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Wu G, Dong X, Xiu J, Yu Y, Gu M, Tang TB, Zuo Z, Liu Y, Cui G. Water and oxygen co-induced microstructure relaxation and evolution in CH 3NH 3PbI 3. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:17242-17247. [PMID: 34373879 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02704b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Owing to perovskite possessing the outstanding optoelectronic properties, perovskite-based solar cells show prominent performance. The stability of perovskite-based solar cells hampers the progress of commercialization, so it is important to understand the microstructure mechanism of perovskite degradation under the humidity and oxygen environmental conditions. In this study, a meaningful Debye-type dielectric relaxation was observed under water vapor and oxygen co-treatment conditions. Interestingly, the relaxation was not observed under water vapor or oxygen treatment individually. This new dielectric relaxation is identified as a direct result of dipole jump, and its activation energy was measured to be 630 ± 6 meV. According to photoelectron spectroscopy and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance data, we suggest that the dipoles are formed by CH3NH3+ (MA+) and superoxide (O2-), which originate from the distorted crystal lattice and water vapor-weakened hydrogen bonds of Pb-I cages. In addition, the activation energy fitted by dielectric relaxation might be the energy of ion migration. This study contributes to understanding the mechanism of perovskite degradation from the view of microstructure relaxation and evolution, and also provides a method for the analysis of ion migration energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcheng Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectric Materials Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronics Information, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids of Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
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102
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Lyu M, Park S, Lee H, Ma BS, Park SH, Hong KH, Kim H, Kim TS, Noh JH, Son HJ, Park NG. Simultaneous Enhanced Efficiency and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells Using Adhesive Fluorinated Polymer Interfacial Material. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:35595-35605. [PMID: 34286951 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For enhancing the performance and long-term stability of perovskite solar cell (PSC) devices, interfacial engineering between the perovskite and hole-transporting material (HTM) is important. We developed a fluorinated conjugated polymer PFPT3 and used it as an interfacial layer between the perovskite and HTM layers in normal-type PSCs. Interaction of perovskite and PFPT3 via Pb-F bonding effectively induces an interfacial dipole moment, which resulted in energy-level bending; this was favorable for charge transfer and hole extraction at the interface. The PSC device achieved an increased efficiency of 22.00% with an open-circuit voltage of 1.13 V, short-circuit current density of 24.34 mA/cm2, and fill factor of 0.80 from a reverse scan and showed an averaged power conversion efficiency of 21.59%, which was averaged from forward and reverse scans. Furthermore, the device with PFPT3 showed much improved stability under an 85% RH condition because hydrophobic PFPT3 reduced water permeation into the perovskite layer, and more importantly, the enhanced contact adhesion at the PFPT3-mediated perovskite/HTM interface suppressed surface delamination and retarded water intrusion. The fluorinated conjugated polymeric interfacial material is effective for improving not only the efficiency but also the stability of the PSC devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lyu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Park
- Advanced Photovoltaics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonju Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Boo Soo Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hyun Park
- Advanced Photovoltaics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Energy and Environment (KU-KIST Green School), Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Ha Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Soo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hong Noh
- Graduate School of Energy and Environment (KU-KIST Green School), Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jung Son
- Advanced Photovoltaics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Energy and Environment (KU-KIST Green School), Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Gyu Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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103
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Yu Y, Liu R, Zhang F, Liu C, Wu Q, Zhang M, Yu H. Potassium tetrafluoroborate-induced defect tolerance enables efficient wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 605:710-717. [PMID: 34365307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.07.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskites play a crucial role for top cells in tandem solar cells (TSCs), which provides a promising avenue to boost the performance of widely used commercial solar cells. However, such WBG perovskite solar cells (PSCs) show poor performance compared to that of ~1.6 eV bandgap PSCs due to high defects density and photo-instability, resulting in relatively large open-circuit voltage loss (Vloss). Herein, we introduce alkali pseudo-halide KBF4 into the perovskite precursor solution for preparing less-defect WBG perovskite film. It is showed that the interstitial occupancy of K+ in the perovskite lattice and the suppression of recombination by BF4-, thereby inhibiting the ion migration and reducing the trap density. As a result, the champion WBG PSC (Energy gap (Eg), Eg = 1.74 eV) delivers a high open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.21 V and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.49%. This work provides new insight into the defect tolerance upon metal pseudo-halides doping in the WBG perovskite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Rui Liu
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Fu Zhang
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Qiaofeng Wu
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Hua Yu
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, PR China.
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104
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An in-situ defect passivation through a green anti-solvent approach for high-efficiency and stable perovskite solar cells. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:1419-1428. [PMID: 36654368 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Surface and grain boundary defects in halide perovskite solar cells are highly detrimental, reducing efficiencies and stabilities. Widespread halide anion and organic cation defects usually aggravate ion diffusion and material degradation on the surfaces and at the grain boundaries of perovskite films. In this study, we employ an in-situ green method utilizing nontoxic cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) and isopropanol (IPA) as anti-solvents to effectively passivate both surface and grain boundary defects in hybrid perovskites. Anion vacancies can be readily passivated by the chloride group due to its high electronegativity, and cation defects can be synchronously passivated by the more stable cetyltrimethylammonium group. The results show that the charge trap density was significantly reduced, while the carrier recombination lifetime was markedly extended. As a result, the power conversion efficiency of the cell can reach 23.4% with this in-situ green method. In addition, the device retains 85% of its original power conversion efficiency after 600 h of operation under illumination, showing that the stability of perovskite solar cells is improved with this in-situ passivation strategy. This work may provide a green and effective route to improve both the stability and efficiency of perovskite solar cells.
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105
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Lin CC, Murakami TN, Chikamatsu M, Bessho T, Furue M, Segawa H. A Sodium Chloride Modification of SnO 2 Electron Transport Layers to Enhance the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:17880-17889. [PMID: 34308023 PMCID: PMC8296025 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A sodium chloride modification was applied where different amounts of sodium chloride was physically blended in a tin oxide colloid solution to passivate the interface between the electron transport layer (ETL) and perovskite layer and improve the performance of perovskite solar cells. Sodium chloride-modified tin oxide was utilized as the electron transport material to fabricate perovskite solar cells. It was found that sodium chloride-modified tin oxide as an ETL could considerably enhance the performance of the device compared to pristine tin oxide. The power conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell displayed 8.8% remarkable improvement from 18.7 ± 0.4% to 20.3 ± 0.3% on average and 9.5% improvement from 18.9 to 20.7% in champion devices because of the considerable enhancement of the fill factor when 25 mM sodium chloride-modified tin oxide as the ETL was used in comparison with pristine tin oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Chang Lin
- Department
of General System Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Takurou N. Murakami
- Global
Zero Emission Research Center (GZR), National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 100-8921, Japan
| | - Masayuki Chikamatsu
- Global
Zero Emission Research Center (GZR), National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 100-8921, Japan
| | - Takeru Bessho
- Research
Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Miwako Furue
- Department
of General System Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Segawa
- Department
of General System Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
- Research
Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
- Department
of Chemical System Engineering, The University
of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
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106
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Luo D, Li X, Dumont A, Yu H, Lu ZH. Recent Progress on Perovskite Surfaces and Interfaces in Optoelectronic Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006004. [PMID: 34145654 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Surfaces and heterojunction interfaces, where defects and energy levels dictate charge-carrier dynamics in optoelectronic devices, are critical for unlocking the full potential of perovskite semiconductors. In this progress report, chemical structures of perovskite surfaces are discussed and basic physical rules for the band alignment are summarized at various perovskite interfaces. Common perovskite surfaces are typically decorated by various compositional and structural defects such as residual surface reactants, discrete nanoclusters, reactions by products, vacancies, interstitials, antisites, etc. Some of these surface species induce deep-level defect states in the forbidden band forming very harmful charge-carrier traps and affect negatively the interface band alignments for achieving optimal device performance. Herein, an overview of research progresses on surface and interface engineering is provided to minimize deep-level defect states. The reviewed subjects include selection of interface and substrate buffer layers for growing better crystals, materials and processing methods for surface passivation, the surface catalyst for microstructure transformations, organic semiconductors for charge extraction or injection, heterojunctions with wide bandgap perovskites or nanocrystals for mitigating defects, and electrode interlayer for preventing interdiffusion and reactions. These surface and interface engineering strategies are shown to be critical in boosting device performance for both solar cells and light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deying Luo
- Dr. D. Luo, Prof. H. Yu, Prof. Z.-H. Lu, School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Dr. D. Luo, Dr. X. Li, A. Dumont, Prof. Z.-H. Lu, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 3E4, Canada
| | - Xiaoyue Li
- Dr. D. Luo, Dr. X. Li, A. Dumont, Prof. Z.-H. Lu, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 3E4, Canada
- Dr. X. Li, Prof. Z.-H. Lu, Department of Physics, Center for Optoelectronics Engineering Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Antoine Dumont
- Dr. D. Luo, Dr. X. Li, A. Dumont, Prof. Z.-H. Lu, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 3E4, Canada
| | - Hongyu Yu
- Dr. D. Luo, Prof. H. Yu, Prof. Z.-H. Lu, School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Lu
- Dr. D. Luo, Prof. H. Yu, Prof. Z.-H. Lu, School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Dr. D. Luo, Dr. X. Li, A. Dumont, Prof. Z.-H. Lu, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 3E4, Canada
