101
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Vorobyeva AG, Saunders AJ. Amyloid-β interrupts canonical Sonic hedgehog signaling by distorting primary cilia structure. Cilia 2018; 7:5. [PMID: 30140428 PMCID: PMC6098584 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-018-0059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary cilia are small non-motile microtubule and cell membrane protrusions expressed on most vertebrate cells, including cortical and hippocampal neurons. These small organelles serve as sensory structures sampling the extracellular environment and reprogramming the transcriptional machinery in response to environmental change. Primary cilia are decorated with a variety of receptor proteins and are necessary for specific signaling cascades such as the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway. Disrupting cilia structure or function results in a spectrum of diseases collectively referred to as ciliopathies. Common to human ciliopathies is cognitive impairment, a symptom also observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). One hallmark of AD is accumulation of senile plaques composed of neurotoxic Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. The Aβ peptide is generated by the proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). We set out to determine if Aβ affects primary cilia structure and the Shh signaling cascade. Methods We utilized in vitro cell-based assays in combination with fluorescent confocal microscopy to address our study goals. Shh signaling and cilia structure was studied using two different cell lines, mouse NIH3T3 and human HeLa cells. To investigate how Aβ levels affect Shh signaling and cilia structure in these cells, we utilized naturally secreted Aβ as well as synthetic Aβ. Effects on Shh signaling were assessed by luciferase activity while cilia structure was analyzed by fluorescent microscopy. Results Here, we report that APP localizes to primary cilia and Aβ treatment results in distorted primary cilia structure. In addition, we demonstrate that Aβ treatment interrupts canonical Shh signal transduction. Conclusions Overall, our study illustrates that Aβ can alter primary cilia structure suggesting that elevated Aβ levels, like those observed in AD patients, could have similar effects on neuronal primary cilia in the brain. Additionally, our study suggests that Aβ impairs the Shh signaling pathway. Together our findings shed light on two novel targets for future AD therapeutics.
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102
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Muñoz-Estrada J, Lora-Castellanos A, Meza I, Alarcón Elizalde S, Benítez-King G. Primary cilia formation is diminished in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A possible marker for these psychiatric diseases. Schizophr Res 2018; 195:412-420. [PMID: 28927861 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilium (PC) is a microtubule-rich organelle that protrudes from the plasma membrane and acts as a cellular antenna sensing extracellular signals during brain development. DISC1 (Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-1) is involved in PC formation and is considered a risk factor for neuropsychiatric disorders. We have previously described altered subcellular distribution of DISC1 and an aberrant microtubule organization in olfactory neuronal precursors (ONP) obtained from schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) patients. Herein, we analyzed in vitro PC formation in healthy control subjects, SCZ and BD patients. The results indicated that 66.73±4.33% of ONP from control subjects showed immunostaining for the PC marker, acetylated α-tubulin. By contrast, only a small percentage of cells in culture from paranoid SCZ and BD patients showed PC staining (SCZ, 12.8±4.43%; BD, 12.32±5.86%). However, cells from an affected proband with disorganized SCZ and a subject with BD displayed a higher percentage of cells with cilia (SCZ, 42.20%; BD, 38.59%). Additionally, cilia elongation was observed in lithium-treated ONP derived from all groups, with a more evident response in cells from the BD group. The present study provides novel evidence that the molecular pathways involved in PC formation are defective in SCZ and BD, and impairment in these processes may be involved in the physiopathology of both diseases. Our observations also suggest that ONP is a patient-derived cell model with a potential use for diagnosis and high-throughput drug screening for brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Muñoz-Estrada
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Isaura Meza
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Gloria Benítez-King
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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103
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Lesiak AJ, Brodsky M, Cohenca N, Croicu AG, Neumaier JF. Restoration of Physiological Expression of 5-HT 6 Receptor into the Primary Cilia of Null Mutant Neurons Lengthens Both Primary Cilia and Dendrites. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 94:731-742. [PMID: 29678909 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.111583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
5-HT6 (serotonin) receptors are promising targets for a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders and have been linked to several cellular signaling cascades. Endogenous 5-HT6 receptors are restricted to the primary neuronal cilium, a small sensory organelle stemming from the cell body that receives numerous extrasynaptic signals. Inhibition of 5-HT6 receptors decreases cilia length in primary neuronal cultures, but the signaling mechanisms involved are still unclear. Intense overexpression of exogenous 5-HT6 receptors increases the probability for receptors to localize outside the primary cilium and have been associated with changes in cilia morphology and dendritic outgrowth. In the present study, we explore the role of 5-HT6R rescue on neuronal morphology in primary neuronal cultures from 5-HT6R-KO mice, at the same time maintaining a more physiologic level of expression, wherein the receptor localizes to cilia in 80%-90% of neurons (similar to endogenous 5-HT6R localization). We found that rescue of 5-HT6R expression is sufficient to increase cilia length and dendritic outgrowth, but primarily in neurons in which the receptor is located exclusively in the primary cilia. Additionally, we found that expression of 5-HT6R mutants deficient in agonist-stimulated cAMP or without the predicted Fyn kinase binding domain maintained constitutive activity for stimulating cAMP and still increased the length of cilia, and that the proposed Fyn kinase domain was required for stimulating dendritic outgrowth. These findings highlight the complexity of 5-HT6R function and localization, particularly with the use of exogenous overexpression, and provide greater understanding and potential mechanisms for 5-HT6R drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atom J Lesiak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Matthew Brodsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nathalie Cohenca
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Alexandra G Croicu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - John F Neumaier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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104
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Quantitative Comparison of Primary Cilia Marker Expression and Length in the Mouse Brain. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 64:397-409. [PMID: 29464516 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are small, special cellular organelles that provide important sensory and signaling functions during the development of mammalian organs and coordination of postnatal cellular processes. Dysfunction of primary cilia are thought to be the main cause of ciliopathies, a group of genetic disorders characterized by overlapping developmental defects and prominent neurodevelopmental features. Although, disrupted cilia-linked signaling pathways have been implicated in the regulation of numerous neuronal functions, the precise role of primary cilia in the brain are still unknown. Importantly, studies of recent years have highlighted that different functions of primary cilia are reflected by their diverse morphology and unique signaling components localized in the ciliary membrane. In the present study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the expression pattern, distribution and length of adenylyl cyclase 3, somatostatin receptor 3, and ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 13B expressing primary cilia in the mouse brain. We show that cilia of neurons and astrocytes display a well characterized distribution and ciliary marker arrangements. Moreover, quantitative comparison of their length, density and occurrence rate revealed that primary cilia exhibit region-specific alternations. In summary, our study provides a comprehensive overview of the cellular organization and morphological traits of primary cilia in regions of the physiological adult mouse brain.
