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Zeng Z, Fang X, Miao W, Liu Y, Maiyalagan T, Mao S. Electrochemically Sensing of Trichloroacetic Acid with Iron(II) Phthalocyanine and Zn-Based Metal Organic Framework Nanocomposites. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1934-1941. [PMID: 31268302 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate determination of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) has become an emerging need for environmental monitoring and has yet to be realized in electrochemical sensors with metal organic framework (MOF)-based materials. In this study, a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) detection based on iron(II) phthalocyanine (PcFe) and a Zn-based metal organic framework (ZIF-8) composite is fabricated. As an electrode material, ZIF-8 possesses a large surface area and porous structure, which exhibits high absorbability; meanwhile, PcFe (II), as the sensing element, undergoes a reduction process from PcFe (II) to PcFe (I) during the sensing process. In the presence of TCAA, PcFe (I) is reoxidized by TCAA, which shifts the reaction equilibrium and accelerates the electron transfer on the electrode interface. By analyzing the reduction current of PcFe (II), the quantitative detection of TCAA is realized. The sensor shows a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.89 nM, which is superior to other reported TCAA sensors, as well as a high sensitivity (826 μΑ/μM). Moreover, the good selectivity and stability of this sensing platform demonstrate its capability and promise in determination of trace DBPs. The reported sensor provides a new strategy for electrochemical detection of DBPs and could expand the applications of MOFs in emerging technologies for monitoring contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongrun Zeng
- Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Xian Fang
- Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Wei Miao
- Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Thandavarayan Maiyalagan
- Electrochemical Energy Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India
| | - Shun Mao
- Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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Mantilla-Calderon D, Plewa MJ, Michoud G, Fodelianakis S, Daffonchio D, Hong PY. Water Disinfection Byproducts Increase Natural Transformation Rates of Environmental DNA in Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6520-6528. [PMID: 31050420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The process of natural transformation allows for the stable uptake, integration, and functional expression of extracellular DNA. This mechanism of horizontal gene transfer has been widely linked to the acquisition of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors. Here, we demonstrate that bromoacetic acid (BAA)-a regulated drinking water disinfection byproduct (DBP)-can stimulate natural transformation rates in the model organism Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1. We demonstrate that transformation stimulation in response to BAA is concentration-dependent and is linked to the ability of this compound to generate DNA damage via oxidative stress. In presence of BAA, transcription of recA was upregulated 20-40% compared to the nontreated controls, indicating that this component of the DNA damage response could be associated with the increase in transformation. Other genes associated with DNA translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane (i.e., pilX, comA) did not exhibit increased transcription in the presence of BAA, indicating that the enhancement of transformation is not associated with increased translocation rates of environmental DNA. Overall, these results lead us to speculate that elevated recA transcription levels could lead to increased integration rates of foreign DNA within the recipient cell during DNA repair. Lastly, we show that an artificial DBP cocktail simulating the environmental concentrations of five water DBP classes stimulates natural transformation by almost 2-fold. The results of this study suggest that mutagens like DBPs may play an important role in enhancing the fixation rates of extracellular DNA in the environmental metagenome.
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103
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Qin LT, Zhang X, Chen YH, Mo LY, Zeng HH, Liang YP, Lin H, Wang DQ. Predicting the cytotoxicity of disinfection by-products to Chinese hamster ovary by using linear quantitative structure-activity relationship models. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:16606-16615. [PMID: 30989598 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04947-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A suitable model to predict the toxicity of current and continuously emerging disinfection by-products (DBPs) is needed. This study aims to establish a reliable model for predicting the cytotoxicity of DBPs to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. We collected the CHO cytotoxicity data of 74 DBPs as the endpoint to build linear quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models. The linear models were developed by using multiple linear regression (MLR). The MLR models showed high performance in both internal (leave-one-out cross-validation, leave-many-out cross-validation, and bootstrapping) and external validation, indicating their satisfactory goodness of fit (R2 = 0.763-0.799), robustness (Q2LOO = 0.718-0.745), and predictive ability (CCC = 0.806-0.848). The generated QSAR models showed comparable quality on both the training and validation levels. Williams plot verified that the obtained models had wide application domains and covered the 74 structurally diverse DBPs. The molecular descriptors used in the models provided comparable information that influences the CHO cytotoxicity of DBPs. In conclusion, the linear QSAR models can be used to predict the CHO cytotoxicity of DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Tang Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Yu-Han Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Ling-Yun Mo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Hong-Hu Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Yan-Peng Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Hua Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Dun-Qiu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
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104
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Li W, Li Y, Zhang X, Han J, Zhu X, Choi KC, Jiang J. Conversion of haloacid disinfection byproducts to amino acids via ammonolysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 224:351-359. [PMID: 30826705 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are the major disinfection byproducts (DBPs) that are formed during chlorination of drinking water. In this paper, the conversion of HAAs to amino acids (e.g., glycine) via ammonolysis was studied. First, a new and sensitive method for detecting glycine was developed by setting selected ion recording m/z 76 in positive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography. Second, among the mono-HAAs under the same test conditions, iodoacetic acid (49.3%) showed a considerably higher conversion to glycine during ammonolysis than chloroacetic acid (4.2%) and bromoacetic acid (27.7%). The conversion of iodoacetic acid to glycine increased with increasing temperature, increasing reaction time, or decreasing the ratio of (NH4)2CO3 to NH3·H2O in the aminating agent. Hydrolysis of iodoacetic acid to glycolic acid was also observed during ammonolysis, and it accounted for at most 50% of the iodoacetic acid conversion. The conversion to amino acids and the hydrolysis were the two major pathways during ammonolysis of HAAs. Third, compared with the iodoacetic acid sample and the simulated tap water sample without ammonolysis, the developmental toxicity of the corresponding samples with ammonolysis decreased by up to 10.4% and 32.1%, respectively. The ammonolysis was thus demonstrated to be a detoxification process for both individual HAAs and DBP mixture in chlorinated tap water. In practice, the ammonolysis of haloacid DBPs in tap water may be realized by simply adding an appropriate amount of an aminating agent during cooking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jiarui Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Chun Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jingyi Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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105
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Simultaneous analysis of 11 haloacetic acids by direct injection-liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry and high resolution mass spectrometry: occurrence and evolution in chlorine-treated water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:3905-3917. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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106
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Finlayson KA, Leusch FDL, Limpus CJ, van de Merwe JP. Towards the development of standardised sea turtle primary cell cultures for toxicity testing. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 173:63-70. [PMID: 30769204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemical contaminants are known to accumulate in marine megafauna globally, but little is known about how this impacts animal health. In vitro assays offer an ethical, reproducible and cost-effective alternative to live animal toxicity testing on large, long-lived or threatened species, such as sea turtles. However, using a cell culture from a single animal raise the question of whether the toxicity observed adequately represents the toxicity in that species. This study examined variation in the cytotoxic response of primary skin fibroblasts established from seven green (Chelonia mydas) and five loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtles. Cell viability using resazurin dye was examined in response to exposure to five contaminants. The variation in cytotoxicity was generally low (within a factor of five) for both independent analyses of the same cell culture, and cell cultures from different individuals. This low within and between cell culture variation indicates that primary sea turtle cell cultures can provide a suitable approach to understanding toxicity in sea turtles. In addition, green and loggerhead turtle cells showed similar toxicity to the compounds tested, indicating that only subtle differences in chemical sensitivity may exist between sea turtle species. This study provides a framework for using species-specific cell cultures in future toxicological studies on sea turtles. Although in vivo studies are the gold standard for toxicological studies and species-specific risk assessments, the development of in vitro tools can provide important information when in vivo studies are not possible or practical. For large, endangered species such as sea turtles that are exposed to, and accumulate, a large number of contaminants, using validated cell cultures may facilitate the rapid assessment of chemical risk to these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Finlayson
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Colin J Limpus
- Department of Environment and Science, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason P van de Merwe
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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107
