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Miao W, Zhao Y, Huang Y, Chen D, Luo C, Su W, Gao Y. IL-13 Ameliorates Neuroinflammation and Promotes Functional Recovery after Traumatic Brain Injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1486-1498. [PMID: 32034062 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microglia play essential roles in neuroinflammatory responses after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Our previous studies showed that phenotypes of microglia, as well as infiltrating macrophages, altered at different stages after CNS injury, which was correlated to functional outcomes. IL-13 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that has been reported to protect against demyelination and spinal cord injury through immunomodulation. The effects of IL-13 in microglia/macrophage-mediated immune responses after TBI remain unknown. In this study, we showed that intranasal administration of IL-13 in male C57BL/6J mice accelerated functional recovery in the controlled cortical impact model of TBI. IL-13 treatment increased the time to fall off in the Rotarod test, reduced the number of foot faults in the foot fault test, and improved the score in the wire hang test up to 28 d after TBI. Consistent with functional improvement, IL-13 reduced neuronal tissue loss and preserved white matter integrity 6 d after TBI. Furthermore, IL-13 ameliorated the elevation of proinflammatory factors and reduced the number of proinflammatory microglia/macrophages 6 d after TBI. Additionally, IL-13 enhanced microglia/macrophage phagocytosis of damaged neurons in the peri-lesion areas. In vitro studies confirmed that IL-13 treatment inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines in rat primary microglia in response to LPS or dead neuron stimulation and increased the ability of microglia to engulf fluorophore-labeled latex beads or dead neurons. Collectively, we demonstrated that IL-13 treatment improved neurologic outcomes after TBI through adjusting microglia/macrophage phenotypes and inhibiting inflammatory responses. IL-13 may represent a potential immunotherapy to promote long-term recovery from TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; and
| | - Yongfang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; and
| | - Yichen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; and
| | - Di Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; and
| | - Chen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; and
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; .,Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; and
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102
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Liu X, Hu R, Pei L, Si P, Wang C, Tian X, Wang X, Liu H, Wang B, Xia Z, Xu Y, Song B. Regulatory T cell is critical for interleukin-33-mediated neuroprotection against stroke. Exp Neurol 2020; 328:113233. [PMID: 32044328 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is known to activate the regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs), which are negatively correlated with brain damage after ischemic stroke. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of Tregs in IL-33-mediated neuroprotection and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. In vivo, male C57BL/6 N mice were subjected to 60 min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), followed by daily administration of vehicle or IL-33 immediately after injury. Tregs were depleted by intraperitoneal administration of anti-CD25 antibody (anti-CD25Ab). Behavioral changes, brain edema, neuronal injury, Treg percentages, and cytokine expression levels were investigated in each group. In vitro experiments, primary mouse neuronal cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) for 3 h. Vehicle- or drug-conditioned Tregs were applied to the neurons at the time of induction of hypoxia. Neuronal apoptosis and cytokine expression were measured in each group. The results indicate that intraperitoneal administration of anti-CD25Ab reduced CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3+ Tregs, increased infarct volume, enhanced stroke-induced cell death, and decreased sensorimotor functions. Notably, IL-33 increased CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3+ Tregs in the spleen and brain. However, blockading ST2 attenuated these effects of IL-33. The supernatant of the IL-33-treated Treg culture reduced neuronal apoptosis and elevated the production of the Treg cytokines IL-10, IL-35, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Anti-CD25Ab abrogated the neuroprotective effect of IL-33. Mechanistically, the neuroprotective effects of IL-33 were associated with reduction in apoptosis-related proteins and production of Tregs related cytokines. Overall, these findings showed that IL-33 afforded neuroprotection against ischemic brain injury by enhancing ST2-dependent regulatory T-cell expansion and activation via a mechanism involving anti-apoptosis proteins and cytokines, representing a promising immune modulatory target for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjing Liu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; The Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Ruiyao Hu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; The Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Lulu Pei
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; The Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Pan Si
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; The Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; The Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xuan Tian
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; The Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; The Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; The Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Beng Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; The Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zongping Xia
- The Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; The Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; The Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhengzhou University, No.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
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103
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Chen C, Chencheng Z, Cuiying L, Xiaokun G. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Protect Against Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Induced Brain Injury by Priming Regulatory T Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:8. [PMID: 32076400 PMCID: PMC7006436 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an anti-inflammatory effect to protect against ischemic stroke. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) can induce regulatory T cells tolerance in sterile-inflammation conditions. However, whether and how pDCs-mediated Tregs response play a part in the pathology of ischemic stroke remains unclear. In this study, we showed that pDCs were increased in the brain of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice. Depletion of pDCs with 120G8 exacerbated MCAO-induced brain injury, peripheral pro-inflammation response and decreased the systemic Tregs in mice. Furthermore, the data of mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) in vitro demonstrate that splenic pDCs from MCAO mice can significantly promote Tregs proliferation, accompanying with the increased expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) on pDCs. Taken together, the findings here suggested that under the pathologic state of stroke, pDCs protect against MCAO-induced brain injury by priming Tregs, illustrating that pDCs represented as a therapeutic target for the prevention of ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Chencheng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Cuiying
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Geng Xiaokun
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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104
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Pan R, Zhou M, Zhong Y, Xie J, Ling S, Tang X, Huang Y, Chen H. The combination of Astragalus membranaceus extract and ligustrazine to improve the inflammation in rats with thrombolytic cerebral ischemia. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2020; 33:2058738419869055. [PMID: 31409163 PMCID: PMC6696830 DOI: 10.1177/2058738419869055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of Astragalus membranaceus extract and ligustrazine combination on ameliorating inflammation in cerebral ischemic rats that have undergone thrombolysis. Astragalus membranaceus and ligustrazine per se, or a combination of A. membranaceus and ligustrazine was administered by intraperitoneal injection immediately after surgery and sham surgery. After the induction of thrombolysis, the neurological function was measured and cerebral lesion volume was determined. The regulatory T cells in the spleen were measured by flow cytometry. To explore the protective effects of the combination drug on the neurological function and inflammation, the expression of transcription factor Foxp3 and cytokines, including transforming growth factor beta 1, interleukin 10, interleukin 4, interleukin 1 beta, interferon gamma, interleukin 17, in damaged brain was examined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The cerebral lesion volume was markedly reduced in the combination drug-treated rats compared to the rats treated with either A. membranaceus or ligustrazine alone (P < 0.05). The neurological function, regulatory T cells, transcription factor Foxp3, transforming growth factor beta 1, interleukin 10, and interleukin 4 were markedly elevated in the rats treated with combination drugs (P < 0.05). The expression of interleukin 1 beta, interferon gamma, and interleukin 17 was reduced in the rats treated with combination drug therapy (P < 0.05). Treatment with a combination of A. membranaceus and ligustrazine can ameliorate inflammation after thrombolysis and regulate the related cytokines by elevating the expression of endogenous regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihuan Pan
- 1 Department of Rehabilitation, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingchao Zhou
- 2 Department of Rehabilitation, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiping Zhong
- 3 The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingping Xie
- 4 School of Biomedical Sciences and KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Shanshan Ling
- 1 Department of Rehabilitation, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,3 The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xialin Tang
- 3 The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- 5 Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Encephalopathy, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Chen
- 1 Department of Rehabilitation, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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105
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Iulita MF, Duchemin S, Vallerand D, Barhoumi T, Alvarez F, Istomine R, Laurent C, Youwakim J, Paradis P, Arbour N, Piccirillo CA, Schiffrin EL, Girouard H. CD4 + Regulatory T Lymphocytes Prevent Impaired Cerebral Blood Flow in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 8:e009372. [PMID: 30572753 PMCID: PMC6405729 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.009372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Immune cells are key regulators of the vascular inflammatory response characteristic of hypertension. In hypertensive rodents, regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg, CD4+CD25+) prevented vascular injury, cardiac damage, and endothelial dysfunction of mesenteric arteries. Whether Treg modulate the cerebrovascular damage induced by hypertension is unknown. Methods and Results C57BL/6 mice were perfused with angiotensin II (Ang II; 1000 ng/kg per minute) for 14 days and adoptive transfer of 3×105CD4+CD25+ T cells was performed via 2 intravenous injections. Control mice received a sham surgery and PBS. Treg prevented Ang II‐induced neurovascular uncoupling (P<0.05) and endothelial impairment (P<0.05), evaluated by laser Doppler flowmetry in the somatosensory cortex. The neuroprotective effect of Treg was abolished when they were isolated from mice deficient in interleukin‐10. Administration of interleukin‐10 (60 ng/d) to hypertensive mice prevented Ang II‐induced neurovascular uncoupling (P<0.05). Treg adoptive transfer also diminished systemic inflammation induced by Ang II (P<0.05), examined with a peripheral blood cytokine array. Mice receiving Ang II + Treg exhibited reduced numbers of Iba‐1+ cells in the brain cortex (P<0.05) and hippocampus (P<0.001) compared with mice infused only with Ang II. Treg prevented the increase in cerebral superoxide radicals. Overall, these effects did not appear to be directly modulated by Treg accumulating in the brain parenchyma, because only a nonsignificant number of Treg were detected in brain. Instead, Treg penetrated peripheral tissues such as the kidney, inguinal lymph nodes, and the spleen. Conclusions Treg prevent impaired cerebrovascular responses in Ang II‐induced hypertension. The neuroprotective effects of Treg involve the modulation of inflammation in the brain and periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Florencia Iulita
- 1 Department of Neurosciences Université de Montréal Montréal Canada.,2 Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC) Université de Montréal Montréal Canada
| | - Sonia Duchemin
- 4 Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Université de Montréal Montréal Canada
| | - Diane Vallerand
- 4 Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Université de Montréal Montréal Canada
| | - Tlili Barhoumi
- 5 Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research McGill University Montréal Canada
| | - Fernando Alvarez
- 6 Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre McGill University Montréal Canada.,7 Department of Microbiology and Immunology McGill University Montréal Canada
| | - Roman Istomine
- 6 Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre McGill University Montréal Canada.,7 Department of Microbiology and Immunology McGill University Montréal Canada
| | - Cyril Laurent
- 1 Department of Neurosciences Université de Montréal Montréal Canada.,3 Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) Montréal Canada
| | - Jessica Youwakim
- 4 Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Université de Montréal Montréal Canada
| | - Pierre Paradis
- 5 Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research McGill University Montréal Canada
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- 1 Department of Neurosciences Université de Montréal Montréal Canada.,3 Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) Montréal Canada
| | - Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- 6 Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre McGill University Montréal Canada.,7 Department of Microbiology and Immunology McGill University Montréal Canada
| | - Ernesto L Schiffrin
- 5 Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research McGill University Montréal Canada.,8 Department of Medicine Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital McGill University Montréal Canada
| | - Hélène Girouard
- 2 Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC) Université de Montréal Montréal Canada.,4 Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Université de Montréal Montréal Canada.,9 Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal Canada
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106
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Rangan S, Schulze HG, Vardaki MZ, Blades MW, Piret JM, Turner RFB. Applications of Raman spectroscopy in the development of cell therapies: state of the art and future perspectives. Analyst 2020; 145:2070-2105. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01811e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This comprehensive review article discusses current and future perspectives of Raman spectroscopy-based analyses of cell therapy processes and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas Rangan
- Michael Smith Laboratories
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering
| | - H. Georg Schulze
- Michael Smith Laboratories
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Martha Z. Vardaki
- Michael Smith Laboratories
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Michael W. Blades
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - James M. Piret
- Michael Smith Laboratories
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Robin F. B. Turner
- Michael Smith Laboratories
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
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107
