooplankton (Daphnia magna). We investigated whether microplastics can be ingested and whether their presence causes adverse effects after short-term exposure. Daphnids were exposed for up to 96 h to 1-μm and 100-μm polyethylene particles at concentrations between 12.5 and 400 mg L(-1). Ingestion of 1-μm particles led to immobilisation increasing with dose and time with an EC50 of 57.43 mg L(-1) after 96 h. 100-μm particles that could not be ingested by the daphnids had no observable effects. These results underline that, considering high concentrations, microplastic particles can already induce adverse effects in limnic zooplankton. Although it needs to be clarified if these concentrations can be found in the environment these results are a basis for future impact analysis, especially in combination with associated chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Rehse
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, D-12587, Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Werner Kloas
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, D-12587, Berlin, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Invalidenstraße 110, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Zarfl
- Center for Applied Geosciences, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, D-72074, Tübingen, Germany
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1214
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Fischer EK, Paglialonga L, Czech E, Tamminga M. Microplastic pollution in lakes and lake shoreline sediments - A case study on Lake Bolsena and Lake Chiusi (central Italy). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:648-657. [PMID: 27104923 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Rivers and effluents have been identified as major pathways for microplastics of terrestrial sources. Moreover, lakes of different dimensions and even in remote locations contain microplastics in striking abundances. This study investigates concentrations of microplastic particles at two lakes in central Italy (Lake Bolsena, Lake Chiusi). A total number of six Manta Trawls have been carried out, two of them one day after heavy winds occurred on Lake Bolsena showing effects on particle distribution of fragments and fibers of varying size categories. Additionally, 36 sediment samples from lakeshores were analyzed for microplastic content. In the surface waters 2.68 to 3.36 particles/m(3) (Lake Chiusi) and 0.82 to 4.42 particles/m(3) (Lake Bolsena) were detected, respectively. Main differences between the lakes are attributed to lake characteristics such as surface and catchment area, depth and the presence of local wind patterns and tide range at Lake Bolsena. An event of heavy winds and moderate rainfall prior to one sampling led to an increase of concentrations at Lake Bolsena which is most probable related to lateral land-based and sewage effluent inputs. The abundances of microplastic particles in sediments vary from mean values of 112 (Lake Bolsena) to 234 particles/kg dry weight (Lake Chiusi). Lake Chiusi results reveal elevated fiber concentrations compared to those of Lake Bolsena what might be a result of higher organic content and a shift in grain size distribution towards the silt and clay fraction at the shallow and highly eutrophic Lake Chiusi. The distribution of particles along different beach levels revealed no significant differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Kerstin Fischer
- Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Lisa Paglialonga
- Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Elisa Czech
- Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Matthias Tamminga
- Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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1215
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Watts AJR, Urbina MA, Goodhead R, Moger J, Lewis C, Galloway TS. Effect of Microplastic on the Gills of the Shore Crab Carcinus maenas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:5364-9. [PMID: 27070459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic plastic debris (microplastics, <5 mm in diameter) is ubiquitous in the marine environment. Previous work has shown that microplastics may be ingested and inhaled by the shore crab Carcinus maenas, although the biological consequences are unknown. Here, we show that acute aqueous exposure to polystyrene microspheres (8 μm) with different surface coatings had significant but transient effects on branchial function. Microspheres inhaled into the gill chamber had a small but significant dose-dependent effect on oxygen consumption after 1 h of exposure, returning to normal levels after 16 h. Ion exchange was also affected, with a small but significant decrease in hemolymph sodium ions and an increase in calcium ions after 24 h post-exposure. To further asses the effects on osmoregulation, we challenged crabs with reduced salinity after microplastic exposure. Neither microspheres nor natural sediments altered the crab's response to osmotic stress regardless of plastic concentration added. Carboxylated (COOH) and aminated (NH2) polystyrene microspheres were distributed differently across the gill surface, although neither had a significant adverse impact on gill function. These results illustrate the extent of the physiological effects of microplastics compared to the physiological resilience of shore crabs in maintaining osmoregulatory and respiratory function after acute exposure to both anthropogenic plastics and natural particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J R Watts
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter , Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Mauricio A Urbina
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter , Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción , Casilla 160-C, Concepción, 4070386, Chile
| | - Rhys Goodhead
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter , Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Moger
- School of Physics, University of Exeter , Exeter, EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri Lewis
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter , Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Tamara S Galloway
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter , Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
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1216
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de Scisciolo T, Mijts EN, Becker T, Eppinga MB. Beach debris on Aruba, Southern Caribbean: Attribution to local land-based and distal marine-based sources. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 106:49-57. [PMID: 27039956 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of marine (plastic) debris from local land-based and distal marine-based sources along coastlines is a pressing modern issue. Hitherto, assessing the relative contribution of pollution sources through beach surveys is methodologically challenging. We surveyed ten beaches along the leeward and windward coastlines of Aruba (southern Caribbean) to determine differences in macro- and meso-debris densities. Differences were quantified using three metrics: 1) the gradient in macro-debris density away from the waterfront; 2) the proportion of plastic within macro-debris; 3) the meso-:macro-debris ratio. Overall 42,585 macro-debris items and 884 meso-debris items were collected. The density of near-shore macro-debris, proportion of plastic debris herein, and meso-:macro-debris ratio were highest on the windward coastline. These results suggest that southern Caribbean windward coastlines are mainly exposed to debris originating from distal marine-based sources, and leeward coastlines to local land-based sources. Our metrics clearly reflect these differences, providing novel means to survey debris source origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobia de Scisciolo
- Department of Environmental Science, Copernicus Institute, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, P.O. Box 65, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Science, University College Utrecht, P.O. Box 80145, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eric N Mijts
- Faculty of Law, University of Aruba, J.E. Irausquinplein 4, P.O. Box 5, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Tatiana Becker
- Future = Now Environmental Consultancy, Spaans Lagoenweg 69, Pos Chiquito, Aruba
| | - Maarten B Eppinga
- Department of Environmental Science, Copernicus Institute, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, P.O. Box 65, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Science, University College Utrecht, P.O. Box 80145, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands
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1217
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Santana MFM, Ascer LG, Custódio MR, Moreira FT, Turra A. Microplastic contamination in natural mussel beds from a Brazilian urbanized coastal region: Rapid evaluation through bioassessment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 106:183-9. [PMID: 26980138 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic pollution (particles <5mm) is a widespread marine threat and a trigger for biological effects, especially if ingested. The mussel Perna perna, an important food resource, was used as bioindicator to investigate the presence of microplastic pollution on Santos estuary, the most urbanized area of the coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. A simple and rapid assessment showed that 75% of sampled mussels had ingested microplastics, an issue of human and environmental concern. All sampling points had contaminated mussels and this contamination had no clear pattern of distribution along the estuary. This was the first time that microplastic bioavailability was assessed in nature for the southern hemisphere and that wild P. perna was found contaminated with this pollutant. This is an important issue that should be better assessed due to an increase in seafood consumption and culture in Brazil and worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F M Santana
- USP - University of São Paulo, Oceanographic Institute (IO), Department of Biological Oceanography, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - L G Ascer
- USP - University of São Paulo, Bioscience Institute (IB), Department of General Physiology, Rua do Matão, 14, 05508-090, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M R Custódio
- USP - University of São Paulo, Bioscience Institute (IB), Department of General Physiology, Rua do Matão, 14, 05508-090, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F T Moreira
- USP - University of São Paulo, Oceanographic Institute (IO), Department of Biological Oceanography, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Turra