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Zhang W, Wang L, Yang Y, Gaskin P, Teng KS. Recent Advances on Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Organic Disinfection Byproducts in Water. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1138-1150. [PMID: 31012308 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Irreversible organ damage or even death frequently occurs when humans or animals unknowingly drink contaminated water. Therefore, in many countries drinking water is disinfected to ensure removal of harmful pathogens from drinking water. If upstream water treatment prior to disinfection is not adequate, disinfection byproducts (DBPs) can be formed. DBPs can exist as wide variety of compounds, but up until now, only several typical compounds have drinking water standards attributed to them. However, it is apparent that the range of DBPs present in water can comprise hundreds of compounds, some of which are at high enough concentrations to be toxic or potentially carcinogenic. Hence, it becomes increasingly significant and urgent to develop an accessible, affordable, and durable sensing platform for a broader range and more sensitive detection of DBPs. Compared with well-established laboratory detection techniques, electrochemical sensing has been identified as a promising alternative that will provide rapid, affordable, and sensitive DBP monitoring in remote water sources. Therefore, this Review covers current state-of-the-art development (within the past decade) in electrochemical sensing to detect organic DBPs in water, which covered three major aspects: (1) recognition mechanism, (2) electrodes with signal amplification, and (3) signal read-out techniques. Moreover, comprehensive quality assessments on electrochemical biosensors, including linear detection range, limit of detection (LoD) and recovery, have also been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
- Research Centre for Water Environment Technology, Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Lue Wang
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Yuesuo Yang
- College of Environment and Recourses, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Paul Gaskin
- Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water, Newport, NP10 8FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kar Seng Teng
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
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108
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Gao ZC, Lin YL, Xu B, Xia Y, Hu CY, Zhang TY, Cao TC, Chu WH, Gao NY. Effect of UV wavelength on humic acid degradation and disinfection by-product formation during the UV/chlorine process. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 154:199-209. [PMID: 30798174 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of the ultraviolet (UV)/chlorine process strongly depends on UV wavelength because chlorine photolysis and its subsequent radical formation are highly wavelength-dependent. This study compared the degradation of humic acid (HA) during the UV/chlorine process by low pressure mercury lamp (LPUV, 254 nm) and ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED, 275 and 310 nm). The results indicated that HA degradation followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the fluence-based degradation rate constants (kobs) were significantly affected by UV wavelength and solution pH. HA degradation decreased greatly with increasing solution pH during the UV/chlorine process at 254 nm, while the opposite trend was observed at 275 and 310 nm. In the meantime, kobs decreased in the order of 275 nm > 254 nm > 310 nm at pH > 7.0. The changes of chlorine molar absorption coefficients at different UV wavelengths resulted in the variation of chlorine photodecay rates (kobs, chlorine), and the synergistic effects of kobs, chlorine and chlorine quantum yields (Φchlorine) affected HA reduction. The formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during the UV/chlorine process was also evaluated. A significant suppression on DBP formation and DBP-associated calculated theoretical cytotoxicity were observed at 275 nm high UV fluence and alkaline pHs. These findings in this study demonstrate that UV wavelength at 275 nm is more suitable for HA degradation by the UV/chlorine advanced oxidation process in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Chen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 824, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Ying Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, PR China
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Tong-Cheng Cao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Wen-Hai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Nai-Yun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
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109
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Dong H, Qiang Z, Richardson SD. Formation of Iodinated Disinfection Byproducts (I-DBPs) in Drinking Water: Emerging Concerns and Current Issues. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:896-905. [PMID: 30919613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Formation of iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs) in drinking water has become an emerging concern. Compared to chlorine- and bromine-containing DBPs, I-DBPs are more toxic, have different precursors and formation mechanisms, and are unregulated. In this Account, we focus on recent research in the formation of known and unknown I-DBPs in drinking water. We present the state-of-the-art understanding of known I-DBPs for the six groups reported to date, including iodinated methanes, acids, acetamides, acetonitriles, acetaldehyde, and phenols. I-DBP concentrations in drinking water generally range from ng L-1 to low-μg L-1. The toxicological effects of I-DBPs are summarized and compared with those of chlorinated and brominated DBPs. I-DBPs are almost always more cytotoxic and genotoxic than their chlorinated and brominated analogues. Iodoacetic acid is the most genotoxic of all DBPs studied to date, and diiodoacetamide and iodoacetamide are the most cytotoxic. We discuss I-DBP formation mechanisms during oxidation, disinfection, and distribution of drinking water, focusing on inorganic and organic iodine sources, oxidation kinetics of iodide, and formation pathways. Naturally occurring iodide, iodate, and iodinated organic compounds are regarded as important sources of I-DBPs. The apparent second-order rate constant and half-lives for oxidation of iodide or hypoiodous acid by various oxidants are highly variable, which is a key factor governing the iodine fate during drinking water treatment. In distribution systems, residual iodide and disinfectants can participate in reactions involving heterogeneous chemical oxidation, reduction, adsorption, and catalysis, which may eventually affect I-DBP levels in finished drinking water. The identification of unknown I-DBPs and total organic iodine analysis is also summarized in this Account, which provides a more complete picture of I-DBP formation in drinking water. As organic DBP precursors are difficult to completely remove during the drinking water treatment process, the removal of iodide provides a cost-effective solution for the control of I-DBP formation. This Account not only serves as a reference for future epidemiological studies to better assess human health risks due to exposure to I-DBPs in drinking water but also helps drinking water utilities, researchers, regulators, and the general public understand the formed species, levels, and formation mechanisms of I-DBPs in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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110
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Ackerson NOB, Killinger AH, Liberatore HK, Ternes TA, Plewa MJ, Richardson SD, Duirk SE. Impact of chlorine exposure time on disinfection byproduct formation in the presence of iopamidol and natural organic matter during chloramination. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 78:204-214. [PMID: 30665639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chloramines, in practice, are formed onsite by adding ammonia to chlorinated drinking water to achieve the required disinfection. While regulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are reduced during chloramine disinfection, other DBPs such as iodinated (iodo-) DBPs, that elicit greater toxicity are formed. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of prechlorination time on the formation of both halogen-specific total organic halogen (TOX) and iodo/chlorinated (chloro-) DBPs during prechlorination/chloramination in source waters (SWs) containing iopamidol, an X-ray contrast medium. Barberton SW (BSW) and Cleveland SW (CSW) containing iopamidol were prechlorinated for 5-60 min and afterwards chloraminated for 72 hr with ammonium chloride. Chlorine contact time (CCT) did not significantly impact total organic iodine (TOI) concentrations after prechlorination or chloramination. Concentrations of total organic chlorine (TOCl) formed during prechlorination did not significantly change regardless of pH and prechlorination time, while TOCl appeared to decrease after 72 hr chloramination period. Dichloroiodomethane (CHCl2I) formation during prechlorination did not exhibit any significant trends as a function of pH or CCT, but after chloramination, significant increases were observed at pHs 6.5 and 7.5 with respect to CCT. Iodo-HAAs were not formed during prechlorination but were detected after chloramination. Significant quantities of chloroform (CHCl3) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) were formed during prechlorination but formation ceased upon ammonia addition. Therefore, prechlorination studies should measure TOX and DBP concentrations prior to ammonia addition to obtain data regarding the initial conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexis H Killinger
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Hannah K Liberatore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences and Safe Global Water Institute and NSF Science and Technology Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 West Peabody Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Stephen E Duirk
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
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111
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Vatankhah H, Szczuka A, Mitch WA, Almaraz N, Brannum J, Bellona C. Evaluation of Enhanced Ozone-Biologically Active Filtration Treatment for the Removal of 1,4-Dioxane and Disinfection Byproduct Precursors from Wastewater Effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2720-2730. [PMID: 30698962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation followed by biologically active filtration (BAF) (O3-BAF) treatment has become an alternative to reverse osmosis in potable wastewater reuse applications because of the ability to produce a high-quality effluent while reducing brine production and disposal. In this study, effluent from a sequencing batch membrane bioreactor (SBMBR) was treated by O3-BAF at three specific ozone doses (0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 mg O3/mg DOC) and different empty bed contact times (EBCTs; 15-45 min). The reaction of O3 with granular activated carbon (GAC) (O3/GAC) to promote the formation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) was evaluated at 1.0 mg O3/mg DOC followed by BAF at 15-45 min EBCT. The efficacy of these techniques was compared for the removal of O3 refractory 1,4-dioxane and the reduction in the formation of bromate, 35 regulated and unregulated halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs), and 8 N-nitrosamines after chloramination. Conventional ozonation (without the presence of GAC during ozonation) removed 6-11% of 1,4-dioxane, while BAF increased the removal to ∼25%. O3/GAC improved the removal of 1,4-dioxane to ∼40%, while BAF increased the removal to ∼50%. No bromate was detected during conventional ozonation. Although O3/GAC formed 12.5 μg/L bromate, this concentration was reduced during BAF treatment to <6.8 μg/L. Even though conventional ozonation was more effective than O3/GAC for the reduction in chloramine-reactive N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors, BAF treatment after either conventional or enhanced ozonation reduced NDMA formation during chloramination to <10 ng/L. O3/GAC was more effective at reducing halogenated DBP formation during postchloramination. Regardless, the reduction in halogenated DBP formation during postchloramination achieved by BAF treatment was ∼90% relative to the formation in the SBMBR effluent after either conventional or enhanced ozonation. The reduction of haloacetic acid (HAA) formation improved moderately with increasing BAF EBCT. Both O3-BAF and (O3/GAC)-BAF met regulatory levels for trihalomethanes, HAAs, NDMA, and bromate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Vatankhah
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Colorado School of Mines , 1500 Illinois Street , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
- National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt) , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Aleksandra Szczuka