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105
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Wang M, Xu Z, Kong Y. The tubby-like proteins kingdom in animals and plants. Gene 2018; 642:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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106
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Siljee JE, Wang Y, Bernard AA, Ersoy BA, Zhang S, Marley A, Von Zastrow M, Reiter JF, Vaisse C. Subcellular localization of MC4R with ADCY3 at neuronal primary cilia underlies a common pathway for genetic predisposition to obesity. Nat Genet 2018; 50:180-185. [PMID: 29311635 PMCID: PMC5805646 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-017-0020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline E Siljee
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adelaide A Bernard
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Baran A Ersoy
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sumei Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Marley
- Department of Psychiatry and Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Von Zastrow
- Department of Psychiatry and Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christian Vaisse
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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107
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Baek H, Shin HJ, Kim JJ, Shin N, Kim S, Yi MH, Zhang E, Hong J, Kang JW, Kim Y, Kim CS, Kim DW. Primary cilia modulate TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses in hippocampal neurons. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:189. [PMID: 28927423 PMCID: PMC5606072 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The primary cilium is an organelle that can act as a master regulator of cellular signaling. Despite the presence of primary cilia in hippocampal neurons, their function is not fully understood. Recent studies have demonstrated that the primary cilium influences interleukin (IL)-1β-induced NF-κB signaling, ultimately mediating the inflammatory response. We, therefore, investigated ciliary function and NF-κB signaling in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation in conjunction with ciliary length analysis. Methods Since TLR4/NF-κB signaling is a well-known inflammatory pathway, we measured ciliary length and inflammatory mediators in wild type (WT) and TLR4−/− mice injected with LPS. Next, to exclude the effects of microglial TLR4, we examined the ciliary length, ciliary components, inflammatory cytokine, and mediators in HT22 hippocampal neuronal cells. Results Primary ciliary length decreased in hippocampal pyramidal neurons after intracerebroventricular injection of LPS in WT mice, whereas it increased in TLR4−/− mice. LPS treatment decreased primary ciliary length, activated NF-κB signaling, and increased Cox2 and iNOS levels in HT22 hippocampal neurons. In contrast, silencing Kif3a, a key protein component of cilia, increased ARL13B ciliary protein levels and suppressed NF-κB signaling and expression of inflammatory mediators. Conclusions These data suggest that LPS-induced NF-κB signaling and inflammatory mediator expression are modulated by cilia and that the blockade of primary cilium formation by Kif3a siRNA regulates TLR4-induced NF-κB signaling. We propose that primary cilia are critical for regulating NF-κB signaling events in neuroinflammation and in the innate immune response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-0958-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Baek
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Shin
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Jwa-Jin Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,LES Corporation Inc., Gung-Dong 465-16, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-335, Republic of Korea
| | - Nara Shin
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Sena Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hee Yi
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Enji Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anesthesia Medicine, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanbian, 133000, China
| | - Jinpyo Hong
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Won Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Cuk-Seong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
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108
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Yanda MK, Liu Q, Cebotaru V, Guggino WB, Cebotaru L. Histone deacetylase 6 inhibition reduces cysts by decreasing cAMP and Ca 2+ in knock-out mouse models of polycystic kidney disease. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17897-17908. [PMID: 28887310 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.803775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is associated with progressive enlargement of multiple renal cysts, often leading to renal failure that cannot be prevented by a current treatment. Two proteins encoded by two genes are associated with ADPKD: PC1 (pkd1), primarily a signaling molecule, and PC2 (pkd2), a Ca2+ channel. Dysregulation of cAMP signaling is central to ADPKD, but the molecular mechanism is unresolved. Here, we studied the role of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) in regulating cyst growth to test the possibility that inhibiting HDAC6 might help manage ADPKD. Chemical inhibition of HDAC6 reduced cyst growth in PC1-knock-out mice. In proximal tubule-derived, PC1-knock-out cells, adenylyl cyclase 6 and 3 (AC6 and -3) are both expressed. AC6 protein expression was higher in cells lacking PC1, compared with control cells containing PC1. Intracellular Ca2+ was higher in PC1-knock-out cells than in control cells. HDAC inhibition caused a drop in intracellular Ca2+ and increased ATP-simulated Ca2+ release. HDAC6 inhibition reduced the release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum induced by thapsigargin, an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. HDAC6 inhibition and treatment of cells with the intracellular Ca2+ chelator 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetrakis(acetoxymethyl ester) reduced cAMP levels in PC1-knock-out cells. Finally, the calmodulin inhibitors W-7 and W-13 reduced cAMP levels, and W-7 reduced cyst growth, suggesting that AC3 is involved in cyst growth regulated by HDAC6. We conclude that HDAC6 inhibition reduces cell growth primarily by reducing intracellular cAMP and Ca2+ levels. Our results provide potential therapeutic targets that may be useful as treatments for ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali K Yanda
- From the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 and
| | - Qiangni Liu
- From the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 and
| | - Valeriu Cebotaru
- the Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - William B Guggino
- From the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 and
| | - Liudmila Cebotaru
- From the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 and
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109
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Mykytyn K, Askwith C. G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling in Cilia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028183. [PMID: 28159877 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest and most versatile family of signaling receptors in humans. They respond to diverse external signals, such as photons, proteins, peptides, chemicals, hormones, lipids, and sugars, and mediate a myriad of functions in the human body. Signaling through GPCRs can be optimized by enriching receptors and downstream effectors in discrete cellular domains. Many GPCRs have been found to be selectively targeted to cilia on numerous mammalian cell types. Moreover, investigations into the pathophysiology of human ciliopathies have implicated GPCR ciliary signaling in a number of developmental and cellular pathways. Thus, cilia are now appreciated as an increasingly important nexus for GPCR signaling. Yet, we are just beginning to understand the precise signaling pathways mediated by most ciliary GPCRs and how they impact cellular function and mammalian physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Mykytyn
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Ohio 43210.,Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Ohio 43210
| | - Candice Askwith
- Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Ohio 43210.,Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Ohio 43210
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110
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Molinari E, Sayer JA. Emerging treatments and personalised medicine for ciliopathies associated with cystic kidney disease. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1372282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Molinari
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John A. Sayer
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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111
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Shi X, Garcia G, Van De Weghe JC, McGorty R, Pazour GJ, Doherty D, Huang B, Reiter JF. Super-resolution microscopy reveals that disruption of ciliary transition-zone architecture causes Joubert syndrome. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:1178-1188. [PMID: 28846093 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ciliopathies, including nephronophthisis (NPHP), Meckel syndrome (MKS) and Joubert syndrome (JBTS), can be caused by mutations affecting components of the transition zone, a domain near the base of the cilium that controls the protein composition of its membrane. We defined the three-dimensional arrangement of key proteins in the transition zone using two-colour stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). NPHP and MKS complex components form nested rings comprised of nine-fold doublets. JBTS-associated mutations in RPGRIP1L or TCTN2 displace certain transition-zone proteins. Diverse ciliary proteins accumulate at the transition zone in wild-type cells, suggesting that the transition zone is a waypoint for proteins entering and exiting the cilium. JBTS-associated mutations in RPGRIP1L disrupt SMO accumulation at the transition zone and the ciliary localization of SMO. We propose that the disruption of transition-zone architecture in JBTS leads to a failure of SMO to accumulate at the transition zone and cilium, disrupting developmental signalling in JBTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Galo Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Julie C Van De Weghe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Ryan McGorty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Gregory J Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Biotech II, Suite 213, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Dan Doherty
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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112
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Abstract
The ciliopathies Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Alström syndrome cause obesity. How ciliary dysfunction leads to obesity has remained mysterious, partly because of a lack of understanding of the physiological roles of primary cilia in the organs and pathways involved in the regulation of metabolism and energy homeostasis. Historically, the study of rare monogenetic disorders that present with obesity has informed our molecular understanding of the mechanisms involved in nonsyndromic forms of obesity. Here, we present a framework, based on genetic studies in mice and humans, of the molecular and cellular pathways underlying long-term regulation of energy homeostasis. We focus on recent progress linking these pathways to the function of the primary cilia with a particular emphasis on the roles of neuronal primary cilia in the regulation of satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vaisse
- Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Nicolas F Berbari
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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113
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Bangs F, Anderson KV. Primary Cilia and Mammalian Hedgehog Signaling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028175. [PMID: 27881449 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
It has been a decade since it was discovered that primary cilia have an essential role in Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in mammals. This discovery came from screens in the mouse that identified a set of genes that are required for both normal Hh signaling and for the formation of primary cilia. Since then, dozens of mouse mutations have been identified that disrupt cilia in a variety of ways and have complex effects on Hedgehog signaling. Here, we summarize the genetic and developmental studies used to deduce how Hedgehog signal transduction is linked to cilia and the complex effects that perturbation of cilia structure can have on Hh signaling. We conclude by describing the current status of our understanding of the cell-type-specific regulation of ciliogenesis and how that determines the ability of cells to respond to Hedgehog ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Bangs
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Kathryn V Anderson
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
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114
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Canterini S, Dragotto J, Dardis A, Zampieri S, De Stefano ME, Mangia F, Erickson RP, Fiorenza MT. Shortened primary cilium length and dysregulated Sonic hedgehog signaling in Niemann-Pick C1 disease. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:2277-2289. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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115
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Kirschen GW, Liu H, Lang T, Liang X, Ge S, Xiong Q. The radial organization of neuronal primary cilia is acutely disrupted by seizure and ischemic brain injury. FRONTIERS IN BIOLOGY 2017; 12:124-138. [PMID: 28473847 PMCID: PMC5412953 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-017-1447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal primary cilia are sensory organelles that are critically involved in the proper growth, development, and function of the central nervous system (CNS). Recent work also suggests that they signal in the context of CNS injury, and that abnormal ciliary signaling may be implicated in neurological diseases. METHODS We quantified the distribution of neuronal primary cilia alignment throughout the normal adult mouse brain by immunohistochemical staining for the primary cilia marker adenylyl cyclase III (ACIII) and measuring the angles of primary cilia with respect to global and local coordinate planes. We then introduced two different models of acute brain insult-temporal lobe seizure and cerebral ischemia, and re-examined neuronal primary cilia distribution, as well as ciliary lengths and the proportion of neurons harboring cilia. RESULTS Under basal conditions, cortical cilia align themselves radially with respect to the cortical surface, while cilia in the dentate gyrus align themselves radially with respect to the granule cell layer. Cilia of neurons in the striatum and thalamus, by contrast, exhibit a wide distribution of ciliary arrangements. In both cases of acute brain insult, primary cilia alignment was significantly disrupted in a region-specific manner, with areas affected by the insult preferentially disrupted. Further, the two models promoted differential effects on ciliary lengths, while only the ischemia model decreased the proportion of ciliated cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence for the regional anatomical organization of neuronal primary cilia in the adult brain and suggest that various brain insults may disrupt this organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W. Kirschen