- Dr. X. Li, Prof. Z.-H. Lu, Department of Physics, Center for Optoelectronics Engineering Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
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107
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Lei Y, Xu Y, Wang M, Zhu G, Jin Z. Origin, Influence, and Countermeasures of Defects in Perovskite Solar Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2005495. [PMID: 33759357 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Defects are considered to be one of the most significant factors that compromise the power conversion efficiencies and long-term stability of perovskite solar cells. Therefore, it is urgent to have a profound understanding of their formation and influence mechanism, so as to take corresponding measures to suppress or even completely eliminate their adverse effects on device performance. Herein, the possible origins of the defects in metal halide perovskite films and their impacts on the device performance are analyzed, and then various methods to reduce defect density are introduced in detail. Starting from the internal and interfacial aspects of the metal halide perovskite films, several ways to improve device performance and long-term stability including additive engineering, surface passivation, and other physical treatments (annealing engineering), etc., are further elaborated. Finally, the further understanding of defects and the development trend of passivation strategies are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Lei
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design (MoE) & National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Optical Conversion Materials and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Youkui Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design (MoE) & National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Optical Conversion Materials and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design (MoE) & National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Optical Conversion Materials and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ge Zhu
- Key Laboratory of New Energy and Rare Earth Resource Utilization of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Key Laboratory of Photosensitive Materials & Devices of Liaoning Province, College of Physics and Materials Engineering, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe West Road, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Zhiwen Jin
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design (MoE) & National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Optical Conversion Materials and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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108
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Zhou L, Su J, Lin Z, Guo X, Ma J, Li T, Zhang J, Chang J, Hao Y. Synergistic Interface Layer Optimization and Surface Passivation with Fluorocarbon Molecules toward Efficient and Stable Inverted Planar Perovskite Solar Cells. RESEARCH 2021; 2021:9836752. [PMID: 34286280 PMCID: PMC8261667 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9836752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Large-size organic halide passivation has been considered an efficient approach to enhance the perovskite solar cell (PSC) efficiency and stability. Herein, a facile posttreatment strategy was demonstrated, wherein trifluoromethyl-phenethylamine hydrobromide (CF3-PEABr) is firstly used to passivate the perovskite film surface. The CF3-PEABr surface posttreatment could coordinate with halide dangling bonds that exist at the perovskite crystal surface. Moreover, the surface treatment with CF3-PEABr could efficiently passivate the defects in the perovskite film and suppress the nonradiative carrier recombination. As a result, a high efficiency of 21.3% is obtained, and an increment of 80 mV in V oc (a large V oc of 1.15 V, with a 0.42 V voltage deficit) occurs, compared to the control device. To relieve the hydrophobic nature properties of the -CF3 functional group and the dewetting problem of PCBM layer deposition, a surfactant Triton X-100 is used to modify the PCBM layer. Furthermore, the devices with CF3-PEABr posttreatment exhibit better operational, thermal (85°C), and long storage stabilities without any encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhou
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, Shaanxi Joint Key Laboratory of Graphene, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Jie Su
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, Shaanxi Joint Key Laboratory of Graphene, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Zhenhua Lin
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, Shaanxi Joint Key Laboratory of Graphene, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Xing Guo
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, Shaanxi Joint Key Laboratory of Graphene, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Jing Ma
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, Shaanxi Joint Key Laboratory of Graphene, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Tao Li
- Centre for Spintronics and Quantum System, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Jincheng Zhang
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, Shaanxi Joint Key Laboratory of Graphene, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an 710071, China.,Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Center for Flexible Electronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Jingjing Chang
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, Shaanxi Joint Key Laboratory of Graphene, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an 710071, China.,Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Center for Flexible Electronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Yue Hao
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, Shaanxi Joint Key Laboratory of Graphene, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an 710071, China.,Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Center for Flexible Electronics, Xidian University, 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an 710071, China
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109
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Akin S, Dong B, Pfeifer L, Liu Y, Graetzel M, Hagfeldt A. Organic Ammonium Halide Modulators as Effective Strategy for Enhanced Perovskite Photovoltaic Performance. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004593. [PMID: 34026455 PMCID: PMC8132166 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite rapid improvements in efficiency, long-term stability remains a challenge limiting the future up-scaling of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Although several approaches have been developed to improve the stability of PSCs, applying ammonium passivation materials in bilayer configuration PSCs has drawn intensive research interest due to the potential of simultaneously improving long-term stability and boosting power conversion efficiency (PCE). This review focuses on the recent advances of improving n-i-p PSCs photovoltaic performance by employing ammonium halide-based molecular modulators. The first section briefly summarizes the challenges of perovskite materials by introducing the degradation mechanisms associated with the hygroscopic nature and ion migration issues. Then, recent reports regarding the roles of overlayers formed from ammonium-based passivation agents are discussed on the basis of ligand and halide effects. This includes both the formation of 2D perovskite films as well as purely organic passivating layers. Finally, the last section provides future perspectives on the use of organic ammonium halides within bilayer-architecture PSCs to improve the photovoltaic performances. Overall, this review provides a roadmap on current demands and future research directions of molecular modulators to address the critical limitations of PSCs, to mitigate the major barriers on the pathway toward future up-scaling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seckin Akin
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials EngineeringKaramanoglu Mehmetbey UniversityKaramanTurkey
| | - Bitao Dong
- Laboratory of Photomolecular ScienceÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneStation 6LausanneCH‐1015Switzerland
| | - Lukas Pfeifer
- Laboratory of Photonics and InterfacesDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneCH‐1015Switzerland
| | - Yuhang Liu
- Laboratory of Photonics and InterfacesDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneCH‐1015Switzerland
| | - Michael Graetzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and InterfacesDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneCH‐1015Switzerland
| | - Anders Hagfeldt
- Laboratory of Photomolecular ScienceÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneStation 6LausanneCH‐1015Switzerland
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110
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Zheng T, Fan B, Zhao Y, Jin B, Fan L, Peng R. Tailored conductive fullerenes-based passivator for efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 598:229-237. [PMID: 33901848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Interfacial defects result in a limitation to the development of highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. The passivation of these defects by adopting various interfacial defects passivation agents is a common method for boosting device performance. However, most existing interfacial defects passivation agents form poorly conductive aggregates at the perovskite interface with the electron transport layer (ETL), hindering the transport of charge carriers. In addition, the electron mobility of passivation agents is an important factor that affects the electron communication between the adjacent layers. Herein, a fullerene-based molecular passivator, [60]fullerene-4-(1-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)benzenaminium (C60-tBu-I), is designed and synthesized. This novel n-doping fullerene ammonium iodide is developed as an interfacial modification agent to accelerate charge transport from the perovskite active layer into the ETL while hindering the nonradiative charge carrier recombination. Hence, compared with the control devices (15.66%), C60-tBu-I-modified device presents a higher efficiency of 17.75%. More importantly, the tert-butyl group dramatically enhances the resistance of perovskite films to water molecular. As a result, C60-tBu-I-modified devices exhibit excellent long-term stability, remaining at more than 87% of the initial power conversion efficiency value after storage for 500 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Sichuan Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Bin Fan
- Kunshan GCL Photoelectric Material Ltd. Co, Suzhou 215300, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Sichuan Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Bo Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Sichuan Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Lisheng Fan
- Kunshan GCL Photoelectric Material Ltd. Co, Suzhou 215300, China.
| | - Rufang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Sichuan Mianyang 621010, China.
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111
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Zhao J, Caselli VM, Bus M, Boshuizen B, Savenije TJ. How Deep Hole Traps Affect the Charge Dynamics and Collection in Bare and Bilayers of Methylammonium Lead Bromide. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:16309-16316. [PMID: 33787206 PMCID: PMC8045023 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Wide-band-gap perovskites such as methylammonium lead bromide (MAPB) are promising materials for tandem solar cells because of their potentially high open-circuit voltage, which is yet still far below the maximum limit. The relatively short charge-carrier lifetimes deduced from time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements seem in strong contrast with the long lifetimes observed with time-resolved photoconductance measurements. This is explained by a large amount of hole defect states, NT > 1016 cm-3, in spin-coated layers of MAPB residing at or near the grain boundaries. The introduction of hypophosphorous acid (HPA) increases the average grain size by a factor of 3 and reduces the total concentration of the trap states by a factor of 10. The introduction of HPA also increases the fraction of initially generated holes that undergo charge transfer to the selective contact, Spiro-OMeTAD (SO), by an order of magnitude. In contrast to methylammonium lead iodide (MAPI)/SO bilayers, a reduction of the carrier lifetime is observed in MAPB/SO bilayers, which is attributed to the fact that injected holes undergo interfacial recombination via these trap states. Our findings provide valuable insight into the optoelectronic properties of bromide-containing lead halide perovskites essential for designing efficient tandem solar cells.