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , 473 Via Ortega , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
- National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt) , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , 473 Via Ortega , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
- National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt) , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Nohemi Almaraz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Colorado School of Mines , 1500 Illinois Street , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Jacob Brannum
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Colorado School of Mines , 1500 Illinois Street , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
- National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt) , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Christopher Bellona
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Colorado School of Mines , 1500 Illinois Street , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
- National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt) , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
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112
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Pan Z, Zhu Y, Li L, Shao Y, Wang Y, Yu K, Zhu H, Zhang Y. Transformation of norfloxacin during the chlorination of marine culture water in the presence of iodide ions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:717-727. [PMID: 30616062 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The antibacterial agent norfloxacin (NOR) and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), which are both widely used in marine culture, react with each other to form the halogenated disinfection byproducts (X-DBPs). The effects of the water characteristics and iodide concentration on the reaction kinetics were investigated. The results showed that the reaction rate of NOR with NaClO increases from 0.0586 min-1 to 0.1075 min-1 when the iodide concentration was changed from 0 μg-1 to 50 μg-1. This demonstrated the enhancement of NOR oxidation in the presence of iodide ions. Four novel iodinated DBPs (I-DBPs) were identified in the marine culture water. Iodine substitutions occurred at the C3 and C8 positions of NOR. The formation mechanisms of X-DBPs in the marine culture water were proposed based on the intermediate and final products. NOR may undergo a ring-opening reaction, a de-carbonyl reaction and substitution to form intermediates and finally generate the X-DBPs. Furthermore, the predicted logKOW and logBCF values of the I-DBPs were higher than that of the Br-DBPs and Cl-DBPs. The AOX concentration in the synthetic water samples decreased in the following order: seawater (8.49 mg L-1) > marine culture water (4.05 mg L-1) > fresh water (1.89 mg L-1). The amount of AOX also increased with the increase in iodide concentration. These results indicated that the I-DBPs were more toxic than their brominated and chlorinated analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Pan
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yunjie Zhu
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Leiyun Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yanan Shao
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Kefu Yu
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Hongxiang Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
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113
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Padhi RK, Subramanian S, Satpathy KK. Formation, distribution, and speciation of DBPs (THMs, HAAs, ClO 2-,andClO 3-) during treatment of different source water with chlorine and chlorine dioxide. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:540-550. [PMID: 30500715 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Formation potential and speciation characteristics of two important groups of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), namely, trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAS), during Cl2 and ClO2 treatment of water samples collected from three different sources, namely, sea, river, and reservoir, were investigated with reference to key controlling parameters. Formation of inorganic DBPs such as chlorate and chlorite was evaluated. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and UV absorbance (UV254) of the sea, river, and reservoir samples were 3.35 ± 0.05, 3.12 ± 0.05, and 3.23 ± 0.05 mg/L and 0.062 ± 0.01, 0.074 ± 0.01, and 0.055 ± 0.01 cm-1, respectively. For Cl2 and ClO2 treatments, the respective formation potential of THMs and HAAs from the three water sources studied exhibited unidentical trend suggesting that higher THM formation was not necessarily associated with higher HAA formation. On chlorination, the concentrations of total HAAs formed were 9.8 μg/L (sea), 12.8 μg/L (river), and 20.6 μg/L (reservoir) and total THM yields were 38.3 μg/L (sea), 18.8 μg/L (river), and 21.5 μg/L (reservoir) for a Cl2 dose of 1 mg/L and 30 min reaction time. The trend of formation of THMs and HAAs for Cl2 treatment was similar to that for ClO2 treatment. However, the amount of HAAs (3.5 μg/L (sea), 1.8 μg/L (river), and 1.9 μg/L (reservoir)) and THMs (not detected) formed was much lower than that formed during chlorination. Regardless of source water type, di-HAAs were the most favored HAAs, followed by tri-HAAs with a small amount of mono-HAAs formed for both Cl2 and ClO2 treatment. Chlorination yielded more THMs than HAAs, whereas it was reverse for chlorine dioxide treatment. Irrespective of treatment with ClO2 or Cl2, seawater samples showed the highest bromine incorporation percentage (BIP) in both THMs and HAAs followed by that for river and reservoir water samples. HAAs were found to be always associated with lower amount of BIP than THMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Padhi
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603102, India; Health Safety and Environment Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603 102, India.
| | - S Subramanian
- Health Safety and Environment Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603 102, India
| | - K K Satpathy
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603102, India; Health Safety and Environment Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603 102, India.
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114
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Parvez S, Ashby JL, Kimura SY, Richardson SD. Exposure Characterization of Haloacetic Acids in Humans for Exposure and Risk Assessment Applications: An Exploratory Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E471. [PMID: 30736287 PMCID: PMC6388255 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Disinfected water is the major source of haloacetic acids (HAAs) in humans, but their inter- and intra-individual variability for exposure and risk assessment applications is under-researched. Thus, we measured HAAs in cross-sectional and longitudinal urine and water specimens from 17 individuals. Five regulated HAAs-mono, di, and trichloroacetic acid (MCAA, DCAA, and TCAA) and mono- and dibromoacetic acid (MBAA and DBAA)-and one unregulated HAA-bromochloroacetic acid (BCAA)-were measured. Urinary DCAA, MBAA, DBAA, and BCAA levels were always below the limits of detection (LOD). Measured levels and interindividual variability of urinary MCAA were higher than urinary TCAA. Longitudinal urinary specimens showed MCAA levels peaked in after-shower specimens, while TCAA levels remain unchanged. Correlation between urinary MCAA and TCAA was moderate but statistically significant. The prevalence of MCAA and TCAA in urine suggest they can be considered as biomarkers of HAA. Peak urinary MCAA in post-shower specimens suggest MCAA captures short-term exposure via dermal and/or inhalation, while urinary TCAA captures long-term exposure via ingestion. However, further research is warranted in a large pool of participants to test the reliability of MCAA as exposure biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Parvez
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, 1050 Wishard Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Jeffrey L Ashby
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, 1050 Wishard Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Susana Y Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
- Currently at the Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4 Canada.
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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115
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Chen H, Lin T, Chen W, Tao H, Xu H. Removal of disinfection byproduct precursors and reduction in additive toxicity of chlorinated and chloraminated waters by ozonation and up-flow biological activated carbon process. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 216:624-632. [PMID: 30391883 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The variations of disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors and DBPs-associated toxic potencies were evaluated by ozonation, followed by a up-flow biological activated carbon (O3/UBAC) filter treating two reconstituted water samples, featuring either high bromide (105.3 μg/L) or dissolved organic nitrogen (0.73 mg N/L) concentration, respectively. Ozonation contributed to ∼20% decrease in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration at a dosage of 0.7 mg of O3/mg of DOC, but no further reduction in DOC level was observed with an increased dose of 1.0 mg of O3/mg of DOC. When chlorine or preformed monochloramine was used as a disinfectant, UBAC process led to ∼40% reduction in the sum of detected DBP formation potential (FP) due to the removal of precursors at a feasible empty bed contact time of 15 min. The integrated effect of ozonation and UBAC biofiltration decreased the sum of DBP FP by ∼50% including halonitromethanes (THNMs), N-nitrosamines (NAs), and bromate, which increased in the effluent of ozonation. Chloramination produced less DBPs by weight as well as DBPs-associated additive toxic potencies than chlorination. The reduction in additive toxic potencies was generally lower than the removal efficiency of DBP FP after chlor(am)ination of treated waters by O3/UBAC, indicating that the removal of DBPs-associated additive toxic potencies should be focused to better understand on the residual risk to public health in controlling DBP precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Hui Tao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Hang Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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116
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Liu M, Zhang M, Hao R, Du T, Li T, Li Y. Disinfection byproduct formation and toxicity of graphene oxide in water treatment system. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 217:68-75. [PMID: 30408653 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is a structural analog of graphene and contains numerous O-containing functional groups. As rapidly increasing production and usage of GO, it is inevitable to flow into the water and wastewater treatment system and finally oxidized by disinfectants to form DBPs. Meanwhile, as GO is a nano sized carbon material, it may also break the human digestion system when it was absorbed by human body. This study explored the DBP formation when only GO was present. Effects of Br- were also considered during the DBP formation. Both trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) were formed during the chlorination and chloramination procedure, but the total concentration of THMs was at least three times higher than that of HAAs. Irradiation can significantly enhance the DBP formation via the formation of radicals. The wrinkled appearance and decomposition of aromatic ring may both be effective on the DBP formation via chlorination or bromination. The findings of this study advance knowledge on the DBP formation of GO in water treatment systems and provide insight on the toxic effects of the transformation products of GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Rongjie Hao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Tingting Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Tong Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China.