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Hanxiao Liu
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Tracy Lang
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Simons Summer Research Program (SSRP)
| | - Xuelin Liang
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Shaoyu Ge
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Qiaojie Xiong
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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116
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Ishikawa H, Marshall WF. Intraflagellar Transport and Ciliary Dynamics. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:9/3/a021998. [PMID: 28249960 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are microtubule-based organelles whose assembly requires a motile process, known as intraflagellar transport (IFT), to bring tubulin and other components to the distal tip of the growing structure. The IFT system uses a multiprotein complex with components that appear to be specialized for the transport of different sets of cargo proteins. The mechanisms by which cargo is selected for ciliary import and transport by IFT remain an area of active research. The complex dynamics of cilia and flagella are under constant regulation to ensure proper length control, and this regulation appears to involve regulation at the stage of IFT injection into the flagellum, as well as regulation of flagellar disassembly and, possibly, of cargo binding. Cilia and flagella thus represent a convenient model system to study how multiple motile and signaling pathways cooperate to control the assembly and dynamics of a complex cellular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ishikawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Wallace F Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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117
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Badgandi HB, Hwang SH, Shimada IS, Loriot E, Mukhopadhyay S. Tubby family proteins are adapters for ciliary trafficking of integral membrane proteins. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:743-760. [PMID: 28154160 PMCID: PMC5350516 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201607095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Trafficking of integral membrane proteins to cilia is poorly understood. Badgandi et al. show that tubby family proteins TULP3 and TUB act as general adapters for ciliary trafficking of structurally diverse integral membrane cargo like GCPRs and the polycystin 1/2 complex. The primary cilium is a paradigmatic organelle for studying compartmentalized signaling; however, unlike soluble protein trafficking, processes targeting integral membrane proteins to cilia are poorly understood. In this study, we determine that the tubby family protein TULP3 functions as a general adapter for ciliary trafficking of structurally diverse integral membrane cargo, including multiple reported and novel rhodopsin family G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) and the polycystic kidney disease–causing polycystin 1/2 complex. The founding tubby family member TUB also localizes to cilia similar to TULP3 and determines trafficking of a subset of these GPCRs to neuronal cilia. Using minimal ciliary localization sequences from GPCRs and fibrocystin (also implicated in polycystic kidney disease), we demonstrate these motifs to be sufficient and TULP3 dependent for ciliary trafficking. We propose a three-step model for TULP3/TUB-mediated ciliary trafficking, including the capture of diverse membrane cargo by the tubby domain in a phosphoinositide 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2)-dependent manner, ciliary delivery by intraflagellar transport complex A binding to the TULP3/TUB N terminus, and subsequent release into PI(4,5)P2-deficient ciliary membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant B Badgandi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Sun-Hee Hwang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Issei S Shimada
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Evan Loriot
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390.,STARS Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390.,Jesuit College Preparatory School of Dallas, Dallas, TX 75244
| | - Saikat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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118
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Adenylate Cyclase Type III Is Not a Ubiquitous Marker for All Primary Cilia during Development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170756. [PMID: 28122017 PMCID: PMC5266283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylate cyclase type III (AC3) is localized in plasma membrane of neuronal primary cilium and can be used as a marker of this cilium. AC3 has also been detected in some other primary cilia such as those of fibroblasts, synoviocytes or astrocytes. Despite the presence of a cilium in almost all cell types, we show that AC3 is not a common marker of all primary cilia of different human and mouse tissues during development. In peripheral organs, AC3 is present mainly in primary cilia in cells of the mesenchymal lineage (fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts-osteocytes, odontoblasts, muscle cells and endothelial cells). In epithelia, the apical cilium of renal and pancreatic tubules and of ductal plate in liver is AC3-negative whereas the cilium of basal cells of stratified epithelia is AC3-positive. Using fibroblasts cell culture, we show that AC3 appears at the plasma membrane of the primary cilium as soon as this organelle develops. The functional significance of AC3 localization at the cilium membrane in some cells but not others has to be investigated in relationship with cell physiology and expression at the cilium plasma membrane of specific upstream receptors.
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119
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Brodsky M, Lesiak AJ, Croicu A, Cohenca N, Sullivan JM, Neumaier JF. 5-HT 6 receptor blockade regulates primary cilia morphology in striatal neurons. Brain Res 2017; 1660:10-19. [PMID: 28087224 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The 5-HT6 receptor has been implicated in a variety of cognitive processes including habitual behaviors, learning, and memory. It is found almost exclusively in the brain, is expressed abundantly in striatum, and localizes to neuronal primary cilia. Primary cilia are antenna-like, sensory organelles found on most neurons that receive both chemical and mechanical signals from other cells and the surrounding environment; however, the effect of 5-HT6 receptor function on cellular morphology has not been examined. We confirmed that 5-HT6 receptors were localized to primary cilia in wild-type (WT) but not 5-HT6 knockout (5-HT6KO) in both native mouse brain tissue and primary cultured striatal neurons then used primary neurons cultured from WT or 5-HT6KO mice to study the function of these receptors. Selective 5-HT6 antagonists reduced cilia length in neurons cultured from wild-type mice in a concentration and time-dependent manner without altering dendrites, but had no effect on cilia length in 5-HT6KO cultured neurons. Varying the expression levels of heterologously expressed 5-HT6 receptors affected the fidelity of ciliary localization in both WT and 5-HT6KO neurons; overexpression lead to increasing amounts of 5-HT6 localization outside of the cilia but did not alter cilia morphology. Introducing discrete mutations into the third cytoplasmic loop of the 5-HT6 receptor greatly reduced, but did not entirely eliminate, trafficking of the 5-HT6 receptor to primary cilia. These data suggest that blocking 5-HT6 receptor activity reduces the length of primary cilia and that mechanisms that regulate trafficking of 5-HT6 receptors to cilia are more complex than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Brodsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Adam J Lesiak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Alex Croicu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Nathalie Cohenca
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Jane M Sullivan
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - John F Neumaier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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120
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Orczyk JJ, Batka R, Gore A, Maio-Lexa M, Kulkarni A, Garraghty PE. Female rat transcriptome response to infraorbital nerve transection differs from that of males: RNA-seq. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:140-150. [PMID: 27224679 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The effects of infraorbital nerve (ION) transection on gene expression in the adult female rat barrel cortex were investigated using RNA sequencing. After a 24-hour survival duration, 28 genes were differentially regulated by ION transection. Differentially expressed genes suggest microglial activity, increased retrograde ciliary transport, and a decrease in inhibition. These changes may be functionally comparable to changes in the male barrel cortex, where changes in genes related to morphology, neuronal activity, and neuronal excitability were observed. However, the patterns in changes in gene expression are vastly different between male and female rats. The results strongly caution against the practice of generalizing data from one sex to both sexes. This cautionary note has potentially profound implications for a range of research lines, including substance abuse and stress, both research domains in which subjects have been predominantly males. Future research needs to employ sex as a classification variable, as sex differences can generally be expected. Future research is also needed to confirm that changes in gene expression observed with RNA-seq correlate with changes in protein expression. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:140-150, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Orczyk
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Richard Batka
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Ashleigh Gore
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Michelena Maio-Lexa
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Akhil Kulkarni
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Preston E Garraghty
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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121
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Abstract
The primary cilium, a hair-like sensory organelle found on most mammalian cells, has gained recent attention within the field of neuroscience. Although neural primary cilia have been known to play a role in embryonic central nervous system patterning, we are just beginning to appreciate their importance in the mature organism. After several decades of investigation and controversy, the neural primary cilium is emerging as an important regulator of neuroplasticity in the healthy adult central nervous system. Further, primary cilia have recently been implicated in disease states such as cancer and epilepsy. Intriguingly, while primary cilia are expressed throughout the central nervous system, their structure, receptors, and signaling pathways vary by anatomical region and neural cell type. These differences likely bear relevance to both their homeostatic and neuropathological functions, although much remains to be uncovered. In this review, we provide a brief historical overview of neural primary cilia and highlight several key advances in the field over the past few decades. We then set forth a proposed research agenda to fill in the gaps in our knowledge regarding how the primary cilium functions and malfunctions in nervous tissue, with the ultimate goal of targeting this sensory structure for neural repair following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Kirschen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Qiaojie Xiong
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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122
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Ablation of Type III Adenylyl Cyclase in Mice Causes Reduced Neuronal Activity, Altered Sleep Pattern, and Depression-like Phenotypes. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:836-848. [PMID: 26868444 PMCID: PMC5972377 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although major depressive disorder (MDD) has low heritability, a genome-wide association study in humans has recently implicated type 3 adenylyl cyclase (AC3; ADCY3) in MDD. Moreover, the expression level of AC3 in blood has been considered as a MDD biomarker in humans. Nevertheless, there is a lack of supporting evidence from animal studies. METHODS We employed multiple approaches to experimentally evaluate if AC3 is a contributing factor for major depression using mouse models lacking the Adcy3 gene. RESULTS We found that conventional AC3 knockout (KO) mice exhibited phenotypes associated with MDD in behavioral assays. Electroencephalography/electromyography recordings indicated that AC3 KO mice have altered sleep patterns characterized by increased percentage of rapid eye movement sleep. AC3 KO mice also exhibit neuronal atrophy. Furthermore, synaptic activity at cornu ammonis 3-cornu ammonis 1 synapses was significantly lower in AC3 KO mice, and they also exhibited attenuated long-term potentiation as well as deficits in spatial navigation. To confirm that these defects are not secondary responses to anosmia or developmental defects, we generated a conditional AC3 floxed mouse strain. This enabled us to inactivate AC3 function selectively in the forebrain and to inducibly ablate it in adult mice. Both AC3 forebrain-specific and AC3 inducible knockout mice exhibited prodepression phenotypes without anosmia. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that loss of AC3 in mice leads to decreased neuronal activity, altered sleep pattern, and depression-like behaviors, providing strong evidence supporting AC3 as a contributing factor for MDD.