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Seifert HA, Zhu W, Vandenbark AA, Alkayed NJ, Offner H. Sex differences in the therapeutic effects of anti-PDL2 neutralizing antibody on stroke. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:1705-1712. [PMID: 31410774 PMCID: PMC6858940 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation involving migration of immune cells across the damaged blood-brain barrier (BBB), activation of resident innate microglia and production of inflammatory humoral mediators such as cytokines and chemokines play a critical role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Cell-cell signaling involved in the process also includes checkpoint interaction between programmed death receptor (PD1) and programmed death ligands, PDL1 and PDL2. Based on our previous studies showing reduced MCAO infarct volumes in PDL2 deficient mice, we evaluated the ability of anti-PDL2 mAb to treat MCAO in male and female C57BL/6 mice. We found that anti-PDL2 neutralizing antibody treatment of MCAO significantly reduced infarct volumes in male mice but had no protective effects in female mice even at a 5-fold increased dose of anti-PDL2 mAb. The protection in male mice was likely mediated by reduced percentages in the spleen of PDL2+CD19+ B cells, PDL1+CD4+ T cells and CD86+CD11b+ macrophages in concert with reduced expression of PDL1 and TNFα and continued expression of CD206, in the injured ipsilateral brain hemisphere. The lack of a therapeutic benefit of anti-PDL2 on stroke-induced infarct volumes in female mice was reflected by no detectable reduction in expressed PDL2 or PDL1 and an increased frequency of Th1 and Th17 pro-inflammatory T cell subsets in the spleen, an effect not seen in PDL2 mAb treated males. This result potentially limits the utility of anti-PDL2 mAb therapy in stroke to males but underscores the importance of meeting the STAIR requirements for development of new stroke therapies for both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Seifert
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, R&D-31, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Wenbin Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, R&D-31, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nabil J Alkayed
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- The Knight Cardiovacular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, R&D-31, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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108
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Li Y, Zhu ZY, Lu BW, Huang TT, Zhang YM, Zhou NY, Xuan W, Chen ZA, Wen DX, Yu WF, Li PY. Rosiglitazone ameliorates tissue plasminogen activator-induced brain hemorrhage after stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:1343-1352. [PMID: 31756041 PMCID: PMC6887660 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Delayed thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) may exacerbate blood‐brain barrier (BBB) breakdown after ischemic stroke and lead to catastrophic hemorrhagic transformation (HT). Rosiglitazone(RSG), a widely used antidiabetic drug that activates peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPAR‐γ), has been shown to protect against cerebral ischemia through promoting poststroke microglial polarization toward the beneficial anti‐inflammatory phenotype. However, whether RSG can alleviate HT after delayed tPA treatment remains unknown. In this study, we sort to examine the role of RSG on tPA‐induced HT after stroke. Methods and results We used the murine suture middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) models of stroke followed by delayed administration of tPA (10 mg/kg, 2 hours after suture occlusion) to investigate the therapeutic potential of RSG against tPA‐induced HT. When RSG(6 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered 1 hour before MCAO in tPA‐treated MCAO mice, HT in the ischemic territory was significantly attenuated 1 day after stroke. In the tPA‐treated MCAO mice, we found RSG significantly mitigated BBB disruption and hemorrhage development compared to tPA‐alone‐treated stroke mice. Using flow cytometry and immunostaining, we confirmed that the expression of CD206 was significantly upregulated while the expression of iNOS was down‐regulated in microglia of the RSG‐treated mice. We further found that the expression of Arg‐1 was also upregulated in those tPA and RSG‐treated stroke mice and the protection against tPA‐induced HT and BBB disruption in these mice were abolished in the presence of PPAR‐γ antagonist GW9662 (4 mg/kg, 1 hour before dMCAO through intraperitoneal injection). Conclusions RSG treatment protects against BBB damage and ameliorates HT in delayed tPA‐treated stroke mice by activating PPAR‐γ and favoring microglial polarization toward anti‐inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Yu Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing-Wei Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting-Ting Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Man Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na-Ying Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Ai Chen
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Da-Xiang Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Feng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-Ying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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109
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Marzolini S, Robertson AD, Oh P, Goodman JM, Corbett D, Du X, MacIntosh BJ. Aerobic Training and Mobilization Early Post-stroke: Cautions and Considerations. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1187. [PMID: 31803129 PMCID: PMC6872678 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge gaps exist in how we implement aerobic exercise programs during the early phases post-stroke. Therefore, the objective of this review was to provide evidence-based guidelines for pre-participation screening, mobilization, and aerobic exercise training in the hyper-acute and acute phases post-stroke. In reviewing the literature to determine safe timelines of when to initiate exercise and mobilization we considered the following factors: arterial blood pressure dysregulation, cardiac complications, blood-brain barrier disruption, hemorrhagic stroke transformation, and ischemic penumbra viability. These stroke-related impairments could intensify with inappropriate mobilization/aerobic exercise, hence we deemed the integrity of cerebral autoregulation to be an essential physiological consideration to protect the brain when progressing exercise intensity. Pre-participation screening criteria are proposed and countermeasures to protect the brain from potentially adverse circulatory effects before, during, and following mobilization/exercise sessions are introduced. For example, prolonged periods of standing and static postures before and after mobilization/aerobic exercise may elicit blood pooling and/or trigger coagulation cascades and/or cerebral hypoperfusion. Countermeasures such as avoiding prolonged standing or incorporating periodic lower limb movement to activate the venous muscle pump could counteract blood pooling after an exercise session, minimize activation of the coagulation cascade, and mitigate potential cerebral hypoperfusion. We discuss patient safety in light of the complex nature of stroke presentations (i.e., type, severity, and etiology), medical history, comorbidities such as diabetes, cardiac manifestations, medications, and complications such as anemia and dehydration. The guidelines are easily incorporated into the care model, are low-risk, and use minimal resources. These and other strategies represent opportunities for improving the safety of the activity regimen offered to those in the early phases post-stroke. The timeline for initiating and progressing exercise/mobilization parameters are contingent on recovery stages both from neurobiological and cardiovascular perspectives, which to this point have not been specifically considered in practice. This review includes tailored exercise and mobilization prescription strategies and precautions that are not resource intensive and prioritize safety in stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Marzolini
- KITE, Toronto Rehab-University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew D. Robertson
- Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Oh
- KITE, Toronto Rehab-University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jack M. Goodman
- KITE, Toronto Rehab-University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dale Corbett
- Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Xiaowei Du
- KITE, Toronto Rehab-University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Bradley J. MacIntosh
- Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON, Canada
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110
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Zhang W, Zhao J, Wang R, Jiang M, Ye Q, Smith AD, Chen J, Shi Y. Macrophages reprogram after ischemic stroke and promote efferocytosis and inflammation resolution in the mouse brain. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:1329-1342. [PMID: 31697040 PMCID: PMC6887920 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Blood-borne monocytes/macrophages infiltrate the brain in massive numbers after ischemic stroke, but their impact on poststroke brain injury and recovery remains elusive. This study examined the transcriptomic changes in monocytes/macrophages after ischemic stroke and the functional implications of these changes, particularly with regards to the contribution of these cells to the phagocytic clearance of dead/dying cells (efferocytosis) in the poststroke brain. METHODS We performed whole-genome RNA sequencing on the monocyte/macrophage population sorted from mouse brain and peripheral blood 5 days after permanent focal cerebral ischemia. In addition, the spatial and temporal profiles of macrophage efferocytosis were examined in vivo by immunohistochemistry 3-7 days after brain ischemia. RESULTS Robust transcriptomic changes occurred in monocytes/macrophages upon infiltrating the poststroke brain. Functional enrichment analysis revealed a transcriptome of brain macrophages that strongly favored efferocytic activity. A large number of efferocytosis-related genes were upregulated in brain macrophages, the products of which are essential components involved in various steps of efferocytosis, such as chemotaxis, recognition of dead cells, engulfment, and processing of phagosomes. The efferocytic activity of brain macrophages were verified by immunohistochemistry, wherein Iba1-labeled microglia/macrophages effectively cleared apoptotic neurons in the infarct during the subacute stage after brain ischemia. We also identified PPARγ and STAT6 as potential upstream regulators that shaped this proefferocytic and inflammation-resolving transcriptome of macrophages in the poststroke brain. CONCLUSION Macrophages play a crucial role in the phagocytic clearance of dead neurons after ischemic stroke and promote the resolution of inflammation in the brain. Molecular therapies that enhance macrophage efferocytic capability may be promising treatments for ischemic stroke by facilitating inflammation resolution, brain repair, and recovery of neurological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jingyan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rongrong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amanda D Smith
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yejie Shi
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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111
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Cai W, Dai X, Chen J, Zhao J, Xu M, Zhang L, Yang B, Zhang W, Rocha M, Nakao T, Kofler J, Shi Y, Stetler RA, Hu X, Chen J. STAT6/Arg1 promotes microglia/macrophage efferocytosis and inflammation resolution in stroke mice. JCI Insight 2019; 4:131355. [PMID: 31619589 PMCID: PMC6824303 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Efferocytosis, or phagocytic clearance of dead/dying cells by brain-resident microglia and/or infiltrating macrophages, is instrumental for inflammation resolution and restoration of brain homeostasis after stroke. Here, we identify the signal transducer and activator of transcription 6/arginase1 (STAT6/Arg1) signaling axis as a potentially novel mechanism that orchestrates microglia/macrophage responses in the ischemic brain. Activation of STAT6 was observed in microglia/macrophages in the ischemic territory in a mouse model of stroke and in stroke patients. STAT6 deficiency resulted in reduced clearance of dead/dying neurons, increased inflammatory gene signature in microglia/macrophages, and enlarged infarct volume early after experimental stroke. All of these pathological changes culminated in an increased brain tissue loss and exacerbated long-term functional deficits. Combined in vivo analyses using BM chimeras and in vitro experiments using microglia/macrophage-neuron cocultures confirmed that STAT6 activation in both microglia and macrophages was essential for neuroprotection. Adoptive transfer of WT macrophages into STAT6-KO mice reduced accumulation of dead neurons in the ischemic territory and ameliorated brain infarction. Furthermore, decreased expression of Arg1 in STAT6-/- microglia/macrophages was responsible for impairments in efferocytosis and loss of antiinflammatory modality. Our study suggests that efferocytosis via STAT6/Arg1 modulates microglia/macrophage phenotype, accelerates inflammation resolution, and improves stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cai
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xuejiao Dai
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jingyan Zhao
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mingyue Xu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lili Zhang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Boyu Yang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wenting Zhang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marcelo Rocha
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Toshimasa Nakao
- T.E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julia Kofler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yejie Shi
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - R. Anne Stetler
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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112
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Planas
- From the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain; and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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113
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Wang L, Zhou Y, Yin J, Gan Y, Wang X, Wen D, Thomson AW, Hu X, Yang L, Stetler RA, Li P, Yu W. Cancer Exacerbates Ischemic Brain Injury Via Nrp1 (Neuropilin 1)-Mediated Accumulation of Regulatory T Cells Within the Tumor. Stroke 2019; 49:2733-2742. [PMID: 30355201 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.021948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells (Tregs) protect against stroke; however, Treg-based therapy raises concerns in stroke patients with cancer because of the immunosuppressive function of Tregs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Tregs in cerebral ischemic brain injury with concomitant cancer. Methods- To establish a cancer phenotype, MC38 colon cancer or B16 melanoma cells (5×105/mice) were injected subcutaneously into C57BL/6J mice 2 to 3 weeks before distal middle cerebral artery occlusion surgery. Infarct volume, neuroinflammation, and Tregs infiltration were measured by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, immunofluorescence staining, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and flow cytometry. Mechanistically, Nrp1 (neuropilin-1) monoclonal antibody was used to block the Nrp1 effect on Tregs ex vivo before being transferred into recombination activating gene 1 (Rag1-/-) stroke mice, which are devoid of T and B cells, or a Nrp1 neutralization antibody was injected systemically into cancer-bearing wild-type mice after stroke. Results- Cancer-bearing mice with stroke exhibited augmented neuroinflammation and fewer Tregs in the brain, but more infiltration of Tregs to the tumor was apparent after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion. Depletion of Tregs increased infarct volume in stroke mice but did not further exacerbate brain injury in cancer-bearing stroke mice. Nrp1 blocking ex vivo or Nrp1 systemic neutralization attenuated ischemic brain injury and reversed accumulation of Tregs within tumor after stroke in cancer-bearing mice. Conclusions- Nrp1 signaling mediated accumulation of Tregs within tumor might play a critical role in exacerbating ischemic brain injury in cancer-bearing mice and may represent a promising immune modulatory target for the combined condition of cancer and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology (L.W., Y.Z., J.Y., X.W., D.W., L.Y., P.L., W.Y.), Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China.,Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (L.W.)