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117
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Gomes IB, Simões LC, Simões M. The role of surface copper content on biofilm formation by drinking water bacteria. RSC Adv 2019; 9:32184-32196. [PMID: 35530774 PMCID: PMC9072912 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05880j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper alloys demonstrated comparable or higher performance than elemental copper in biofilm control. The alloy containing 96% copper was the most promising surface in biofilm control and regrowth prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. B. Gomes
- LEPABE
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Porto
- 4200-465 Porto
| | - L. C. Simões
- LEPABE
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Porto
- 4200-465 Porto
| | - M. Simões
- LEPABE
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Porto
- 4200-465 Porto
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118
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Ersan MS, Liu C, Amy G, Karanfil T. The interplay between natural organic matter and bromide on bromine substitution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:1172-1181. [PMID: 30235603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the interplay between bromide and DOM characteristics, described with SUVA254, in terms of formation and speciation of selected DBPs [trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and haloacetonitriles (HANs)] during chlorination under various water treatment conditions. Cytotoxicity evaluations were also conducted based on the types and amounts of DBPs formed and their corresponding cytotoxicity index values. The results showed that the formation of THMs and HAAs increased as the specific UV absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254) of the waters increased; however, there was no clear trend for HANs. THM and HAN formation increased with increasing bromide levels, while there was no bromide effect on the HAA formation. Lower HAA5 (monochloroaceticacid, monobromoaceticacid, dichloroaceticacid, trichloroaceticacid, dibromoaceticacid) to HAA9 (monochloroaceticacid, monobromoaceticacid, dichloroaceticacid, trichloroaceticacid, dibromoaceticacid, bromochloroaceticacid, bromodichloroaceticacid, dibromochloroaceticacid, tribromoaceticacid) ratios, independent of SUVA254, were observed with increasing bromide levels. Bromine substitution factor (BSF) values were in the order of BSFDHAN > BSFTHAA > BSFTHM ≈ BSFDHAA. BSF values for all class of DBPs decreased with increasing SUVA254. TOX formation increased with increasing SUVA254 without an impact of bromide concentration. UTOX/TOX ratios were higher in treated low SUVA254 waters than raw waters having higher SUVA254 values, and they decreased with increasing initial bromide concentration in all sources. Increasing bromide concentration from 0.5 μM to 10 μM elevated the calculated cytotoxicity index values of waters. Despite their much lower (approximately ~10 times) formation as compared to THMs and HAAs, HANs controlled the calculated cytotoxicity of studied waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut S Ersan
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Gary Amy
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA.
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119
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Sun H, Song X, Ye T, Hu J, Hong H, Chen J, Lin H, Yu H. Formation of disinfection by-products during chlorination of organic matter from phoenix tree leaves and Chlorella vulgaris. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1887-1893. [PMID: 30408877 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the precursor of disinfection by-products (DBPs) and provide useful information for water utilities to manage the drinking water, a study of DBP formation was conducted through chlorination of leaf organic matter (OM) from phoenix tree and algal OM from Chlorella vulgaris. DBPs investigated include trichloromethane (TCM), trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), chloroacetic acid (CAA), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and trichloroacetonitrile (TCNM). Results show that the specific yields (μg/mg C) of C-DBPs (TCM, CAA, DCAA and TCAA) from leaf OM were higher but the specific yields of N-DBPs (DCAN and TCNM) were lower than those from algal OM. Correlation analysis revealed that C-DBPs yields (μg/L) were significantly (p < 0.01) interrelated with each other (r = 0.937-0.996), and for each C-DBP, the hydrophobic OM contributed more to their formation (61-90% of total yields) as compared with hydrophilic OM. In spite of these characteristics, an in-depth examination was conducted revealing that the hydrophobicity and aromaticity of C-DBPs precursors were in the order of TCAA > DCAA & TCM > CAA. DCAN precursors were highly variable: they were dominated by hydrophobic OM (leaf OM: 86%) or hydrophilic OM (algal OM: 61%). Hydrophilic OM was the most important precursor for TCNM (76-79% of total yields), followed by hydrophobic neutral and base substances (29-45% of total yields), but the hydrophobic acids exhibited an inhibition role in TCNM formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Sun
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Xuhui Song
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Ting Ye
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Junbiao Hu
- Jinhua People's Hospital, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Huachang Hong
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China.
| | - Jianrong Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Hongjun Lin
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Haiying Yu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
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120
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Postigo C, DeMarini DM, Armstrong MD, Liberatore HK, Lamann K, Kimura SY, Cuthbertson AA, Warren SH, Richardson SD, McDonald T, Sey YM, Ackerson NOB, Duirk SE, Simmons JE. Chlorination of Source Water Containing Iodinated X-ray Contrast Media: Mutagenicity and Identification of New Iodinated Disinfection Byproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13047-13056. [PMID: 30339747 PMCID: PMC6369525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated contrast media (ICM) are nonmutagenic agents administered for X-ray imaging of soft tissues. ICM can reach μg/L levels in surface waters because they are administered in high doses, excreted largely unmetabolized, and poorly removed by wastewater treatment. Iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs) are highly genotoxic and have been reported in disinfected waters containing ICM. We assessed the mutagenicity in Salmonella of extracts of chlorinated source water containing one of four ICM (iopamidol, iopromide, iohexol, and diatrizoate). We quantified 21 regulated and nonregulated DBPs and 11 target I-DBPs and conducted a nontarget, comprehensive broad-screen identification of I-DBPs. We detected one new iodomethane (trichloroiodomethane), three new iodoacids (dichloroiodoacetic acid, chlorodiiodoacetic acid, bromochloroiodoacetic acid), and two new nitrogenous I-DBPs (iodoacetonitrile and chloroiodoacetonitrile). Their formation depended on the presence of iopamidol as the iodine source; identities were confirmed with authentic standards when available. This is the first identification in simulated drinking water of chloroiodoacetonitrile and iodoacetonitrile, the latter of which is highly cytotoxic and genotoxic in mammalian cells. Iopamidol (5 μM) altered the concentrations and relative distribution of several DBP classes, increasing total haloacetonitriles by >10-fold. Chlorination of ICM-containing source water increased I-DBP concentrations but not mutagenicity, indicating that such I-DBPs were either not mutagenic or at concentrations too low to affect mutagenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Postigo
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- Corresponding author: CP: Phone +34-93-400-6100;
| | - David M. DeMarini
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Mikayla D. Armstrong
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Hannah K. Liberatore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St., Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Karsten Lamann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St., Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Susana Y. Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St., Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Amy A. Cuthbertson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St., Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Sarah H. Warren
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St., Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Tony McDonald
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Yusupha M. Sey
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Nana Osei B. Ackerson
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44235, United States
| | - Stephen E. Duirk
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44235, United States
| | - Jane Ellen Simmons
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
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121
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Du Y, Wu QY, Lv XT, Ye B, Zhan XM, Lu Y, Hu HY. Electron donating capacity reduction of dissolved organic matter by solar irradiation reduces the cytotoxicity formation potential during wastewater chlorination. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 145:94-102. [PMID: 30121436 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
After treated wastewater is discharged into surface water for unplanned indirect potable reuse, solar irradiation transforms the dissolved organic matter (DOM), which would alter the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and change the cytotoxicity formation potential (CtFP) during post-chlorination in drinking water treatment plants. This study investigated the effects of solar irradiation on the CtFP and total organic halogen formation potential (TOXFP) of wastewater during post-chlorination. Exposure to natural sunlight decreased the formation potential of cytotoxicity to Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. Under 24 h simulated solar irradiation, CtFP and TOXFP decreased by more than 40%. X-ray photoelectron spectra and Fourier transformation infrared spectra suggested solar irradiation destroyed the key DBP precursors containing phenolic hydroxyl moieties (Ph-OH). The destruction of Ph-OH under solar irradiation was reflected by a decrease in the electron donating capacity (EDC) of DOM and the post-chlorination decreased the EDC further. Increasing the irradiation-consumed EDC abated the chlorine-consumed EDC, while the chlorine-consumed EDC was positively correlated to the CtFP and TOXFP by means of the electrophilic substitution-aromatic ring cleavage. Solar irradiation thus reduced the CtFP and TOXFP in wastewater during post-chlorination. This study revealed that solar irradiation decreased the risks of treated wastewater for unplanned indirect potable reuse and provided a strategy of controlling CtFP and TOXFP via reducing EDC of DOM in pretreatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Du
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Tong Lv
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Bei Ye
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Institute, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Xin-Min Zhan
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Institute, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Yun Lu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Institute, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
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122
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Wang L, Sun Y, Chen B. Rejection of haloacetic acids in water by multi-stage reverse osmosis: Efficiency, mechanisms, and influencing factors. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 144:383-392. [PMID: 30056322 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Among available technologies to ensure drinking water security, reverse osmosis (RO) has become the gold-standard for purification due to its maturity and reliability. However, high energy consumption and low water recovery are the major impediments for extensive adoption of RO. Multi-stage RO process is an innovative system design that can offer a more effective way to improve energy efficiency and water recovery, but it is rarely employed for disinfection by-product (DBP) treatment in drinking water. Thus, this study applied multi-stage RO to treat water containing haloacetic acids (HAAs), a prevalent class of DBPs with widespread occurrence and high toxicity, under a variety of environmental and operational conditions. Overall, we found that >75% HAAs were rejected and 87% of water was recovered with a five-stage RO process. For compounds with identical number of halogen substitutions, iodinated, brominated, and chlorinated HAAs were almost equally removed; however, highly halogenated species were easier to be rejected than lowly halogenated HAAs. By developing quantitative structure-activity relationship models, the importance of size exclusion, charge repulsion, and hydrophobic interaction effects on multi-stage RO removal was revealed. Environmental and operational variables like pH, operating pressure, water matrix, and membrane age also played important roles in this process. Increasing pH from 6.5 to 8.5 and membrane age apparently enhanced HAA rejections. In contrast, HAA rejection increased only slightly from an operating pressure of 4-6 bars but decreased markedly from 6 to 8 bars. Compared to ultrapure water, equal or higher removal efficiency was observed for HAAs spiked to tap water. Considering the need to balance water quality and quantity, a four-stage RO was preferred under this study's condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, China
| | - Baiyang Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, China.