- USP - University of São Paulo, Oceanographic Institute (IO), Department of Biological Oceanography, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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1218
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Ogonowski M, Schür C, Jarsén Å, Gorokhova E. The Effects of Natural and Anthropogenic Microparticles on Individual Fitness in Daphnia magna. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155063. [PMID: 27176452 PMCID: PMC4866784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerns are being raised that microplastic pollution can have detrimental effects on the feeding of aquatic invertebrates, including zooplankton. Both small plastic fragments (microplastics, MPs) produced by degradation of larger plastic waste (secondary MPs; SMPs) and microscopic plastic spheres used in cosmetic products and industry (primary MPs; PMPs) are ubiquitously present in the environment. However, despite the fact that most environmental MPs consist of weathered plastic debris with irregular shape and broad size distribution, experimental studies of organism responses to MP exposure have largely used uniformly sized spherical PMPs. Therefore, effects observed for PMPs in such experiments may not be representative for MP-effects in situ. Moreover, invertebrate filter-feeders are generally well adapted to the presence of refractory material in seston, which questions the potential of MPs at environmentally relevant concentrations to measurably affect digestion in these organisms. Here, we compared responses to MPs (PMPs and SMPs) and naturally occurring particles (kaolin clay) using the cladoceran Daphnia magna as a model organism. We manipulated food levels (0.4 and 9 μg C mL-1) and MP or kaolin contribution to the feeding suspension (<1 to 74%) and evaluated effects of MPs and kaolin on food uptake, growth, reproductive capacity of the daphnids, and maternal effects on offspring survival and feeding. Exposure to SMPs caused elevated mortality, increased inter-brood period and decreased reproduction albeit only at high MP levels in the feeding suspension (74% by particle count). No such effects were observed in either PMP or kaolin treatments. In daphnids exposed to any particle type at the low algal concentration, individual growth decreased by ~15%. By contrast, positive growth response to all particle types was observed at the high algal concentration with 17%, 54% and 40% increase for kaolin, PMP and SMP, respectively. When test particles comprised 22% in the feeding suspension, both MP types decreased food intake by 30%, while kaolin had no effect. Moreover, SMPs were found to homoaggregate in a concentration-dependent manner, which resulted in a 77% decrease of the ingested SMPs compared to PMPs. To better understand MP-processing in the gut, gut passage time (GPT) and evacuation rate of MPs were also assayed. SMPs and PMPs differed in their effects on daphnids; moreover, the particle effects were dependent on the MP: algae ratio in the suspension. When the MP contribution to the particle abundance in the medium changed from 1 to 4%, GPT for daphnids exposed to SMPs increased 2-fold. Our results suggest that MPs and, in particular, SMPs, have a greater capacity to negatively affect feeding in D. magna compared to naturally occurring mineral particles of similar size. Moreover, grazer responses observed in experiments with PMPs cannot be extrapolated to the field where SMPs dominate, because of the greater effects caused by the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ogonowski
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- AquaBiota Water Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph Schür
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Jarsén
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Gorokhova
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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1219
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Pedà C, Caccamo L, Fossi MC, Gai F, Andaloro F, Genovese L, Perdichizzi A, Romeo T, Maricchiolo G. Intestinal alterations in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758) exposed to microplastics: Preliminary results. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 212:251-256. [PMID: 26851981 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates, for the first time, the intestinal responses of European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax chronically exposed to microplastics through ingestion. Fish (n = 162) were fed with 3 different treatment diets for 90 days: control, native polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polluted polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pellets. Intestines were fixed and processed for histological analysis using standard techniques. Histopathological alterations were examined using a score value (from 0 to 4). The distal part of intestine in all samples proved to be the most affected by pathological alterations, showing a gradual change varying from moderate to severe related to exposure times. The histological picture that characterizes both groups especially after 90 days of exposure, suggests that the intestinal functions can be in some cases totally compromised. The worst condition is increasingly evident in the distal intestine of fish fed with polluted PVC pellets respect to control groups (p < 0.05) to different exposure times. These first results underline the need to assess the impact of increasing microplastics pollution on the marine trophic web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pedà
- ISPRA, (Institute for Environmental Protection and Research) - Laboratory of Milazzo, Via dei Mille 46, 98057 Milazzo, ME, Italy.
| | - Letteria Caccamo
- IAMC (Institute for Coastal Marine Environment), CNR, U.O.S. Messina, Spianata S. Raineri, 86, 98122 ME, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Fossi
- University of Siena, Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Francesco Gai
- Institute of Science of Food Production, CNR, U.O.S. Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy.
| | - Franco Andaloro
- ISPRA, Residence Marbela, Via Salvatore Puglisi 9, 90143 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Lucrezia Genovese
- IAMC (Institute for Coastal Marine Environment), CNR, U.O.S. Messina, Spianata S. Raineri, 86, 98122 ME, Italy.
| | - Anna Perdichizzi
- IAMC (Institute for Coastal Marine Environment), CNR, U.O.S. Messina, Spianata S. Raineri, 86, 98122 ME, Italy.
| | - Teresa Romeo
- ISPRA, (Institute for Environmental Protection and Research) - Laboratory of Milazzo, Via dei Mille 46, 98057 Milazzo, ME, Italy.
| | - Giulia Maricchiolo
- IAMC (Institute for Coastal Marine Environment), CNR, U.O.S. Messina, Spianata S. Raineri, 86, 98122 ME, Italy.
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1220
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Wu C, Zhang K, Huang X, Liu J. Sorption of pharmaceuticals and personal care products to polyethylene debris. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:8819-26. [PMID: 26810664 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Presence of plastic debris in marine and freshwater ecosystems is increasingly reported. Previous research suggested plastic debris had a strong affiliation for many pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and heavy metals. In this study, the sorption behavior of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), including carbamazepine (CBZ), 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4MBC), triclosan (TCS), and 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2), to polyethylene (PE) debris (250 to 280 μm) was investigated. The estimated linear sorption coefficients (K d) are 191.4, 311.5, 5140, and 53,225 L/kg for CBZ, EE2, TCS, and 4MBC, and are related to their hydrophobicities. Increase of salinity from 0.05 to 3.5 % did not affect the sorption of 4MBC, CBZ, and EE2 but enhanced the sorption of TCS, likely due to the salting-out effect. Increase of dissolved organic matter (DOM) content using Aldrich humic acid (HA) as a proxy reduced the sorption of 4MBC, EE2, and TCS, all of which show a relatively strong affiliation to HA. Results from this work suggest that microplastics may play an important role in the fate and transport of PPCPs, especially for those hydrophobic ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road #7, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road #7, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road #7, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiantong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road #7, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
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1221
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Zhao S, Zhu L, Li D. Microscopic anthropogenic litter in terrestrial birds from Shanghai, China: Not only plastics but also natural fibers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 550:1110-1115. [PMID: 26874248 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The level of contamination by microscopic anthropogenic litter (0.5-5mm) in terrestrial ecosystems is not well understood. After chemical digestion in 10% KOH, microscopic anthropogenic litter from the gastrointestinal tracts of 17 terrestrial birds was identified and categorized under a stereomicroscope based on its physical properties and melting tests. In total, 364 items from 16 birds were identified as microscopic anthropogenic litter, ranging in size from 0.5 to 8.5mm. No relationship between plastic load and body condition was found. Natural fibers, plastic fibers and fragmented plastics represented, respectively, 37.4% (136 items), 54.9% (200 items) and 7.7% (28 items) of total litter items. Small sample sizes limited our ability to draw strong conclusions about the metabolism of natural fibers, but the decline in the proportion of natural fibers from the esophagus to stomach to intestine suggested that they may be digestible. Particles smaller than 5mm represented more than 90% of the total number of pollutant items. Particles with colors in the mid-tones and fibrous shapes were overwhelmingly common particles. The results reflect pollution by microscopic anthropogenic litter in the terrestrial ecosystem of the study area. Microscopic natural fibers, which may disperse and adsorb chemical pollutants differently from microplastic and may pose an even greater risk, are in urgent need of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiye Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Costal Research, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Lixin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Costal Research, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Daoji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Costal Research, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.
