101
|
Chen XH, Luo SW, Tang Z, Cun LF, Mi AQ, Jiang YZ, Gong LZ. Organocatalyzed highly enantioselective direct aldol reactions of aldehydes with hydroxyacetone and fluoroacetone in aqueous media: the use of water to control regioselectivity. Chemistry 2007; 13:689-701. [PMID: 17013967 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An organocatalyst prepared from (2R,3R)-diethyl 2-amino-3-hydroxysuccinate and L-proline exhibited high regio- and enantioselectivities for the direct aldol reactions of hydroxyacetone and fluoroacetone with aldehydes in aqueous media. It was found that water could be used to control the regioselectivity. The presence of 20-30 mol% of the catalyst afforded the direct aldol reactions of a wide range of aldehydes with hydroxyacetone to give the otherwise disfavored products with excellent enantioselectivities, ranging from 91 to 99% ee, and high regioselectivities. Aldolizations of fluoroacetone with aldehydes mediated by 30 mol% of the organocatalyst in aqueous media preferentially occurred at the methyl group, yielding products with high enantioselectivities (up to 91% ee); however, these additions took place dominantly at the fluoromethyl group in THF. Optically active 3,5-disubstituted tetrahydrofurans and (2S,4R)-dihydroxy-4-biphenylbutyric acid were prepared by starting from the aldol reaction of hydroxyacetone. Theoretical studies on the role of water in controlling the regioselectivity revealed that the hydrogen bonds formed between the amide oxygen of proline amide, the hydroxy of hydroxyacetone, and water are responsible for the regioselectivity by microsolvation with explicit one water molecule as a hydrogen-bond donor and/or an acceptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory for Asymmetric Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
102
|
Huang S, Yu H, Chen X. Disaccharides as Sialic Acid Aldolase Substrates: Synthesis of Disaccharides Containing a Sialic Acid at the Reducing End. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200604799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
103
|
Knopff O, Kuhne J, Fehr C. Enantioselective Intramolecular Aldol Addition/Dehydration Reaction of a Macrocyclic Diketone: Synthesis of the Musk Odorants (R)-Muscone and (R,Z)-5-Muscenone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200604518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
104
|
Abstract
The aldol reaction is one of the most important methods for the stereoselective construction of polyketide natural products, not only for nature but also for synthetic chemistry. The tremendous development in the field of aldol additions during the last 30 years has led to more and more total syntheses of complicated natural products. This Review illustrates by means of selected syntheses of natural products the new variants of the aldol addition. This includes aldol additions with various metal enolates, as well as metal-complex-catalyzed, organocatalytic, and biocatalytic methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schetter
- Chemisches Institut, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
105
|
Córdova A, Ibrahem I, Casas J, Sundén H, Engqvist M, Reyes E. Amino acid catalyzed neogenesis of carbohydrates: a plausible ancient transformation. Chemistry 2007; 11:4772-84. [PMID: 15929141 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hexose sugars play a fundamental role in vital biochemical processes and their biosynthesis is achieved through enzyme-catalyzed pathways. Herein we disclose the ability of amino acids to catalyze the asymmetric neogenesis of carbohydrates by sequential cross-aldol reactions. The amino acids mediate the asymmetric de novo synthesis of natural L- and D-hexoses and their analogues with excellent stereoselectivity in organic solvents. In some cases, the four new stereocenters are assembled with almost absolute stereocontrol. The unique feature of these results is that, when an amino acid is employed as the catalyst, a single reaction sequence can convert a protected glycol aldehyde into a hexose in one step. For example, proline and its derivatives catalyze the asymmetric neogenesis of allose with >99 % ee in one chemical manipulation. Furthermore, all amino acids tested catalyzed the asymmetric formation of natural sugars under prebiotic conditions, with alanine being the smallest catalyst. The inherent simplicity of this catalytic process suggests that a catalytic prebiotic "gluconeogenesis" may occur, in which amino acids transfer their stereochemical information to sugars. In addition, the amino acid catalyzed stereoselective sequential cross-aldol reactions were performed as a two-step procedure with different aldehydes as acceptors and nucleophiles. The employment of two different amino acids as catalysts for the iterative direct aldol reactions enabled the asymmetric synthesis of deoxysugars with >99 % ee. In addition, the direct amino acid catalyzed C(2)+C(2)+C(2) methodology is a new entry for the short, highly enantioselective de novo synthesis of carbohydrate derivatives, isotope-labeled sugars, and polyketide natural products. The one-pot asymmetric de novo syntheses of deoxy and polyketide carbohydrates involved a novel dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation (DYKAT) mediated by an amino acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armando Córdova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
106
|
|
107
|
|
108
|
|
109
|
Mlynarski J, Rakiel B, Stodulski M, Suszczyńska A, Frelek J. Chiral Ytterbium Complex-Catalyzed Direct Asymmetric Aldol-Tishchenko Reaction: Synthesis ofanti-1,3-Diols. Chemistry 2006; 12:8158-67. [PMID: 16871507 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric aldol-Tishchenko reaction of aromatic aldehydes with aliphatic and aromatic ketones has been developed as an efficient strategy for the synthesis of anti-1,3-diols in good yield with high diastereocontrol and good levels of enantioselectivity. This domino-type reaction is catalyzed by a chiral ytterbium complex that promotes both the aldol reaction through enolization of the carbonyl compound and the Evans-Tishchenko reduction of the aldol intermediate. The stereochemistry of the resulting diols is also investigated and finally proved by using CD techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Mlynarski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