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123
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Ramos RL, Toia AR, Pasternack DM, Dotzler TP, Cuoco JA, Esposito AW, Le MM, Parker AK, Goodman JH, Sarkisian MR. Neuroanatomical characterization of the cellular and axonal architecture of subcortical band heterotopia in the BXD29-Tlr4 lps-2J/J mouse cortex. Neuroscience 2016; 337:48-65. [PMID: 27595889 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) are malformations of the human cerebral cortex typically associated with epilepsy and cognitive delay/disability. Rodent models of SBH have demonstrated strong face validity as they are accompanied by both cognitive deficits and spontaneous seizures or reduced seizure threshold. BXD29-Tlr4lps-2J/J recombinant inbred mice display striking bilateral SBH, partial callosal agenesis, morphological changes in subcortical structures of the auditory pathway, and display sensory deficits in behavioral tests (Rosen et al., 2013; Truong et al., 2013, 2015). Surprisingly, these mice show no cognitive deficits and have a higher seizure threshold to chemi-convulsive treatment (Gabel et al., 2013) making them different than other rodent SBH models described previously. In the present report, we perform a detailed characterization of the cellular and axonal constituents of SBH in BXD29-Tlr4lps-2J/J mice and demonstrate that various types of interneurons and glia as well as cortical and subcortical projections are found in SBH. In addition, the length of neuronal cilia was reduced in SBH compared to neurons in the overlying and adjacent normotopic cortex. Finally, we describe additional and novel malformations of the hippocampus and neocortex present in BXD29-Tlr4lps-2J/J mice. Together, our findings in BXD29-Tlr4lps-2J/J mice are discussed in the context of the known neuroanatomy and phenotype of other SBH rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raddy L Ramos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
| | - Alyssa R Toia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Daniel M Pasternack
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Timothy P Dotzler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Joshua A Cuoco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Anthony W Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Megan M Le
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0244, USA
| | - Alexander K Parker
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0244, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Goodman
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, NY State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Matthew R Sarkisian
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0244, USA.
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124
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Mutation of Growth Arrest Specific 8 Reveals a Role in Motile Cilia Function and Human Disease. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006220. [PMID: 27472056 PMCID: PMC4966937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliopathies are genetic disorders arising from dysfunction of microtubule-based cellular appendages called cilia. Different cilia types possess distinct stereotypic microtubule doublet arrangements with non-motile or 'primary' cilia having a 9+0 and motile cilia have a 9+2 array of microtubule doublets. Primary cilia are critical sensory and signaling centers needed for normal mammalian development. Defects in their structure/function result in a spectrum of clinical and developmental pathologies including abnormal neural tube and limb patterning. Altered patterning phenotypes in the limb and neural tube are due to perturbations in the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Motile cilia are important in fluid movement and defects in motility result in chronic respiratory infections, altered left-right asymmetry, and infertility. These features are the hallmarks of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD, OMIM 244400). While mutations in several genes are associated with PCD in patients and animal models, the genetic lesion in many cases is unknown. We assessed the in vivo functions of Growth Arrest Specific 8 (GAS8). GAS8 shares strong sequence similarity with the Chlamydomonas Nexin-Dynein Regulatory Complex (NDRC) protein 4 (DRC4) where it is needed for proper flagella motility. In mammalian cells, the GAS8 protein localizes not only to the microtubule axoneme of motile cilia, but also to the base of non-motile cilia. Gas8 was recently implicated in the Hh signaling pathway as a regulator of Smoothened trafficking into the cilium. Here, we generate the first mouse with a Gas8 mutation and show that it causes severe PCD phenotypes; however, there were no overt Hh pathway phenotypes. In addition, we identified two human patients with missense variants in Gas8. Rescue experiments in Chlamydomonas revealed a subtle defect in swim velocity compared to controls. Further experiments using CRISPR/Cas9 homology driven repair (HDR) to generate one of these human missense variants in mice demonstrated that this allele is likely pathogenic.
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125
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Rab23 activities and human cancer—emerging connections and mechanisms. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12959-12967. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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126
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Agnati LF, Marcoli M, Maura G, Fuxe K, Guidolin D. The multi-facet aspects of cell sentience and their relevance for the integrative brain actions: role of membrane protein energy landscape. Rev Neurosci 2016; 27:347-63. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSeveral ion channels can be randomly and spontaneously in an open state, allowing the exchange of ion fluxes between extracellular and intracellular environments. We propose that the random changes in the state of ion channels could be also due to proteins exploring their energy landscapes. Indeed, proteins can modify their steric conformation under the effects of the physicochemical parameters of the environments with which they are in contact, namely, the extracellular, intramembrane and intracellular environments. In particular, it is proposed that the random walk of proteins in their energy landscape is towards attractors that can favor the open or close condition of the ion channels and/or intrinsic activity of G-protein-coupled receptors. The main aspect of the present proposal is that some relevant physicochemical parameters of the environments (e.g. molecular composition, temperature, electrical fields) with which some signaling-involved plasma membrane proteins are in contact alter their conformations. In turn, these changes can modify their information handling via a modulatory action on their random walk towards suitable attractors of their energy landscape. Thus, spontaneous and/or signal-triggered electrical activities of neurons occur that can have emergent properties capable of influencing the integrative actions of brain networks. Against this background, Cook’s hypothesis on ‘cell sentience’ is developed by proposing that physicochemical parameters of the environments with which the plasma-membrane proteins of complex cellular networks are in contact fulfill a fundamental role in their spontaneous and/or signal-triggered activity. Furthermore, it is proposed that a specialized organelle, the primary cilium, which is present in most cells (also neurons and astrocytes), could be of peculiar importance to pick up chemical signals such as ions and transmitters and to detect physical signals such as pressure waves, thermal gradients, and local field potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- 3University of Genova, Department of Pharmacy and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Viale Cembrano 4, I-16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Guido Maura
- 3University of Genova, Department of Pharmacy and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Viale Cembrano 4, I-16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- 2Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Diego Guidolin
- 4University of Padova, Department of Molecular Medicine, I-35122 Padova, Italy
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127
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Guadiana SM, Parker AK, Filho GF, Sequeira A, Semple-Rowland S, Shaw G, Mandel RJ, Foster TC, Kumar A, Sarkisian MR. Type 3 Adenylyl Cyclase and Somatostatin Receptor 3 Expression Persists in Aged Rat Neocortical and Hippocampal Neuronal Cilia. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:127. [PMID: 27303293 PMCID: PMC4885836 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilia of forebrain neurons assemble around birth and become enriched with neuromodulatory receptors. Our understanding of the permanence of these structures and their associated signaling pathways in the aging brain is poor, but they are worthy of investigation because disruptions in neuronal cilia signaling have been implicated in changes in learning and memory, depression-like symptoms, and sleep anomalies. Here, we asked whether neurons in aged forebrain retain primary cilia and whether the staining characteristics of aged cilia for type 3 adenylyl cyclase (ACIII), somatostatin receptor 3 (SSTR3), and pericentrin resemble those of cilia in younger forebrain. To test this, we analyzed immunostained sections of forebrain tissues taken from young and aged male Fischer 344 (F344) and F344 × Brown Norway (F344 × BN) rats. Analyses of ACIII and SSTR3 in young and aged cortices of both strains of rats revealed that the staining patterns in the neocortex and hippocampus were comparable. Virtually every NeuN positive cell examined possessed an ACIII positive cilium. The lengths of ACIII positive cilia in neocortex were similar between young and aged for both strains, whereas in F344 × BN hippocampus, the cilia lengths increased with age in CA1 and CA3, but not in dentate gyrus (DG). Additionally, the percentages of ACIII positive cilia that were also SSTR3 positive did not differ between young and aged tissues in either strain. We also found that pericentrin, a protein that localizes to the basal bodies of neuronal cilia and functions in primary cilia assembly, persisted in aged cortical neurons of both rat strains. Collectively, our data show that neurons in aged rat forebrain possess primary cilia and that these cilia, like those present in younger brain, continue to localize ACIII, SSTR3, and pericentrin. Further studies will be required to determine if the function and signaling pathways regulated by cilia are similar in aged compared to young brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Guadiana
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alexander K Parker
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gileno F Filho
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ashton Sequeira
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Susan Semple-Rowland
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gerry Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA; EnCor Biotechnology Inc.Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ronald J Mandel
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas C Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Matthew R Sarkisian
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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128
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Neonatal seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol or kainic acid disrupt primary cilia growth on developing mouse cortical neurons. Exp Neurol 2016; 282:119-27. [PMID: 27181411 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal or early-life seizures (ELS) are often associated with life-long neurophysiological, cognitive and behavioral deficits, but the underlying mechanisms contributing to these deficits remain poorly understood. Newborn, post-migratory cortical neurons sprout ciliary buds (procilia) that mature into primary cilia. Disruption of the growth or signaling capabilities of these cilia has been linked to atypical neurite outgrowth from neurons and abnormalities in neuronal circuitry. Here, we tested the hypothesis that generalized seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) or kainic acid (KA) during early postnatal development impair neuronal and/or glial ciliogenesis. Mice received PTZ (50 or 100mg/kg), KA (2mg/kg), or saline either once at birth (P0), or once daily from P0 to P4. Using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy, the cilia of neurons and glia were examined at P7, P14, and P42. A total of 83 regions were analyzed, representing 13 unique neocortical and hippocampal regions. Neuronal cilia were identified by co-expression of NeuN and type 3 adenylyl cyclase (ACIII) or somatostatin receptor 3 (SSTR3), while glial cilia were identified by co-expression of GFAP, Arl13b, and gamma-tubulin. We found that PTZ exposure at either P0 or from P0 to P4 induced convulsive behavior, followed by acute and lasting effects on neuronal cilia lengths that varied depending on the cortical region, PTZ dose, injection frequency, and time post-PTZ. Both increases and decreases in neuronal cilia length were observed. No changes in the length of glial cilia were observed under any of the test conditions. Lastly, we found that a single KA seizure at P0 led to similar abnormalities in neuronal cilia lengths. Our results suggest that seizure(s) occurring during early stages of cortical development induce persistent and widespread changes in neuronal cilia length. Given the impact neuronal cilia have on neuronal differentiation, ELS-induced changes in ciliogenesis may contribute to long-term pathology and abnormal cortical function.