| | - Yuxi Zhou
- From the Department of Anesthesiology (L.W., Y.Z., J.Y., X.W., D.W., L.Y., P.L., W.Y.), Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Jiemin Yin
- From the Department of Anesthesiology (L.W., Y.Z., J.Y., X.W., D.W., L.Y., P.L., W.Y.), Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yu Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute (Y.G.), Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Xin Wang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology (L.W., Y.Z., J.Y., X.W., D.W., L.Y., P.L., W.Y.), Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Daxiang Wen
- From the Department of Anesthesiology (L.W., Y.Z., J.Y., X.W., D.W., L.Y., P.L., W.Y.), Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Angus W Thomson
- Department of Surgery and Department of Immunology, Starzl Transplantation Institute (A.W.T.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery (X.H., R.A.S.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA
| | - Liqun Yang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology (L.W., Y.Z., J.Y., X.W., D.W., L.Y., P.L., W.Y.), Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - R Anne Stetler
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery (X.H., R.A.S.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA
| | - Peiying Li
- From the Department of Anesthesiology (L.W., Y.Z., J.Y., X.W., D.W., L.Y., P.L., W.Y.), Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Weifeng Yu
- From the Department of Anesthesiology (L.W., Y.Z., J.Y., X.W., D.W., L.Y., P.L., W.Y.), Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
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114
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Evans FL, Dittmer M, de la Fuente AG, Fitzgerald DC. Protective and Regenerative Roles of T Cells in Central Nervous System Disorders. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2171. [PMID: 31572381 PMCID: PMC6751344 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mechanisms of T cells in several central nervous system (CNS) disorders are well-established. However, more recent studies have uncovered compelling beneficial roles of T cells in neurological diseases, ranging from tissue protection to regeneration. These divergent functions arise due to the diversity of T cell subsets, particularly CD4+ T cells. Here, we review the beneficial impact of T cell subsets in a range of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, and CNS trauma. Both T cell-secreted mediators and direct cell contact-dependent mechanisms deliver neuroprotective, neuroregenerative and immunomodulatory signals in these settings. Understanding the molecular details of these beneficial T cell mechanisms will provide novel targets for therapeutic exploitation that can be applied to a range of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances L Evans
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Dittmer
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Alerie G de la Fuente
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Denise C Fitzgerald
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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115
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Dabrowska S, Andrzejewska A, Lukomska B, Janowski M. Neuroinflammation as a target for treatment of stroke using mesenchymal stem cells and extracellular vesicles. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:178. [PMID: 31514749 PMCID: PMC6743114 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1571-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the third cause of death in the developed countries and the main reason of severe disability. Brain ischemia leads to the production of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by neurons and glial cells which results in astrocyte and microglia activation, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines production, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, infiltration of leukocytes from the peripheral blood into the infarcted area, and further exacerbation of tissue damage. However, some immune cells such as microglia or monocytes are capable to change their phenotype to anti-inflammatory, produce anti-inflammatory cytokines, and protect injured nervous tissue. In this situation, therapies, which will modulate the immune response after brain ischemia, such as transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are catching interest. Many experimental studies of ischemic stroke revealed that MSCs are able to modulate immune response and act neuroprotective, through stimulation of neurogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, astrogenesis, and angiogenesis. MSCs may also have an ability to replace injured cells, but the release of paracrine factors directly into the environment or via extracellular vesicles (EVs) seems to play the most pronounced role. EVs are membrane structures containing proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, and they express similar properties as the cells from which they are derived. However, EVs have lower immunogenicity, do not express the risk of vessel blockage, and have the capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier. Experimental studies of ischemic stroke showed that EVs have immunomodulatory and neuroprotective properties; therefore, they can stimulate neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Up to now, 20 clinical trials with MSC transplantation into patients after stroke were performed, from which two concerned on only hemorrhagic stroke and 13 studied only on ischemic stroke. There is no clinical trial with EV injection into patients after brain ischemia so far, but the case with miR-124-enriched EVs administration is planned and probably there will be more clinical studies with EV transplantation in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Dabrowska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Andrzejewska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, HSF III, 620 W. Baltimore street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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116
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Neal EG, Acosta SA, Kaneko Y, Ji X, Borlongan CV. Regulatory T-cells within bone marrow-derived stem cells actively confer immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects against stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:1750-1758. [PMID: 29569981 PMCID: PMC6727132 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18766172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) may exert a neuroprotective effect on ischemic stroke by inhibiting both inflammation and effector T-cell activation. Transplantation of human bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) in ischemic stroke affords neuroprotection that results in part from the cells' anti-inflammatory property. However, the relationship between Tregs and BMSCs in treatment of ischemic stroke has not been fully elucidated. Here, we tested the hypothesis that Tregs within the BMSCs represent active mediators of immunomodulation and neuroprotection in experimental stroke. Primary rat neuronal cells were subjected to an oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) condition. The cells were re-perfused and co-cultured with Tregs and/or BMSCs. We detected a minority population of Tregs within BMSCs with both immunocytochemistry (ICC) and flow cytometry identifying cells expressing phenotypic markers of CD4, CD25, and FoxP3 protein. BMSCs with the native population of Tregs conferred maximal neuroprotection compared to the treatment conditions containing 0%, 10%, and 100% relative ratio Tregs. Increasing the Treg population resulted in increased IL6 secretion and decreased FGF-β secretion by BMSCs. This study shows that a minority population of Tregs exists within the therapeutic BMSC population, which serves as robust mediators of the immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effect provided by BMSC transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot G Neal
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, USF Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sandra A Acosta
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, USF Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yuji Kaneko
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, USF Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Xunming Ji
- Cerebrovascular Research Center, XuanWu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cesario V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, USF Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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117
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Cai W, Wang J, Hu M, Chen X, Lu Z, Bellanti JA, Zheng SG. All trans-retinoic acid protects against acute ischemic stroke by modulating neutrophil functions through STAT1 signaling. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:175. [PMID: 31472680 PMCID: PMC6717357 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1557-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Regulation of neural inflammation is considered as a vital therapeutic target in ischemic stroke. All-trans retinoic acid (atRA), a potent immune modulator, has raised interest in the field of stroke therapy. However, the immunological mechanisms for atRA-mediated neuroprotection remain elusive. The current study evaluated the impact of atRA on post-stroke neural inflammation and elucidated the mechanisms involved in the regulation of related neutrophil functions. Methods atRA was prophylactically administered to mice 1 day before transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO, 1 h) and repeated daily immediately after reperfusion for 3 days. Stroke outcomes, neutrophil polarization, and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the stroke lesion were assessed. Neutrophil depletion was induced with anti-Ly6G antibodies. Primary neutrophil cultures were used to explore the mechanisms of atRA treatment. Results Prophylactic atRA treatment reduced infarct volumes and neurological deficits at 1 day after tMCAO. Post-stroke neural inflammation was attenuated and neutrophil accumulation in lesion was downregulated. atRA treatment skewed neutrophil toward N2 phenotype which facilitated its clearance by macrophage and inhibited NETs formation. The functions of neutrophil were indispensable in the protective effects of atRA and were associated with suppression to STAT1 signaling by atRA. Administration of atRA after stroke still provided efficient protection to cerebral ischemia. Conclusion atRA displays potent therapeutic efficacy in ischemic stroke by attenuating neural inflammation. Treatment of atRA impeded neutrophil accumulation, favored N2 polarization, and forbade NETs formation in ischemic lesion. STAT1 signaling played a decisive role in the mechanisms of atRA-afforded regulation to neutrophil. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1557-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cai
- Center of Clinical Immunology, Center for Mental and Neurological Disorders and Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Center for Mental and Neurological Disorders and Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Julie Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA
| | - Mengyan Hu
- Department of Neurology, Center for Mental and Neurological Disorders and Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Zhengqi Lu
- Department of Neurology, Center for Mental and Neurological Disorders and Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
| | - Joseph A Bellanti
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology-Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA.