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112
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Altinkaya C, Aydin E, Ugur E, Isikgor FH, Subbiah AS, De Bastiani M, Liu J, Babayigit A, Allen TG, Laquai F, Yildiz A, De Wolf S. Tin Oxide Electron-Selective Layers for Efficient, Stable, and Scalable Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005504. [PMID: 33660306 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become a promising photovoltaic (PV) technology, where the evolution of the electron-selective layers (ESLs), an integral part of any PV device, has played a distinctive role to their progress. To date, the mesoporous titanium dioxide (TiO2 )/compact TiO2 stack has been among the most used ESLs in state-of-the-art PSCs. However, this material requires high-temperature sintering and may induce hysteresis under operational conditions, raising concerns about its use toward commercialization. Recently, tin oxide (SnO2 ) has emerged as an attractive alternative ESL, thanks to its wide bandgap, high optical transmission, high carrier mobility, suitable band alignment with perovskites, and decent chemical stability. Additionally, its low-temperature processability enables compatibility with temperature-sensitive substrates, and thus flexible devices and tandem solar cells. Here, the notable developments of SnO2 as a perovskite-relevant ESL are reviewed with emphasis placed on the various fabrication methods and interfacial passivation routes toward champion solar cells with high stability. Further, a techno-economic analysis of SnO2 materials for large-scale deployment, together with a processing-toxicology assessment, is presented. Finally, a perspective on how SnO2 materials can be instrumental in successful large-scale module and perovskite-based tandem solar cell manufacturing is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesur Altinkaya
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, 06010, Turkey
| | - Erkan Aydin
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Esma Ugur
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Furkan H Isikgor
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anand S Subbiah
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Michele De Bastiani
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiang Liu
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aslihan Babayigit
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek, Limburg, 3590, Belgium
- IMEC vzw. Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek, Limburg, 3590, Belgium
| | - Thomas G Allen
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Frédéric Laquai
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Yildiz
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, 06010, Turkey
| | - Stefaan De Wolf
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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113
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Yang X, Ying Z, Yang Z, Xu J, Wang W, Wang J, Wang Z, Yao L, Yan B, Ye J. Light-Promoted Electrostatic Adsorption of High-Density Lewis Base Monolayers as Passivating Electron-Selective Contacts. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003245. [PMID: 33717852 PMCID: PMC7927610 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Achieving efficient passivating carrier-selective contacts (PCSCs) plays a critical role in high-performance photovoltaic devices. However, it is still challenging to achieve both an efficient carrier selectivity and high-level passivation in a sole interlayer due to the thickness dependence of contact resistivity and passivation quality. Herein, a light-promoted adsorption method is demonstrated to establish high-density Lewis base polyethylenimine (PEI) monolayers as promising PCSCs. The promoted adsorption is attributed to the enhanced electrostatic interaction between PEI and semiconductor induced by the photo-generated carriers. The derived angstrom-scale PEI monolayer is demonstrated to simultaneously provide a low-resistance electrical contact for electrons, a high-level field-effect passivation to semiconductor surface and an enhanced interfacial dipole formation at contact interface. By implementing this light-promoted adsorbed PEI as a single-layered PCSC for n-type silicon solar cell, an efficiency of 19.5% with an open-circuit voltage of 0.641 V and a high fill factor of 80.7% is achieved, which is one of the best results for devices with solution-processed electron-selective contacts. This work not only demonstrates a generic method to develop efficient PCSCs for solar cells but also provides a convenient strategy for the deposition of highly uniform, dense, and ultra-thin coatings for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)Ningbo315201P. R. China
| | - Zhiqin Ying
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)Ningbo315201P. R. China
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of EducationInstitute of Applied Physics and Materials EngineeringUniversity of MacauMacaoSAR999078P. R. China
| | - Zhenhai Yang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)Ningbo315201P. R. China
| | - Jia‐Ru Xu
- 3M China LimitedCorporate Research LabShanghai200233P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)Ningbo315201P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)Ningbo315201P. R. China
| | - Zenggui Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)Ningbo315201P. R. China
| | - Lingze Yao
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)Ningbo315201P. R. China
| | - Baojie Yan
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)Ningbo315201P. R. China
| | - Jichun Ye
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)Ningbo315201P. R. China
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114
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Sun X, Li Z, Yu X, Wu X, Zhong C, Liu D, Lei D, Jen AK, Li Z, Zhu Z. Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells with Low Voltage Loss Achieved by a Pyridine‐Based Dopant‐Free Polymer Semiconductor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianglang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong
| | - Xinyu Yu
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Department of Chemistry Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Danjun Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong
| | - Dangyuan Lei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong
| | - Alex K.‐Y. Jen
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong
| | - Zhong'an Li
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Zonglong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong
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115
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Sun X, Li Z, Yu X, Wu X, Zhong C, Liu D, Lei D, Jen AK, Li Z, Zhu Z. Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells with Low Voltage Loss Achieved by a Pyridine‐Based Dopant‐Free Polymer Semiconductor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7227-7233. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianglang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong
| | - Xinyu Yu
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Department of Chemistry Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Danjun Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong
| | - Dangyuan Lei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong
| | - Alex K.‐Y. Jen
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong
| | - Zhong'an Li
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Zonglong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong
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116
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Akman E, Shalan AE, Sadegh F, Akin S. Moisture-Resistant FAPbI 3 Perovskite Solar Cell with 22.25 % Power Conversion Efficiency through Pentafluorobenzyl Phosphonic Acid Passivation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1176-1183. [PMID: 33352009 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown great promise for photovoltaic applications, owing to their low-cost assembly, exceptional performance, and low-temperature solution processing. However, the advancement of PSCs towards commercialization requires improvements in efficiency and long-term stability. The surface and grain boundaries of perovskite layer, as well as interfaces, are critical factors in determining the performance of the assembled cells. Defects, which are mainly located at perovskite surfaces, can trigger hysteresis, carrier recombination, and degradation, which diminish the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of the resultant cells. This study concerns the stabilization of the α-FAPbI3 perovskite phase without negatively affecting the spectral features by using 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl phosphonic acid (PFBPA) as a passivation agent. Accordingly, high-quality PSCs are attained with an improved PCE of 22.25 % and respectable cell parameters compared to the pristine cells without the passivation layer. The thin PFBPA passivation layer effectively protects the perovskite layer from moisture, resulting in better long-term stability for unsealed PSCs, which maintain >90 % of the original efficiency under different humidity levels (40-75 %) after 600 h. PFBPA passivation is found to have a considerable impact in obtaining high-quality and stable FAPbI3 films to benefit both the efficiency and the stability of PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdi Akman
- Scientific and Technological Research & Application Center, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
| | - Ahmed Esmail Shalan
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI), P.O. Box 87, 11421, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Martina Casiano, UPV/EHU Science Park, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Faranak Sadegh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, 81746-73441, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seckin Akin
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
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117
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Gil-Escrig L, Dreessen C, Palazon F, Hawash Z, Moons E, Albrecht S, Sessolo M, Bolink HJ. Efficient Wide-Bandgap Mixed-Cation and Mixed-Halide Perovskite Solar Cells by Vacuum Deposition. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2021; 6:827-836. [PMID: 34568574 PMCID: PMC8461651 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c02445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Vacuum deposition methods are increasingly applied to the preparation of perovskite films and devices, in view of the possibility to prepare multilayer structures at low temperature. Vacuum-deposited, wide-bandgap solar cells based on mixed-cation and mixed-anion perovskites have been scarcely reported, due to the challenges associated with the multiple-source processing of perovskite thin films. In this work, we describe a four-source vacuum deposition process to prepare wide-bandgap perovskites of the type FA1-n Cs n Pb(I1-x Br x )3 with a tunable bandgap and controlled morphology, using FAI, CsI, PbI2, and PbBr2 as the precursors. The simultaneous sublimation of PbI2 and PbBr2 allows the relative Br/Cs content to be decoupled and controlled, resulting in homogeneous perovskite films with a bandgap in the 1.7-1.8 eV range and no detectable halide segregation. Solar cells based on 1.75 eV bandgap perovskites show efficiency up to 16.8% and promising stability, maintaining 90% of the initial efficiency after 2 weeks of operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidón Gil-Escrig
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático J. Beltrán
2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Chris Dreessen
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático J. Beltrán
2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Francisco Palazon
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático J. Beltrán
2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Zafer Hawash
- Department
of Physics, Karlstad University, SE-65188 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Ellen Moons
- Department
of Physics, Karlstad University, SE-65188 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Steve Albrecht
- Young
Investigator Group for Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells, Helmholtz-Center Berlin, Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michele Sessolo
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático J. Beltrán
2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Henk J. Bolink
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático J. Beltrán
2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
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118
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Ouedraogo NAN, Yan H, Han CB, Zhang Y. Influence of Fluorinated Components on Perovskite Solar Cells Performance and Stability. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2004081. [PMID: 33522104 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Several valuable scientific investigations have been conducted these last few years in materials design and device engineering for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to make them competitive compared to traditional silicon-based photovoltaic technologies. Consequently, high power conversion efficiency beyond 25% is nowadays reported. However, their long-term stability remains a significant challenge to overcome. Herein, the influence of fluorinated compounds on each layer of PSCs devices and their impact on the resulted device performances and stability is spotlighted. The fluorinated compounds exhibit attractive properties due to their very high electronegativity attributed to the fluorine atom, and their strong hydrophobicity. Thus, the introduction of these compounds is found to be a successful strategy to positively suppress the surface trap states, enhancing charge collection and reducing interfacial charge recombination. Besides, a better film quality and better energy level alignment is obtained, resulting in the improvement of device photovoltaic parameters such as the open-circuit voltage (Voc ), short-circuit current (Jsc ), and fill factor (FF), and then, the device's overall power conversion efficiency (PCE). Their long-term stability is also found to further be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabonswende Aida Nadege Ouedraogo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Hui Yan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Chang Bao Han