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Jacobs DT, Silva LM, Allard BA, Schonfeld MP, Chatterjee A, Talbott GC, Beier DR, Tran PV. Dysfunction of intraflagellar transport-A causes hyperphagia-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:789-98. [PMID: 27482817 PMCID: PMC4958314 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.025791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia extend from the plasma membrane of most vertebrate cells and mediate signaling pathways. Ciliary dysfunction underlies ciliopathies, which are genetic syndromes that manifest multiple clinical features, including renal cystic disease and obesity. THM1 (also termed TTC21B or IFT139) encodes a component of the intraflagellar transport-A complex and mutations in THM1 have been identified in 5% of individuals with ciliopathies. Consistent with this, deletion of murine Thm1 during late embryonic development results in cystic kidney disease. Here, we report that deletion of murine Thm1 during adulthood results in obesity, diabetes, hypertension and fatty liver disease, with gender differences in susceptibility to weight gain and metabolic dysfunction. Pair-feeding of Thm1 conditional knock-out mice relative to control littermates prevented the obesity and related disorders, indicating that hyperphagia caused the obese phenotype. Thm1 ablation resulted in increased localization of adenylyl cyclase III in primary cilia that were shortened, with bulbous distal tips on neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, an integrative center for signals that regulate feeding and activity. In pre-obese Thm1 conditional knock-out mice, expression of anorexogenic pro-opiomelanocortin (Pomc) was decreased by 50% in the arcuate nucleus, which likely caused the hyperphagia. Fasting of Thm1 conditional knock-out mice did not alter Pomc nor orexogenic agouti-related neuropeptide (Agrp) expression, suggesting impaired sensing of changes in peripheral signals. Together, these data indicate that the Thm1-mutant ciliary defect diminishes sensitivity to feeding signals, which alters appetite regulation and leads to hyperphagia, obesity and metabolic disease. Summary: Disruption of the IFT-A complex gene, Thm1, in adult mice misregulates response to feeding signals, altering appetite regulation and resulting in obesity through hyperphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon T Jacobs
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Luciane M Silva
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Bailey A Allard
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Michael P Schonfeld
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Anindita Chatterjee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - George C Talbott
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David R Beier
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Pamela V Tran
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Gonçalves I, Hubbard PC, Tomás J, Quintela T, Tavares G, Caria S, Barreiros D, Santos CRA. 'Smelling' the cerebrospinal fluid: olfactory signaling molecules are expressed in and mediate chemosensory signaling from the choroid plexus. FEBS J 2016; 283:1748-66. [PMID: 26934374 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory-type signaling machinery has been known to be involved not only in odorant detection but also in other tissues with unsuspected sensory roles. As a barrier, the choroid plexus (CP) is an active participant in the monitoring of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), promptly responding to alterations in its composition. We hypothesized that olfactory signaling could be active in CP, contributing to the surveillance of the CSF composition. We determined the mRNA and protein expression of the major components of the olfactory transduction pathway in the rat CP, including odorant receptors, the olfactory G-protein (Gαolf), adenylate cyclase 3 and cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 2. The functionality of the transduction pathway and the intracellular mechanisms involved were analyzed by DC field potential recording electrophysiological analysis, in an ex vivo CP-brain setup, using polyamines as stimuli and blockers of the downstream signaling pathways. Concentration-dependent responses were obtained for the polyamines studied (cadaverine, putrescine, spermine and spermidine), all known to be present in the CSF. Transfection of a CP epithelial cell line with siRNA against Gαolf effectively knocked down protein expression and reduced the CP cells' response to spermine. Thus, the key components of the olfactory chemosensory apparatus are present and are functional in murine CP, and polyamines seem to trigger both the cAMP and the phospholipase C-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate pathways. Olfactory-like chemosensory signaling may be an essential component of the CP chemical surveillance apparatus to detect alterations in the CSF composition, and to elicit responses to modulate and maintain brain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Peter C Hubbard
- CCMAR - Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Joana Tomás
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Telma Quintela
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Tavares
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Sandra Caria
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniela Barreiros
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cecília R A Santos
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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131
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Mukherjee S, Jansen V, Jikeli JF, Hamzeh H, Alvarez L, Dombrowski M, Balbach M, Strünker T, Seifert R, Kaupp UB, Wachten D. A novel biosensor to study cAMP dynamics in cilia and flagella. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27003291 PMCID: PMC4811770 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular messenger cAMP regulates multiple cellular functions, including signaling in cilia and flagella. The cAMP dynamics in these subcellular compartments are ill-defined. We introduce a novel FRET-based cAMP biosensor with nanomolar sensitivity that is out of reach for other sensors. To measure cAMP dynamics in the sperm flagellum, we generated transgenic mice and reveal that the hitherto methods determining total cAMP levels do not reflect changes in free cAMP levels. Moreover, cAMP dynamics in the midpiece and principal piece of the flagellum are distinctively different. The sole cAMP source in the flagellum is the soluble adenylate cyclase (SACY). Although bicarbonate-dependent SACY activity requires Ca2+, basal SACY activity is suppressed by Ca2+. Finally, we also applied the sensor to primary cilia. Our new cAMP biosensor features unique characteristics that allow gaining new insights into cAMP signaling and unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying ciliary function in vitro and in vivo. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14052.001 Cells can change the way they grow, move or develop in response to information from their environment. This information is first detected at the surface of the cell and then the information is relayed around the interior of the cell by signaling molecules known as “second messengers”. A molecule called cAMP is a well-known second messenger that is involved in many different signaling pathways. Therefore, the levels of cAMP in specific areas of the cell need to be precisely regulated to enable different signaling pathways to be activated at specific times and locations. Some cells have hair-like structures called cilia or flagella on their surface. Cilia and flagella are able to move the fluid that surrounds the cells or even move the cells themselves. The second messenger cAMP plays an essential role in making cilia move, but it is challenging to analyze the dynamics of cAMP – that this, how the levels of this molecule change over time – in these structures. The levels of cAMP in live cells can only be measured using fluorescent biosensors. Introducing these biosensors into specific cell structures is difficult and they are not sensitive enough to respond to low levels of cAMP. Furthermore, it is difficult to measure cAMP activity inside such tiny structures using these biosensors. Mukherjee, Jansen, Jikeli et al. now address some of these challenges by creating a new cAMP biosensor that has several unique features. Most importantly, it can respond to very low levels of cAMP, making it more sensitive than previous biosensors. Mukherjee et al. test this new biosensor in the flagella of sperm cells from mice, which reveals how the production of cAMP is regulated in the flagellum. The new biosensor also shows that different parts of the flagellum can have different cAMP dynamics. In the future, this new biosensor could be used to study cAMP in other structures and compartments within cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14052.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatanik Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular Sensory Systems, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vera Jansen
- Minerva Max Planck Research Group, Molecular Physiology, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan F Jikeli
- Minerva Max Planck Research Group, Molecular Physiology, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hussein Hamzeh
- Minerva Max Planck Research Group, Molecular Physiology, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luis Alvarez
- Department of Molecular Sensory Systems, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marco Dombrowski
- Minerva Max Planck Research Group, Molecular Physiology, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Melanie Balbach
- Department of Molecular Sensory Systems, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Timo Strünker
- Department of Molecular Sensory Systems, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany.,Centrum für Reproduktionsmedizin und Andrologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Reinhard Seifert
- Department of Molecular Sensory Systems, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - U Benjamin Kaupp
- Department of Molecular Sensory Systems, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wachten
- Minerva Max Planck Research Group, Molecular Physiology, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Bonn, Germany