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Zhu Z, Zheng L, Li Y, Huang T, Chao YC, Pan L, Zhu H, Zhao Y, Yu W, Li P. Potential Immunotherapeutic Targets on Myeloid Cells for Neurovascular Repair After Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:758. [PMID: 31447626 PMCID: PMC6696904 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological deficits and cognitive dysfunctions caused by acute ischemic stroke pose enormous burden to the stroke families and the communities. Restoration of the normal function of the neurovascular unit following ischemic stroke is critical for improving neurological recovery and cognitive functions after stroke. Recent evidence suggests that the myeloid cells including both the resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils are highly plastic in response to the environmental cues. They intimately interact with multiple components of the neurovascular unit in response to the alarmins, danger associated pattern molecules (DAMPs) and other signals released from the ischemic brain. The aim of this review is to discuss the reciprocal interactions between the myeloid cells and the ischemic neurovascular unit during the late repair phase of cerebral ischemic stroke. We also summarize potential immunotherapeutic targets on myeloid cells and new therapeutic approaches targeting myeloid cells, such as cell transplantation, mitochondrial dynamic and extracellular vesicles-based therapy et al to enhance neurovascular repair for better stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Chieh Chao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Pan
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhua Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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119
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Shu L, Xu CQ, Yan ZY, Yan Y, Jiang SZ, Wang YR. Post-Stroke Microglia Induce Sirtuin2 Expression to Suppress the Anti-inflammatory Function of Infiltrating Regulatory T Cells. Inflammation 2019; 42:1968-1979. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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120
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Stary CM, Xu L, Voloboueva LA, Alcántara-Hernández M, Arvola OJ, Idoyaga J, Giffard RG. Nursing Markedly Protects Postpartum Mice From Stroke: Associated Central and Peripheral Neuroimmune Changes and a Role for Oxytocin. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:609. [PMID: 31354401 PMCID: PMC6637858 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate significant neuroimmune changes in postpartum females, a period that also carries an increased risk of stroke. Oxytocin, a major hormone upregulated in the brains of nursing mothers, has been shown to both modulate neuroinflammation and protect against stroke. In the present study we assessed whether and how nursing modulates the neuroimmune response and injury after stroke. We observed that postpartum nursing mice were markedly protected from 1 h of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) relative to either non-pregnant/non-postpartum or non-nursing (pups removed) postpartum females. Nursing mice also expressed reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, had decreased migration of blood leukocytes into the brain following MCAO, and displayed peripheral neuroimmune changes characterized by increased spleen weight and increased fraction of spleen monocytes. Intranasal oxytocin treatment in non-pregnant females in part recapitulated the protective and anti-inflammatory effects associated with nursing. In summary, the results of the present study demonstrate that nursing in the postpartum period provides relative protection against transient ischemic stroke associated with decreased brain leukocytes and increased splenic monocytes. These effects appear to be regulated, at least in part, by oxytocin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Creed M Stary
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Lijun Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ludmilla A Voloboueva
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Marcela Alcántara-Hernández
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford, CA, United States.,Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Oiva J Arvola
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Juliana Idoyaga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford, CA, United States.,Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Rona G Giffard
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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121
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Zhang J, Zhang W, Gao X, Zhao Y, Chen D, Xu N, Pu H, Stetler RA, Gao Y. Preconditioning with partial caloric restriction confers long-term protection against grey and white matter injury after transient focal ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:1394-1409. [PMID: 29972653 PMCID: PMC6668518 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18785480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) has been extensively examined as a preventative strategy against aging and various diseases, but CR effects on cerebral ischemia are largely unknown. We subjected C57BL6/J mice to ad libitum food access (LF) or a diet restricted to 70% of ad libitum food access (RF) for two to four weeks followed by 60 min of transient focal ischemia (tFCI). RF for four weeks protected against subsequent tFCI-induced infarct. RF improved sensorimotor function after stroke in the foot fault and corner tests, as well as performance in the Morris water maze test. In addition, RF preserved ischemic white matter tract integrity assessed by histology and compound action potential. Sirt1 and Sirt3 were both upregulated in RF ischemic brain, but heterozygous deletion of Sirt1 or knockout of Sirt3 did not alter the protection induced by RF against ischemic injury. RF induced significant release of adiponectin, a hormone related to glucose metabolism. Knockout of adiponectin decreased RF-induced protection after tFCI. These data demonstrate the novel finding that white matter, as well as neurons, benefit from CR prior to cerebral ischemic injury, and that adiponectin may contribute to these protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenting Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuguang Gao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongfang Zhao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Chen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Xu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,2 Pittsburgh Institute for Brain Disease and Recovery (PIBDR) and the Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Hongjian Pu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,2 Pittsburgh Institute for Brain Disease and Recovery (PIBDR) and the Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - R Anne Stetler
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqin Gao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,2 Pittsburgh Institute for Brain Disease and Recovery (PIBDR) and the Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
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122
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Stoll G, Nieswandt B. Thrombo-inflammation in acute ischaemic stroke — implications for treatment. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15:473-481. [DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0221-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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123
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Huo W, Liu Y, Lei Y, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Mao Y, Wang C, Sun Y, Zhang W, Ma Z, Gu X. Imbalanced spinal infiltration of Th17/Treg cells contributes to bone cancer pain via promoting microglial activation. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 79:139-151. [PMID: 30685532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that T cells participate in the pathology of neuropathic pain, as well as the activation of microglia. However, whether T cells infiltrate into the spinal cord and contribute to the development of bone cancer pain (BCP) remains unknown. Here, we used a mouse model of BCP to show that numbers of T cells infiltrated into the spinal cord after sarcoma cell implantation with increased BCP, and most infiltrating T cells in the spinal cord were CD3+CD4+ T cells. Both Th17 and Treg subpopulations were analyzed by immunofluorescence. Treg cells in the spinal cord were transiently up-regulated, followed by an imbalance towards Th17 afterwards, and elevated IL-17/IL-17A levels were observed in both blood and spinal cord. Meanwhile, TGF-β, IL-6, and IL-23, the factors which regulate Th17/Treg differentiation, increased their expressions during the development of BCP. Additionally, IL-17A receptor (IL-17AR) was found to be expressed on microglia, and the level of IL-17AR increased with activated microglia during BCP development. Furthermore, BCP was ameliorated when IL-17/IL-17A neutralizing antibodies were intrathecally injected, accompanied with inhibited Th17/Treg infiltration and suppressed microglial activation. In conclusion, T cells infiltrated into the spinal cord with the imbalance of Th17/Treg towards Th17 during the development of BCP, which could promote the microglial activation and further increased BCP, while neutralizing IL-17/IL-17A in the spinal cord could ameliorate BCP. Our results suggest that targeting the imbalanced Th17/Treg infiltration in the spinal cord could be a novel strategy for BCP therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Huo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yishan Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yulin Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanting Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu'e Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhengliang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xiaoping Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
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124
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Wang X, Zhou Y, Tang D, Zhu Z, Li Y, Huang T, Müller R, Yu W, Li P. ACC1 (Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase 1) Is a Potential Immune Modulatory Target of Cerebral Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2019; 50:1869-1878. [PMID: 31177975 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.024564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Cerebral ischemic stroke elicits profound responses of CD4
+
T cells, which in turn significantly affect the ischemic brain injury. ACC1 (acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase 1) is a key enzyme that has been recently found to propagate CD4
+
T cell–associated inflammation by mediating de novo fatty acid synthesis; however, its role in the context of ischemic stroke remains unknown.
Methods—
Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion for 60 minutes in mice. Seahorse XF glycolysis assay and targeted lipidomic profiling were used to detect metabolic changes in CD4
+
T cell after stroke. CD4
cre
mice were crossed with ACC1
fl/fl
mice to generate the CD4
+
T-cell–specific deletion of ACC1 (CD4
cre
ACC1
fl/fl
mice) mice. Pretreatment with calorie restriction (CR; with 30% reduction of food for 4 weeks before middle cerebral artery occlusion) or post-treatment with ACC1 inhibitor, soraphen A were both used to test the effect of ACC1 modulation on poststroke neuroinflammation.
Results—
Cerebral ischemic stroke increased glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis in peripheral CD4
+
T cells, in which the expression of ACC1 was also upregulated. CR downregulated the expression of ACC1 in CD4
+
T cells after stroke. Both CD4
cre
ACC1
fl/fl
mice and CR-pretreated mice exhibited significantly reduced ischemic brain injury and preserved the balance of peripheral regulatory T cells/T helper 17 (Th17) cells. Furthermore, conditional knockout of ACC1 in CD4
+
T cells attenuated the protection exerted by CR both on ischemic brain injury and peripheral balance of regulatory T cells/Th17 cells. Pharmacological inhibition of ACC1 after middle cerebral artery occlusion attenuates neuroinflammation, preserves regulatory T cells/Th17 balance, and improves neurological outcomes after ischemic stroke.
Conclusions—
ACC1 is a novel immune metabolic modulation target to balance the regulatory T cells and Th17 cells and blunt neuroinflammation after stroke. Inhibition of ACC1 can be a previously unrecognized mechanism that underlies CR-afforded neuroprotection against cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China (X.W., Y.Z., D.T., Z.Z, Y.L., T.H., P.L., W.Y.)
| | - Yuxi Zhou
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China (X.W., Y.Z., D.T., Z.Z, Y.L., T.H., P.L., W.Y.)
| | - Dan Tang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China (X.W., Y.Z., D.T., Z.Z, Y.L., T.H., P.L., W.Y.)
| | - Ziyu Zhu
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China (X.W., Y.Z., D.T., Z.Z, Y.L., T.H., P.L., W.Y.)
| | - Yan Li
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China (X.W., Y.Z., D.T., Z.Z, Y.L., T.H., P.L., W.Y.)
| | - Tingting Huang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China (X.W., Y.Z., D.T., Z.Z, Y.L., T.H., P.L., W.Y.)
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany (R.M.)
| | - Weifeng Yu
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China (X.W., Y.Z., D.T., Z.Z, Y.L., T.H., P.L., W.Y.)
| | - Peiying Li
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China (X.W., Y.Z., D.T., Z.Z, Y.L., T.H., P.L., W.Y.)
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The interleukin-4/PPARγ signaling axis promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination after brain injury. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000330. [PMID: 31226122 PMCID: PMC6608986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The repair of white matter damage is of paramount importance for functional recovery after brain injuries. Here, we report that interleukin-4 (IL-4) promotes oligodendrocyte regeneration and remyelination. IL-4 receptor expression was detected in a variety of glial cells after ischemic brain injury, including oligodendrocyte lineage cells. IL-4 deficiency in knockout mice resulted in greater deterioration of white matter over 14 d after stroke. Consistent with these findings, intranasal delivery of IL-4 nanoparticles after stroke improved white matter integrity and attenuated long-term sensorimotor and cognitive deficits in wild-type mice, as revealed by histological immunostaining, electron microscopy, diffusion tensor imaging, and electrophysiology. The selective effect of IL-4 on remyelination was verified in an ex vivo organotypic model of demyelination. By leveraging primary oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), microglia-depleted mice, and conditional OPC-specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) knockout mice, we discovered a direct salutary effect of IL-4 on oligodendrocyte differentiation that was mediated by the PPARγ axis. Our findings reveal a new regenerative role of IL-4 in the central nervous system (CNS), which lies beyond its known immunoregulatory functions on microglia/macrophages or peripheral lymphocytes. Therefore, intranasal IL-4 delivery may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to improve white matter integrity in stroke and other brain injuries. The repair and remyelination of white matter are of paramount importance for functional recovery after brain injuries. This study shows that interleukin-4 plays an essential role in oligodendrocyte differentiation and long-term white matter recovery, beyond its well-known immunoregulatory functions, and is mediated by the PPARγ axis.