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Yongzhe Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, 100124, China
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119
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He Q, Worku M, Liu H, Lochner E, Robb AJ, Lteif S, Vellore Winfred JSR, Hanson K, Schlenoff JB, Kim BJ, Ma B. Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by Low-Cost Industrial Organic Pigment Coating. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2485-2492. [PMID: 33079422 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Surface passivation of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) using a low-cost industrial organic pigment quinacridone (QA) is presented. The procedure involves solution processing a soluble derivative of QA, N,N-bis(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-quinacridone (TBOC-QA), followed by thermal annealing to convert TBOC-QA into insoluble QA. With halide perovskite thin films coated by QA, PSCs based on methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3 ) showed significantly improved performance with remarkable stability. A PCE of 21.1 % was achieved, which is much higher than 18.9 % recorded for the unmodified devices. The QA coating with exceptional insolubility and hydrophobicity also led to greatly enhanced contact angle from 35.6° for the pristine MAPbI3 thin films to 77.2° for QA coated MAPbI3 thin films. The stability of QA passivated MAPbI3 perovskite thin films and PSCs were significantly enhanced, retaining about 90 % of the initial efficiencies after more than 1000 hours storage under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingquan He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Michael Worku
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - He Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Eric Lochner
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Alex J Robb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Sandrine Lteif
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | | | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Joseph B Schlenoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Biwu Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.,Materials Science and Engineering Program, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
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120
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Akhavan Kazemi MA, Raval P, Cherednichekno K, Chotard JN, Krishna A, Demortiere A, Reddy GNM, Sauvage F. Molecular-Level Insight into Correlation between Surface Defects and Stability of Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Under Controlled Humidity. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2000834. [PMID: 34927888 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202000834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite-based photovoltaics (PVs) have garnered tremendous interest, enabling power conversion efficiencies exceeding 25%. Although much of this success is credited to the exploration of new compositions, defects passivation and process optimization, environmental stability remains an important bottleneck to be solved. The underlying mechanisms of thermal and humidity-induced degradation are still far from a clear understanding, which poses a severe limitation to overcome the stability issues. Herein, in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), in operando liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ex situ solid-state (ss)NMR spectroscopy are combined with time-resolved spectroscopies to reveal new insights about the degradation mechanisms of methylammonium lead halide (MAPbI3 ) under 85% relative humidity (RH) at different length scales. Liquid-cell TEM enables the live visualizations from meso-to-nanoscale transformation between the perovskite particles and water molecules, which are corroborated by the changes in local structures at sub-nanometer distances by ssNMR and longer range by XRD. This work clarifies the role of surface defects and the significance of their passivation to prevent hydration and decomposition reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Akhavan Kazemi
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides (LRCS), UMR CNRS 7314 - Institut de Chimie de Picardie FR 3085, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, Amiens Cedex, FR-80039, France
| | - Parth Raval
- University of Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille Institut, University of Artois, UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Kirill Cherednichekno
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides (LRCS), UMR CNRS 7314 - Institut de Chimie de Picardie FR 3085, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, Amiens Cedex, FR-80039, France
| | - Jean-Noel Chotard
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides (LRCS), UMR CNRS 7314 - Institut de Chimie de Picardie FR 3085, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, Amiens Cedex, FR-80039, France
| | - Anurag Krishna
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides (LRCS), UMR CNRS 7314 - Institut de Chimie de Picardie FR 3085, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, Amiens Cedex, FR-80039, France
| | - Arnaud Demortiere
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides (LRCS), UMR CNRS 7314 - Institut de Chimie de Picardie FR 3085, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, Amiens Cedex, FR-80039, France
| | - G N Manjunatha Reddy
- University of Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille Institut, University of Artois, UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Frédéric Sauvage
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides (LRCS), UMR CNRS 7314 - Institut de Chimie de Picardie FR 3085, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint Leu, Amiens Cedex, FR-80039, France
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121
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Spectacular Enhancement of the Thermal and Photochemical Stability of MAPbI3 Perovskite Films Using Functionalized Tetraazaadamantane as a Molecular Modifier. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14030669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells represent a highly promising third-generation photovoltaic technology. However, their practical implementation is hindered by low device operational stability, mostly related to facile degradation of the absorber materials under exposure to light and elevated temperatures. Improving the intrinsic stability of complex lead halides is a big scientific challenge, which might be addressed using various “molecular modifiers”. These modifiers are usually represented by some additives undergoing strong interactions with the perovskite absorber material, resulting in enhanced solar cell efficiency and/or operational stability. Herein, we present a derivative of 1,4,6,10-tetraazaadamantane, NAdCl, as a promising molecular modifier for lead halide perovskites. NAdCl spectacularly improved both the thermal and photochemical stability of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) films and, most importantly, prevented the formation of metallic lead Pb0 as a photolysis product. NAdCl improves the electronic quality of perovskite films by healing the traps for charge carriers. Furthermore, it strongly interacts with the perovskite framework and most likely stabilizes undercoordinated Pb2+ ions, which are responsible for Pb0 formation under light exposure. The obtained results feature 1,4,6,10-tetraazaadamantane derivatives as highly promising molecular modifiers that might help to improve the operational lifetime of perovskite solar cells and facilitate the practical implementation of this photovoltaic technology.
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122
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Jiang X, Chen S, Li Y, Zhang L, Shen N, Zhang G, Du J, Fu N, Xu B. Direct Surface Passivation of Perovskite Film by 4-Fluorophenethylammonium Iodide toward Stable and Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:2558-2565. [PMID: 33416305 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Passivating the defective surface of perovskite films is becoming a particularly effective approach to further boost the efficiency and stability of their solar cells. Organic ammonium halide salts are extensively utilized as passivation agents in the form of their corresponding 2D perovskites to construct the 2D/3D perovskite bilayer architecture for superior device performance; however, this bilayer device partly suffers from the postannealing-induced destructiveness to the 3D perovskite bulk and charge transport barrier induced by the quantum confinement existing in the 2D perovskite. Hence, developing direct passivation of the perovskite layer by organic ammonium halides for high-performance devices can well address the above-mentioned issues, which has rarely been explored. Herein, an effective passivation strategy is proposed to directly modify the perovskite surface with an organic halide salt 4-fluorophenethylammonium iodide (F-PEAI) without further postannealing. The F-PEAI passivation largely inhibits the formation of the iodine vacancies and thus dramatically reduces the film defects, resulting in a much slower charge trapping process. Consequently, the F-PEAI-modified device achieves a much higher champion efficiency (21%) than that (19.5%) of the control device, which dominantly results from more efficient suppression of interfacial nonradiative recombination and the subsequent decreased recombination losses. Additionally, the F-PEAI-treated device maintains 90% of its initial efficiency after 720 h of humidity aging owing to the enhanced hydrophobicity and decreased trap states, highlighting good ambient stability. These results provide an effective passivation strategy toward efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongzhuo Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510640, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Engineering Research and Development Center for Flexible Solar Cells, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Engineering Research and Development Center for Flexible Solar Cells, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Engineering Research and Development Center for Flexible Solar Cells, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Engineering Research and Development Center for Flexible Solar Cells, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Engineering Research and Development Center for Flexible Solar Cells, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Guoge Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Jun Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Nianqing Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Baomin Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Shenzhen Engineering Research and Development Center for Flexible Solar Cells, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
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Hu Q, Rezaee E, Xu W, Ramachandran R, Chen Q, Xu H, El-Assaad T, McGrath DV, Xu ZX. Dual Defect-Passivation Using Phthalocyanine for Enhanced Efficiency and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2005216. [PMID: 33289962 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting molecules have been employed to passivate traps extant in the perovskite film for enhancement of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) efficiency and stability. A molecular design strategy to passivate the defects both on the surface and interior of the CH3 NH3 PbI3 perovskite layer, using two phthalocyanine (Pc) molecules (NP-SC6 -ZnPc and NP-SC6 -TiOPc) is demonstrated. The presence of lone electron pairs on S, N, and O atoms of the Pc molecular structures provides the opportunity for Lewis acid-base interactions with under-coordinated Pb2+ sites, leading to efficient defect passivation of the perovskite layer. The tendency of both NP-SC6 -ZnPc and NP-SC6 -TiOPc to relax on the PbI2 terminated surface of the perovskite layer is also studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The morphology of the perovskite layer is improved due to employing the Pc passivation strategy, resulting in high-quality thin films with a dense and compact structure and lower surface roughness. Using NP-SC6 -ZnPc and NP-SC6 -TiOPc as passivating agents, it is observed considerably enhanced power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), from 17.67% for the PSCs based on the pristine perovskite film to 19.39% for NP-SC6 -TiOPc passivated devices. Moreover, PSCs fabricated based on the Pc passivation method present a remarkable stability under conditions of high moisture and temperature levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qikun Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Ehsan Rezaee
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Advanced Technology Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Wangping Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Rajendran Ramachandran
- SUSTech Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Hu Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Tarek El-Assaad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Dominic V McGrath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Zong-Xiang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Photonic-Thermal-Electrical Energy Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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124