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123
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Chen H, Lin T, Chen W. The combined toxicity of UV/chlorinated products from binary ibuprofen (IBP) and tyrosine (Tyr) on Escherichia coli: Emphasis on their occurrence and underlying mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 210:503-510. [PMID: 30025368 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the combined toxicity of UV/chlorinated products on Escherichia coli (E. coli) was investigated when ibuprofen (IBP) and tyrosine (Tyr) were used as two precursors. The median-effect equation and combined index (CI)-isobologram equation were used to evaluate the combined toxicity of UV/chlorinated products. Results revealed that the UV/chlorinated products originated from binary Tyr and IBP showed a synergism in toxicity on Escherichia coli at low concentration level while it turned into a clear antagonism effect above a fa value of 0.2 in the toxicity trial. The combined toxic effects on E. coli were determined by both the potential toxicity mode of specific disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and the complicated interaction caused by Tyr and IBP. The addition of IBP decreased the yield of N-DBPs generated from Tyr, which dominated the effect of combined toxicity. Even though the antagonism predominated in toxicity effect on E. coli, the synergistic toxicity at low dose levels should be getting attention, which was more close to the natural concentration of N-DBPs in waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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124
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Dong S, Massalha N, Plewa MJ, Nguyen TH. The impact of disinfection Ct values on cytotoxicity of agricultural wastewaters: Ozonation vs. chlorination. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 144:482-490. [PMID: 30077909 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity arising from toxic disinfection byproducts is an unintended result of disinfection during water reclamation. To ensure safe water reclamation treatment, it is important to develop a disinfection strategy with minimal formation of overall toxicity in the reclaimed water. The cumulative disinfectant concentration over time (Ct) is a useful concept for pathogen control during reuse water disinfection. We evaluated the toxicity impact of Ct values and different methods to achieve identical Ct values by ozonation or chlorination of wastewaters from four agricultural sources on mammalian cells. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) reactivity of the wastewater organic extracts was determined to reveal their impact on the thiol-specific biological detoxification mechanism. The results demonstrated that for two sources and for both ozonation and chlorination, higher Ct values enhanced cytotoxicity. The ozonated waters were at least 10% less toxic and as much as 22.4 times less toxic than either the non-disinfected controls or the chlorinated waters. Chlorination consistently induced higher cytotoxicity than ozonation by between 2.2 and 22.4 fold, respectively, and induced similar or higher cytotoxicity than the non-disinfected controls, by at most 4.4 fold. Given the same Ct values, the combination of high disinfectant concentration and short contact time produced finished wastewaters with higher toxicity, than the combination of low disinfectant concentration and long contact time. NAC thiol reactivity was positively and significantly correlated with mammalian cell cytotoxicity, and agreed with 80% of the cytotoxicity rank order. This suggests that the induction of cytotoxicity involved reactions with agents that acted as thiol pool quenchers. The overall results indicate that the cytotoxicity of wastewaters may increase when higher Ct values are applied to inactivate recalcitrant pathogens. To counteract the potential increase in cytotoxicity at high Ct values, for both ozonation and chlorination, lower disinfectant dose and longer contact time may be adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengkun Dong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Nedal Massalha
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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125
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Komaki Y, Simpson AMA, Choe JK, Plewa MJ, Mitch WA. Chlorotyrosines versus Volatile Byproducts from Chlorine Disinfection during Washing of Spinach and Lettuce. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9361-9369. [PMID: 30040386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Following the Food Safety Modernization Act of 2011 in the U.S., guidelines for disinfection washes in food packaging facilities are under consideration to control pathogen risks. However, disinfectant exposures may need optimization because the high concentrations of chlorine disinfectant promote the formation of high levels of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). When chlorine doses up through the 200 mg/L as Cl2 range relevant to the current practice were applied to spinach and lettuce, significant DBP formation was observed, even within 5 min at 7 °C. Concentrations of volatile chlorinated DBPs in washwater were far higher than typically observed in disinfected drinking water (e.g., 350 μg/L 1,1-dichloropropanone). However, these DBPs partitioned to the aqueous phase and so represent a greater concern for the disposal or reuse of washwater than for consumer exposure via food. The volatile DBPs represent the low-yield, final products of chlorination reactions with multiple biomolecular precursors. The initial, high-yield transformation products of such reactions may represent a greater concern for consumer exposure because they remain bound within the biopolymers in food and would be liberated during digestion. Using protein-bound tyrosine as an example precursor, the concentrations of the initial 3-chlorotyrosine and 3,5-dichlorotyrosine transformation products from this one precursor in the leaf phase were comparable to, and, in the case of some lettuces, exceeded, the aggregate aqueous concentration of volatile DBPs formed from multiple precursors. Chlorotyrosine formation increased when spinach was shredded due to the greater accessibility of chlorine to proteins in the leaf interiors. The cytotoxicity of chlorotyrosines to Chinese hamster ovary cells was higher than any of the trihalomethanes regulated in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Komaki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , 473 Via Ortega , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Adam M-A Simpson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , 473 Via Ortega , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Jong Kwon Choe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences and Safe Global Water Institute , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , 473 Via Ortega , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
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126
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Xia Y, Mo Y, Yang Q, Yu Y, Jiang M, Wei S, Lu D, Wu H, Lu G, Zou Y, Zhang Z, Wei X. Iodoacetic Acid Disrupting the Thyroid Endocrine System in Vitro and in Vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7545-7552. [PMID: 29812931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) is potentially associated with adverse developmental effects. Iodoacetic acid (IAA), an unregulated DBP, has been shown to be cytotoxic, mutagenic, genotoxic, and tumorigenic. However, its endocrine-disrupting effects remain unknown. This study evaluated the IAA-induced disruption of the thyroid endocrine system using in vitro and in vivo assays. Rat pituitary tumor GH3 cells were treated with IAA in the presence and absence of triiodothyronine (T3). IAA exposure significantly reduced T3-activated GH3 cell proliferation, indicating the antagonistic activity of IAA in vitro. Sprague-Dawley rats were also subjected to IAA treatment through oral gavage for 28 consecutive days. IAA exposure significantly down-regulated the mRNA expression levels of the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR), the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), and type I deiodinase and simultaneously reduced the protein expression levels of TSHR and NIS. IAA exposure decreased T3 levels but increased the weights of hypothalamus and the levels of thyrotropin releasing hormone and thyrotropin. In addition, IAA induced the formation of smaller and more depleted follicles or even vacuolization in the thyroid. These results suggested that IAA potentially disrupts the thyroid endocrine system both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Shuang Yong Road 22 , Nanning , Guangxi 530021 , China
| | - Yan Mo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Shuang Yong Road 22 , Nanning , Guangxi 530021 , China
| | - Qiyuan Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Shuang Yong Road 22 , Nanning , Guangxi 530021 , China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Shuang Yong Road 22 , Nanning , Guangxi 530021 , China
| | - Meiyu Jiang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Shuang Yong Road 22 , Nanning , Guangxi 530021 , China
| | - Shumao Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Shuang Yong Road 22 , Nanning , Guangxi 530021 , China
| | - Du Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Shuang Yong Road 22 , Nanning , Guangxi 530021 , China
| | - Huan Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Shuang Yong Road 22 , Nanning , Guangxi 530021 , China
| | - Guodong Lu
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi 530021 , China
| | - Yunfeng Zou
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , Guangxi 530021 , China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Shuang Yong Road 22 , Nanning , Guangxi 530021 , China
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Shuang Yong Road 22 , Nanning , Guangxi 530021 , China
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127
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Bu Y, Wang L, Chen B, Niu R, Chen Y. Effects of typical water components on the UV 254 photodegradation kinetics of haloacetic acids in water. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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128