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126
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Malone K, Amu S, Moore AC, Waeber C. Immunomodulatory Therapeutic Strategies in Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:630. [PMID: 31281252 PMCID: PMC6595144 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of immunity in all stages of stroke is increasingly being recognized, from the pathogenesis of risk factors to tissue repair, leading to the investigation of a range of immunomodulatory therapies. In the acute phase of stroke, proposed therapies include drugs targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and leukocyte infiltration, with a key objective to reduce initial brain cell toxicity. Systemically, the early stages of stroke are also characterized by stroke-induced immunosuppression, where downregulation of host defences predisposes patients to infection. Therefore, strategies to modulate innate immunity post-stroke have garnered greater attention. A complementary objective is to reduce longer-term sequelae by focusing on adaptive immunity. Following stroke onset, the integrity of the blood–brain barrier is compromised, exposing central nervous system (CNS) antigens to systemic adaptive immune recognition, potentially inducing autoimmunity. Some pre-clinical efforts have been made to tolerize the immune system to CNS antigens pre-stroke. Separately, immune cell populations that exhibit a regulatory phenotype (T- and B- regulatory cells) have been shown to ameliorate post-stroke inflammation and contribute to tissue repair. Cell-based therapies, established in oncology and transplantation, could become a strategy to treat the acute and chronic stages of stroke. Furthermore, a role for the gut microbiota in ischaemic injury has received attention. Finally, the immune system may play a role in remote ischaemic preconditioning-mediated neuroprotection against stroke. The development of stroke therapies involving organs distant to the infarct site, therefore, should not be overlooked. This review will discuss the immune mechanisms of various therapeutic strategies, surveying published data and discussing more theoretical mechanisms of action that have yet to be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Malone
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sylvie Amu
- Cancer Research @UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anne C Moore
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christian Waeber
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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127
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Saand AR, Yu F, Chen J, Chou SHY. Systemic inflammation in hemorrhagic strokes - A novel neurological sign and therapeutic target? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:959-988. [PMID: 30961425 PMCID: PMC6547186 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19841443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidences suggest that stroke is a systemic disease affecting many organ systems beyond the brain. Stroke-related systemic inflammatory response and immune dysregulations may play an important role in brain injury, recovery, and stroke outcome. The two main phenomena in stroke-related peripheral immune dysregulations are systemic inflammation and post-stroke immunosuppression. There is emerging evidence suggesting that the spleen contracts following ischemic stroke, activates peripheral immune response and this may further potentiate brain injury. Whether similar brain-immune crosstalk occurs in hemorrhagic strokes such as intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is not established. In this review, we systematically examined animal and human evidence to date on peripheral immune responses associated with hemorrhagic strokes. Specifically, we reviewed the impact of clinical systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), inflammation- and immune-associated biomarkers, the brain-spleen interaction, and cellular mediators of peripheral immune responses to ICH and SAH including regulatory T cells (Tregs). While there is growing data suggesting that peripheral immune dysregulation following hemorrhagic strokes may be important in brain injury pathogenesis and outcome, details of this brain-immune system cross-talk remain insufficiently understood. This is an important unmet scientific need that may lead to novel therapeutic strategies in this highly morbid condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha R Saand
- 1 Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- 2 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- 2 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sherry H-Y Chou
- 1 Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,2 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,3 Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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128
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Weisenburger-Lile D, Dong Y, Yger M, Weisenburger G, Polara GF, Chaigneau T, Ochoa RZ, Marro B, Lapergue B, Alamowitch S, Elbim C. Harmful neutrophil subsets in patients with ischemic stroke: Association with disease severity. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2019; 6:e571. [PMID: 31355307 PMCID: PMC6624098 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective To better understand the functional state of circulating neutrophils in patients with ischemic stroke (IS) for planning future clinical trials. Methods We analyzed by flow cytometry activation state of circulating neutrophils and the distribution of neutrophil peripheral subsets in 41 patients with acute IS less than 6 hours before admission and compared them with 22 age-matched healthy controls. Results Our results demonstrated continuous basal hyperactivation of circulating neutrophils during acute IS, characterized by lower l-selectin expression and higher CD11b expression at the cell surface, increased ROS production by neutrophils, and greater circulating levels of neutrophil elastase. Neutrophil hyperactivation was associated with deregulation of the equilibrium between apoptotic and necrotic. Patients also had higher percentages than controls of the overactive senescent (CXCR4bright/CD62Ldim) neutrophil subset and increased percentage of neutrophils with a reverse transendothelial migration (CD54highCXCR1low) phenotype. Importantly, neutrophil alterations were associated with the clinical severity of the stroke, evaluated by its NIH Stroke Scale score. Conclusion Altogether, our results indicate that during acute IS, the inflammatory properties of circulating neutrophils rise, associated with the expansion of harmful neutrophil subsets. These changes in neutrophil homeostasis, associated with disease severity, may play an instrumental role by contributing to systemic inflammation and to the blood-brain barrier breakdown. Our findings highlight new potential therapeutic approaches of stroke by rebalancing the ratio of senescent to immunosuppressive neutrophils or decreasing reverse neutrophil transmigration or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Weisenburger-Lile
- Sorbonne Universités (D.W.-L., Y.D., T.C., R.Z.O., S.A., C.E.), UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; INSERM (D.W.-L., Y.D., T.C., R.Z.O., S.A., C.E.), UMRS 938, CdR Saint- Antoine, Team "Immune System, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases," Hôpital St-Antoine; Service de Neurologie et d'Urgences Neurovasculaires (D.W.-L., M.Y., S.A.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Division of Pneumology (G.W.), Foch Hospital, F-92150, Suresnes; Division of Neurology (G.F.P.), Stroke Center, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; Division of Radiology (B.M.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; and Division of Neurology (B.L.), Stroke Center, Foch Hospital, F-92150, Suresnes
| | - Yuan Dong
- Sorbonne Universités (D.W.-L., Y.D., T.C., R.Z.O., S.A., C.E.), UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; INSERM (D.W.-L., Y.D., T.C., R.Z.O., S.A., C.E.), UMRS 938, CdR Saint- Antoine, Team "Immune System, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases," Hôpital St-Antoine; Service de Neurologie et d'Urgences Neurovasculaires (D.W.-L., M.Y., S.A.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Division of Pneumology (G.W.), Foch Hospital, F-92150, Suresnes; Division of Neurology (G.F.P.), Stroke Center, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; Division of Radiology (B.M.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; and Division of Neurology (B.L.), Stroke Center, Foch Hospital, F-92150, Suresnes
| | - Marion Yger
- Sorbonne Universités (D.W.-L., Y.D., T.C., R.Z.O., S.A., C.E.), UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; INSERM (D.W.-L., Y.D., T.C., R.Z.O., S.A., C.E.), UMRS 938, CdR Saint- Antoine, Team "Immune System, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases," Hôpital St-Antoine; Service de Neurologie et d'Urgences Neurovasculaires (D.W.-L., M.Y., S.A.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Division of Pneumology (G.W.), Foch Hospital, F-92150, Suresnes; Division of Neurology (G.F.P.), Stroke Center, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; Division of Radiology (B.M.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; and Division of Neurology (B.L.), Stroke Center, Foch Hospital, F-92150, Suresnes
| | - Gaëlle Weisenburger
- Sorbonne Universités (D.W.-L., Y.D., T.C., R.Z.O., S.A., C.E.), UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; INSERM (D.W.-L., Y.D., T.C., R.Z.O., S.A., C.E.), UMRS 938, CdR Saint- Antoine, Team "Immune System, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases," Hôpital St-Antoine; Service de Neurologie et d'Urgences Neurovasculaires (D.W.-L., M.Y., S.A.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Division of Pneumology (G.W.), Foch Hospital, F-92150, Suresnes; Division of Neurology (G.F.P.), Stroke Center, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; Division of Radiology (B.M.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; and Division of Neurology (B.L.), Stroke Center, Foch Hospital, F-92150, Suresnes
| | - Giulia Frasca Polara
- Sorbonne Universités (D.W.-L., Y.D., T.C., R.Z.O., S.A., C.E.), UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; INSERM (D.W.-L., Y.D., T.C., R.Z.O., S.A., C.E.), UMRS 938, CdR Saint- Antoine, Team "Immune System, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases," Hôpital St-Antoine; Service de Neurologie et d'Urgences Neurovasculaires (D.W.-L., M.Y., S.A.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Division of Pneumology (G.W.), Foch Hospital, F-92150, Suresnes; Division of Neurology (G.F.P.), Stroke Center, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; Division of Radiology (B.M.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; and Division of Neurology (B.L.), Stroke Center, Foch Hospital, F-92150, Suresnes
| | - Thomas Chaigneau
- Sorbonne Universités (D.W.-L., Y.D., T.C., R.Z.O., S.A., C.E.), UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; INSERM (D.W.-L., Y.D., T.C., R.Z.O., S.A., C.E.), UMRS 938, CdR Saint- Antoine, Team "Immune System, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases," Hôpital St-Antoine; Service de Neurologie et d'Urgences Neurovasculaires (D.W.-L., M.Y., S.A.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Division of Pneumology (G.W.), Foch Hospital, F-92150, Suresnes; Division of Neurology (G.F.P.), Stroke Center, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; Division of Radiology (B.M.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; and Division of Neurology (B.L.), Stroke Center, Foch Hospital, F-92150, Suresnes
| | - Riccardo Zapata Ochoa
- Sorbonne Universités (D.W.-L., Y.D., T.C., R.Z.O., S.A., C.E.), UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; INSERM (D.W.-L., Y.D., T.C., R.Z.O., S.A., C.E.), UMRS 938, CdR Saint- Antoine, Team "Immune System, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases," Hôpital St-Antoine; Service de Neurologie et d'Urgences Neurovasculaires (D.W.-L., M.Y., S.A.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Division of Pneumology (G.W.), Foch Hospital, F-92150, Suresnes; Division of Neurology (G.F.P.), Stroke Center, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; Division of Radiology (B.M.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; and Division of Neurology (B.L.), Stroke Center, Foch Hospital, F-92150, Suresnes
| | - Beatrice Marro
- Sorbonne Universités (D.W.-L., Y.D., T.C., R.Z.O., S.A., C.E.), UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; INSERM (D.W.-L., Y.D., T.C., R.Z.O., S.A., C.E.), UMRS 938, CdR Saint- Antoine, Team "Immune System, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases," Hôpital St-Antoine; Service de Neurologie et d'Urgences Neurovasculaires (D.W.-L., M.Y., S.A.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Division of Pneumology (G.W.), Foch Hospital, F-92150, Suresnes; Division of Neurology (G.F.P.), Stroke Center, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; Division of Radiology (B.M.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; and Division of Neurology (B.L.), Stroke Center, Foch Hospital, F-92150, Suresnes
| | - Bertrand Lapergue
- Sorbonne Universités (D.W.-L., Y.D., T.C., R.Z.O., S.A., C.E.), UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; INSERM (D.W.-L., Y.D., T.C., R.Z.O., S.A., C.E.), UMRS 938, CdR Saint- Antoine, Team "Immune System, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases," Hôpital St-Antoine; Service de Neurologie et d'Urgences Neurovasculaires (D.W.-L., M.Y., S.A.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Division of Pneumology (G.W.), Foch Hospital, F-92150, Suresnes; Division of Neurology (G.F.P.), Stroke Center, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; Division of Radiology (B.M.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; and Division of Neurology (B.L.), Stroke Center, Foch Hospital, F-92150, Suresnes
| | - Sonia Alamowitch
- Sorbonne Universités (D.W.-L., Y.D., T.C., R.Z.O., S.A., C.E.), UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; INSERM (D.W.-L., Y.D., T.C., R.Z.O., S.A., C.E.), UMRS 938, CdR Saint- Antoine, Team "Immune System, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases," Hôpital St-Antoine; Service de Neurologie et d'Urgences Neurovasculaires (D.W.-L., M.Y., S.A.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Division of Pneumology (G.W.), Foch Hospital, F-92150, Suresnes; Division of Neurology (G.F.P.), Stroke Center, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; Division of Radiology (B.M.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; and Division of Neurology (B.L.), Stroke Center, Foch Hospital, F-92150, Suresnes
