101
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Boardman L, Terblanche JS. Oxygen safety margins set thermal limits in an insect model system. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:1677-85. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.120261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A mismatch between oxygen availability and metabolic demand may constrain thermal tolerance. While considerable support for this idea has been found in marine organisms, results from insects are equivocal and raise the possibility that mode of gas exchange, oxygen safety margins and the physico-chemical properties of the gas medium influence heat tolerance estimates. Here, we examined critical thermal maximum (CTmax) and aerobic scope under altered oxygen supply and in two life stages that varied in metabolic demand in Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). We also systematically examined the influence of changes in gas properties on CTmax. Larvae have a lower oxygen safety margin (higher critical oxygen partial pressure at which metabolism is suppressed relative to metabolic demand) and significantly higher CTmax under normoxia than pupae (53°C vs 50°C). Larvae, but not pupae, were oxygen limited with hypoxia (2.5 kPa) decreasing CTmax significantly from 53 to 51°C. Humidifying hypoxic air relieved the oxygen limitation effect on CTmax in larvae, whereas variation in other gas properties did not affect CTmax. Our data suggest that oxygen safety margins set thermal limits in air-breathing invertebrates and the magnitude of this effect potentially reconciles differences in oxygen limitation effects on thermal tolerance found among diverse taxa to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Boardman
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - John S. Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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102
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Harrison JF. Handling and Use of Oxygen by Pancrustaceans: Conserved Patterns and the Evolution of Respiratory Structures. Integr Comp Biol 2015; 55:802-15. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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103
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Brunelli E, Rizzo P, Guardia A, Coscarelli F, Sesti S, Tripepi S. The ultrastructure of the book lungs of the Italian trap-door spider Cteniza sp. (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2015; 44:228-236. [PMID: 25777518 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The fine structure of book lungs is not homogeneous across Arachnids and is considered phylogenetically informative, however few reports on the ultrastructural features of this organ have been published. In this study, we examined the general morphology and ultrastructure of adult spiders of the genus Cteniza. The respiratory system of Cteniza sp. consists of two pairs of well-developed book lungs, which is considered indicative of primitive spiders. The general organization of the book lungs is similar to that described for other arachnids and consists of leaves of alternating air and hemolymph channels. The air channels are lined with cuticle and open to an atrium that leads to a slit-like spiracle. The air channels are held open by cuticular trabeculae. The space holders in the hemolymph channels are pillar trabeculae formed by two cells from the opposed walls. The pillar cells have a complex ultrastructure that includes an interdigitating connection, gap junctions, microtubules and hemidesmosomes. These features apparently help strengthen the pillar cells and their interconnections with each other and the underlying cuticle. The cytoskeleton resembles that of arthropod tendon cells where substantial structural support is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Brunelli
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, I-87036 Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
| | - Pierluigi Rizzo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, I-87036 Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Antonello Guardia
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, I-87036 Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Francesca Coscarelli
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, I-87036 Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Settimio Sesti
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, I-87036 Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Sandro Tripepi
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, I-87036 Rende, Cosenza, Italy
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104
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Wang Y, Zuber R, Oehl K, Norum M, Moussian B. Report on D
rosophila melanogaster
larvae without functional tracheae. J Zool (1987) 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Wang
- Animal Genetics; Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - R. Zuber
- Animal Genetics; Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - K. Oehl
- Animal Genetics; Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - M. Norum
- Institute of Biomedicine; University of Göteborg; Göteborg Sweden
| | - B. Moussian
- Animal Genetics; Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
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105
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Davies CE, Vogan CL, Rowley AF. Effect of the copepod parasite Nicothoë astaci on haemolymph chemistry of the European lobster Homarus gammarus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2015; 113:169-175. [PMID: 25751860 DOI: 10.3354/dao02814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The gills of the European lobster Homarus gammarus (L.) are susceptible to parasitization by the copepod Nicothoë astaci, the lobster louse. This copepod feeds on haemolymph of the host and can damage the gills, potentially affecting gaseous exchange capabilities. To investigate the host response to the parasite, haemolymph levels of total protein, haemocyanin, glucose and ammonia were quantified in adult lobsters carrying varying parasite loads. Parasite loads correlated positively with total haemolymph protein and haemocyanin concentrations but not with glucose or ammonia concentrations. The data suggest that lobsters with gills damaged by the feeding activities of N. astaci respond by producing higher levels of haemocyanin, which is both a key defence response and may compensate for their decreased respiratory functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Davies