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Haris MPU, Kazim S, Pegu M, Deepa M, Ahmad S. Substance and shadow of formamidinium lead triiodide based solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:9049-9060. [PMID: 33885112 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00552a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The current decade has witnessed a surge of progress in the investigation of methyl ammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskites for solar cell fabrication due to their intriguing electro-optical properties, despite the intrinsic degradation of the material that has restricted its commercialisation. As a promising alternative, solar cells based on its formamidinium analogue, FAPbI3, are currently being actively pursued for having demonstrated a certified efficiency of 24.4%, while the room-temperature conversion to a non-perovskite δ-phase impedes its further commercialisation, and strategies have been adopted to overcome this phase instability. An in-depth and real-time understanding of microstructural relationships with optoelectronic properties and their underlying mechanisms using operando in situ spectroscopic techniques is paramount. Thus, the design and development of a new process, data driven methodology, characterization and evaluation protocols for perovskite absorber layers and the fabricated devices is a judicious research direction. Here, in this perspective, we shed light on the compositional, surface engineering and crystallization kinetics manipulations for FAPbI3, followed by a proposition for unified testing protocols, for scalling of devices from the lab to the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed P U Haris
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
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Wen F, Tian L, Zhang W, Zhou X, Lin P, Zhou S, Du L, Hou T, Yu W, Yu L, Duan G, Peng C, Ma Z, Zhang M, Li H, Huang Y. High-temperature inverted annealing for efficient perovskite photovoltaics. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00914a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-quality perovskite films with large grains and reduced surface defects were obtained via an inverted annealing process. Corresponding photovoltaic devices achieved a highest efficiency of 20.4% with a stabilized power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wen
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Liuwen Tian
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Xiangqing Zhou
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Puan Lin
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Shenghou Zhou
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Lin Du
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Tian Hou
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Wenjing Yu
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Lang Yu
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Gongtao Duan
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Changtao Peng
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Zhu Ma
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Haijin Li
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Yuelong Huang
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
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126
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Long J, Sheng W, Dai R, Huang Z, Yang J, Zhang J, Li X, Tan L, Chen Y. Understanding the Mechanism between Antisolvent Dripping and Additive Doping Strategies on the Passivation Effects in Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:56151-56160. [PMID: 33263982 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite polycrystalline films contain numerous intrinsic and interfacial defects ascribed to the solution preparation process, which are harmful to both the photovoltaic performance and the stability of perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). Although various passivators have been proved to be promising materials for passivating perovskite films, there is still a lack of deeper understanding of the effectiveness of the different passivation methods. Here, the mechanism between antisolvent dripping and additive doping strategies on the passivation effects in PVSCs is systematically investigated with a nonfullerene small molecule (F8IC). Such a passivated effect of F8IC is realized via coordination interactions between the carbonyl (C═O) and nitrile (C-N) groups of F8IC with Pb2+ ion of MAPbI3. Interestingly, F8IC antisolvent dripping can effectively passivate the surface defects and thus inhibit the nonradiative charge recombination on the upper part of the perovskite layer, whereas F8IC additive doping significantly reduces the surface and bulk defects and produces a compact perovskite film with denser crystal grains, thus facilitating charge transmission and extraction. Therefore, these benefits are translated into significant improvements in the short-circuit current density (Jsc) to 21.86 mA cm-2 and a champion power conversion efficiency of 18.40%. The selection of an optimal passivation strategy should also be considered according to the energy level matching between the passivators and the perovskite. The large energetic disparity is unsuitable for additive doping, whereas it is expected in antisolvent dripping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Long
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Wangping Sheng
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Runying Dai
- Institute of Advanced Scientific Research (iASR), Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Zengqi Huang
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jia Yang
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Licheng Tan
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yiwang Chen
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
- Institute of Advanced Scientific Research (iASR), Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
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127
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Ko Y, Park H, Lee C, Kang Y, Jun Y. Recent Progress in Interconnection Layer for Hybrid Photovoltaic Tandems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002196. [PMID: 33048400 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid tandem solar cells offer the benefits of low cost and full solar spectrum utilization. Among the hybrid tandem structures explored to date, the most popular ones have four (simple stacking design) or two (terminal/tunneling layer addition design) terminal electrodes. Although the latter design is more cost-effective than the former, its widespread application is hindered by the difficulty of preparing an interface between two solar cell materials. The oldest approach to the in-series bonding of two or more bandgap solar cells relies on the introduction of a tunneling layer in multijunction III-V solar cells, but it has some limitations, e.g., the related materials/technologies are applicable only to III-V and certain other solar cells. Thus, alternative methods of realizing junction contacts based on the use of novel materials are highly sought after. Here, the strategies used to realize high-performance tandem cells are described, focusing on interface control in terms of bonding two or more solar cells for tandem approaches. The presented information is expected to aid the establishment of ideal methods of connecting two or more solar cells to obtain the highest performance for different solar cell choices with minimized energy loss through the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Ko
- Graduate School of Energy and Environment (KU-KIST Green School), Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - HyunJung Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanyong Lee
- Graduate School of Energy and Environment (KU-KIST Green School), Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonmook Kang
- Graduate School of Energy and Environment (KU-KIST Green School), Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Jun
- Graduate School of Energy and Environment (KU-KIST Green School), Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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128
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He Q, Worku M, Liu H, Lochner E, Robb AJ, Lteif S, Vellore Winfred JSR, Hanson K, Schlenoff JB, Kim BJ, Ma B. Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by Low‐Cost Industrial Organic Pigment Coating. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingquan He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306 USA
| | - Michael Worku
- Materials Science and Engineering Program Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306 USA
| | - He Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306 USA
| | - Eric Lochner
- Department of Physics Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306 USA
| | - Alex J. Robb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306 USA
| | - Sandrine Lteif
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306 USA
| | | | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306 USA
| | - Joseph B. Schlenoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306 USA
| | - Bumjoon J. Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Biwu Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306 USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306 USA
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129
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Ma S, Liu X, Zhang X, Ghadari R, Ding Y, Cai M, Dai S. Introducing ammonium salt into hole transporting materials for perovskite solar cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14471-14474. [PMID: 33150338 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04485g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The developed ammonium salt-containing hole transporting material could passivate perovskite defects and transport holes, and exhibits better performance compared with the non-ammonium salt counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-Film Solar Cells, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.
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130
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Wang S, Sun W, Zhang M, Yan H, Hua G, Li Z, He R, Zeng W, Lan Z, Wu J. Strong electron acceptor additive based spiro-OMeTAD for high-performance and hysteresis-less planar perovskite solar cells. RSC Adv 2020; 10:38736-38745. [PMID: 35518393 PMCID: PMC9057253 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07254k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most popular hole-transporting material (HTM), spiro-OMeTAD has been extensively applied in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Unluckily, the pristine spiro-OMeTAD film has inferior conductivity and hole mobility, thus limiting its potential for application in high-performance PSCs. To ameliorate the electrical characteristics of spiro-OMeTAD, we employ 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) as a strong electron acceptor into spiro-OMeTAD in PSCs. The incorporation of DDQ with spiro-OMeTAD not only improves the conductivity and the Fermi energy level, but also reduces the trap states and nonradiative recombination, which accounts for the remarkable enhancement in both the fill factor (FF) and open-circuit voltage (V OC) of PSCs. Consequently, the champion PSC with DDQ doped hole transport layer (HTL) generates a boosted power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.16% with an FF of 0.796 and a V OC of 1.16 V. Remarkably, DDQ modified devices exhibit superb device stability, as well as mitigated hysteresis. This study provides a facile and viable strategy for dopant engineering of HTL to realize highly efficient PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibo Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Green Functional Materials, Institute of Materials Physical Chemistry, Huaqiao University Xiamen 361021 China
| | - Weihai Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Green Functional Materials, Institute of Materials Physical Chemistry, Huaqiao University Xiamen 361021 China
| | - Mingjing Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Green Functional Materials, Institute of Materials Physical Chemistry, Huaqiao University Xiamen 361021 China
| | - Huiying Yan
- Engineering Research Center of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Green Functional Materials, Institute of Materials Physical Chemistry, Huaqiao University Xiamen 361021 China
| | - Guoxin Hua
- Engineering Research Center of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Green Functional Materials, Institute of Materials Physical Chemistry, Huaqiao University Xiamen 361021 China
| | - Zhao Li
- Engineering Research Center of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Green Functional Materials, Institute of Materials Physical Chemistry, Huaqiao University Xiamen 361021 China
| | - Ruowei He
- Engineering Research Center of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Green Functional Materials, Institute of Materials Physical Chemistry, Huaqiao University Xiamen 361021 China
| | - Weidong Zeng
- Engineering Research Center of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Green Functional Materials, Institute of Materials Physical Chemistry, Huaqiao University Xiamen 361021 China
| | - Zhang Lan
- Engineering Research Center of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Green Functional Materials, Institute of Materials Physical Chemistry, Huaqiao University Xiamen 361021 China
| | - Jihuai Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Green Functional Materials, Institute of Materials Physical Chemistry, Huaqiao University Xiamen 361021 China
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131