| | - Carole Elbim
- Sorbonne Universités (D.W.-L., Y.D., T.C., R.Z.O., S.A., C.E.), UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; INSERM (D.W.-L., Y.D., T.C., R.Z.O., S.A., C.E.), UMRS 938, CdR Saint- Antoine, Team "Immune System, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases," Hôpital St-Antoine; Service de Neurologie et d'Urgences Neurovasculaires (D.W.-L., M.Y., S.A.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; Division of Pneumology (G.W.), Foch Hospital, F-92150, Suresnes; Division of Neurology (G.F.P.), Stroke Center, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; Division of Radiology (B.M.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine; and Division of Neurology (B.L.), Stroke Center, Foch Hospital, F-92150, Suresnes
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Yao H, Zhang Y, Shu H, Xie B, Tao Y, Yuan Y, Shang Y, Yuan S, Zhang J. Hyperforin Promotes Post-stroke Neuroangiogenesis via Astrocytic IL-6-Mediated Negative Immune Regulation in the Ischemic Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:201. [PMID: 31133816 PMCID: PMC6514137 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperforin has been shown to be capable of promoting angiogenesis and functional recovery after ischemic stroke in our previous study. However, the exact mechanisms involved are not fully elucidated. In this study, adult male mice were subjected to 60-min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by reperfusion for 28 days. Hyperforin was administrated to MCAO mice every 24 h for 2 weeks starting at 14 days post-ischemia (dpi). Then flow cytometry, quantitative Real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and functional assays were performed to explore the molecular mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. Our data showed that hyperforin increased astrocytic interleukin (IL)-6 in the ischemic hemisphere via TLR4 at 28 dpi. The astrocytic IL-6 was essential to the promoting effects of hyperforin on the neural precursor cells proliferation, neuronal differentiation, angiogenesis, and functional recovery after stroke. Furthermore, hyperforin promoted the infiltration of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to the ischemic hemisphere and increased Tregs-derived cytokine IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in a manner that was dependent on astrocytic IL-6. Astrocytic IL-6 was critical to the role of hyperforin in promoting the infiltration of T-helper (Th) type 2 cells to the ischemic hemisphere and Th2-derived cytokine IL-4, relative to Th1 and Th1-derived cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which decreased during stroke recovery. After depletion of CD25+ Tregs, the promoting effects of hyperforin on post-stroke neurogenesis was attenuated. Moreover, blockade of IL-4 and TGF-β abrogated the promoting role of hyperforin in post-stroke neurogenesis, angiogenesis and functional recovery. Our results reveal a previously uncharacterized role of astrocytic IL-6-mediated negative immune regulation in the promoting effects of hyperforin on post-stroke neurovascular regeneration and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huaqing Shu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanfa Tao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - You Shang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiying Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiancheng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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130
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Lei JJ, Li HQ, Mo ZH, Liu KJ, Zhu LJ, Li CY, Chen WL, Zhang L. Long noncoding RNA CDKN2B‐AS1 interacts with transcription factor BCL11A to regulate progression of cerebral infarction through mediating MAP4K1 transcription. FASEB J 2019; 33:7037-7048. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802252r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Lei
- Department of NeurologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Hui-Qing Li
- Department of NeurologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Zhi-Huai Mo
- Department of NeurologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Ke-Jia Liu
- Department of NeurologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Ling-Juan Zhu
- Department of NeurologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Chun-Yi Li
- Department of NeurologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Wen-Li Chen
- Department of PharmacologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of NeurologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhaiChina
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131
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Durocher M, Ander BP, Jickling G, Hamade F, Hull H, Knepp B, Liu DZ, Zhan X, Tran A, Cheng X, Ng K, Yee A, Sharp FR, Stamova B. Inflammatory, regulatory, and autophagy co-expression modules and hub genes underlie the peripheral immune response to human intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:56. [PMID: 30836997 PMCID: PMC6399982 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1433-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has a high morbidity and mortality. The peripheral immune system and cross-talk between peripheral blood and brain have been implicated in the ICH immune response. Thus, we delineated the gene networks associated with human ICH in the peripheral blood transcriptome. We also compared the differentially expressed genes in blood following ICH to a prior human study of perihematomal brain tissue. METHODS We performed peripheral blood whole-transcriptome analysis of ICH and matched vascular risk factor control subjects (n = 66). Gene co-expression network analysis identified groups of co-expressed genes (modules) associated with ICH and their most interconnected genes (hubs). Mixed-effects regression identified differentially expressed genes in ICH compared to controls. RESULTS Of seven ICH-associated modules, six were enriched with cell-specific genes: one neutrophil module, one neutrophil plus monocyte module, one T cell module, one Natural Killer cell module, and two erythroblast modules. The neutrophil/monocyte modules were enriched in inflammatory/immune pathways; the T cell module in T cell receptor signaling genes; and the Natural Killer cell module in genes regulating alternative splicing, epigenetic, and post-translational modifications. One erythroblast module was enriched in autophagy pathways implicated in experimental ICH, and NRF2 signaling implicated in hematoma clearance. Many hub genes or module members, such as IARS, mTOR, S1PR1, LCK, FYN, SKAP1, ITK, AMBRA1, NLRC4, IL6R, IL17RA, GAB2, MXD1, PIK3CD, NUMB, MAPK14, DDX24, EVL, TDP1, ATG3, WDFY3, GSK3B, STAT3, STX3, CSF3R, PIP4K2A, ANXA3, DGAT2, LRP10, FLOT2, ANK1, CR1, SLC4A1, and DYSF, have been implicated in neuroinflammation, cell death, transcriptional regulation, and some as experimental ICH therapeutic targets. Gene-level analysis revealed 1225 genes (FDR p < 0.05, fold-change > |1.2|) have altered expression in ICH in peripheral blood. There was significant overlap of the 1225 genes with dysregulated genes in human perihematomal brain tissue (p = 7 × 10-3). Overlapping genes were enriched for neutrophil-specific genes (p = 6.4 × 10-08) involved in interleukin, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and PPAR signaling. CONCLUSIONS This study delineates key processes underlying ICH pathophysiology, complements experimental ICH findings, and the hub genes significantly expand the list of novel ICH therapeutic targets. The overlap between blood and brain gene responses underscores the importance of examining blood-brain interactions in human ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Durocher
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Bradley P. Ander
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Glen Jickling
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Farah Hamade
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Heather Hull
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Bodie Knepp
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Da Zhi Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Xinhua Zhan
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Anh Tran
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Xiyuan Cheng
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Kwan Ng
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Alan Yee
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Frank R. Sharp
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Boryana Stamova
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
- MIND Institute Biosciences Building, 2805 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
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132
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Wang H, Wu T, Wang Y, Wan X, Qi J, Li L, Wang X, Luo X, Ning Q. Regulatory T cells suppress excessive lipid accumulation in alcoholic liver disease. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:922-936. [PMID: 30792182 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m083568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitization of hepatic immune cells from chronic alcohol consumption gives rise to inflammatory accumulation, which is considered a leading cause of liver damage. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an immunosuppressive cell subset that plays an important role in a variety of liver diseases; however, data about pathological involvement of Tregs in liver steatosis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is insufficient. In mouse models of ALD, we found that increased lipid accumulation by chronic alcohol intake was accompanied by oxidative stress, inflammatory accumulation, and Treg decline in the liver. Adoptive transfer of Tregs relieved lipid metabolic disorder, oxidative stress, inflammation, and, consequently, ameliorated the alcoholic fatty liver. Macrophages are a dominant source of inflammation in ALD. Aberrant macrophage activation and cytokine production were activated during chronic alcohol consumption, but were significantly inhibited after Treg transfer. In vitro, macrophages were co-activated by alcohol and lipopolysaccharide to mimic a condition for alcoholic liver microenvironment. Tregs suppressed monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and TNF-α production from these macrophages. However, such effects of Tregs were remarkably neutralized when interleukin (IL)-10 was blocked. Altogether, our data uncover a novel role of Tregs in restoring liver lipid metabolism in ALD, which partially relies on IL-10-mediated suppression of hepatic pro-inflammatory macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwu Wang
- Institute of Infectious Disease Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Departments of Infectious Disease Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Departments of Infectious Disease Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- Institute of Infectious Disease Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wan
- Institute of Infectious Disease Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Junying Qi
- Departments of Infectious Disease Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lan Li
- Departments of Infectious Disease Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Institute of Infectious Disease Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Pediatrics Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qin Ning
- Institute of Infectious Disease Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Departments of Infectious Disease Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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133
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Wang Z, He D, Zeng YY, Zhu L, Yang C, Lu YJ, Huang JQ, Cheng XY, Huang XH, Tan XJ. The spleen may be an important target of stem cell therapy for stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:20. [PMID: 30700305 PMCID: PMC6352449 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the most common cerebrovascular disease, the second leading cause of death behind heart disease and is a major cause of long-term disability worldwide. Currently, systemic immunomodulatory therapy based on intravenous cells is attracting attention. The immune response to acute stroke is a major factor in cerebral ischaemia (CI) pathobiology and outcomes. Over the past decade, the significant contribution of the spleen to ischaemic stroke has gained considerable attention in stroke research. The changes in the spleen after stroke are mainly reflected in morphology, immune cells and cytokines, and these changes are closely related to the stroke outcomes. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activation, release of central nervous system (CNS) antigens and chemokine/chemokine receptor interactions have been documented to be essential for efficient brain-spleen cross-talk after stroke. In various experimental models, human umbilical cord blood cells (hUCBs), haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs), neural stem cells (NSCs) and multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) have been shown to reduce the neurological damage caused by stroke. The different effects of these cell types on the interleukin (IL)-10, interferon (IFN), and cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathways in the spleen after stroke may promote the development of new cell therapy targets and strategies. The spleen will become a potential target of various stem cell therapies for stroke represented by MAPC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China.,Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Da He
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Ya-Yue Zeng
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Yong-Juan Lu
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Jie-Qiong Huang
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Cheng
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Huang
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Tan
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China.