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Cortés C, Marcos R. Genotoxicity of disinfection byproducts and disinfected waters: A review of recent literature. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 831:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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129
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Marsà A, Cortés C, Hernández A, Marcos R. Hazard assessment of three haloacetic acids, as byproducts of water disinfection, in human urothelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 347:70-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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130
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Allard S, Cadee K, Tung R, Croué JP. Impact of brominated amines on monochloramine stability during in-line and pre-formed chloramination assessed by kinetic modelling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:1431-1439. [PMID: 29122349 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a comprehensive kinetic model was developed and validated to predict the stability of monochloramine (NH2Cl) in presence of iodide and bromide for both pre-formed and in-line chloramination application in absence of organic matter. pH had the greatest influence on the stability of NH2Cl in waters containing bromide. For in-line chloramination, the NH2Cl decay over 3days was only 10% for pH9 and 58% for pH7 (400μgBr-/L and 3 mgCl2/L). Bromide also greatly affected the stability of NH2Cl by influencing the formation and speciation of the halamines produced during chloramination. In-line chloramination is commonly used since the pre-chlorination oxidises iodide to the non-toxic iodate. During pre-chlorination, brominated organics are formed from reaction between bromine and dissolved organic matter (DOM). In the case of the Colorado River DOM, 26% of the bromine was sequestered in only 4min, and therefore not available to form brominated amines during chloramination. Following ammonia addition, an immediate loss of oxidant was observed in water containing bromide at pH7 and 8. This is due to the reaction between NHBrCl and NHBr2, and the auto-decomposition of NHBr2 formed from NH2Br. Once NHBr2 was consumed, NHBrCl accumulated and then slowly decayed. Thereafter, the total oxidant concentration decayed slowly due to the auto-decomposition of NHCl2 and the reaction between NHBrCl and NHBr2. In the presence of DOM, the CHBr3 concentration increased, while the CHCl3 concentration (formed during pre-chlorination) was constant during chloramination, indicating that brominated-amines may continue to form disinfection by-products (DBPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
| | - Keith Cadee
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Rachel Tung
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Jean-Philippe Croué
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
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131
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Chugunova AA, Kralj MB, Polyakova OV, Artaev VB, Trebše P, Pokryshkin SA, Lebedev AT. Study of the Chlorination of Avobenzone in Sea Water by Gas Chromatography–High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934817140039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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132
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Kinani A, Salhi H, Bouchonnet S, Kinani S. Determination of adsorbable organic halogens in surface water samples by combustion–microcoulometry versus combustion–ion chromatography titration. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1539:41-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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133
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Dibromoacetic acid induced Cl.Ly1 + 2/−9 T-cell apoptosis and activation of MAPKs signaling cascades. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 47:156-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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134
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Dad A, Jeong CH, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ. Haloacetic Acid Water Disinfection Byproducts Affect Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Activity and Disrupt Cellular Metabolism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:1525-1532. [PMID: 29261292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The disinfection of drinking water has been a major public health achievement. However, haloacetic acids (HAAs), generated as byproducts of water disinfection, are cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic. Previous studies of monoHAA-induced genotoxicity and cell stress demonstrated that the toxicity was due to inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), leading to disruption of cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis. DiHAAs and triHAAs are also produced during water disinfection, and whether they share mechanisms of action with monoHAAs is unknown. In this study, we evaluated the effects of mono-, di-, and tri-HAAs on cellular GAPDH enzyme kinetics, cellular ATP levels, and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) activity. Here, treatments conducted in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells revealed differences among mono-, di-, and triHAAs in their molecular targets. The monoHAAs, iodoacetic acid and bromoacetic acid, were the strongest inhibitors of GAPDH and greatly reduced cellular ATP levels. Chloroacetic acid, diHAAs, and triHAAs were weaker inhibitors of GAPDH and some increased the levels of cellular ATP. HAAs also affected PDC activity, with most HAAs activating PDC. The primary finding of this work is that mono- versus multi-HAAs address different molecular targets, and the results are generally consistent with a model in which monoHAAs activate the PDC through GAPDH inhibition-mediated disruption in cellular metabolites, including altering ATP-to-ADP and NADH-to-NAD ratios. The monoHAA-mediated reduction in cellular metabolites results in accelerated PDC activity by way of metabolite-ratio-dependent PDC regulation. DiHAAs and triHAAs are weaker inhibitors of GAPDH, but many also increase cellular ATP levels, and we suggest that they increase PDC activity by inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Dad
- Safe Global Water Institute and ‡Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | | - Elizabeth D Wagner
- Safe Global Water Institute and ‡Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Safe Global Water Institute and ‡Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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135
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Musa MA, Wahab RA, Huyop F. Homology modelling and in silico substrate-binding analysis of a Rhizobium sp. RC1 haloalkanoic acid permease. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1432417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Adamu Musa
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, Faculty of Biosciences & Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Roswanira Abdul Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Fahrul Huyop
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, Faculty of Biosciences & Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia
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136
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Charisiadis P, Makris KC. Cohort-friendly protocol for a sensitive and fast method for trihalomethanes in urine using gas chromatography—Triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1072:336-340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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137
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Jiang P, Huang G, Jmaiff Blackstock LK, Zhang J, Li XF. Ascorbic Acid Assisted High Performance Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Differentiation of Isomeric C-Chloro- and N-Chloro-Tyrosyl Peptides in Water. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13642-13650. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jiang
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Guang Huang
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Lindsay K. Jmaiff Blackstock
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Jianye Zhang
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2G3
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Henan, People’s Republic of China, 450052
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2G3
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138
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Manasfi T, Coulomb B, Ravier S, Boudenne JL. Degradation of Organic UV filters in Chlorinated Seawater Swimming Pools: Transformation Pathways and Bromoform Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13580-13591. [PMID: 29110466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters are used in sunscreens and other personal-care products to protect against harmful effects of exposure to UV solar radiation. Little is known about the fate of UV filters in seawater swimming pools disinfected with chlorine. The present study investigated the occurrence and fate of five commonly used organic UV filters, namely dioxybenzone, oxybenzone, avobenzone, 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate, and octocrylene, in chlorinated seawater swimming pools. Pool samples were collected to monitor the variation of UV filter concentrations during pool opening hours. Furthermore, laboratory-controlled chlorination experiments were conducted in seawater spiked with UV filters to investigate the reactivity of UV filters. Extracts of chlorination reaction samples were analyzed using high-resolution mass spectrometry and electron-capture detection to identify the potentially formed byproducts. In the collected pool samples, all the UV filters except dioxybenzone were detected. Chlorination reactions showed that only octocrylene was stable in chlorinated seawater. The four reactive UV filters generated brominated transformation products and disinfection byproducts. This formation of brominated products resulted from reactions between the reactive UV filters and bromine, which is formed rapidly when chlorine is added to seawater. Based on the identified byproducts, the transformation pathways of the reactive UV filters were proposed for the first time. Bromoform was generated by all the reactive UV filters at different yields. Bromal hydrate was also detected as one of the byproducts generated by oxybenzone and dioxybenzone.