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132
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Genetic Ablation of Type III Adenylyl Cyclase Exerts Region-Specific Effects on Cilia Architecture in the Mouse Nose. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150638. [PMID: 26942602 PMCID: PMC4778765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that olfactory sensory neurons in the dorsal zone of the mouse olfactory epithelium exhibit drastic location-dependent differences in cilia length. Furthermore, genetic ablation of type III adenylyl cyclase (ACIII), a key olfactory signaling protein and ubiquitous marker for primary cilia, disrupts the cilia length pattern and results in considerably shorter cilia, independent of odor-induced activity. Given the significant impact of ACIII on cilia length in the dorsal zone, we sought to further investigate the relationship between cilia length and ACIII level in various regions throughout the mouse olfactory epithelium. We employed whole-mount immunohistochemical staining to examine olfactory cilia morphology in phosphodiesterase (PDE) 1C-/-;PDE4A-/- (simplified as PDEs-/- hereafter) and ACIII-/- mice in which ACIII levels are reduced and ablated, respectively. As expected, PDEs-/- animals exhibit dramatically shorter cilia in the dorsal zone (i.e., where the cilia pattern is found), similar to our previous observation in ACIII-/- mice. Remarkably, in a region not included in our previous study, ACIII-/- animals (but not PDEs-/- mice) have dramatically elongated, comet-shaped cilia, as opposed to characteristic star-shaped olfactory cilia. Here, we reveal that genetic ablation of ACIII has drastic, location-dependent effects on cilia architecture in the mouse nose. These results add a new dimension to our current understanding of olfactory cilia structure and regional organization of the olfactory epithelium. Together, these findings have significant implications for both cilia and sensory biology.
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133
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Primary Cilia in the Murine Cerebellum and in Mutant Models of Medulloblastoma. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:145-154. [PMID: 26935062 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular primary cilia crucially sense and transduce extracellular physicochemical stimuli. Cilium-mediated developmental signaling is tissue and cell type specific. Primary cilia are required for cerebellar differentiation and sonic hedgehog (Shh)-dependent proliferation of neuronal granule precursors. The mammalian G-protein-coupled receptor 37-like 1 is specifically expressed in cerebellar Bergmann glia astrocytes and participates in regulating postnatal cerebellar granule neuron proliferation/differentiation and Bergmann glia and Purkinje neuron maturation. The mouse receptor protein interacts with the patched 1 component of the cilium-associated Shh receptor complex. Mice heterozygous for patched homolog 1 mutations, like heterozygous patched 1 humans, have a higher incidence of Shh subgroup medulloblastoma (MB) and other tumors. Cerebellar cells bearing primary cilia were identified during postnatal development and in adulthood in two mouse strains with altered Shh signaling: a G-protein-coupled receptor 37-like 1 null mutant and an MB-susceptible, heterozygous patched homolog 1 mutant. In addition to granule and Purkinje neurons, primary cilia were also expressed by Bergmann glia astrocytes in both wild-type and mutant animals, from birth to adulthood. Variations in ciliary number and length were related to the different levels of neuronal and glial cell proliferation and maturation, during postnatal cerebellar development. Primary cilia were also detected in pre-neoplastic MB lesions in heterozygous patched homolog 1 mutant mice and they could represent specific markers for the development and analysis of novel cerebellar oncogenic models.
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134
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Hilgendorf KI, Johnson CT, Jackson PK. The primary cilium as a cellular receiver: organizing ciliary GPCR signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 39:84-92. [PMID: 26926036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is an antenna-like cellular protrusion mediating sensory and neuroendocrine signaling. Its localization within tissue architecture and a growing list of cilia-localized receptors, in particular G-protein-coupled receptors, determine a host of crucial physiologies, which are disrupted in human ciliopathies. Here, we discuss recent advances in the identification and characterization of ciliary signaling components and pathways. Recent studies have highlighted the unique signaling environment of the primary cilium and we are just beginning to understand how this design allows for highly amplified and regulated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren I Hilgendorf
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carl T Johnson
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine PhD Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peter K Jackson
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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135
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Abstract
In the last decade highly conserved cellular appendages called cilia have enjoyed a renewed interest from basic, biomedical scientists, and clinicians alike. This interest has grown upon the elucidation that cilia throughout the body serve as important sensory and signaling centers in both development and adult homeostasis. Furthermore, the identification of several rare genetic disorders associated with cilia dysfunction has broadened the field. However, even though their potential role in human health and disease is now recognized many basic questions about their functions remain. This chapter seeks to explore the trafficking of cilia-specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and discusses several model systems in which this has been explored. We open the chapter by briefly discussing cilia and GPCRs then begin discussing some aspects of rhodopsin trafficking, arguably the most well studied of cilia GPCRs. We continue with sections on neuronal cilia and olfactory cilia receptor trafficking. Finally, we conclude with the emerging area of dynamic ciliary GPCR trafficking and speculate about future directions and some of the questions that remain for ciliary GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C McIntyre
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mellisa M Hege
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nicolas F Berbari
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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136
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The olfactory epithelium (OE) is one of the few tissues to undergo constitutive neurogenesis throughout the mammalian lifespan. It is composed of multiple cell types including olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) that are readily replaced by two populations of basal stem cells, frequently dividing globose basal cells and quiescent horizontal basal cells (HBCs). However, the precise mechanisms by which these cells mediate OE regeneration are unclear. Here, we show for the first time that the HBC subpopulation of basal stem cells uniquely possesses primary cilia that are aligned in an apical orientation in direct apposition to sustentacular cell end feet. The positioning of these cilia suggests that they function in the detection of growth signals and/or differentiation cues. To test this idea, we generated an inducible, cell type-specific Ift88 knock-out mouse line (K5rtTA;tetOCre;Ift88(fl/fl)) to disrupt cilia formation and maintenance specifically in HBCs. Surprisingly, the loss of HBC cilia did not affect the maintenance of the adult OE but dramatically impaired the regeneration of OSNs following lesion. Furthermore, the loss of cilia during development resulted in a region-specific decrease in neurogenesis, implicating HBCs in the establishment of the OE. Together, these results suggest a novel role for primary cilia in HBC activation, proliferation, and differentiation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show for the first time the presence of primary cilia on a quiescent population of basal stem cells, the horizontal basal cells (HBCs), in the olfactory epithelium (OE). Importantly, our data demonstrate that cilia on HBCs are necessary for regeneration of the OE following injury. Moreover, the disruption of HBC cilia alters neurogenesis during the development of the OE, providing evidence that HBCs participate in the establishment of this tissue. These data suggest that the mechanisms of penetrance for ciliopathies in the OE extend beyond that of defects in olfactory sensory neurons and may include alterations in OE maintenance and regeneration.
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137
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HISAMOTO M, GOTO M, MUTO M, NIO-KOBAYASHI J, IWANAGA T, YOKOYAMA A. Developmental changes in primary cilia in the mouse tooth germ and oral cavity . Biomed Res 2016; 37:207-14. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.37.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meri HISAMOTO
- Department of Oral Functional Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Marie GOTO
- Department of Oral Functional Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Mami MUTO
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Oral Functional Science, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | | | - Toshihiko IWANAGA
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Atsuro YOKOYAMA
- Department of Oral Functional Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University
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138
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Abstract
Neuroscientists have been captivated by cilia ever since these slender, microtubule-based projections on the cell body were found to play critical roles in neuronal specification, maintenance, and function. In mammals, the most common cilia marker, acetylated α-tubulin, is extremely difficult to detect in neuronal cilia. Here, we describe methods to detect neuronal cilia in culture, in fixed sections, and in vivo, taking advantage of transgenic mice carrying fluorescently tagged cilia proteins.