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Wang LL, Li ZH, Duan YG, Yuan SQ, Mor G, Liao AH. Identification of programmed cell death 1 and its ligand in the testicular tissue of mice. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 81:e13079. [PMID: 30578744 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM This study aims to determine the expression and localization of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) in the testes of mice at different developmental stages. METHOD OF STUDY By means of RT-qPCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence, the expression and localization of PD-1 and PD-L1 were detected in the testicular tissues of mice at different postnatal times: P7, P14, P21, P28, P35, and adulthood. Meanwhile, the level of soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) was evaluated by ELISA in the testicular interstitial fluid (IF) of the adult mice, culture supernatants of TM4 cell lines (Sertoli cells lines), and primary Sertoli cells at P14. RESULTS Pd-1 mRNA levels were unexpectedly low. From P7 to P21, there was limited PD-1 protein detected while PD-1 was evident at P28 and afterward at significantly higher levels than at P14 and P21 (P < 0.05). Despite being found in the interstitial area at P7, P14, and P21, PD-1 was also detected in the germ cells of the seminiferous tubules after P28. Pd-l1 mRNA exhibited age-related changes, peaking at P21, while PD-L1 protein was constitutively expressed at any stage, specifically localized in the nucleus of Sertoli cells. Moreover, the level of sPD-L1 in IF was significantly higher than that in the culture supernatants of both TM4 and primary Sertoli cells at P14. CONCLUSIONS PD-1 and PD-L1 were present in the testicular tissue of adult mice. The expression and localization of PD-1 fluctuated with age, and PD-1 was mainly localized to advanced germ cells, suggesting that it may play a role in spermiogenesis. PD-L1 was constitutively expressed in the nucleus of Sertoli cells, which could secrete sPD-L1 into the testicular interstitial space and thus may be involved in testicular immune privilege.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ling Wang
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Li
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-Gang Duan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, Center of Assisted Reproduction and Embryology, The University of Hong Kong - ShenZhen Hospital, Guangdong, China
| | - Shui-Qiao Yuan
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gil Mor
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Reproductive Immunology Unit, Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ai-Hua Liao
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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135
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Degradation of TRPML1 in Neurons Reduces Neuron Survival in Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:4612727. [PMID: 30662583 PMCID: PMC6312622 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4612727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Postcardiac arrest syndrome yields poor neurological outcomes, but the mechanisms underlying this condition remain poorly understood. Autophagy plays an important role in neuronal apoptosis induced by ischemia. However, whether autophagy is involved in neuron apoptosis induced by cardiac arrest has been less studied. This study found that TRPML1 participates in cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury. Primary neurons were isolated and treated with mucolipin synthetic agonist 1 (ML-SA1), as well as infected with the recombinant lentivirus TRPML1 overexpression vector in vitro. ML-SA1 was delivered intracerebroventricularly in transient global ischemia model. Protein expression levels were determined by western blot. Neurological deficit score and the infarct volume were analyzed for the detection of neuronal damage. We found that TRPML1 was significantly downregulated in vivo and in vitro ischemic reperfusion model. We also observed that TRPML1 overexpression or treatment with the ML-SA1 attenuated neuronal death in primary neurons and ameliorated neurological dysfunction in vivo. Our findings suggested that autophagy and apoptosis were activated after transient global ischemia. Administration of ML-SA1 before transient global ischemia ameliorated neurological dysfunction possibly through the promotion of autophagy and the inhibition of apoptosis.
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136
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Liu H, He J, Zhang Z, Liu L, Huo G, Sun X, Cheng C. Evolution of cerebral perfusion in the peri-contusional cortex in mice revealed by in vivo laser speckle imaging after traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2018; 1700:118-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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137
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Huang Y, Wang J, Cai J, Qiu Y, Zheng H, Lai X, Sui X, Wang Y, Lu Q, Zhang Y, Yuan M, Gong J, Cai W, Liu X, Shan Y, Deng Z, Shi Y, Shu Y, Zhang L, Qiu W, Peng L, Ren J, Lu Z, Xiang AP. Targeted homing of CCR2-overexpressing mesenchymal stromal cells to ischemic brain enhances post-stroke recovery partially through PRDX4-mediated blood-brain barrier preservation. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:5929-5944. [PMID: 30613272 PMCID: PMC6299433 DOI: 10.7150/thno.28029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are emerging as a novel therapeutic strategy for the acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, the poor targeted migration and low engraftment in ischemic lesions restrict their treatment efficacy. The ischemic brain lesions express a specific chemokine profile, while cultured MSCs lack the set of corresponding receptors. Thus, we hypothesize that overexpression of certain chemokine receptor might help in MSCs homing and improve therapeutic efficacy. Methods: Using the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of ischemic stroke, we identified that CCL2 is one of the most highly expressed chemokines in the ipsilateral hemisphere. Then, we genetically transduced the corresponding receptor, CCR2 to the MSCs and quantified the cell retention of MSCCCR2 compared to the MSCdtomato control. Results: MSCCCR2 exhibited significantly enhanced migration to the ischemic lesions and improved the neurological outcomes. Brain edema and blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage levels were also found to be much lower in the MSCCCR2-treated rats than the MSCdtomato group. Moreover, this BBB protection led to reduced inflammation infiltration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Similar results were also confirmed using the in vitro BBB model. Furthermore, genome-wide RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis revealed that peroxiredoxin4 (PRDX4) was highly expressed in MSCs, which mainly contributed to their antioxidant impacts on MCAO rats and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated endothelium. Conclusion: Taken together, this study suggests that overexpression of CCR2 on MSCs enhances their targeted migration to the ischemic hemisphere and improves the therapeutic outcomes, which is attributed to the PRDX4-mediated BBB preservation.
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138
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Yang C, Hawkins KE, Doré S, Candelario-Jalil E. Neuroinflammatory mechanisms of blood-brain barrier damage in ischemic stroke. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 316:C135-C153. [PMID: 30379577 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00136.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As part of the neurovascular unit, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a unique, dynamic regulatory boundary that limits and regulates the exchange of molecules, ions, and cells between the blood and the central nervous system. Disruption of the BBB plays an important role in the development of neurological dysfunction in ischemic stroke. Blood-borne substances and cells have restricted access to the brain due to the presence of tight junctions between the endothelial cells of the BBB. Following stroke, there is loss of BBB tight junction integrity, leading to increased paracellular permeability, which results in vasogenic edema, hemorrhagic transformation, and increased mortality. Thus, understanding principal mediators and molecular mechanisms involved in BBB disruption is critical for the development of novel therapeutics to treat ischemic stroke. This review discusses the current knowledge of how neuroinflammation contributes to BBB damage in ischemic stroke. Specifically, we provide an updated overview of the role of cytokines, chemokines, oxidative and nitrosative stress, adhesion molecules, matrix metalloproteinases, and vascular endothelial growth factor as well as the role of different cell types in the regulation of BBB permeability in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kimberly E Hawkins
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida.,Departments of Anesthesiology, Neurology, Psychiatry, Psychology, and Pharmaceutics, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Eduardo Candelario-Jalil
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
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139
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Wang X, Xuan W, Zhu ZY, Li Y, Zhu H, Zhu L, Fu DY, Yang LQ, Li PY, Yu WF. The evolving role of neuro-immune interaction in brain repair after cerebral ischemic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:1100-1114. [PMID: 30350341 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the world's leading cause of disability with limited brain repair treatments which effectively improve long-term neurological deficits. The neuroinflammatory responses persist into the late repair phase of stroke and participate in all brain repair elements, including neurogenesis, angiogenesis, synaptogenesis, remyelination and axonal sprouting, shedding new light on post-stroke brain recovery. Resident brain glial cells, such as astrocytes not only contribute to neuroinflammation after stroke, but also secrete a wide range of trophic factors that can promote post-stroke brain repair. Alternatively, activated microglia, monocytes, and neutrophils in the innate immune system, traditionally considered as major damaging factors after stroke, have been suggested to be extensively involved in brain repair after stroke. The adaptive immune system may also have its bright side during the late regenerative phase, affecting the immune suppressive regulatory T cells and B cells. This review summarizes the recent findings in the evolving role of neuroinflammation in multiple post-stroke brain repair mechanisms and poses unanswered questions that may generate new directions for future research and give rise to novel therapeutic targets to improve stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Yu Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Yun Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Qun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-Ying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Feng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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140
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In Vivo Expansion of Regulatory T Cells with IL-2/IL-2 Antibody Complex Protects against Transient Ischemic Stroke. J Neurosci 2018; 38:10168-10179. [PMID: 30291203 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3411-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are known to protect against ischemic stroke. However, the low frequency of Tregs restricts their clinical utility. This study investigated whether expanding the number of Tregs in vivo with the IL-2/IL-2 antibody complex (IL-2/IL-2Ab) could improve stroke outcomes and further elaborated the mechanisms of protection in male mice. C57BL/6 mice received IL-2/IL-2Ab or isotype IgG (IsoAb) intraperitoneally for 3 d before (pretreatment) or starting 2 h after (posttreatment) 60 min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). IL-2/IL-2Ab selectively increased the number of Tregs in the blood, spleen, and lymph nodes. The IL-2/IL-2Ab treatment significantly reduced infarct volume, inhibited neuroinflammation, and improved sensorimotor functions, as manifested by rotarod test and foot fault test, compared with IsoAb-treated stroke mice. Treg depletion was then achieved by diphtheria toxin (DT) injection into transgenic mice expressing the DT receptor under the control of the Foxp3 promoter (DTR mice). The depletion of Tregs completely eliminated IL-2/IL-2Ab-afforded neuroprotection. Interestingly, adoptive transfer of Tregs collected from IL-2/IL-2Ab-treated mice demonstrated more potent neuroprotection than an equal number of Tregs prepared from IsoAb-treated mice, suggesting that IL-2/IL-2Ab not only elevated Treg numbers, but also boosted their functions. Mechanistically, IL-2/IL-2Ab promoted the expression of CD39 and CD73 in expanded Tregs. CD73 deficiency diminished the protective effect of IL-2/IL-2Ab-stimulated Tregs in stroke mice. The results show that IL-2/IL-2Ab expands Tregs in vivo and boosts their immunomodulatory function. The activation of CD39/CD73 signaling in Tregs may participate as a potential mechanism underlying IL-2/IL-2Ab-afforded neuroprotection against ischemic brain injury.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are known to protect against ischemic stroke. However, the low frequency of Tregs restricts their clinical utility. This study reported that systemic administration of the IL-2/IL-2 antibody complex (IL-2/IL-2Ab) robustly and selectively expanded the number of Tregs after stroke. IL-2/IL-2Ab pretreatment or posttreatment significantly improved stroke outcomes in a rodent model of ischemic stroke. We further discovered that IL-2/IL-2Ab not only elevated Treg numbers, but also boosted their functions and enhanced the expression of CD39 and CD73. Using CD73-deficient mice, we confirmed the importance of CD73 in the protective effect of IL-2/IL-2Ab-stimulated Tregs in stroke mice. These results shed light on IL-2/IL-2Ab as a clinically feasible immune therapy to boost endogenous Treg responses and ameliorate ischemic brain injury.