110
|
Stereoselectivity and Expanded Substrate Scope of an Engineered PLP-Dependent Aldolase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
111
|
Seebeck FP, Guainazzi A, Amoreira C, Baldridge KK, Hilvert D. Stereoselectivity and Expanded Substrate Scope of an Engineered PLP-Dependent Aldolase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:6824-6. [PMID: 17001724 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian P Seebeck
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Hönggerberg HCI F339, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
McGilvra JD, Unni AK, Modi K, Rawal VH. Highly diastereo- and enantioselective Mukaiyama aldol reactions catalyzed by hydrogen bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:6130-3. [PMID: 16906613 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200601638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff D McGilvra
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
113
|
McGilvra JD, Unni AK, Modi K, Rawal VH. Highly Diastereo- and Enantioselective Mukaiyama Aldol Reactions Catalyzed by Hydrogen Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200601638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
114
|
Chen JR, Li XY, Xing XN, Xiao WJ. Sterically and Electronically Tunable and Bifunctional Organocatalysts: Design and Application in Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of Cyclic Ketones with Aldehydes. J Org Chem 2006; 71:8198-202. [PMID: 17025312 DOI: 10.1021/jo0615089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sterically and electronically tunable and bifunctional organocatalysts have been developed and evaluated in the direct aldol reaction of heterocyclic ketones. Catalysts with different substituents showed variable catalytic efficiency for analogous substrates, indicating the importance of fine-tuning the strength of the hydrogen bonding in the two NH groups. The reactions all proceeded in good to high yield and with excellent enantioselectivities ranging from 90% to >99% ee. In most cases, high diastereoselectivities ranging from 96/4 to 99/1 were obtained for the anti aldol adduct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Abstract
Lewis acid catalysis has attracted much attention in organic synthesis as it often affords access to unique reactivity and selectivity under mild conditions. Although various kinds of Lewis acids have been developed and applied in industry, these Lewis acids must be generally used under strictly anhydrous conditions, as the presence of even a small amount of water interferes with the reactions due to preferential reaction of the Lewis acids with water rather than the substrates. In contrast to this, rare earth and other metal complexes have been found to be water-compatible. Furthermore, Bi(OTf)(3)- and Ga(OTf)(3)-basic ligand complexes have also been found to be stable in water, and have been used as water-compatible Lewis acids. This application is particularly significant, as Bi(OTf)(3) and Ga(OTf)(3) themselves are unstable in the presence of water, but are stabilized by the basic ligands. This observation has led to the development of a new approach to Lewis acid catalysis in which Lewis acids that are generally unstable in the presence of water are rendered amenable to aqueous systems when combined with basic ligands. In particular, the use of chiral basic ligands leading to new types of water-compatible chiral Lewis acids may enable a wide range of asymmetric catalysis in aqueous media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
Ramón DJ, Yus M. Asymmetric multicomponent reactions (AMCRs): the new frontier. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:1602-34. [PMID: 15719349 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200460548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1405] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric multicomponent reactions involve the preparation of chiral compounds by the reaction of three or more reagents added simultaneously. This kind of addition and reaction has some advantages over classic divergent reaction strategies, such as lower costs, time, and energy, as well as environmentally friendlier aspects. All these advantages, together with the high level of stereoselectivity attained in some of these reactions, will force chemists in industry as in academia to adopt this new strategy of synthesis, or at least to consider it as a viable option. The positive aspects as well as the drawbacks of this strategy are discussed in this Review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego J Ramón
- Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica y Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080-Alicante, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
117
|
Landa A, Minkkilä A, Blay G, Jørgensen KA. Bis(oxazoline) Lewis Acid Catalyzed Aldol Reactions of PyridineN-Oxide Aldehydes—Synthesis of Optically Active 2-(1-Hydroxyalkyl)pyridine Derivatives: Development, Scope, and Total Synthesis of an Indolizine Alkaloid. Chemistry 2006; 12:3472-83. [PMID: 16548019 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new, short, and simplified procedure for the synthesis of optically active pyridine derivatives from pro-chiral pyridine-N-oxides is presented. The catalytic and asymmetric Mukaiyama aldol reaction between ketene silyl acetals and 1-oxypyridine-2-carbaldehyde derivatives catalyzed by chiral copper(II)-bis(oxazoline) complexes gave optically active 2-(hydroxyalkyl)- and 2-(anti-1,2-dihydroxyalkyl)pyridine derivatives in good yields and diastereoselectivities, and in excellent enantioselectivities-up to 99 % enantiomeric excess. As a synthetic application of the developed method, a full account for the asymmetric total synthesis of a nonnatural indolizine alkaloid is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Landa