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1222
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Lu Y, Zhang Y, Deng Y, Jiang W, Zhao Y, Geng J, Ding L, Ren H. Uptake and Accumulation of Polystyrene Microplastics in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Toxic Effects in Liver. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4054-60. [PMID: 26950772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1126] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics have become emerging contaminants, causing widespread concern about their potential toxic effects. In this study, the uptake and tissue accumulation of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) in zebrafish were detected, and the toxic effects in liver were investigated. The results showed that after 7 days of exposure, 5 μm diameter MPs accumulated in fish gills, liver, and gut, while 20 μm diameter MPs accumulated only in fish gills and gut. Histopathological analysis showed that both 5 μm and 70 nm PS-MPs caused inflammation and lipid accumulation in fish liver. PS-MPs also induced significantly increased activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, indicating that oxidative stress was induced after treatment with MPs. In addition, metabolomic analysis suggested that exposure to MPs induced alterations of metabolic profiles in fish liver and disturbed the lipid and energy metabolism. These findings provide new insights into the toxic effects of MPs on fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yongfeng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yanping Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Lab Environmental Change & Ecological Construct, School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jinju Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Lili Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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1223
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Wardrop P, Shimeta J, Nugegoda D, Morrison PD, Miranda A, Tang M, Clarke BO. Chemical Pollutants Sorbed to Ingested Microbeads from Personal Care Products Accumulate in Fish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4037-44. [PMID: 26963589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of microplastics (<5 mm) in natural environments has become a widely recognized global problem. Microplastics have been shown to sorb chemical pollutants from their surrounding environment, thus raising concern as to their role in the movement of these pollutants through the food chain. This experiment investigated whether organic pollutants sorbed to microbeads (MBs) from personal care products were assimilated by fish following particle ingestion. Rainbow fish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis) were exposed to MBs with sorbed polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; BDE-28, -47, -100, -99, -153, -154, -183, 200 ng g(-1); BDE-209, 2000 ng g(-1)) and sampled at 0, 21, 42, and 63 days along with two control treatments (food only and food + clean MBs). Exposed fish had significantly higher Σ8PBDE concentrations than both control treatments after just 21 days, and continued exposure resulted in increased accumulation of the pollutants over the experiment (ca. 115 pg g(-1) ww d(-1)). Lower brominated congeners showed the highest assimilation whereas higher brominated congeners did not appear to transfer, indicating they may be too strongly sorbed to the plastic or unable to be assimilated by the fish due to large molecular size or other factors. Seemingly against this trend, however, BDE-99 did not appear to bioaccumulate in the fish, which may be due to partitioning from the MBs or it being metabolized in vivo. This work provides evidence that MBs from personal care products are capable of transferring sorbed pollutants to fish that ingest them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wardrop
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, RMIT University , GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Jeff Shimeta
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, RMIT University , GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Dayanthi Nugegoda
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, RMIT University , GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Paul D Morrison
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, RMIT University , GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Ana Miranda
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, RMIT University , GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources, Ministry of Education; School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University , Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, RMIT University , GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
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1224
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Phuong NN, Zalouk-Vergnoux A, Poirier L, Kamari A, Châtel A, Mouneyrac C, Lagarde F. Is there any consistency between the microplastics found in the field and those used in laboratory experiments? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 211:111-23. [PMID: 26745396 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous presence and persistency of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments are of particular concern since they represent an increasing threat to marine organisms and ecosystems. Great differences of concentrations and/or quantities in field samples have been observed depending on geographical location around the world. The main types reported have been polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene. The presence of MPs in marine wildlife has been shown in many studies focusing on ingestion and accumulation in different tissues, whereas studies of the biological effects of MPs in the field are scarce. If the nature and abundance/concentrations of MPs have not been systematically determined in field samples, this is due to the fact that the identification of MPs from environmental samples requires mastery and execution of several steps and techniques. For this reason and due to differences in sampling techniques and sample preparation, it remains difficult to compare the published studies. Most laboratory experiments have been performed with MP concentrations of a higher order of magnitude than those found in the field. Consequently, the ingestion and associated effects observed in exposed organisms have corresponded to great contaminant stress, which does not mimic the natural environment. Medium contaminations are produced with only one type of polymer of a precise sizes and homogenous shape whereas the MPs present in the field are known to be a mix of many types, sizes and shapes of plastic. Moreover, MPs originating in marine environments can be colonized by organisms and constitute the sorption support for many organic compounds present in environment that are not easily reproducible in laboratory. Determination of the mechanical and chemical effects of MPs on organisms is still a challenging area of research. Among the potential chemical effects it is necessary to differentiate those related to polymer properties from those due to the sorption/desorption of organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Ngoc Phuong
- Laboratoire de Mer, Molécules, Santé (MMS, EA 2160), Université de Nantes, Nantes F-44322, France; Université Catholique de l'Ouest, Angers F-49000, France
| | - Aurore Zalouk-Vergnoux
- Laboratoire de Mer, Molécules, Santé (MMS, EA 2160), Université de Nantes, Nantes F-44322, France; Université Catholique de l'Ouest, Angers F-49000, France.
| | - Laurence Poirier
- Laboratoire de Mer, Molécules, Santé (MMS, EA 2160), Université de Nantes, Nantes F-44322, France; Université Catholique de l'Ouest, Angers F-49000, France
| | - Abderrahmane Kamari
- Laboratoire de Mer, Molécules, Santé (MMS, EA 2160), Université de Nantes, Nantes F-44322, France; Université Catholique de l'Ouest, Angers F-49000, France
| | - Amélie Châtel
- Laboratoire de Mer, Molécules, Santé (MMS, EA 2160), Université de Nantes, Nantes F-44322, France; Université Catholique de l'Ouest, Angers F-49000, France
| | - Catherine Mouneyrac
- Laboratoire de Mer, Molécules, Santé (MMS, EA 2160), Université de Nantes, Nantes F-44322, France; Université Catholique de l'Ouest, Angers F-49000, France
| | - Fabienne Lagarde
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM, UMR CNRS 6283), Université du Maine, Avenu Olivier Messiaen, Le Mans F-72085, France
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1225
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Cole M, Lindeque PK, Fileman E, Clark J, Lewis C, Halsband C, Galloway TS. Microplastics Alter the Properties and Sinking Rates of Zooplankton Faecal Pellets. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3239-46. [PMID: 26905979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plastic debris is a widespread contaminant, prevalent in aquatic ecosystems across the globe. Zooplankton readily ingest microscopic plastic (microplastic, < 1 mm), which are later egested within their faecal pellets. These pellets are a source of food for marine organisms, and contribute to the oceanic vertical flux of particulate organic matter as part of the biological pump. The effects of microplastics on faecal pellet properties are currently unknown. Here we test the hypotheses that (1) faecal pellets are a vector for transport of microplastics, (2) polystyrene microplastics can alter the properties and sinking rates of zooplankton egests and, (3) faecal pellets can facilitate the transfer of plastics to coprophagous biota. Following exposure to 20.6 μm polystyrene microplastics (1000 microplastics mL(-1)) and natural prey (∼1650 algae mL(-1)) the copepod Calanus helgolandicus egested faecal pellets with significantly (P < 0.001) reduced densities, a 2.25-fold reduction in sinking rates, and a higher propensity for fragmentation. We further show that microplastics, encapsulated within egests of the copepod Centropages typicus, could be transferred to C. helgolandicus via coprophagy. Our results support the proposal that sinking faecal matter represents a mechanism by which floating plastics can be vertically transported away from surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Cole
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory , Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elaine Fileman
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory , Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - James Clark
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory , Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri Lewis
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Halsband
- Akvaplan-niva AS, FRAM -High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tamara S Galloway
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
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1226
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Carr SA, Liu J, Tesoro AG. Transport and fate of microplastic particles in wastewater treatment plants. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 91:174-82. [PMID: 26795302 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 741] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are frequently suspected as significant point sources or conduits of microplastics to the environment. To directly investigate these suspicions, effluent discharges from seven tertiary plants and one secondary plant in Southern California were studied. The study also looked at influent loads, particle size/type, conveyance, and removal at these wastewater treatment facilities. Over 0.189 million liters of effluent at each of the seven tertiary plants were filtered using an assembled stack of sieves with mesh sizes between 400 and 45 μm. Additionally, the surface of 28.4 million liters of final effluent at three tertiary plants was skimmed using a 125 μm filtering assembly. The results suggest that tertiary effluent is not a significant source of microplastics and that these plastic pollutants are effectively removed during the skimming and settling treatment processes. However, at a downstream secondary plant, an average of one micro-particle in every 1.14 thousand liters of final effluent was counted. The majority of microplastics identified in this study had a profile (color, shape, and size) similar to the blue polyethylene particles present in toothpaste formulations. Existing treatment processes were determined to be very effective for removal of microplastic contaminants entering typical municipal WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve A Carr
- San Jose Creek Water Quality Control Laboratory, Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County, 1965 South Workman Mill Road, Whittier, CA 90601, USA
| | - Jin Liu
- San Jose Creek Water Quality Control Laboratory, Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County, 1965 South Workman Mill Road, Whittier, CA 90601, USA.