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139
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Abstract
CLEM (correlated light and electron microscope) imaging is a highly useful technique for examining primary cilia. With CLEM, it is possible to determine the distribution of tagged proteins along the ciliary membrane and axoneme with high precision. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) permits measurement of ciliary length and orientation in relation to nearby cellular structures in a 3D image; in optimal cases, this can be combined with superresolution microscopy of selected ciliary components as they enter or leave the cilium. This chapter discusses CLEM methods. In the method described in detail, samples are completely processed for sequential fluorescence and SEM observation. This method is ideal for robust antibody localization and minimizes image manipulation in correlating the fluorescent and SEM images. Alternative methods prepare samples for fluorescence imaging followed by processing for SEM then observation in the SEM. This method is ideal for optimal fluorescence imaging, particularly live cell imaging.
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140
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Mick DU, Rodrigues RB, Leib RD, Adams CM, Chien AS, Gygi SP, Nachury MV. Proteomics of Primary Cilia by Proximity Labeling. Dev Cell 2015; 35:497-512. [PMID: 26585297 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
While cilia are recognized as important signaling organelles, the extent of ciliary functions remains unknown because of difficulties in cataloguing proteins from mammalian primary cilia. We present a method that readily captures rapid snapshots of the ciliary proteome by selectively biotinylating ciliary proteins using a cilia-targeted proximity labeling enzyme (cilia-APEX). Besides identifying known ciliary proteins, cilia-APEX uncovered several ciliary signaling molecules. The kinases PKA, AMPK, and LKB1 were validated as bona fide ciliary proteins and PKA was found to regulate Hedgehog signaling in primary cilia. Furthermore, proteomics profiling of Ift27/Bbs19 mutant cilia correctly detected BBSome accumulation inside Ift27(-/-) cilia and revealed that β-arrestin 2 and the viral receptor CAR are candidate cargoes of the BBSome. This work demonstrates that proximity labeling can be applied to proteomics of non-membrane-enclosed organelles and suggests that proteomics profiling of cilia will enable a rapid and powerful characterization of ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David U Mick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA
| | - Rachel B Rodrigues
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ryan D Leib
- Stanford University Mass Spectrometry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christopher M Adams
- Stanford University Mass Spectrometry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Allis S Chien
- Stanford University Mass Spectrometry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maxence V Nachury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA.
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141
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Recruitment of β-Arrestin into Neuronal Cilia Modulates Somatostatin Receptor Subtype 3 Ciliary Localization. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 36:223-35. [PMID: 26503786 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00765-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are essential sensory and signaling organelles present on nearly every mammalian cell type. Defects in primary cilia underlie a class of human diseases collectively termed ciliopathies. Primary cilia are restricted subcellular compartments, and specialized mechanisms coordinate the localization of proteins to cilia. Moreover, trafficking of proteins into and out of cilia is required for proper ciliary function, and this process is disrupted in ciliopathies. The somatostatin receptor subtype 3 (Sstr3) is selectively targeted to primary cilia on neurons in the mammalian brain and is implicated in learning and memory. Here, we show that Sstr3 localization to cilia is dynamic and decreases in response to somatostatin treatment. We further show that somatostatin treatment stimulates β-arrestin recruitment into Sstr3-positive cilia and this recruitment can be blocked by mutations in Sstr3 that impact agonist binding or phosphorylation. Importantly, somatostatin treatment fails to decrease Sstr3 ciliary localization in neurons lacking β-arrestin 2. Together, our results implicate β-arrestin in the modulation of Sstr3 ciliary localization and further suggest a role for β-arrestin in the mediation of Sstr3 ciliary signaling.
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142
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Singh J, Wen X, Scales SJ. The Orphan G Protein-coupled Receptor Gpr175 (Tpra40) Enhances Hedgehog Signaling by Modulating cAMP Levels. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:29663-75. [PMID: 26451044 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.665810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays an essential role in vertebrate embryonic tissue patterning of many developing organs. Signaling occurs predominantly in primary cilia and is initiated by the entry of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-like protein Smoothened into cilia and culminates in gene transcription via the Gli family of transcription factors upon their nuclear entry. Here we identify an orphan GPCR, Gpr175 (also known as Tpra1 or Tpra40: transmembrane protein, adipocyte associated 1 or of 40 kDa), which also localizes to primary cilia upon Hh stimulation and positively regulates Hh signaling. Interaction experiments place Gpr175 at the level of PKA and upstream of the Gαi component of heterotrimeric G proteins, which itself localizes to cilia and can modulate Hh signaling. Gpr175 or Gαi1 depletion leads to increases in cellular cAMP levels and in Gli3 processing into its repressor form. Thus we propose that Gpr175 coupled to Gαi1 normally functions to inhibit the production of cAMP by adenylyl cyclase upon Hh stimulation, thus maximizing signaling by turning off PKA activity and hence Gli3 repressor formation. Taken together our data suggest that Gpr175 is a novel positive regulator of the Hh signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaskirat Singh
- From the Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Xiaohui Wen
- From the Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Suzie J Scales
- From the Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The olfactory epithelium (OE) is one of the few tissues to undergo constitutive neurogenesis throughout the mammalian lifespan. It is composed of multiple cell types including olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) that are readily replaced by two populations of basal stem cells, frequently dividing globose basal cells and quiescent horizontal basal cells (HBCs). However, the precise mechanisms by which these cells mediate OE regeneration are unclear. Here, we show for the first time that the HBC subpopulation of basal stem cells uniquely possesses primary cilia that are aligned in an apical orientation in direct apposition to sustentacular cell end feet. The positioning of these cilia suggests that they function in the detection of growth signals and/or differentiation cues. To test this idea, we generated an inducible, cell type-specific Ift88 knock-out mouse line (K5rtTA;tetOCre;Ift88(fl/fl)) to disrupt cilia formation and maintenance specifically in HBCs. Surprisingly, the loss of HBC cilia did not affect the maintenance of the adult OE but dramatically impaired the regeneration of OSNs following lesion. Furthermore, the loss of cilia during development resulted in a region-specific decrease in neurogenesis, implicating HBCs in the establishment of the OE. Together, these results suggest a novel role for primary cilia in HBC activation, proliferation, and differentiation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show for the first time the presence of primary cilia on a quiescent population of basal stem cells, the horizontal basal cells (HBCs), in the olfactory epithelium (OE). Importantly, our data demonstrate that cilia on HBCs are necessary for regeneration of the OE following injury. Moreover, the disruption of HBC cilia alters neurogenesis during the development of the OE, providing evidence that HBCs participate in the establishment of this tissue. These data suggest that the mechanisms of penetrance for ciliopathies in the OE extend beyond that of defects in olfactory sensory neurons and may include alterations in OE maintenance and regeneration.
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144
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An Olfactory Cilia Pattern in the Mammalian Nose Ensures High Sensitivity to Odors. Curr Biol 2015; 25:2503-12. [PMID: 26365258 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In many sensory organs, specialized receptors are strategically arranged to enhance detection sensitivity and acuity. It is unclear whether the olfactory system utilizes a similar organizational scheme to facilitate odor detection. Curiously, olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the mouse nose are differentially stimulated depending on the cell location. We therefore asked whether OSNs in different locations evolve unique structural and/or functional features to optimize odor detection and discrimination. Using immunohistochemistry, computational fluid dynamics modeling, and patch clamp recording, we discovered that OSNs situated in highly stimulated regions have much longer cilia and are more sensitive to odorants than those in weakly stimulated regions. Surprisingly, reduction in neuronal excitability or ablation of the olfactory G protein in OSNs does not alter the cilia length pattern, indicating that neither spontaneous nor odor-evoked activity is required for its establishment. Furthermore, the pattern is evident at birth, maintained into adulthood, and restored following pharmacologically induced degeneration of the olfactory epithelium, suggesting that it is intrinsically programmed. Intriguingly, type III adenylyl cyclase (ACIII), a key protein in olfactory signal transduction and ubiquitous marker for primary cilia, exhibits location-dependent gene expression levels, and genetic ablation of ACIII dramatically alters the cilia pattern. These findings reveal an intrinsically programmed configuration in the nose to ensure high sensitivity to odors.
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145
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Schou KB, Pedersen LB, Christensen ST. Ins and outs of GPCR signaling in primary cilia. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:1099-113. [PMID: 26297609 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are specialized microtubule-based signaling organelles that convey extracellular signals into a cellular response in most vertebrate cell types. The physiological significance of primary cilia is underscored by the fact that defects in assembly or function of these organelles lead to a range of severe diseases and developmental disorders. In most cell types of the human body, signaling by primary cilia involves different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which transmit specific signals to the cell through G proteins to regulate diverse cellular and physiological events. Here, we provide an overview of GPCR signaling in primary cilia, with main focus on the rhodopsin-like (class A) and the smoothened/frizzled (class F) GPCRs. We describe how such receptors dynamically traffic into and out of the ciliary compartment and how they interact with other classes of ciliary GPCRs, such as class B receptors, to control ciliary function and various physiological and behavioral processes. Finally, we discuss future avenues for developing GPCR-targeted drug strategies for the treatment of ciliopathies.