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141
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Nurkhametova D, Kudryavtsev I, Khayrutdinova O, Serebryakova M, Altunbaev R, Malm T, Giniatullin R. Purinergic Profiling of Regulatory T-cells in Patients With Episodic Migraine. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:326. [PMID: 30319363 PMCID: PMC6167492 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Immune responses in migraine are poorly characterized, yet implicated in the disease pathogenesis. This study was carried out to characterize purinergic profiles of T-cells in patients with episodic migraine without aura (MWoA) to provide mechanistic evidence for ATP and adenosine involvement in modulation of immune regulation in migraine. Methods: Peripheral blood samples were obtained from patients with migraine (n = 16) and age-matched control subjects (n = 21). Subsets of T-cells were identified by flow cytometry based on specific membrane markers. Results: Migraine patients showed reduced total T-cell counts in the peripheral blood. Whereas the total number of CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, or regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) was not changed, the proportion of Treg CD45R0+CD62L- and CD45R0-CD62L- cells was increased. Interestingly, in migraine, less Treg cells expressed CD39 and CD73 suggesting disrupted ATP breakdown to adenosine. The negative correlations were observed between the duration of migraine and the relative number of CD73+CD39- Tregs and total number of CD73-positive CD45R0+CD62L+ Tregs. Conclusion: Obtained data indicate that T-cell populations are altered in episodic migraine and suggest the involvement of Tregs in the pathophysiology of this disorder. Reduced expression of CD39 and CD73 suggests promotion of ATP-dependent pro-inflammatory and reduction of adenosine-mediated anti-inflammatory mechanisms in migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilyara Nurkhametova
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Igor Kudryavtsev
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Olga Khayrutdinova
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Maria Serebryakova
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Rashid Altunbaev
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rashid Giniatullin
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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142
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Rajkovic O, Potjewyd G, Pinteaux E. Regenerative Medicine Therapies for Targeting Neuroinflammation After Stroke. Front Neurol 2018; 9:734. [PMID: 30233484 PMCID: PMC6129611 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a major pathological event following ischemic stroke that contributes to secondary brain tissue damage leading to poor functional recovery. Following the initial ischemic insult, post-stroke inflammatory damage is driven by initiation of a central and peripheral innate immune response and disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), both of which are triggered by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and infiltration of circulating immune cells. Stroke therapies are limited to early cerebral blood flow reperfusion, and whilst current strategies aim at targeting neurodegeneration and/or neuroinflammation, innovative research in the field of regenerative medicine aims at developing effective treatments that target both the acute and chronic phase of inflammation. Anti-inflammatory regenerative strategies include the use of nanoparticles and hydrogels, proposed as therapeutic agents and as a delivery vehicle for encapsulated therapeutic biological factors, anti-inflammatory drugs, stem cells, and gene therapies. Biomaterial strategies-through nanoparticles and hydrogels-enable the administration of treatments that can more effectively cross the BBB when injected systemically, can be injected directly into the brain, and can be 3D-bioprinted to create bespoke implants within the site of ischemic injury. In this review, these emerging regenerative and anti-inflammatory approaches will be discussed in relation to ischemic stroke, with a perspective on the future of stroke therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Rajkovic
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey Potjewyd
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Pinteaux
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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143
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Hu X, Leak RK, Thomson AW, Yu F, Xia Y, Wechsler LR, Chen J. Promises and limitations of immune cell-based therapies in neurological disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2018; 14:559-568. [PMID: 29925925 PMCID: PMC6237550 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-018-0028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The healthy immune system has natural checkpoints that temper pernicious inflammation. Cells mediating these checkpoints include regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, regulatory dendritic cells, microglia, macrophages and monocytes. Here, we highlight discoveries on the beneficial functions of regulatory immune cells and their mechanisms of action and evaluate their potential use as novel cell-based therapies for brain disorders. Regulatory immune cell therapies have the potential not only to mitigate the exacerbation of brain injury by inflammation but also to promote an active post-injury brain repair programme. By harnessing the reparative properties of these cells, we can reduce over-reliance on medications that mask clinical symptoms but fail to impede or reverse the progression of brain disorders. Although these discoveries encourage further testing and genetic engineering of regulatory immune cells for the clinical management of neurological disorders, a number of challenges must be surmounted to improve their safety and efficacy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Hu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Angus W Thomson
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yuguo Xia
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lawrence R Wechsler
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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144
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Chen Z, Chen S, Liu J. The role of T cells in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 169:1-23. [PMID: 30114440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, different components of the brain's immune system may exert diverse effects on neuroinflammatory events in PD. The adaptive immune response, especially the T cell response, can trigger type 1 pro-inflammatory activities and suppress type 2 anti-inflammatory activities, eventually resulting in deregulated neuroinflammation and subsequent dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Additionally, studies have increasingly shown that therapies targeting T cells can alleviate neurodegeneration and motor behavior impairment in animal models of PD. Therefore, we conclude that abnormal T cell-mediated immunity is a fundamental pathological process that may be a promising translational therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichun Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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145
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Malone K, Amu S, Moore AC, Waeber C. The immune system and stroke: from current targets to future therapy. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 97:5-16. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Malone
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics; School of Pharmacy; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
| | - Sylvie Amu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics; School of Pharmacy; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
| | - Anne C Moore
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics; School of Pharmacy; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
| | - Christian Waeber
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics; School of Pharmacy; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
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146
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Yin P, Wei Y, Wang X, Zhu M, Feng J. Roles of Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators in Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. Front Neurol 2018; 9:617. [PMID: 30131754 PMCID: PMC6090140 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke contributes to ~80% of all stroke cases. Recanalization with thrombolysis or endovascular thrombectomy are currently critical therapeutic strategies for rebuilding the blood supply following ischemic stroke. However, recanalization is often accompanied by cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury that is mediated by oxidative stress and inflammation. Resolution of inflammation belongs to the end stage of inflammation where inflammation is terminated and the repair of damaged tissue is started. Resolution of inflammation is mediated by a group of newly discovered lipid mediators called specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs). Accumulating evidence suggests that SPMs decrease leukocyte infiltration, enhance efferocytosis, reduce local neuronal injury, and decrease both oxidative stress and the production of inflammatory cytokines in various in vitro and in vivo models of ischemic stroke. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of reperfusion injury and the various roles of SPMs in stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,First Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yafen Wei
- First Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingqin Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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147
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Drieu A, Levard D, Vivien D, Rubio M. Anti-inflammatory treatments for stroke: from bench to bedside. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2018; 11:1756286418789854. [PMID: 30083232 PMCID: PMC6066814 DOI: 10.1177/1756286418789854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
So far, intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and mechanical
removal of arterial blood clot (thrombectomy) are the only available treatments
for acute ischemic stroke. However, the short therapeutic window and the lack of
specialized stroke unit care make the overall availability of both treatments
limited. Additional agents to combine with tPA administration or thrombectomy to
enhance efficacy and improve outcomes associated with stroke are needed.
Stroke-induced inflammatory processes are a response to the tissue damage due to
the absence of blood supply but have been proposed also as key contributors to
all the stages of the ischemic stroke pathophysiology. Despite promising results
in experimental studies, inflammation-modulating treatments have not yet been
translated successfully into the clinical setting. This review will (a) describe
the timing of the stroke immune pathophysiology; (b) detail the immune responses
to stroke sift-through cell type; and (c) discuss the pitfalls on the
translation from experimental studies to clinical trials testing the therapeutic
pertinence of immune modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Drieu
- Pathophysiology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Normandy University, Caen, France
| | - Damien Levard
- Pathophysiology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Normandy University, Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Pathophysiology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Normandy University, Caen, France Pathophysiology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Marina Rubio
- Pathophysiology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Normandy University, Boulevard Henri Becquerel BP 5229, Caen Cedex, 14000, France
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148
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Evaluation of temperature induction in focal ischemic thermocoagulation model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200135. [PMID: 29975761 PMCID: PMC6033425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermocoagulation model, which consists of focal cerebral ischemia with craniectomy, is helpful in studying permanent ischemic brain lesions and has good reproducibility and low mortality. This study analyzed the best conditions for inducing a focal ischemic lesion by thermocoagulation. We investigated parameters such as temperature and thermal dissipation in the brain tissue during induction and analyzed real-time blood perfusion, histological changes, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and motor behavior in a permanent ischemic stroke model. We used three-month-old male Wistar rats, weighing 300–350 g. In the first experiment, the animals were divided into four groups (n = 5 each): one sham surgery group and three ischemic lesion groups having thermocoagulation induction (TCI) temperatures of 200°C, 300°C, and 400°C, respectively, with blood perfusion (basal and 30 min after TCI) and 2,3,5-Triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) evaluation at 2 h after TCI. In the second experiment, five groups (n = 5 each) were analyzed by MRI (basal and 24 h after TCI) and behavioral tests (basal and seven days after TCI) with the control group added for the surgical effects. The MRI and TTC analyses revealed that ischemic brain lesions expressively evolved, especially at TCI temperatures of 300°C and 400°C, and significant motor deficits were observed as the animals showed a decrease frequency of movement and an asymmetric pattern. We conclude that a TCI temperature of 400°C causes permanent ischemic stroke and motor deficit.
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149
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Abdullahi W, Tripathi D, Ronaldson PT. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in ischemic stroke: targeting tight junctions and transporters for vascular protection. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C343-C356. [PMID: 29949404 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00095.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a physical and biochemical barrier that precisely controls cerebral homeostasis. It also plays a central role in the regulation of blood-to-brain flux of endogenous and exogenous xenobiotics and associated metabolites. This is accomplished by molecular characteristics of brain microvessel endothelial cells such as tight junction protein complexes and functional expression of influx and efflux transporters. One of the pathophysiological features of ischemic stroke is disruption of the BBB, which significantly contributes to development of brain injury and subsequent neurological impairment. Biochemical characteristics of BBB damage include decreased expression and altered organization of tight junction constituent proteins as well as modulation of functional expression of endogenous BBB transporters. Therefore, there is a critical need for development of novel therapeutic strategies that can protect against BBB dysfunction (i.e., vascular protection) in the setting of ischemic stroke. Such strategies include targeting tight junctions to ensure that they maintain their correct structure or targeting transporters to control flux of physiological substrates for protection of endothelial homeostasis. In this review, we will describe the pathophysiological mechanisms in cerebral microvascular endothelial cells that lead to BBB dysfunction following onset of stroke. Additionally, we will utilize this state-of-the-art knowledge to provide insights on novel pharmacological strategies that can be developed to confer BBB protection in the setting of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wazir Abdullahi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Dinesh Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Patrick T Ronaldson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
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Kiyota T, Machhi J, Lu Y, Dyavarshetty B, Nemati M, Yokoyama I, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor neuroprotective activities in Alzheimer's disease mice. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 319:80-92. [PMID: 29573847 PMCID: PMC5916331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on behavioral and pathological outcomes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and non-transgenic mice. GM-CSF treatment in AD mice reduced brain amyloidosis, increased plasma Aβ, and rescued cognitive impairment with increased hippocampal expression of calbindin and synaptophysin and increased levels of doublecortin-positive cells in the dentate gyrus. These data extend GM-CSF pleiotropic neuroprotection mechanisms in AD and include regulatory T cell-mediated immunomodulation of microglial function, Aβ clearance, maintenance of synaptic integrity, and induction of neurogenesis. Together these data support further development of GM-CSF as a neuroprotective agent for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kiyota
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yaman Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bhagyalaxmi Dyavarshetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Izumi Yokoyama
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - R L Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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