| | - Arnold G Tesoro
- San Jose Creek Water Quality Control Laboratory, Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County, 1965 South Workman Mill Road, Whittier, CA 90601, USA
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1227
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Sussarellu R, Suquet M, Thomas Y, Lambert C, Fabioux C, Pernet MEJ, Le Goïc N, Quillien V, Mingant C, Epelboin Y, Corporeau C, Guyomarch J, Robbens J, Paul-Pont I, Soudant P, Huvet A. Oyster reproduction is affected by exposure to polystyrene microplastics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2430-5. [PMID: 26831072 PMCID: PMC4780615 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1519019113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 921] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastics are persistent synthetic polymers that accumulate as waste in the marine environment. Microplastic (MP) particles are derived from the breakdown of larger debris or can enter the environment as microscopic fragments. Because filter-feeder organisms ingest MP while feeding, they are likely to be impacted by MP pollution. To assess the impact of polystyrene microspheres (micro-PS) on the physiology of the Pacific oyster, adult oysters were experimentally exposed to virgin micro-PS (2 and 6 µm in diameter; 0.023 mg·L(-1)) for 2 mo during a reproductive cycle. Effects were investigated on ecophysiological parameters; cellular, transcriptomic, and proteomic responses; fecundity; and offspring development. Oysters preferentially ingested the 6-µm micro-PS over the 2-µm-diameter particles. Consumption of microalgae and absorption efficiency were significantly higher in exposed oysters, suggesting compensatory and physical effects on both digestive parameters. After 2 mo, exposed oysters had significant decreases in oocyte number (-38%), diameter (-5%), and sperm velocity (-23%). The D-larval yield and larval development of offspring derived from exposed parents decreased by 41% and 18%, respectively, compared with control offspring. Dynamic energy budget modeling, supported by transcriptomic profiles, suggested a significant shift of energy allocation from reproduction to structural growth, and elevated maintenance costs in exposed oysters, which is thought to be caused by interference with energy uptake. Molecular signatures of endocrine disruption were also revealed, but no endocrine disruptors were found in the biological samples. This study provides evidence that micro-PS cause feeding modifications and reproductive disruption in oysters, with significant impacts on offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Sussarellu
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Marc Suquet
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Yoann Thomas
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Christophe Lambert
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Marie Eve Julie Pernet
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Nelly Le Goïc
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Virgile Quillien
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Christian Mingant
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Yanouk Epelboin
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Charlotte Corporeau
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Julien Guyomarch
- Centre de Documentation de Recherche d'Expérimentations, 29218 Brest, France
| | - Johan Robbens
- Instituut poor Landbouw en Visserijonderzoek, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Ika Paul-Pont
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Philippe Soudant
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Arnaud Huvet
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 UBO-CNRS-Institute Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer-Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, 29280 Plouzané, France;
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1228
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Fossi MC, Marsili L, Baini M, Giannetti M, Coppola D, Guerranti C, Caliani I, Minutoli R, Lauriano G, Finoia MG, Rubegni F, Panigada S, Bérubé M, Urbán Ramírez J, Panti C. Fin whales and microplastics: The Mediterranean Sea and the Sea of Cortez scenarios. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 209:68-78. [PMID: 26637933 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The impact that microplastics have on baleen whales is a question that remains largely unexplored. This study examined the interaction between free-ranging fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) and microplastics by comparing populations living in two semi-enclosed basins, the Mediterranean Sea and the Sea of Cortez (Gulf of California, Mexico). The results indicate that a considerable abundance of microplastics and plastic additives exists in the neustonic samples from Pelagos Sanctuary of the Mediterranean Sea, and that pelagic areas containing high densities of microplastics overlap with whale feeding grounds, suggesting that whales are exposed to microplastics during foraging; this was confirmed by the observation of a temporal increase in toxicological stress in whales. Given the abundance of microplastics in the Mediterranean environment, along with the high concentrations of Persistent Bioaccumulative and Toxic (PBT) chemicals, plastic additives and biomarker responses detected in the biopsies of Mediterranean whales as compared to those in whales inhabiting the Sea of Cortez, we believe that exposure to microplastics because of direct ingestion and consumption of contaminated prey poses a major threat to the health of fin whales in the Mediterranean Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Fossi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Letizia Marsili
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Matteo Baini
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Matteo Giannetti
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniele Coppola
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Cristiana Guerranti
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Caliani
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Roberta Minutoli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabrizio Rubegni
- Technical Department Civil Engineering and Marine Works, Tuscany Region, Grosseto, Italy
| | | | - Martine Bérubé
- Marine Evolution and Conservation Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Urbán Ramírez
- Department of Marine Biology, Autonomous University of Baja California Sur, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
| | - Cristina Panti
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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1229
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Li HX, Getzinger GJ, Ferguson PL, Orihuela B, Zhu M, Rittschof D. Effects of Toxic Leachate from Commercial Plastics on Larval Survival and Settlement of the Barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:924-31. [PMID: 26667586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution represents a major and growing global problem. It is well-known that plastics are a source of chemical contaminants to the aquatic environment and provide novel habitats for marine organisms. The present study quantified the impacts of plastic leachates from the seven categories of recyclable plastics on larval survival and settlement of barnacle Amphibalanus (=Balanus) amphitrite. Leachates from plastics significantly increased barnacle nauplii mortality at the highest tested concentrations (0.10 and 0.50 m(2)/L). Hydrophobicity (measured as surface energy) was positively correlated with mortality indicating that plastic surface chemistry may be an important factor in the effects of plastics on sessile organisms. Plastic leachates significantly inhibited barnacle cyprids settlement on glass at all tested concentrations. Settlement on plastic surfaces was significantly inhibited after 24 and 48 h, but settlement was not significantly inhibited compared to the controls for some plastics after 72-96 h. In 24 h exposure to seawater, we found larval toxicity and inhibition of settlement with all seven categories of recyclable commercial plastics. Chemical analysis revealed a complex mixture of substances released in plastic leachates. Leaching of toxic compounds from all plastics should be considered when assessing the risks of plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510301, China
- Duke Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, United States
| | - Gordon J Getzinger
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States
| | - P Lee Ferguson
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States
| | - Beatriz Orihuela
- Duke Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, United States
| | - Mei Zhu
- Duke Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, United States
| | - Daniel Rittschof
- Duke Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, United States
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1230
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Rummel CD, Löder MGJ, Fricke NF, Lang T, Griebeler EM, Janke M, Gerdts G. Plastic ingestion by pelagic and demersal fish from the North Sea and Baltic Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 102:134-41. [PMID: 26621577 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plastic ingestion by marine biota has been reported for a variety of different taxa. In this study, we investigated 290 gastrointestinal tracts of demersal (cod, dab and flounder) and pelagic fish species (herring and mackerel) from the North and Baltic Sea for the occurrence of plastic ingestion. In 5.5% of all investigated fishes, plastic particles were detected, with 74% of all particles being in the microplastic (<5mm) size range. The polymer types of all found particles were analysed by means of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Almost 40% of the particles consisted of polyethylene (PE). In 3.4% of the demersal and 10.7% of the pelagic individuals, plastic ingestion was recorded, showing a significantly higher ingestion frequency in the pelagic feeders. The condition factor K was calculated to test differences in the fitness status between individuals with and without ingested plastic, but no direct effect was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph D Rummel
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Biologische Anstalt Helgoland (BAH), Kurpromenade, D-27498 Helgoland, Germany.