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146
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Laclef C, Anselme I, Besse L, Catala M, Palmyre A, Baas D, Paschaki M, Pedraza M, Métin C, Durand B, Schneider-Maunoury S. The role of primary cilia in corpus callosum formation is mediated by production of the Gli3 repressor. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4997-5014. [PMID: 26071364 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC) is a frequent brain disorder found in over 80 human congenital syndromes including ciliopathies. Here, we report a severe AgCC in Ftm/Rpgrip1l knockout mouse, which provides a valuable model for Meckel-Grüber syndrome. Rpgrip1l encodes a protein of the ciliary transition zone, which is essential for ciliogenesis in several cell types in mouse including neuroepithelial cells in the developing forebrain. We show that AgCC in Rpgrip1l(-/-) mouse is associated with a disturbed location of guidepost cells in the dorsomedial telencephalon. This mislocalization results from early patterning defects and abnormal cortico-septal boundary (CSB) formation in the medial telencephalon. We demonstrate that all these defects primarily result from altered GLI3 processing. Indeed, AgCC, together with patterning defects and mispositioning of guidepost cells, is rescued by overexpressing in Rpgrip1l(-/-) embryos, the short repressor form of the GLI3 transcription factor (GLI3R), provided by the Gli3(Δ699) allele. Furthermore, Gli3(Δ699) also rescues AgCC in Rfx3(-/-) embryos deficient for the ciliogenic RFX3 transcription factor that regulates the expression of several ciliary genes. These data demonstrate that GLI3 processing is a major outcome of primary cilia function in dorsal telencephalon morphogenesis. Rescuing CC formation in two independent ciliary mutants by GLI3(Δ699) highlights the crucial role of primary cilia in maintaining the proper level of GLI3R required for morphogenesis of the CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Laclef
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7622, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS)-Developmental Biology Laboratory, UMR7622, INSERM, ERL1156 and
| | - Isabelle Anselme
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7622, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS)-Developmental Biology Laboratory, UMR7622, INSERM, ERL1156 and
| | - Laurianne Besse
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7622, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS)-Developmental Biology Laboratory, UMR7622, INSERM, ERL1156 and
| | - Martin Catala
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7622, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS)-Developmental Biology Laboratory, UMR7622, INSERM, ERL1156 and Fédération de Neurologie, Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-APHP, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Palmyre
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7622, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS)-Developmental Biology Laboratory, UMR7622, INSERM, ERL1156 and
| | - Dominique Baas
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and CNRS, CGPhiMC-UMR5534, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France and
| | - Marie Paschaki
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and CNRS, CGPhiMC-UMR5534, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France and
| | - Maria Pedraza
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM S839, F-75005 Paris, France, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, S839, Paris, France
| | - Christine Métin
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM S839, F-75005 Paris, France, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, S839, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Durand
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and CNRS, CGPhiMC-UMR5534, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France and
| | - Sylvie Schneider-Maunoury
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7622, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS)-Developmental Biology Laboratory, UMR7622, INSERM, ERL1156 and
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147
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McIntyre JC, Joiner AM, Zhang L, Iñiguez-Lluhí J, Martens JR. SUMOylation regulates ciliary localization of olfactory signaling proteins. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1934-45. [PMID: 25908845 PMCID: PMC4457158 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.164673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are evolutionarily conserved organelles found on many mammalian cell types, including neuronal populations. Although neuronal cilia, including those on olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), are often delineated by localization of adenylyl cyclase 3 (AC3, also known as ADCY3), the mechanisms responsible for targeting integral membrane proteins are largely unknown. Post-translational modification by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins plays an important role in protein localization processes such as nuclear-cytosolic transport. Here, we identified through bioinformatic analysis that adenylyl cyclases harbor conserved SUMOylation motifs, and show that AC3 is a substrate for SUMO modification. Functionally, overexpression of the SUMO protease SENP2 prevented ciliary localization of AC3, without affecting ciliation or cilia maintenance. Furthermore, AC3-SUMO mutants did not localize to cilia. To test whether SUMOylation is sufficient for cilia entry, we compared localization of ANO2, which possesses a SUMO motif, and ANO1, which lacks SUMOylation sites and does not localize to cilia. Introduction of SUMOylation sites into ANO1 was not sufficient for ciliary entry. These data suggest that SUMOylation is necessary but not sufficient for ciliary trafficking of select constituents, further establishing the link between ciliary and nuclear import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C McIntyre
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ariell M Joiner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jorge Iñiguez-Lluhí
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Martens
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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148
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Dido mutations trigger perinatal death and generate brain abnormalities and behavioral alterations in surviving adult mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:4803-8. [PMID: 25825751 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1419300112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly all vertebrate cells have a single cilium protruding from their surface. This threadlike organelle, once considered vestigial, is now seen as a pivotal element for detection of extracellular signals that trigger crucial morphogenetic pathways. We recently proposed a role for Dido3, the main product of the death inducer-obliterator (dido) gene, in histone deacetylase 6 delivery to the primary cilium [Sánchez de Diego A, et al. (2014) Nat Commun 5:3500]. Here we used mice that express truncated forms of Dido proteins to determine the link with cilium-associated disorders. We describe dido mutant mice with high incidence of perinatal lethality and distinct neurodevelopmental, morphogenetic, and metabolic alterations. The anatomical abnormalities were related to brain and orofacial development, consistent with the known roles of primary cilia in brain patterning, hydrocephalus incidence, and cleft palate. Mutant mice that reached adulthood showed reduced life expectancy, brain malformations including hippocampus hypoplasia and agenesis of corpus callosum, as well as neuromuscular and behavioral alterations. These mice can be considered a model for the study of ciliopathies and provide information for assessing diagnosis and therapy of genetic disorders linked to the deregulation of primary cilia.
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149
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Luo J, Chen X, Pan YW, Lu S, Xia Z, Storm DR. The type 3 adenylyl cyclase is required for the survival and maturation of newly generated granule cells in the olfactory bulb. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122057. [PMID: 25807252 PMCID: PMC4373939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The type 3 adenylyl cyclase (AC3) is localized to olfactory cilia in the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) and primary cilia in the adult mouse brain. Although AC3 has been strongly implicated in odor perception and olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) targeting, its role in granule cells (GCs), the most abundant interneurons in the main olfactory bulb (MOB), remains largely unknown. Here, we report that the deletion of AC3 leads to a significant reduction in the size of the MOB as well as the level of adult neurogenesis. The cell proliferation and cell cycle in the subventricular zone (SVZ), however, are not suppressed in AC3-/- mice. Furthermore, AC3 deletion elevates the apoptosis of GCs and disrupts the maturation of newly formed GCs. Collectively, our results identify a fundamental role for AC3 in the development of adult-born GCs in the MOB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuanmao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yung-Wei Pan
- Toxicology Program in the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Song Lu
- Toxicology Program in the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Zhengui Xia
- Toxicology Program in the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Storm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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150
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Delgehyr N, Meunier A, Faucourt M, Bosch Grau M, Strehl L, Janke C, Spassky N. Ependymal cell differentiation, from monociliated to multiciliated cells. Methods Cell Biol 2015; 127:19-35. [PMID: 25837384 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Primary and motile cilia differ in their structure, composition, and function. In the brain, primary cilia are immotile signalling organelles present on neural stem cells and neurons. Multiple motile cilia are found on the surface of ependymal cells in all brain ventricles, where they contribute to the flow of cerebrospinal fluid. During development, monociliated ependymal progenitor cells differentiate into multiciliated ependymal cells, thus providing a simple system for studying the transition between these two stages. In this chapter, we provide protocols for immunofluorescence staining of developing ependymal cells in vivo, on whole mounts of lateral ventricle walls, and in vitro, on cultured ependymal cells. We also provide a list of markers we currently use to stain both types of cilia, including proteins at the ciliary membrane and tubulin posttranslational modifications of the axoneme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Delgehyr
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normal Supérieure (IBENS), Paris, France; INSERM, U1024, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, France
| | - Alice Meunier
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normal Supérieure (IBENS), Paris, France; INSERM, U1024, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, France
| | - Marion Faucourt
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normal Supérieure (IBENS), Paris, France; INSERM, U1024, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, France
| | - Montserrat Bosch Grau
- Curie Institute, Orsay, France; CNRS, UMR3306, Orsay, France; INSERM, U1005, Orsay, France; INSERM, UMRS 1120; Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Strehl
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normal Supérieure (IBENS), Paris, France; INSERM, U1024, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 975, Brain and Spinal Cord Institute, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Carsten Janke
- Curie Institute, Orsay, France; CNRS, UMR3306, Orsay, France; INSERM, U1005, Orsay, France
| | - Nathalie Spassky
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normal Supérieure (IBENS), Paris, France; INSERM, U1024, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, France
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