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139
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Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water and Evaluation of Potential Health Risks of Long-Term Exposure in Nigeria. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 2017:7535797. [PMID: 28900447 PMCID: PMC5576402 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7535797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Levels of trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water from water treatment plants (WTPs) in Nigeria were studied using a gas chromatograph (GC Agilent 7890A with autosampler Agilent 7683B) equipped with electron capture detector (ECD). The mean concentrations of the trihalomethanes ranged from zero in raw water samples to 950 μg/L in treated water samples. Average concentration values of THMs in primary and secondary disinfection samples exceeded the standard maximum contaminant levels. Results for the average THMs concentrations followed the order TCM > BDCM > DBCM > TBM. EPA-developed models were adopted for the estimation of chronic daily intakes (CDI) and excess cancer incidence through ingestion pathway. Higher average intake was observed in adults (4.52 × 10-2 mg/kg-day), while the ingestion in children (3.99 × 10-2 mg/kg-day) showed comparable values. The total lifetime cancer incidence rate was relatively higher in adults than children with median values 244 and 199 times the negligible risk level.
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140
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Dong S, Masalha N, Plewa MJ, Nguyen TH. Toxicity of Wastewater with Elevated Bromide and Iodide after Chlorination, Chloramination, or Ozonation Disinfection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9297-9304. [PMID: 28691804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Water reuse is receiving unprecedented attention as many areas around the globe attempt to better-manage their fresh water resources. Wastewaters in coastal regions may contain elevated levels of bromide (Br-) and iodide (I-) from seawater intrusion or high mineral content in the source waters. Disinfection of such wastewater is essential to prevent the spread of pathogens; however, little is known about the toxicity of the treated wastewater. In this study, we evaluated the genotoxicity to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells induced by municipal secondary wastewater effluent amended with elevated Br- and I- after disinfection by chlorine, chloramines, or ozone. We calibrated and applied an N-acetylcysteine (NAC) thiol reactivity assay as a surrogate for thiol reactivity with biological proteins (glutathione) of wastewater samples. Chlorination of wastewaters produced CHO cell genotoxicity comparable to chloramination, 3.9 times more genotoxic than the nondisinfected controls. Ozonated wastewater was at least 3 times less genotoxic than the samples treated with chlorine-based disinfectants and was not significantly different compared with the nondisinfected controls. Positive and significant correlations were observed among genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and NAC thiol reactivity for all disinfected samples. These results indicate that the ozonation of wastewater with high Br- and I- levels may yield organics with lower genotoxicity to CHO cells than chlorine-based disinfection. NAC thiol reactivity, although excluding the possible effect of bromate from ozonation in this work, could be used as a rapid in chemico screen for potential genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in mammalian cells exposed to disinfected wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengkun Dong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ‡Department of Crop Sciences, and §Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nedal Masalha
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ‡Department of Crop Sciences, and §Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ‡Department of Crop Sciences, and §Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ‡Department of Crop Sciences, and §Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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141
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Pals JA, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ, Xia M, Attene-Ramos MS. Monohalogenated acetamide-induced cellular stress and genotoxicity are related to electrophilic softness and thiol/thiolate reactivity. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 58:224-230. [PMID: 28774613 PMCID: PMC6239421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Haloacetamides (HAMs) are cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic byproducts of drinking water disinfection. They are soft electrophilic compounds that form covalent bonds with the free thiol/thiolate in cysteine residues through an SN2 reaction mechanism. Toxicity of the monohalogenated HAMs (iodoacetamide, IAM; bromoacetamide, BAM; or chloroacetamide, CAM) varied depending on the halogen substituent. The aim of this research was to investigate how the halogen atom affects the reactivity and toxicological properties of HAMs, measured as induction of oxidative/electrophilic stress response and genotoxicity. Additionally, we wanted to determine how well in silico estimates of electrophilic softness matched thiol/thiolate reactivity and in vitro toxicological endpoints. Each of the HAMs significantly induced nuclear Rad51 accumulation and ARE signaling activity compared to a negative control. The rank order of effect was IAM>BAM>CAM for Rad51, and BAM≈IAM>CAM for ARE. In general, electrophilic softness and in chemico thiol/thiolate reactivity provided a qualitative indicator of toxicity, as the softer electrophiles IAM and BAM were more thiol/thiolate reactive and were more toxic than CAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Pals
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Elizabeth D Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Matias S Attene-Ramos
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.
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142
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Wagner ED, Plewa MJ. CHO cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity analyses of disinfection by-products: An updated review. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 58:64-76. [PMID: 28774627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The disinfection of drinking water is an important public health service that generates high quality, safe and palatable tap water. The disinfection of drinking water to reduce waterborne disease was an outstanding public health achievement of the 20th century. An unintended consequence is the reaction of disinfectants with natural organic matter, anthropogenic contaminants and bromide/iodide to form disinfection by-products (DBPs). A large number of DBPs are cytotoxic, neurotoxic, mutagenic, genotoxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic. Epidemiological studies demonstrated low but significant associations between disinfected drinking water and adverse health effects. The distribution of DBPs in disinfected waters has been well defined by advances in high precision analytical chemistry. Progress in the analytical biology and toxicology of DBPs has been forthcoming. The objective of this review was to provide a detailed presentation of the methodology for the quantitative, comparative analyses on the induction of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of 103 DBPs using an identical analytical biological platform and endpoints. A single Chinese hamster ovary cell line was employed in the assays. The data presented are derived from papers published in the literature as well as additional new data and represent the largest direct quantitative comparison on the toxic potency of both regulated and emerging DBPs. These data may form the foundation of novel research to define the major forcing agents of DBP-mediated toxicity in disinfected water and may play an important role in achieving the goal of making safe drinking water better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Wagner
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 W Peabody Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 W Peabody Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 W Peabody Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 W Peabody Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, United States
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143
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Boudenne JL, Parinet J, Demelas C, Manasfi T, Coulomb B. Monitoring and factors affecting levels of airborne and water bromoform in chlorinated seawater swimming pools. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 58:262-270. [PMID: 28774617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Water and air quality of eight seawater swimming pools using chlorine disinfection was measured during four sampling campaigns, spread on one full-year, and in four thalassotherapy centers located in Southeast of France. Concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs) in air and in water as well as concentrations of parameters, including nonpurgeable organic carbon (NPOC), free residual chlorine (Clf), pH, Kjeldhal Nitrogen (KN), salinity, conductivity, bromide ions and, water and air temperature, were measured. Water and air samples were collected in triplicates morning - at the opening of the pools -, noon and night - at the closing of the pools -, in summer and winter. Data analysis was performed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and rotated component matrix, from both data quality and other parameters such as TOC, aromaticity (UV254), pH, hygrometry, and free residual chlorine (Clf). This statistical analysis demonstrates a high correlation between TOC, Clf and UV254 and THM levels found in air and water, particularly for the major ones (CHBr3 in water: 300.0μg/L mean, 1029.0μg/L maximum; CHBr3 in air: 266.1μg/m3 mean, 1600.0μg/m3 maximum, and CHClBr2 in water: 18.9μg/L mean, 81.0μg/L maximum; CHClBr2 in air: 13.6μg/m3 mean, 150.0μg/m3 maximum). These high levels of bromoform (CHBr3) are particularly worrisome in such health institutions, even these levels do not exceed the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) of 5mg/m3 as an 8hour time-weighted average currently fixed by various administrations, such as Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tarek Manasfi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Coulomb
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, 13331 Marseille, France
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144
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Fu KZ, Li J, Vemula S, Moe B, Li XF. Effects of halobenzoquinone and haloacetic acid water disinfection byproducts on human neural stem cells. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 58:239-249. [PMID: 28774615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human neural stem cells (hNSCs) are a useful tool to assess the developmental effects of various environmental contaminants; however, the application of hNSCs to evaluate water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) is scarce. Comprehensive toxicological results are essential to the prioritization of DBPs for further testing and regulation. Therefore, this study examines the effects of DBPs on the proliferation and differentiation of hNSCs. Prior to DBP treatment, characteristic protein markers of hNSCs from passages 3 to 6 were carefully examined and it was determined that hNSCs passaged 3 or 4 times maintained stem cell characteristics and can be used for DBP analysis. Two regulated DBPs, monobromoacetic acid (BAA) and monochloroacetic acid (CAA), and two emerging DBPs, 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DBBQ) and 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ), were chosen for hNSC treatment. Both 2,6-DBBQ and 2,6-DCBQ induced cell cycle arrest at S-phase at concentrations up to 1μmol/L. Comparatively, BAA and CAA at 0.5μmol/L affected neural differentiation. These results suggest DBP-dependent effects on hNSC proliferation and differentiation. The DBP-induced cell cycle arrest and inhibition of normal hNSC differentiation demonstrate the need to assess the developmental neurotoxicity of DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Z Fu
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Jinhua Li
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Sai Vemula
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Birget Moe
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada; Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada.