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Xie L, Vashishtha P, Koh TM, Harikesh PC, Jamaludin NF, Bruno A, Hooper TJN, Li J, Ng YF, Mhaisalkar SG, Mathews N. Realizing Reduced Imperfections via Quantum Dots Interdiffusion in High Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003296. [PMID: 32856340 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Realization of reduced ionic (cationic and anionic) defects at the surface and grain boundaries (GBs) of perovskite films is vital to boost the power conversion efficiency of organic-inorganic halide perovskite (OIHP) solar cells. Although numerous strategies have been developed, effective passivation still remains a great challenge due to the complexity and diversity of these defects. Herein, a solid-state interdiffusion process using multi-cation hybrid halide perovskite quantum dots (QDs) is introduced as a strategy to heal the ionic defects at the surface and GBs. It is found that the solid-state interdiffusion process leads to a reduction in OIHP shallow defects. In addition, Cs+ distribution in QDs greatly influences the effectiveness of ionic defect passivation with significant enhancement to all photovoltaic performance characteristics observed on treating the solar cells with Cs0.05 (MA0.17 FA0.83 )0.95 PbBr3 (abbreviated as QDs-Cs5). This enables power conversion efficiency (PCE) exceeding 21% to be achieved with more than 90% of its initial PCE retained on exposure to continuous illumination of more than 550 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xie
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Parth Vashishtha
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Teck Ming Koh
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Padinhare Cholakkal Harikesh
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Nur Fadilah Jamaludin
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Annalisa Bruno
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Thomas J N Hooper
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
- NTU Center of High Field NMR Spectroscopy and Imaging, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Jia Li
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Yan Fong Ng
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Subodh G Mhaisalkar
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Nripan Mathews
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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132
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Wang Y, Liao Q, Chen J, Huang W, Zhuang X, Tang Y, Li B, Yao X, Feng X, Zhang X, Su M, He Z, Marks TJ, Facchetti A, Guo X. Teaching an Old Anchoring Group New Tricks: Enabling Low-Cost, Eco-Friendly Hole-Transporting Materials for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16632-16643. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Qiaogan Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xinming Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yumin Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Bolin Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xiyu Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xiyuan Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xianhe Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Mengyao Su
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zhubing He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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133
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Frolova LA, Davlethanov AI, Dremova NN, Zhidkov I, Akbulatov AF, Kurmaev EZ, Aldoshin SM, Stevenson KJ, Troshin PA. Efficient and Stable MAPbI 3-Based Perovskite Solar Cells Using Polyvinylcarbazole Passivation. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6772-6778. [PMID: 32689804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid perovskite solar cells attract a great deal of attention due to the feasibility of their low-cost production and their demonstration of impressive power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 25%. However, the insufficient intrinsic stability of lead halides under light soaking and thermal stress impedes practical implementation of this technology. Herein, we show that the photothermal aging of a widely used perovskite light absorber such as MAPbI3 can be suppressed significantly by using polyvinylcarbazole (PVC) as a stabilizing agent. By applying a few complementary methods, we reveal that the PVC additive leads to passivation of defects in the absorber material. Introducing an optimal content of PVC into MAPbI3 delivers a PCE of 18.7% in combination with a significantly improved solar cell operational lifetime: devices retained ∼70% of the initial efficiency after light soaking for 1500 h, whereas the control samples without PVC degraded almost completely under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyubov A Frolova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, Moscow 121205, Russia
- IPCP RAS, Semenov Prospect 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | | | | | - Ivan Zhidkov
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Mira st. 19, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | | | - Ernst Z Kurmaev
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Mira st. 19, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russia
- M. N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskoi st. 18, Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia
| | | | - Keith J Stevenson
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Pavel A Troshin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, Moscow 121205, Russia
- IPCP RAS, Semenov Prospect 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
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134
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Li B, Yu X, Jia L, Zhang M, Hu W, Shang Y, Li X, Ding L, Xu J, Yang S. Fast Wetting of a Fullerene Capping Layer Improves the Efficiency and Scalability of Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:37265-37274. [PMID: 32689792 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fullerene derivatives, especially [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), have been widely applied as electron transport layers of inverted planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the solution-processed PCBM capping layer suffers from limited surface wetting which hinders the improvement in efficiency and scalability of PSCs. Herein, we develop a facile hybrid solvent strategy that enables very fast wetting of the PCBM capping layer atop of the perovskite surface, leading to an improved interfacial contact and electron transport. The significantly enhanced wettability of the PCBM solution fulfilled through blending isopropyl alcohol into the commonly used chlorobenzene (CB) is attributed to the reduced surface tension while retaining viscosity. As a result, the electron mobility and electric conductivity of the PCBM capping layer increase by around two times, and the PSC devices exhibit the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.92%, which is improved by ∼18% relative to that of the control device (16.78%). Importantly, this strategy is also applicable for other alcohols (ethanol and methanol) and CB blends. Moreover, the fast wetting approach enables us to deposit the PCBM capping layer using a facile drop-casting method, affording comparable PCEs to those obtained by the conventional spin-coating method, which is not achievable by using the conventional single solvent. This fast wetting PCBM capping layer also contributes to efficiency improvement of large-area (1 cm2) devices. These advances hold great potential for other scalable deposition methods such as blade-coating and slot-die coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bairu Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Lingbo Jia
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wanpei Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yanbo Shang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xingcheng Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Liming Ding
- Center for Excellence in Nanoscience (CAS), Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication (CAS), National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jixian Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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135
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Zhao Y, Li C, Jiang J, Wang B, Shen L. Sensitive and Stable Tin-Lead Hybrid Perovskite Photodetectors Enabled by Double-Sided Surface Passivation for Infrared Upconversion Detection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2001534. [PMID: 32419331 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202001534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tin(Sn)-based perovskite is currently considered one of the most promising materials due to extending the absorption spectrum and reducing the use of lead (Pb). However, Sn2+ is easily oxidized to Sn4+ in atmosphere, causing more defects and degradation of perovskite materials. Herein, double-sided interface engineering is proposed, that is, Sn-Pb perovskite films are sandwiched between the phenethylammonium iodide (PEAI) in both the bottom and top sides. The larger organic cations of PEA+ are arranged into a perovskite surface lattice to form a 2D capping layer, which can effectively prevent the water and oxygen to destroy bulk perovskite. Meanwhile, the PEA+ can also passivate defects of iodide anions at the bottom of perovskite films, which is always present but rarely considered previously. Compared to one sided passivation, Sn-Pb hybrid perovskite photodetectors contribute a significant enhancement of performance and stability, yielding a broadband response of 300-1050 nm, a low dark current density of 1.25 × 10-3 mA cm-2 at -0.1 V, fast response speed of 35 ns, and stability beyond 240 h. Furthermore, the Sn-Pb broadband photodetectors are integrated in an infrared up-conversion system, converting near-infrared light into visible light. It is believed that a double-sided passivation method can provide new strategies to achieving high-performance perovskite photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Chenglong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jizhong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Boming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Liang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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136
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Sun X, Deng X, Li Z, Xiong B, Zhong C, Zhu Z, Li Z, Jen AK. Dopant-Free Crossconjugated Hole-Transporting Polymers for Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903331. [PMID: 32670747 PMCID: PMC7341082 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there are only very few dopant-free polymer hole-transporting materials (HTMs) that can enable perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) to demonstrate a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of greater than 20%. To address this need, a simple and efficient way is developed to synthesize novel crossconjugated polymers as high performance dopant-free HTMs to endow PVSCs with a high PCE of 21.3%, which is among the highest values reported for single-junction inverted PVSCs. More importantly, rational understanding of the reasons why two isomeric polymer HTMs (PPE1 and PPE2) with almost identical photophysical properties, hole-transporting ability, and surface wettability deliver so distinctly different device performance under similar device fabrication conditions is manifested. PPE2 is found to improve the quality of perovskite films cast on top with larger grain sizes and more oriented crystallization. These results help unveil the new HTM design rules to influence the perovskite growth/crystallization for improving the performance of inverted PVSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and StorageMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074P. R. China
| | - Xiang Deng
- Department of ChemistryCity University of Hong KongKowloon999077Hong Kong SAR
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringCity University of Hong KongKowloon999077Hong Kong
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of ChemistryCity University of Hong KongKowloon999077Hong Kong SAR
| | - Bijin Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and StorageMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Department of ChemistryWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Zonglong Zhu
- Department of ChemistryCity University of Hong KongKowloon999077Hong Kong SAR
| | - Zhong'an Li
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and StorageMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074P. R. China
| | - Alex K.‐Y. Jen
- Department of ChemistryCity University of Hong KongKowloon999077Hong Kong SAR
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringCity University of Hong KongKowloon999077Hong Kong
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137
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Liu J, Liu W, Aydin E, Harrison GT, Isikgor FH, Yang X, Subbiah AS, De Wolf S. Lewis-Acid Doping of Triphenylamine-Based Hole Transport Materials Improves the Performance and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:23874-23884. [PMID: 32412735 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs) fabricated in the classic n-i-p configuration generally employ triphenylamine-based hole-transport layers (HTLs) such as spiro-OMeTAD, PTAA, and poly-TPD. Controllable doping of such layers has been critical to achieve increased conductivity and high device performance. To this end, LiTFSI/tBP doping and subsequent air exposure is widely utilized. However, this approach often leads to low device stability and reproducibility. Departing from this point, we introduce the Lewis acid tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (TPFB) as an effective dopant, resulting in a significantly improved conductivity and lowered surface potential for triphenylamine-based HTLs. Here, we specifically investigated spiro-OMeTAD, which is the most widely used HTL for n-i-p devices, and revealed improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of the PSCs. Further, we demonstrated the applicability of TPFB doping to other triphenylamine-based HTLs. Spectroscopic characterizations reveal that TPFB doping results in significantly improved charge transport and reduced recombination losses. Importantly, the TPFB-doped perovskite devices retained near 85% of the initial PCE after 1000 h of storage in the air, while the conventional LiTFSI-doped device dropped to 75%. Finally, we give insight into utilizing other similar molecular dopants such as fluorine-free triphenylborane and phosphorus-centered tris(pentafluorophenyl)phosphine (TPFP) by density functional theory analysis underscoring the significance of the central boron atom and fluorination in TPFB for the formation of Lewis acid-base adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Liu