| | - Martin G J Löder
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Biologische Anstalt Helgoland (BAH), Kurpromenade, D-27498 Helgoland, Germany.
| | - Nicolai F Fricke
- Thünen Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Germany.
| | - Thomas Lang
- Thünen Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Germany.
| | - Eva-Maria Griebeler
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Institute of Zoology, Department of Ecology, Germany.
| | - Michael Janke
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Biologische Anstalt Helgoland (BAH), Kurpromenade, D-27498 Helgoland, Germany.
| | - Gunnar Gerdts
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Biologische Anstalt Helgoland (BAH), Kurpromenade, D-27498 Helgoland, Germany.
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1231
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Setälä O, Norkko J, Lehtiniemi M. Feeding type affects microplastic ingestion in a coastal invertebrate community. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 102:95-101. [PMID: 26700887 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Marine litter is one of the problems marine ecosystems face at present, coastal habitats and food webs being the most vulnerable as they are closest to the sources of litter. A range of animals (bivalves, free swimming crustaceans and benthic, deposit-feeding animals), of a coastal community of the northern Baltic Sea were exposed to relatively low concentrations of 10 μm microbeads. The experiment was carried out as a small scale mesocosm study to mimic natural habitat. The beads were ingested by all animals in all experimental concentrations (5, 50 and 250 beads mL(-1)). Bivalves (Mytilus trossulus, Macoma balthica) contained significantly higher amounts of beads compared with the other groups. Free-swimming crustaceans ingested more beads compared with the benthic animals that were feeding only on the sediment surface. Ingestion of the beads was concluded to be the result of particle concentration, feeding mode and the encounter rate in a patchy environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Setälä
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, P. O. Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Joanna Norkko
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, FI-10900 Hanko, Finland
| | - Maiju Lehtiniemi
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, P. O. Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
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1232
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Suhrhoff TJ, Scholz-Böttcher BM. Qualitative impact of salinity, UV radiation and turbulence on leaching of organic plastic additives from four common plastics - A lab experiment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 102:84-94. [PMID: 26696590 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Four common consumer plastic samples (polyethylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinylchloride) were studied to investigate the impact of physical parameters such as turbulence, salinity and UV irradiance on leaching behavior of selected plastic components. Polymers were exposed to two different salinities (i.e. 0 and 35 g/kg), UV radiation and turbulence. Additives (e.g. bisphenol A, phthalates, citrates, and Irgafos® 168 phosphate) and oligomers were detected in initial plastics and aqueous extracts. Identification and quantification was performed by GC-FID/MS. Bisphenol A and citrate based additives are leached easier compared to phthalates. The print highly contributed to the chemical burden of the analyzed polyethylene bag. The study underlines a positive relationship between turbulence and magnitude of leaching. Salinity had a minor impact that differs for each analyte. Global annual release of additives from assessed plastics into marine environments is estimated to be between 35 and 917 tons, of which most are derived from plasticized polyvinylchloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Jesper Suhrhoff
- Jacobs University Bremen, Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Barbara M Scholz-Böttcher
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, PO Box 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany.
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1233
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Ferreira P, Fonte E, Soares ME, Carvalho F, Guilhermino L. Effects of multi-stressors on juveniles of the marine fish Pomatoschistus microps: Gold nanoparticles, microplastics and temperature. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 170:89-103. [PMID: 26642093 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge on multi-stressors effects required for environmental and human risk assessments is still limited. This study investigated the combined effects of gold nanoparticles (Au-NP), microplastics (MP) and temperature increase on Pomatoschistus microps, an important prey for several higher level predators, including some species edible to humans. Four null hypotheses were tested: H01: P. microps juveniles do not take up Au-NP through the water; H02: Au-NP (ppb range) are not toxic to juveniles; H03: the presence of MP do not influence the effects of Au-NP on juveniles; H04: temperature increase (20-25°C) does not change the effects of the tested chemicals on juveniles. Wild juveniles were acclimated to laboratory conditions. Then, they were exposed to Au-NP (≈5nm diameter) and MP (polyethylene spheres, 1-5μm diameter), alone and in mixture, at 20°C and 25°C, in semi-static conditions. After 96h of exposure to Au-NP, fish had gold in their body (0.129-0.546μg/g w.w.) leading to H01 refusal. Exposure to Au-NP alone caused a predatory performance decrease (≈-39%, p<0.05) leading to H02 refusal. MP did not change the Au-NP toxicity leading to H03 acceptance. Temperature rise significantly increased the concentration of gold in fish exposed to Au-NP (≈2.3 fold), and interacted with chemical effects (e.g. glutathione S-transferases activity) leading to H04 refusal. Thus, the results of this study highlight the importance of further investigating the effects of multi-stressors on marine fish, particularly the effects of temperature on the uptake, biotransformation, elimination and effects of nanoparticles and microplastics, either alone or in mixture. This knowledge is most important to improve the basis for environmental and human risk assessments of these environmental contaminants of high concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ferreira
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Department of Population Studies, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Research Group of Ecotoxicology, Stress Ecology and Environmental Health, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Elsa Fonte
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Department of Population Studies, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Research Group of Ecotoxicology, Stress Ecology and Environmental Health, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - M Elisa Soares
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Felix Carvalho
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Lúcia Guilhermino
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Department of Population Studies, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Research Group of Ecotoxicology, Stress Ecology and Environmental Health, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
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1234
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Duis K, Coors A. Microplastics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment: sources (with a specific focus on personal care products), fate and effects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2016; 28:2. [PMID: 27752437 PMCID: PMC5044952 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-015-0069-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 703] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to the widespread use and durability of synthetic polymers, plastic debris occurs in the environment worldwide. In the present work, information on sources and fate of microplastic particles in the aquatic and terrestrial environment, and on their uptake and effects, mainly in aquatic organisms, is reviewed. Microplastics in the environment originate from a variety of sources. Quantitative information on the relevance of these sources is generally lacking, but first estimates indicate that abrasion and fragmentation of larger plastic items and materials containing synthetic polymers are likely to be most relevant. Microplastics are ingested and, mostly, excreted rapidly by numerous aquatic organisms. So far, there is no clear evidence of bioaccumulation or biomagnification. In laboratory studies, the ingestion of large amounts of microplastics mainly led to a lower food uptake and, consequently, reduced energy reserves and effects on other physiological functions. Based on the evaluated data, the lowest microplastic concentrations affecting marine organisms exposed via water are much higher than levels measured in marine water. In lugworms exposed via sediment, effects were observed at microplastic levels that were higher than those in subtidal sediments but in the same range as maximum levels in beach sediments. Hydrophobic contaminants are enriched on microplastics, but the available experimental results and modelling approaches indicate that the transfer of sorbed pollutants by microplastics is not likely to contribute significantly to bioaccumulation of these pollutants. Prior to being able to comprehensively assess possible environmental risks caused by microplastics a number of knowledge gaps need to be filled. However, in view of the persistence of microplastics in the environment, the high concentrations measured at some environmental sites and the prospective of strongly increasing concentrations, the release of plastics into the environment should be reduced in a broad and global effort regardless of a proof of an environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Duis
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstr. 2-14, 65439 Flörsheim/Main, Germany
| | - Anja Coors
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstr. 2-14, 65439 Flörsheim/Main, Germany
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1235