- Danish National Research Foundation, Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
Das G, Matile S. Substrate-Independent Transduction of Chromophore-Free Organic and Biomolecular Transformations into Color. Chemistry 2006; 12:2936-44. [PMID: 16402398 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The concept of synthetic multifunctional pores as substrate-independent optical signal transducers of chemical reactions is introduced with emphasis on the combination with substrate-specific signal generation in biomolecular transformations. Comparison with the general electrochemical transduction, known from conventional biosensors, and the general optical transduction of analyte-specific biomolecular recognition (rather than transformation), known from immunosensing, reveals the fundamental nature of the concept as well as an attractive complementarity to existing methods. Examples with transferases, hydrolases, lyases, and even an isomerase demonstrate that optical transduction with synthetic multifunctional pores is general far beyond the substrate-specific signal generators of electrochemical transduction, that is, the oxidoreductases, and absolutely unproblematic. In part very recent breakthroughs are used to highlight the remarkable promise of synthetic multifunctional pores as optical transducers of biomolecular transformation with regard to practical sensing and screening applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
119
|
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Rueping
- Degussa Endowed Professorship, Institute for Organic Chemistry und Chemical Biology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
|
121
|
Taylor MS, Jacobsen EN. Asymmetrische Katalyse durch chirale Wasserstoffbrückendonoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200503132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
122
|
Hayashi Y, Sumiya T, Takahashi J, Gotoh H, Urushima T, Shoji M. Highly Diastereo- and Enantioselective Direct Aldol Reactions in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200502488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
123
|
Hayashi Y, Sumiya T, Takahashi J, Gotoh H, Urushima T, Shoji M. Highly Diastereo- and Enantioselective Direct Aldol Reactions in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:958-61. [PMID: 16385603 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200502488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Hayashi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
124
|
Bassan A, Zou W, Reyes E, Himo F, Córdova A. The Origin of Stereoselectivity in Primary Amino Acid Catalyzed Intermolecular Aldol Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200502388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
125
|
Bassan A, Zou W, Reyes E, Himo F, Córdova A. The Origin of Stereoselectivity in Primary Amino Acid Catalyzed Intermolecular Aldol Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:7028-32. [PMID: 16259017 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200502388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Bassan
- Stockholm University, Department of Physics, ALBANOVA, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
126
|
Affiliation(s)
- Uli Kazmaier
- Institut für organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Im Stadtwald, Geb. 23.2, 66 123 Saarbrücken, Germany, Fax.
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Kazmaier U. Aminosäuren - wertvolle Organokatalysatoren für die Synthese von Kohlenhydraten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200462873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
128
|
Ramón DJ, Yus M. Neue Entwicklungen in der asymmetrischen Mehrkomponenten-Reaktion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200460548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
129
|
Enders D, Voith M, Lenzen A. The Dihydroxyacetone Unit?A Versatile C3 Building Block in Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:1304-25. [PMID: 15651077 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200400659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nature employs dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) as the donor component in various enzyme-catalyzed aldol reactions. Probably the most significant example in this regard is photosynthesis, in which D-glucose, the most widespread natural product, is formed in just a few steps from DHAP. In recent years a number of synthetic equivalents of DHAP have been reported that deserve particular attention, as their applicability in organic synthesis is not limited to (stereoselective) aldol reactions. The power of these reagents has also been demonstrated convincingly in numerous other asymmetric electrophilic alpha-substitution reactions in target-oriented syntheses. Furthermore, the related 1,3-dioxins are useful equivalents of 2-substituted acrolein derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Enders
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Professor-Pirlet-Strasse 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