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Wenzhu Liu
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Erkan Aydin
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - George T Harrison
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Furkan H Isikgor
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Xinbo Yang
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anand S Subbiah
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefaan De Wolf
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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138
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deQuilettes DW, Laitz M, Brenes R, Dou B, Motes BT, Stranks SD, Snaith HJ, Bulović V, Ginger DS. Maximizing the external radiative efficiency of hybrid perovskite solar cells. PURE APPL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2019-0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDespite rapid advancements in power conversion efficiency in the last decade, perovskite solar cells still perform below their thermodynamic efficiency limits. Non-radiative recombination, in particular, has limited the external radiative efficiency and open circuit voltage in the highest performing devices. We review the historical progress in enhancing perovskite external radiative efficiency and determine key strategies for reaching high optoelectronic quality. Specifically, we focus on non-radiative recombination within the perovskite layer and highlight novel approaches to reduce energy losses at interfaces and through parasitic absorption. By strategically targeting defects, it is likely that the next set of record-performing devices with ultra-low voltage losses will be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane W. deQuilettes
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA98195-1700, USA
| | - Madeleine Laitz
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | - Roberto Brenes
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | - Benjia Dou
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | - Brandon T. Motes
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | | | - Henry J. Snaith
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Vladimir Bulović
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | - David S. Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA98195-1700, USA
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139
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Minimizing Defect States in Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cell Materials. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10093061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to reach the theoretical efficiency limits of lead-based metal halide perovskite solar cells, the voltage should be enhanced because it suffers from non-radiative recombination. Perovskite materials contain intrinsic defects that can act as Shockley–Read–Hall recombination centers. Several experimental and computational studies have characterized such defect states within the band gap. We give a systematic overview of compositional engineering by distinguishing the different defect-reducing mechanisms. Doping effects are divided into influences on: (1) crystallization; (2) lattice properties. Incorporation of dopant influences the lattice properties by: (a) lattice strain relaxation; (b) chemical bonding enhancement; (c) band gap tuning. The intrinsic lattice strain in undoped perovskite was shown to induce vacancy formation. The incorporation of smaller ions, such as Cl, F and Cd, increases the energy for vacancy formation. Zn doping is reported to induce strain relaxation but also to enhance the chemical bonding. The combination of computational studies using (DFT) calculations quantifying and qualifying the defect-reducing propensities of different dopants with experimental studies is essential for a deeper understanding and unraveling insights, such as the dynamics of iodine vacancies and the photochemistry of the iodine interstitials, and can eventually lead to a more rational approach in the search for optimal photovoltaic materials.
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140
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Masi S, Sestu N, Valenzano V, Higashino T, Imahori H, Saba M, Bongiovanni G, Armenise V, Milella A, Gigli G, Rizzo A, Colella S, Listorti A. Simple Processing Additive-Driven 20% Efficiency for Inverted Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:18431-18436. [PMID: 32155327 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Compositional engineering has been a strong tool to improve the quality of the perovskite materials and, in turn, the reproducibility of the solar cells. However, the control over the active layer uniformity, one of the most important requirements for the obtainment of efficient devices, is still a weak point of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) manufacturing. Here, we develop an approach to grow a uniform mixed cation perovskite layer, foreseeing its implementation in inverted solar cells endowing organic transporting layers, through the addition of a stoiochiometric amount of tropolone as chelating agent for the lead. Thanks to low melting and boiling temperatures, tropolone is present in the system only during the colloidal liquid phase, leaving the film during its formation; this unique characteristic promotes the obtainment of ideal perovskite surface morphologies and an increased short circuit current of photovoltaic devices. A maximum power conversion efficiency of 20% was obtained, with a 25% increase with respect to the reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Masi
- Istituto di Nanotecnologia CNR-Nanotec, Distretto Tecnologico via Arnesano 16, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Università del Salento, via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Nicola Sestu
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Vitantonio Valenzano
- Istituto di Nanotecnologia CNR-Nanotec, Distretto Tecnologico via Arnesano 16, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Università del Salento, via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Tomohiro Higashino
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imahori
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Michele Saba
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bongiovanni
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Vincenza Armenise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Milella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- Istituto di Nanotecnologia CNR-Nanotec, Distretto Tecnologico via Arnesano 16, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Università del Salento, via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Aurora Rizzo
- Istituto di Nanotecnologia CNR-Nanotec, Distretto Tecnologico via Arnesano 16, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Silvia Colella
- Istituto di Nanotecnologia CNR-Nanotec, c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Listorti
- Istituto di Nanotecnologia CNR-Nanotec, Distretto Tecnologico via Arnesano 16, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
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141
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Ono LK, Liu S(F, Qi Y. Verringerung schädlicher Defekte für leistungsstarke Metallhalogenid‐Perowskit‐Solarzellen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis K. Ono
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU)Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son, Kunigami-gun Okinawa 904-0495 Japan
| | - Shengzhong (Frank) Liu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEMDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences 457 Zhongshan Road 116023 Dalian China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryMinistry of EducationShaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy DevicesShaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy TechnologySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Yabing Qi
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU)Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son, Kunigami-gun Okinawa 904-0495 Japan
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142
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Ono LK, Liu S(F, Qi Y. Reducing Detrimental Defects for High-Performance Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6676-6698. [PMID: 31369195 PMCID: PMC7187320 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In several photovoltaic (PV) technologies, the presence of electronic defects within the semiconductor band gap limit the efficiency, reproducibility, as well as lifetime. Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have drawn great attention because of their excellent photovoltaic properties that can be achieved even without a very strict film-growth control processing. Much has been done theoretically in describing the different point defects in MHPs. Herein, we discuss the experimental challenges in thoroughly characterizing the defects in MHPs such as, experimental assignment of the type of defects, defects densities, and the energy positions within the band gap induced by these defects. The second topic of this Review is passivation strategies. Based on a literature survey, the different types of defects that are important to consider and need to be minimized are examined. A complete fundamental understanding of defect nature in MHPs is needed to further improve their optoelectronic functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis K. Ono
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU)Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST)1919-1 TanchaOnna-son, Kunigami-gunOkinawa904-0495Japan
| | - Shengzhong (Frank) Liu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEMDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences457 Zhongshan Road116023DalianChina
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryMinistry of EducationShaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy DevicesShaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy TechnologySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an710119China
| | - Yabing Qi
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU)Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST)1919-1 TanchaOnna-son, Kunigami-gunOkinawa904-0495Japan
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143
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Hou Y, Aydin E, De Bastiani M, Xiao C, Isikgor FH, Xue DJ, Chen B, Chen H, Bahrami B, Chowdhury AH, Johnston A, Baek SW, Huang Z, Wei M, Dong Y, Troughton J, Jalmood R, Mirabelli AJ, Allen TG, Van Kerschaver E, Saidaminov MI, Baran D, Qiao Q, Zhu K, De Wolf S, Sargent EH. Efficient tandem solar cells with solution-processed perovskite on textured crystalline silicon. Science 2020; 367:1135-1140. [PMID: 32139544 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Stacking solar cells with decreasing band gaps to form tandems presents the possibility of overcoming the single-junction Shockley-Queisser limit in photovoltaics. The rapid development of solution-processed perovskites has brought perovskite single-junction efficiencies >20%. However, this process has yet to enable monolithic integration with industry-relevant textured crystalline silicon solar cells. We report tandems that combine solution-processed micrometer-thick perovskite top cells with fully textured silicon heterojunction bottom cells. To overcome the charge-collection challenges in micrometer-thick perovskites, we enhanced threefold the depletion width at the bases of silicon pyramids. Moreover, by anchoring a self-limiting passivant (1-butanethiol) on the perovskite surfaces, we enhanced the diffusion length and further suppressed phase segregation. These combined enhancements enabled an independently certified power conversion efficiency of 25.7% for perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells. These devices exhibited negligible performance loss after a 400-hour thermal stability test at 85°C and also after 400 hours under maximum power point tracking at 40°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Erkan Aydin
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Michele De Bastiani
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chuanxiao Xiao
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Furkan H Isikgor
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ding-Jiang Xue
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Behzad Bahrami
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Ashraful H Chowdhury
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Andrew Johnston
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Se-Woong Baek
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Ziru Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Mingyang Wei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Yitong Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Joel Troughton
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan Jalmood
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Alessandro J Mirabelli
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas G Allen
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Emmanuel Van Kerschaver
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Makhsud I Saidaminov
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Derya Baran
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Qiquan Qiao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Kai Zhu
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Stefaan De Wolf
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada.