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145
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How ZT, Kristiana I, Busetti F, Linge KL, Joll CA. Organic chloramines in chlorine-based disinfected water systems: A critical review. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 58:2-18. [PMID: 28774610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper is a critical review of current knowledge of organic chloramines in water systems, including their formation, stability, toxicity, analytical methods for detection, and their impact on drinking water treatment and quality. The term organic chloramines may refer to any halogenated organic compounds measured as part of combined chlorine (the difference between the measured free and total chlorine concentrations), and may include N-chloramines, N-chloramino acids, N-chloraldimines and N-chloramides. Organic chloramines can form when dissolved organic nitrogen or dissolved organic carbon react with either free chlorine or inorganic chloramines. They are potentially harmful to humans and may exist as an intermediate for other disinfection by-products. However, little information is available on the formation or occurrence of organic chloramines in water due to a number of challenges. One of the biggest challenges for the identification and quantification of organic chloramines in water systems is the lack of appropriate analytical methods. In addition, many of the organic chloramines that form during disinfection are unstable, which results in difficulties in sampling and detection. To date research has focussed on the study of organic monochloramines. However, given that breakpoint chlorination is commonly undertaken in water treatment systems, the formation of organic dichloramines should also be considered. Organic chloramines can be formed from many different precursors and pathways. Therefore, studying the occurrence of their precursors in water systems would enable better prediction and management of their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Tong How
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Ina Kristiana
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Francesco Busetti
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Linge
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
| | - Cynthia A Joll
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
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146
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Postigo C, Richardson SD, Barceló D. Formation of iodo-trihalomethanes, iodo-haloacetic acids, and haloacetaldehydes during chlorination and chloramination of iodine containing waters in laboratory controlled reactions. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 58:127-134. [PMID: 28774601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Iodine containing disinfection by-products (I-DBPs) and haloacetaldehydes (HALs) are emerging disinfection by-product (DBP) classes of concern. The former due to its increased potential toxicity and the latter because it was found to be the third most relevant DBP class in mass in a U.S. nationwide drinking water study. These DBP classes have been scarcely investigated, and this work was performed to further explore their formation in drinking water under chlorination and chloramination scenarios. In order to do this, iodo-trihalomethanes (I-THMs), iodo-haloacetic acids (I-HAAs) and selected HALs (mono-HALs and di-HALs species, including iodoacetaldehyde) were investigated in DBP mixtures generated after chlorination and chloramination of different water matrices containing different levels of bromide and iodide in laboratory controlled reactions. Results confirmed the enhancement of I-DBP formation in the presence of monochloramine. While I-THMs and I-HAAs contributed almost equally to total I-DBP concentrations in chlorinated water, I-THMs contributed the most to total I-DBP levels in the case of chloraminated water. The most abundant and common I-THM species generated were bromochloroiodomethane, dichloroiodomethane, and chlorodiiodomethane. Iodoacetic acid and chloroiodoacetic acid contributed the most to the total I-HAA concentrations measured in the investigated disinfected water. As for the studied HALs, dihalogenated species were the compounds that predominantly formed under both investigated treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Postigo
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Damia Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
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147
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Concurrent Haloalkanoate Degradation and Chlorate Reduction by Pseudomonas chloritidismutans AW-1 T. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00325-17. [PMID: 28411224 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00325-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Haloalkanoates are environmental pollutants that can be degraded aerobically by microorganisms producing hydrolytic dehalogenases. However, there is a lack of information about the anaerobic degradation of haloalkanoates. Genome analysis of Pseudomonas chloritidismutans AW-1T, a facultative anaerobic chlorate-reducing bacterium, showed the presence of two putative haloacid dehalogenase genes, the l-DEX gene and dehI, encoding an l-2-haloacid dehalogenase (l-DEX) and a halocarboxylic acid dehydrogenase (DehI), respectively. Hence, we studied the concurrent degradation of haloalkanoates and chlorate as a yet-unexplored trait of strain AW-1T The deduced amino acid sequences of l-DEX and DehI revealed 33 to 37% and 26 to 86% identities with biochemically/structurally characterized l-DEX and the d- and dl-2-haloacid dehalogenase enzymes, respectively. Physiological experiments confirmed that strain AW-1T can grow on chloroacetate, bromoacetate, and both l- and d-α-halogenated propionates with chlorate as an electron acceptor. Interestingly, growth and haloalkanoate degradation were generally faster with chlorate as an electron acceptor than with oxygen as an electron acceptor. In line with this, analyses of l-DEX and DehI dehalogenase activities using cell-free extract (CFE) of strain AW-1T grown on dl-2-chloropropionate under chlorate-reducing conditions showed up to 3.5-fold higher dehalogenase activity than the CFE obtained from AW-1T cells grown on dl-2-chloropropionate under aerobic conditions. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR showed that the l-DEX gene was expressed constitutively independently of the electron donor (haloalkanoates or acetate) or acceptor (chlorate or oxygen), whereas the expression of dehI was induced by haloalkanoates. Concurrent degradation of organic and inorganic halogenated compounds by strain AW-1T represents a unique metabolic capacity in a single bacterium, providing a new piece of the puzzle of the microbial halogen cycle.IMPORTANCE Halogenated organic and inorganic compounds are important environmental pollutants that have carcinogenic and genotoxic effects on both animals and humans. Previous research studied the degradation of organic and inorganic halogenated compounds separately but not concurrently. This study shows concurrent degradation of halogenated alkanoates and chlorate as an electron donor and acceptor, respectively, coupled to growth in a single bacterium, Pseudomonas chloritidismutans AW-1T Hence, besides biogenesis of molecular oxygen from chlorate reduction enabling a distinctive placement of strain AW-1T between aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, we can now add another unique metabolic potential of this bacterium to the roster. The degradation of different halogenated compounds under anoxic conditions by a single bacterium is also of interest for the natural halogen cycle in different aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems where ample natural production of halogenated compounds has been documented.
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148
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Parvez S, Frost K, Sundararajan M. Evaluation of Drinking Water Disinfectant Byproducts Compliance Data as an Indirect Measure for Short-Term Exposure in Humans. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14050548. [PMID: 28531123 PMCID: PMC5451998 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14050548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of shorter term disinfectant byproducts (DBPs) data on regulated Trihalomethanes (THMs) and Haloacetic acids (HAAs), epidemiologists and risk assessors have used long-term annual compliance (LRAA) or quarterly (QA) data to evaluate the association between DBP exposure and adverse birth outcomes, which resulted in inconclusive findings. Therefore, we evaluated the reliability of using long-term LRAA and QA data as an indirect measure for short-term exposure. Short-term residential tap water samples were collected in peak DBP months (May–August) in a community water system with five separate treatment stations and were sourced from surface or groundwater. Samples were analyzed for THMs and HAAs per the EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) standard methods (524.2 and 552.2). The measured levels of total THMs and HAAs were compared temporally and spatially with LRAA and QA data, which showed significant differences (p < 0.05). Most samples from surface water stations showed higher levels than LRAA or QA. Significant numbers of samples in surface water stations exceeded regulatory permissible limits: 27% had excessive THMs and 35% had excessive HAAs. Trichloromethane, trichloroacetic acid, and dichloroacetic acid were the major drivers of variability. This study suggests that LRAA and QA data are not good proxies of short-term exposure. Further investigation is needed to determine if other drinking water systems show consistent findings for improved regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Parvez
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, 1050 Wishard Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Kali Frost
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, 1050 Wishard Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Madhura Sundararajan
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, 1050 Wishard Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Marcoux A, Pelletier G, Legay C, Bouchard C, Rodriguez MJ. Behavior of non-regulated disinfection by-products in water following multiple chlorination points during treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 586:870-878. [PMID: 28238378 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the behavior of regulated (trihalomethanes-THMs, haloacetic acids-HAAs) and non-regulated (haloacetonitriles-HANs, haloketones-HKs, chloropicrin-CPK) disinfection by-products (DBPs) was investigated during treatment and distribution in a municipal drinking water system that adds chlorine at multiple points within the water treatment plant (WTP). Three to eight locations in the WTP and four locations in the distribution network were sampled weekly for DBP measurements during the warmest period of the year. The results show that most DBPs found in the study area are formed during treatment, not distribution. However, the DBP species studied behave differently during treatment and distribution. Moreover, the location where DBP concentration is the highest in the distribution network differs among species of the same family, especially HAAs and HKs, and between the sampling campaigns. As a result, the relevance of using the sum of the concentrations of the species of the same DBP family to select sampling sites for DBP monitoring is questionable. This study illustrates the difficulties that drinking water supply managers must face to control and monitor the presence of DBPs.
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Occurrence, origin, and toxicity of disinfection byproducts in chlorinated swimming pools: An overview. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:591-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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