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Bergami E, Bocci E, Vannuccini ML, Monopoli M, Salvati A, Dawson KA, Corsi I. Nano-sized polystyrene affects feeding, behavior and physiology of brine shrimp Artemia franciscana larvae. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 123:18-25. [PMID: 26422775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nano-sized polymers as polystyrene (PS) constitute one of the main challenges for marine ecosystems, since they can distribute along the whole water column affecting planktonic species and consequently disrupting the energy flow of marine ecosystems. Nowadays very little knowledge is available on the impact of nano-sized plastics on marine organisms. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the effects of 40nm anionic carboxylated (PS-COOH) and 50nm cationic amino (PS-NH2) polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NPs) on brine shrimp Artemia franciscana larvae. No signs of mortality were observed at 48h of exposure for both PS NPs at naplius stage but several sub-lethal effects were evident. PS-COOH (5-100μg/ml) resulted massively sequestered inside the gut lumen of larvae (48h) probably limiting food intake. Some of them were lately excreted as fecal pellets but not a full release was observed. Likewise, PS-NH2 (5-100µg/ml) accumulated in larvae (48h) but also adsorbed at the surface of sensorial antennules and appendages probably hampering larvae motility. In addition, larvae exposed to PS-NH2 undergo multiple molting events during 48h of exposure compared to controls. The activation of a defense mechanism based on a physiological process able to release toxic cationic NPs (PS-NH2) from the body can be hypothesized. The general observed accumulation of PS NPs within the gut during the 48h of exposure indicates a continuous bioavailability of nano-sized PS for planktonic species as well as a potential transfer along the trophic web. Therefore, nano-sized PS might be able to impair food uptake (feeding), behavior (motility) and physiology (multiple molting) of brine shrimp larvae with consequences not only at organism and population level but on the overall ecosystem based on the key role of zooplankton on marine food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Bergami
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Bocci
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Italy
| | | | - Marco Monopoli
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anna Salvati
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Division Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kenneth A Dawson
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ilaria Corsi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Italy.
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1236
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Ryan PG. Ingestion of Plastics by Marine Organisms. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2016_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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1237
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Kwon BG, Koizumi K, Chung SY, Kodera Y, Kim JO, Saido K. Global styrene oligomers monitoring as new chemical contamination from polystyrene plastic marine pollution. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 300:359-367. [PMID: 26218303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polystyrene (PS) plastic marine pollution is an environmental concern. However, a reliable and objective assessment of the scope of this problem, which can lead to persistent organic contaminants, has yet to be performed. Here, we show that anthropogenic styrene oligomers (SOs), a possible indicator of PS pollution in the ocean, are found globally at concentrations that are higher than those expected based on the stability of PS. SOs appear to persist to varying degrees in the seawater and sand samples collected from beaches around the world. The most persistent forms are styrene monomer, styrene dimer, and styrene trimer. Sand samples from beaches, which are commonly recreation sites, are particularly polluted with these high SOs concentrations. This finding is of interest from both scientific and public perspectives because SOs may pose potential long-term risks to the environment in combination with other endocrine disrupting chemicals. From SOs monitoring results, this study proposes a flow diagram for SOs leaching from PS cycle. Using this flow diagram, we conclude that SOs are global contaminants in sandy beaches around the world due to their broad spatial distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum Gun Kwon
- Department of Bioenvironmental & Chemical Engineering, Chosun College of Science & Technology, 309-1 Pilmundae-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-744, Republic of Korea.
| | - Koshiro Koizumi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 7-24-1, Narashinodai, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8501, Japan
| | - Seon-Yong Chung
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoichi Kodera
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Jong-Oh Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Katsuhiko Saido
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan.
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1238
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Cole M, Galloway TS. Ingestion of Nanoplastics and Microplastics by Pacific Oyster Larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14625-32. [PMID: 26580574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plastic debris is a prolific contaminant effecting freshwater and marine ecosystems across the globe. Of growing environmental concern are "microplastics"and "nanoplastics" encompassing tiny particles of plastic derived from manufacturing and macroplastic fragmentation. Pelagic zooplankton are susceptible to consuming microplastics, however the threat posed to larvae of commercially important bivalves is currently unknown. We exposed Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) larvae (3-24 d.p.f.) to polystyrene particles spanning 70 nm-20 μm in size, including plastics with differing surface properties, and tested the impact of microplastics on larval feeding and growth. The frequency and magnitude of plastic ingestion over 24 h varied by larval age and size of polystyrene particle (ANOVA, P < 0.01), and surface properties of the plastic, with aminated particles ingested and retained more frequently (ANOVA, P < 0.01). A strong, significant correlation between propensity for plastic consumption and plastic load per organism was identified (Spearmans, r = 0.95, P < 0.01). Exposure to 1 and 10 μm PS for up to 8 days had no significant effect on C. gigas feeding or growth at <100 microplastics mL(-1). In conclusion, whil micro- and nanoplastics were readily ingested by oyster larvae, exposure to plastic concentrations exceeding those observed in the marine environment resulted in no measurable effects on the development or feeding capacity of the larvae over the duration of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Cole
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter , Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, U.K
| | - Tamara S Galloway
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter , Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, U.K
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1239
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Watts AJR, Urbina MA, Corr S, Lewis C, Galloway TS. Ingestion of Plastic Microfibers by the Crab Carcinus maenas and Its Effect on Food Consumption and Energy Balance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14597-604. [PMID: 26529464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic plastic fragments (<5 mm) are a worldwide conservation issue, polluting both coastal and marine environments. Fibers are the most prominent plastic type reported in the guts of marine organisms, but their effects once ingested are unknown. This study investigated the fate of polypropylene rope microfibers (1-5 mm in length) ingested by the crab Carcinus maenas and the consequences for the crab's energy budget. In chronic 4 week feeding studies, crabs that ingested food containing microfibers (0.3-1.0% plastic by weight) showed reduced food consumption (from 0.33 to 0.03 g d(-1)) and a significant reduction in energy available for growth (scope for growth) from 0.59 to -0.31 kJ crab d(-1) in crabs fed with 1% plastic. The polypropylene microfibers were physically altered by their passage through the foregut and were excreted with a smaller overall size and length and amalgamated into distinctive balls. These results support of the emerging paradigm that a key biological impact of microplastic ingestion is a reduction in energy budgets for the affected marine biota. We also provide novel evidence of the biotransformations that can affect the plastics themselves following ingestion and excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J R Watts
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter , Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Mauricio A Urbina
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter , Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción , Casilla 160-C, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Shauna Corr
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter , Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri Lewis
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter , Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Tamara S Galloway
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter , Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
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1240
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Neves D, Sobral P, Ferreira JL, Pereira T. Ingestion of microplastics by commercial fish off the Portuguese coast. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 101:119-126. [PMID: 26608506 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 503] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The digestive tract contents of 263 individuals from 26 species of commercial fish were examined for microplastics. These were found in 17 species, corresponding to 19.8% of the fish of which 32.7% had ingested more than one microplastic. Of all the fish that ingested microplastics, 63.5% was benthic and 36.5% pelagic species. A total of 73 microplastics were recorded, 48 (65.8%) being fibres and 25 (34.2%) being fragments. Polymers were polypropylene, polyethylene, alkyd resin, rayon, polyester, nylon and acrylic. The mean of ingested microplastics was 0.27 ± 0.63 per fish, (n=263). Pelagic fish ingested more particles and benthic fish ingested more fibres, but no significant differences were found. Fish with the highest number of microplastics were from the mouth of the Tagus river. Scomber japonicus registered the highest mean of ingested microplastics, suggesting its potential as indicator species to monitor and investigate trends in ingested litter, in the MSFD marine regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Neves
- MARE - Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Paula Sobral
- MARE - Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Joana Lia Ferreira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Conservação e Restauro, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica. 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Tânia Pereira
- Docapesca-Portos e Lotas S.A., Av. Brasília-Pedrouços, 1400-038 Lisboa, Portugal
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1241