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144
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Zhang M, Zhou W, Hu W, Li B, Qiao Q, Yang S. Modifying Mesoporous TiO 2 by Ammonium Sulfonate Boosts Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:12696-12705. [PMID: 32093473 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous-structure perovskite solar cells (meso-PVKSCs) have been widely utilized due to the achieved high efficiency for which the TiO2 layer usually suffers from sufficient electron trap states, low electron mobility, and inavoidable catalytic activity. Herein, a mesoporous TiO2 (m-TiO2) layer is modified by tetraethylammonium p-toluenesulfonate (abbreviated as TEATS) for the first time, leading to a significant photoelectric conversion efficiency enhancement from 19.14 to 20.69% for Cs0.05MA0.12FA0.83PbI2.55Br0.45 (abbreviated as CsMAFA) meso-PVKSCs. In particular, the obtained champion open-circuit voltage (Voc) is 1.18 V, which is a record high value for meso-PVKSCs with CsMAFA triple cation mixed perovskite. A series of measurements were employed to investigate the influences of TEATS modification on the energy band structures of TiO2 as well as the CsMAFA perovskite layer atop, unveiling that TEATS modification benefits defect passivation of the TiO2 film along with a decrease in the work function of TiO2. Besides, TEATS modification helps to improve the wettability of perovskite precursors on the m-TiO2 substrate, affording improved film quality of perovskite with enhanced crystallinity and grain size. Consequently, the trap states existed in the perovskite film can be passivated, and the interfacial charge recombination is suppressed. This further benefits the improvement of the ambient stability of devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Weiran Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wanpei Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Bairu Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qiquan Qiao
- Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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145
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Kim S, Jeong JE, Hong J, Lee K, Lee MJ, Woo HY, Hwang I. Improved Interfacial Crystallization by Synergic Effects of Precursor Solution Stoichiometry and Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Interlayer for High Open-Circuit Voltage of Perovskite Photovoltaic Diodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:12328-12336. [PMID: 31997636 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The open-circuit voltage (Voc) of perovskite photovoltaic diodes depends largely on the selection of charge transport layers (CTLs) and surface passivation, which makes it important to understand the physical processes occurring at the interface between the perovskite and a CTL. We provide a direct correlation between Voc and the interfacial characteristics of perovskites tuned through stoichiometry engineering of precursor solutions and surface modification of the underlying poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) layer. Poor quality interfacial perovskite crystals were observed on top of the PEDOT:PSS layer, resulting in strong interfacial recombination and a low Voc. In contrast, the growth of the interfacial perovskite crystals was significantly improved by the synergic effects of varying the precursor solution composition and covering the surface with a pH-neutral conjugated polyelectrolyte, poly[2,6-(4,4-bis(potassium butanylsulfonate)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b']dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (CPE-K), which possesses potassium ions as counter ions. The influence of the energy-level alignment at the interface on Voc was also discussed. Our findings highlight that improved perovskite crystallization at the interface can facilitate bulk growth of perovskite grains in the vertical direction and effectively suppress nonradiative surface charge recombination, thus enhancing the short-circuit current and Voc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyeon Kim
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungyun Hong
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangmin Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jung Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Inchan Hwang
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
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146
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Yin X, Zhai J, Du P, Li N, Song L, Xiong J, Ko F. 3 D NiO Nanowall Hole-Transporting Layer for the Passivation of Interfacial Contact in Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:1006-1012. [PMID: 31898849 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nickel oxide (NiO) materials with excellent stability and favorable energy bands are desirable candidates for hole-selective contact (HSC) of inverted perovskite solar cell (PSC). However, studies that focus on addressing interfacial issues, which are induced by the poor NiO/perovskite contact or other defects, are scarce. In this study, a facile one-step hydrothermal strategy is demonstrated for the development of a 3 D NiO nanowall (NW) film as a promising HSC. The new NiO NWs HSC exhibits a robust and homogenous mesoporous network structure, which improved the NiO/perovskite interface contact, passivated the interfacial defect and improved the quality of the perovskite film. The optimized interface features enabled a power conversion efficiency (PCE) approaching 18 %. A diethanolamine (DEA) interlayer was introduced to further passivate the intrinsic defect of the NiO surface, resulting in better charge transfer with suppressed recombination loss. As a result, the champion PCE of the NiO NWs/DEA-based device was increased to 19.16 % with a high open-circuit voltage (≈1.11 V) and fill factor (>80 %), which is prominent in methylammonium lead iodide-based inverted PSCs. Furthermore, the device exhibited better stability and lower hysteresis behavior than a conventional solution-based NiO nanocrystal device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yin
- College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, P.R. China
| | - Jifeng Zhai
- College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, P.R. China
| | - Pingfan Du
- College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, P.R. China
| | - Ni Li
- College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, P.R. China
| | - Lixin Song
- College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, P.R. China
| | - Jie Xiong
- College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, P.R. China
- Keyi College of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Shaoxing, 312000, P.R. China
| | - Frank Ko
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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147
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Li Y, Hoye RLZ, Gao HH, Yan L, Zhang X, Zhou Y, MacManus-Driscoll JL, Gan J. Over 20% Efficiency in Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Stability via "in Situ Solidification" of the TiO 2 Compact Layer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:7135-7143. [PMID: 31961122 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the device performance is strongly influenced by the TiO2 electron transport layer (ETL). Typically, the ETL needs to simultaneously be thin and pinhole-free to have high transmittance and avoid shunting. In this work, we develop an "in situ solidification" process following spin coating in which the titanium-based precursor (titanium(diisopropoxide) bis(2,4-pentanedionate)) is dried under vacuum to rapidly achieve continuous TiO2 layers. We refer to this as "gas-phase quenching". This results in thin (60 ± 10 nm), uniform, and pinhole-free TiO2 films. The PSCs based on the gas-phase quenched TiO2 exhibits improved power conversion efficiency, with a median value of 18.23% (champion value of 20.43%), compared to 9.03 and 14.09% for the untreated devices. Gas-phase quenching is further shown to be effective in enabling efficient charge transfer at the MAPbI3/TiO2 heterointerface. Furthermore, the stability of the gas-phase quenched devices is enhanced in ambient air as well as under 1 sun illumination. In addition, we achieve 12.1% efficiency in upscaled devices (1.1 cm2 active area).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Xi'an Shiyou University , Xi'an 710065 , People's Republic of China
| | - Robert L Z Hoye
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy , University of Cambridge , 27 Charles Babbage Road , Cambridge CB3 0FS , United Kingdom
| | - Huan-Huan Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Xi'an Shiyou University , Xi'an 710065 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lihe Yan
- School of Electronic & Information Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Xi'an Shiyou University , Xi'an 710065 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Xi'an Shiyou University , Xi'an 710065 , People's Republic of China
| | - Judith L MacManus-Driscoll
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy , University of Cambridge , 27 Charles Babbage Road , Cambridge CB3 0FS , United Kingdom
| | - Jiantuo Gan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Xi'an Shiyou University , Xi'an 710065 , People's Republic of China
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148
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149
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Vasilopoulou M, Fakharuddin A, Coutsolelos AG, Falaras P, Argitis P, Yusoff ARBM, Nazeeruddin MK. Molecular materials as interfacial layers and additives in perovskite solar cells. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:4496-4526. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00733d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we review the recent strategies for developing organic and inorganic molecular materials for application as electron and hole transport layers and as additives to achieve high efficiency and stability perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vasilopoulou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”
- 15341 Agia Paraskevi
- Greece
| | | | - Athanassios G. Coutsolelos
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Crete
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry
- Voutes Campus
- Heraklion 70013
| | - Polycarpos Falaras
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”
- 15341 Agia Paraskevi
- Greece
| | - Panagiotis Argitis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”
- 15341 Agia Paraskevi
- Greece
| | | | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- Rue de l’Industrie 17
- CH-1951 Sion
- Switzerland
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150
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Lv Y, Zhang H, Wang J, Chen L, Bian L, An Z, Qian Z, Ren G, Wu J, Nüesch F, Huang W. All-in-One Deposition to Synergistically Manipulate Perovskite Growth for High-Performance Solar Cell. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2020; 2020:2763409. [PMID: 33123682 PMCID: PMC7582804 DOI: 10.34133/2020/2763409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nonradiative recombination losses originating from crystallographic distortions and issues occurring upon interface formation are detrimental for the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells. Herein, we incorporated a series of carbamide molecules (urea, biuret, or triuret) consisting of both Lewis base (-NH2) and Lewis acid (-C=O) groups into the perovskite precursor to simultaneously eliminate the bulk and interface defects. Depending on the different coordination ability with perovskite component, the incorporated molecules can either modify crystallization dynamics allowing for large crystal growth at low temperature (60°C), associate with antisite or undercoordinated ions for defect passivation, or accumulate at the surface as an energy cascade layer to enhance charge transfer, respectively. Synergistic benefits of the above functions can be obtained by rationally optimizing additive combinations in an all-in-one deposition method. As a result, a champion efficiency of 21.6% with prolonged operational stability was achieved in an inverted MAPbI3 perovskite solar cell by combining biuret and triuret additives. The simplified all-in-one fabrication procedure, adaptable to different types of perovskites in terms of pure MAPbI3, mixed perovskite, and all-inorganic perovskite, provides a cost-efficient and reproducible way to obtain high-performance inverted perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jinpei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Libao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lifang Bian
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhongfu An
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zongyao Qian
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guoqi Ren
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Frank Nüesch
- Empa, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
- Institut des Matériaux, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Station 12, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
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