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, and College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
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106
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Lyson TR, Schachner ER, Botha-Brink J, Scheyer TM, Lambertz M, Bever GS, Rubidge BS, de Queiroz K. Origin of the unique ventilatory apparatus of turtles. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5211. [PMID: 25376734 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The turtle body plan differs markedly from that of other vertebrates and serves as a model system for studying structural and developmental evolution. Incorporation of the ribs into the turtle shell negates the costal movements that effect lung ventilation in other air-breathing amniotes. Instead, turtles have a unique abdominal-muscle-based ventilatory apparatus whose evolutionary origins have remained mysterious. Here we show through broadly comparative anatomical and histological analyses that an early member of the turtle stem lineage has several turtle-specific ventilation characters: rigid ribcage, inferred loss of intercostal muscles and osteological correlates of the primary expiratory muscle. Our results suggest that the ventilation mechanism of turtles evolved through a division of labour between the ribs and muscles of the trunk in which the abdominal muscles took on the primary ventilatory function, whereas the broadened ribs became the primary means of stabilizing the trunk. These changes occurred approximately 50 million years before the evolution of the fully ossified shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Lyson
- 1] Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, Colorado 80205, USA [2] Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20560, USA [3] Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Emma R Schachner
- 1] Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA [2] Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Jennifer Botha-Brink
- 1] Karoo Palaeontology, National Museum, Box 266, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa [2] Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Torsten M Scheyer
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Lambertz
- Institut für Zoologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Poppelsdorfer Schloss, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - G S Bever
- 1] Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa [2] New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York 11568, USA [3] Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA
| | - Bruce S Rubidge
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kevin de Queiroz
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20560, USA
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107
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Icardo JM, Colvee E, Lauriano ER, Capillo G, Guerrera MC, Zaccone G. The structure of the gas bladder of the spotted gar, Lepisosteus oculatus. J Morphol 2014; 276:90-101. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José M. Icardo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Cantabria; 39011 Santander Spain
| | - Elvira Colvee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Cantabria; 39011 Santander Spain
| | - Eugenia R. Lauriano
- Department of Environmental Science, Territory, Food and Health Security (S.A.S.T.A.S.); University of Messina; I-98166 Messina Italy
| | - Gioele Capillo
- Department of Environmental Science, Territory, Food and Health Security (S.A.S.T.A.S.); University of Messina; I-98166 Messina Italy
| | - Maria C. Guerrera
- Istituto per L'Ambiente Marino Costiero; U.O.S. Di Messina; I-98122 Messina Italy
| | - Giacomo Zaccone
- Department of Environmental Science, Territory, Food and Health Security (S.A.S.T.A.S.); University of Messina; I-98166 Messina Italy
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108
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Oxidative phosphorylation in Debaryomyces hansenii: physiological uncoupling at different growth phases. Biochimie 2014; 102:124-36. [PMID: 24657599 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Physiological uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) was studied in Debaryomyces hansenii. In other species, such as Yarrowia lipolytica and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, OxPhos can be uncoupled through differential expression of branched respiratory chain enzymes or by opening of a mitochondrial unspecific channel (ScMUC), respectively. However D. hansenii mitochondria, which contain both a branched respiratory chain and a mitochondrial unspecific channel (DhMUC), selectively uncouple complex I-dependent rate of oxygen consumption in the stationary growth phase. The uncoupled complex I-dependent respiration was only 20% of the original activity. Inhibition was not due to inactivation of complex I, lack of protein expression or to differential expression of alternative oxidoreductases. Furthermore, all other respiratory chain activities were normal. Decrease of complex I-dependent respiration was due to NAD(+) loss from the matrix, probably through an open of DhMUC. When NAD(+) was added back, coupled complex I-activity was recovered. NAD(+) re-uptake was independent of DhMUC opening and seemed to be catalyzed by a NAD(+)-specific transporter, which was sensitive to bathophenanthroline, bromocresol purple or pyridoxal-5'-phosphate as described for S. cerevisiae mitochondrial NAD(+) transporters. Loss of NAD(+) from the matrix through an open MUC is proposed as an additional mechanism to uncouple OxPhos.
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