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Mazurais D, Ernande B, Quazuguel P, Severe A, Huelvan C, Madec L, Mouchel O, Soudant P, Robbens J, Huvet A, Zambonino-Infante J. Evaluation of the impact of polyethylene microbeads ingestion in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 112:78-85. [PMID: 26412109 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are present in marine habitats worldwide and may be ingested by low trophic organisms such as fish larvae, with uncertain physiological consequences. The present study aims at assessing the impact of polyethylene (PE 10-45 μM) microbeads ingestion in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae. Fish were fed an inert diet including 0, 10(4) and 10(5) fluorescent microbeads per gram from 7 until 43 days post-hatching (dph). Microbeads were detected in the gastrointestinal tract in all fish fed diet incorporating PE. Our data revealed an efficient elimination of PE beads from the gut since no fluorescent was observed in the larvae after 48 h depuration. While the mortality rate increased significantly with the amount of microbeads scored per larvae at 14 and 20 dph, only ingestion of the highest concentration slightly impacted mortality rates. Larval growth and inflammatory response through Interleukine-1-beta (IL-1β) gene expression were not found to be affected while cytochrome-P450-1A1 (cyp1a1) expression level was significantly positively correlated with the number of microbeads scored per larva at 20 dph. Overall, these results suggest that ingestion of PE microbeads had limited impact on sea bass larvae possibly due to their high potential of egestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mazurais
- Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, LEMAR UMR 6539, Plouzané, France.
| | - B Ernande
- Ifremer, Channel and North Sea Fisheries Unit, Fisheries Laboratory, BP 699, Boulogne-sur-mer, 62321, France
| | - P Quazuguel
- Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, LEMAR UMR 6539, Plouzané, France
| | - A Severe
- Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, LEMAR UMR 6539, Plouzané, France
| | - C Huelvan
- Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, LEMAR UMR 6539, Plouzané, France
| | - L Madec
- Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, LEMAR UMR 6539, Plouzané, France
| | - O Mouchel
- Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, LEMAR UMR 6539, Plouzané, France
| | - P Soudant
- CNRS, IUEM, LEMAR UMR 6539, Plouzané, France
| | - J Robbens
- ILVO, Oostende, Belgium(3) ILVO, Oostende, Belgium
| | - A Huvet
- Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, LEMAR UMR 6539, Plouzané, France
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1242
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Battaglia P, Pedà C, Musolino S, Esposito V, Andaloro F, Romeo T. Diet and first documented data on plastic ingestion ofTrachinotus ovatusL. 1758 (Pisces: Carangidae) from the Strait of Messina (central Mediterranean Sea). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/11250003.2015.1114157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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1243
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Lenz R, Enders K, Stedmon CA, Mackenzie DMA, Nielsen TG. A critical assessment of visual identification of marine microplastic using Raman spectroscopy for analysis improvement. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 100:82-91. [PMID: 26455785 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Identification and characterisation of microplastic (MP) is a necessary step to evaluate their concentrations, chemical composition and interactions with biota. MP ≥10μm diameter filtered from below the sea surface in the European and subtropical North Atlantic were simultaneously identified by visual microscopy and Raman micro-spectroscopy. Visually identified particles below 100μm had a significantly lower percentage confirmed by Raman than larger ones indicating that visual identification alone is inappropriate for studies on small microplastics. Sixty-eight percent of visually counted MP (n=1279) were spectroscopically confirmed being plastic. The percentage varied with type, colour and size of the MP. Fibres had a higher success rate (75%) than particles (64%). We tested Raman micro-spectroscopy applicability for MP identification with respect to varying chemical composition (additives), degradation state and organic matter coating. Partially UV-degraded post-consumer plastics provided identifiable Raman spectra for polymers most common among marine MP, i.e. polyethylene and polypropylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Lenz
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Kavalergården 6, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark.
| | - Kristina Enders
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Kavalergården 6, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark
| | - Colin A Stedmon
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Kavalergården 6, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark
| | - David M A Mackenzie
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Torkel Gissel Nielsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Kavalergården 6, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark
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1244
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Enders K, Lenz R, Stedmon CA, Nielsen TG. Abundance, size and polymer composition of marine microplastics ≥10μm in the Atlantic Ocean and their modelled vertical distribution. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 100:70-81. [PMID: 26454631 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We studied abundance, size and polymer type of microplastic down to 10μm along a transect from the European Coast to the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (NASG) using an underway intake filtration technique and Raman micro-spectrometry. Concentrations ranged from 13 to 501itemsm(-3). Highest concentrations were observed at the European coast, decreasing towards mid-Atlantic waters but elevated in the western NASG. We observed highest numbers among particles in the 10-20μm size fraction, whereas the total volume was highest in the 50-80μm range. Based on a numerical model size-dependent depth profiles of polyethylene microspheres in a range from 10-1000μm were calculated and show a strong dispersal throughout the surface mixed layer for sizes smaller than 200μm. From model and field study results we conclude that small microplastic is ubiquitously distributed over the ocean surface layer and has a lower residence time than larger plastic debris in this compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Enders
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Kavalergården 6, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark.
| | - Robin Lenz
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Kavalergården 6, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark
| | - Colin A Stedmon
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Kavalergården 6, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark
| | - Torkel G Nielsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Kavalergården 6, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark
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1245
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Khan FR, Syberg K, Shashoua Y, Bury NR. Influence of polyethylene microplastic beads on the uptake and localization of silver in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 206:73-79. [PMID: 26142753 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether the uptake and localization of Ag in zebrafish was affected by the presence of polyethylene microplastic beads (PE MPBs). Zebrafish were exposed to 1 μg Ag L(-1) (radiolabelled with (110m)Ag) for 4 and 24 h in the presence or absence of PE MPBs (10, 100 or 1000 MPBs mL(-1)), and one treatment in which MPBs (1000 MPBs mL(-1)) were incubated with Ag to promote adsorption. The presence of MPBs, at any of the tested doses, had no effect on the uptake or localization of Ag. However, exposure to the Ag-incubated MPBs (∽75% of the Ag bound to MPBs) significantly reduced Ag uptake at both time points and also significantly increased the proportion of intestinal Ag. This study demonstrates that microplastics can alter the bioavailability and uptake route of a metal contaminant in a model fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan R Khan
- Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change (ENSPAC), Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, PO Box 260, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Kristian Syberg
- Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change (ENSPAC), Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, PO Box 260, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Yvonne Shashoua
- Department of Conservation, National Museum of Denmark, Brede, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nicolas R Bury
- Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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1246
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Vandermeersch G, Van Cauwenberghe L, Janssen CR, Marques A, Granby K, Fait G, Kotterman MJJ, Diogène J, Bekaert K, Robbens J, Devriese L. A critical view on microplastic quantification in aquatic organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 143:46-55. [PMID: 26249746 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics, plastic particles and fragments smaller than 5mm, are ubiquitous in the marine environment. Ingestion and accumulation of microplastics have previously been demonstrated for diverse marine species ranging from zooplankton to bivalves and fish, implying the potential for microplastics to accumulate in the marine food web. In this way, microplastics can potentially impact food safety and human health. Although a few methods to quantify microplastics in biota have been described, no comparison and/or intercalibration of these techniques have been performed. Here we conducted a literature review on all available extraction and quantification methods. Two of these methods, involving wet acid destruction, were used to evaluate the presence of microplastics in field-collected mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from three different "hotspot" locations in Europe (Po estuary, Italy; Tagus estuary, Portugal; Ebro estuary, Spain). An average of 0.18±0.14 total microplastics g(-1) w.w. for the Acid mix Method and 0.12±0.04 total microplastics g(-1) w.w. for the Nitric acid Method was established. Additionally, in a pilot study an average load of 0.13±0.14 total microplastics g(-1) w.w. was recorded in commercial mussels (Mytilus edulis and M. galloprovincialis) from five European countries (France, Italy, Denmark, Spain and The Netherlands). A detailed analysis and comparison of methods indicated the need for further research to develop a standardised operating protocol for microplastic quantification and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griet Vandermeersch
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit - Marine Environment and Quality, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium.