Espelt L, Bujons J, Parella T, Calveras J, Joglar J, Delgado A, Clapés P. Aldol Additions of Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate toN-Cbz-Amino Aldehydes Catalyzed byL-Fuculose-1-Phosphate Aldolase in Emulsion Systems: Inversion of Stereoselectivity as a Function of the Acceptor Aldehyde. Chemistry 2005; 11:1392-401. [PMID: 15669071 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The potential of L-fuculose-1-phosphate aldolase (FucA) as a catalyst for the asymmetric aldol addition of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) to N-protected amino aldehydes has been investigated. First, the reaction was studied in both emulsion systems and conventional dimethylformamide (DMF)/H2O (1:4 v/v) mixtures. At 100 mM DHAP, compared with the reactions in the DMF/H2O (1:4) mixture, the use of emulsion systems led to two- to three-fold improvements in the conversions of the FucA-catalyzed reactions. The N-protected aminopolyols thus obtained were converted to iminocyclitols by reductive amination with Pd/C. This reaction was highly diastereoselective with the exception of the reaction of the aldol adduct formed from (S)-N-Cbz-alaninal, which gave a 55:45 mixture of both epimers. From the stereochemical analysis of the resulting iminocyclitols, it was concluded that the stereoselectivity of the FucA-catalyzed reaction depended upon the structure of the N-Cbz-amino aldehyde acceptor. Whereas the enzymatic aldol reaction with both enantiomers of N-Cbz-alaninal exclusively gave the expected 3R,4R configuration, the stereochemistry at the C-4 position of the major aldol adducts produced in the reactions with N-Cbz-glycinal and N-Cbz-3-aminopropanal was inverted to the 3R,4S configuration. The study of the FucA-catalyzed addition of DHAP to phenylacetaldehyde and benzyloxyacetaldehyde revealed that the 4R product was kinetically favored, but rapidly disappeared in favor of the 4S diastereoisomer. Computational models were generated for the situations before and after C-C bond formation in the active site of FucA. Moreover, the lowest-energy conformations of each pair of the resulting epimeric adducts were determined. The data show that the products with a 3R,4S configuration were thermodynamically more stable and, therefore, the major products formed, in agreement with the experimental results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Espelt
- Institute for Chemical & Environmental Research-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
131
|
Enders D, Voith M, Lenzen A. Die Dihydroxyaceton-Einheit - ein nützlicher C3-Baustein in der Organischen Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200400659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
132
|
Casas J, Engqvist M, Ibrahem I, Kaynak B, Córdova A. Direct Amino Acid Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of Polyketide Sugars. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200461400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
133
|
Casas J, Engqvist M, Ibrahem I, Kaynak B, Córdova A. Direct Amino Acid Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of Polyketide Sugars. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004; 44:1343-5. [PMID: 15624230 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Casas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
134
|
Fructose 6-phosphate aldolase and 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase from Escherichia coli as tools in enzymatic synthesis of 1-deoxysugars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(02)00174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
135
|
Wahler D, Reymond JL. Methylamine adenine dinucleotide (MAD): a co-factor to turn alcohol dehydrogenases into aldolases. CAN J CHEM 2002. [DOI: 10.1139/v02-074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Methylamine adenine dinucleotide (MAD) was prepared in seven steps and 15.3% overall yield from 1-acetoxy-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribose by chemoenzymatic synthesis. The key step was the phosphatephosphate coupling between adenosine monophosphate and 2,5-anhydro-1-deoxy-1-phenylacetamide-6-phosphate-D-allitol (3) mediated by carbonyl diimidazole (CDI), followed by the removal of the phenylacetamido group by penicillin G acylase. The MAD co-factor provided a primary amine functionality that was suitably positioned to promote the enamine aldolization of 2-oxopropionamide with aldehydes within the active site of alcohol dehydrogenases, which should lead to the transformation of these stereoselective enzymes into aldolases. Preliminary investigations did not reveal any activity with horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase or yeast alcohol dehydrogenase.Key words: aldolases, alcohol dehydrogenases, co-factor enginering, nucleosides, acylases.
Collapse
|
136
|
Liu J, Wong CH. Aldolase-Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of Novel Pyranose Synthons as a New Entry to Heterocycles and Epothilones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002; 41:1404-7. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20020415)41:8<1404::aid-anie1404>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
137
|
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Maggiotti
- University of Oxford, The Dyson Perrins Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
138
|
|
139
|
Abstract
The main recent conceptual advances in asymmetric aldol reactions are presented. Methods ranging from stoichiometric chiral auxiliary-mediated to direct, catalytic reactions are covered, including the Mukaiyama aldol reactions which use stoichiometric base and silylating reagents, but catalytic (substoichiometric) amounts of the chiral inductor. The salient features of each new development are noted, paying special attention to practical concerns and to the potential implementation for large scale production. After examination of pros and cons of each strategy, gaps and limitations that deserve further investigation are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Palomo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco, San Sebastián, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Gröger H, Wilken J. Die Anwendung vonL-Prolin als Enzymmimetikum und weitere neue asymmetrische Synthesen mit kleinen organischen Molekülen als chiralen Katalysatoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20010202)113:3<545::aid-ange545>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
141
|
Gröger H, Wilken J. The Application of L-Proline as an Enzyme Mimic and Further New Asymmetric Syntheses Using Small Organic Molecules as Chiral Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20010202)40:3<529::aid-anie529>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|