| | - Lisbeth Van Cauwenberghe
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Environmental Toxicology Unit (GhEnToxLab), Jozef Plateaustraat 22, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Colin R Janssen
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Environmental Toxicology Unit (GhEnToxLab), Jozef Plateaustraat 22, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Antonio Marques
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), Avenida de Brasília s/n, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Kit Granby
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, 2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | | | - Michiel J J Kotterman
- Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen University and Research Center, Ijmuiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institut de la Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5,5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita E-43540, Spain
| | - Karen Bekaert
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit - Marine Environment and Quality, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Johan Robbens
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit - Marine Environment and Quality, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Lisa Devriese
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit - Marine Environment and Quality, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium.
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1247
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Au SY, Bruce TF, Bridges WC, Klaine SJ. Responses of Hyalella azteca to acute and chronic microplastic exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:2564-72. [PMID: 26042578 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Limited information is available on the presence of microplastics in freshwater systems, and even less is known about the toxicological implications of the exposure of aquatic organisms to plastic particles. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of microplastic ingestion on the freshwater amphipod, Hyalella azteca. Hyalella azteca was exposed to fluorescent polyethylene microplastic particles and polypropylene microplastic fibers in individual 250-mL chambers to determine 10-d mortality. In acute bioassays, polypropylene microplastic fibers were significantly more toxic than polyethylene microplastic particles; 10-d lethal concentration 50% values for polyethylene microplastic particles and polypropylene microplastic fibers were 4.64 × 10(4) microplastics/mL and 71.43 microplastics/mL, respectively. A 42-d chronic bioassay using polyethylene microplastic particles was conducted to quantify effects on reproduction, growth, and egestion. Chronic exposure to polyethylene microplastic particles significantly decreased growth and reproduction at the low and intermediate exposure concentrations. During acute exposures to polyethylene microplastic particles, the egestion times did not significantly differ from the egestion of normal food materials in the control; egestion times for polypropylene microplastic fibers were significantly slower than the egestion of food materials in the control. Amphipods exposed to polypropylene microplastic fibers also had significantly less growth. The greater toxicity of microplastic fibers than microplastic particles corresponded with longer residence times for the fibers in the gut. The difference in residence time might have affected the ability to process food, resulting in an energetic effect reflected in sublethal endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Y Au
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Pendleton, South Carolina, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Terri F Bruce
- Clemson Light Imaging Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - William C Bridges
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen J Klaine
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Pendleton, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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1248
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Zhang W, Ma X, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Wang J, Wang J, Ma D. Persistent organic pollutants carried on plastic resin pellets from two beaches in China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 99:28-34. [PMID: 26298177 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics provide a mechanism for the long-range transport of hydrophobic chemical contaminants to remote coastal and marine locations. In this study, plastic resin pellets were collected from Zhengmingsi Beach and Dongshan Beach in China. The collected pellets were analyzed for PAHs, PCBs, HCHs, DDTs, chlordane, heptachlor, endosulfan, aldrin, dieldrin and endrin. The total concentration of PCBs ranged from 34.7-213.7 ng g(-1) and from 21.5-323.2 ng g(-1) in plastic resin pellets for Zhengmingsi Beach and Dongshan Beach respectively. The highest concentrations of PCBs were observed for congeners 44, 110, 138, 155 and 200. The total concentration of PAHs ranged from 136.3-1586.9 ng g(-1) and from 397.6-2384.2 ng g(-1) in the plastic pellets, whereas DDTs concentration ranged from 1.2-101.5 ng g(-1) and from 1.5-127.0 ng g(-1) for the two beaches. The elevated concentrations of pollutants appear to be related to extensive industrial development, agricultural activity and the use of coal in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Ocean University of China, Songling Road 238, Qingdao 266100, China; National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Linghe Street 42, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xindong Ma
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Linghe Street 42, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Linghe Street 42, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yan Wang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Linghe Street 42, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Juying Wang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Linghe Street 42, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jing Wang
- China Protection Association of Environment al Industry, Building A-4, Kouzhongbeili, Xicheng District, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Deyi Ma
- First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, China, No. 6, Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, China.
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1249
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Fok L, Cheung PK. Hong Kong at the Pearl River Estuary: A hotspot of microplastic pollution. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 99:112-8. [PMID: 26233305 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Large plastic (>5mm) and microplastic (0.315-5mm) debris were collected from 25 beaches along the Hong Kong coastline. More than 90% consisted of microplastics. Among the three groups of microplastic debris, expanded polystyrene (EPS) represented 92%, fragments represented 5%, and pellets represented 3%. The mean microplastic abundance for Hong Kong was 5595items/m(2). This number is higher than international averages, indicating that Hong Kong is a hotspot of marine plastic pollution. Microplastic abundance was significantly higher on the west coast than on the east coast, indicating that the Pearl River, which is west of Hong Kong, may be a potential source of plastic debris. The amounts of large plastic and microplastic debris of the same types (EPS and fragments) were positively correlated, suggesting that the fragmentation of large plastic material may increase the quantity of beach microplastic debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lincoln Fok
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - P K Cheung
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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1250
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Microplastics in Arctic polar waters: the first reported values of particles in surface and sub-surface samples. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14947. [PMID: 26446348 PMCID: PMC4597356 DOI: 10.1038/srep14947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic, as a form of marine litter, is found in varying quantities and sizes around the globe from surface waters to deep-sea sediments. Identifying patterns of microplastic distribution will benefit an understanding of the scale of their potential effect on the environment and organisms. As sea ice extent is reducing in the Arctic, heightened shipping and fishing activity may increase marine pollution in the area. Microplastics may enter the region following ocean transport and local input, although baseline contamination measurements are still required. Here we present the first study of microplastics in Arctic waters, south and southwest of Svalbard, Norway. Microplastics were found in surface (top 16 cm) and sub-surface (6 m depth) samples using two independent techniques. Origins and pathways bringing microplastic to the Arctic remain unclear. Particle composition (95% fibres) suggests they may either result from the breakdown of larger items (transported over large distances by prevailing currents, or derived from local vessel activity), or input in sewage and wastewater from coastal areas. Concurrent observations of high zooplankton abundance suggest a high probability for marine biota to encounter microplastics and a potential for trophic interactions. Further research is required to understand the effects of microplastic-biota interaction within this productive environment.
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