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Wang H, He Q, Wang G, Xu X, Hao H. FXR modulators for enterohepatic and metabolic diseases. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:765-782. [PMID: 30259754 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1527906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor mainly expressed in enterohepatic tissues, is a master for bile acid, lipid and glucose homeostasis. Additionally, it acts as a cell protector with unclear mechanism but may be implicated in combating against inflammation, fibrosis and cancers. FXR is thus accepted as a promising target particularly for the enterohepatic diseases, and numerous FXR modulators have been patented and developed. AREAS COVERED This review provides an update on the development of FXR modulators for enterohepatic diseases and offers an in-depth perspective on new strategies for the development of novel FXR modulators. EXPERT OPINION Despite the development of numerous FXR modulators, which culminated in the successful launch of obeticholic acid (OCA), it remains a matter of debate on how the function of FXR should be exploited for therapeutic purposes. The improvement for obesity achieved by either FXR agonists or antagonists is still in confusion. Whether the side effect of pruritus induced by OCA could be exempted for non-steroidal FXR agonists needs further validation. Apart from the development of conventional FXR ligands, emerging evidence support that restoration of FXR protein level may represent a new strategy in targeting FXR for enterohepatic and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Qingxian He
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Guangji Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Haiping Hao
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
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102
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Herein, we review the role of FXR and TGR5 in the regulation of hepatic bile acid metabolism, with a focus on how our understanding of bile acid metabolic regulation by these receptors has evolved in recent years and how this improved understanding may facilitate targeting bile acids for type 2 diabetes treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Bile acid profile is a key regulator of metabolic homeostasis. Inhibition of expression of the enzyme that is required for cholic acid synthesis and thus determines bile acid profile, Cyp8b1, may be an effective target for type 2 diabetes treatment. FXR and, more recently, TGR5 have been shown to regulate bile acid metabolism and Cyp8b1 expression and, therefore, may provide a mechanism with which to target bile acid profile for type 2 diabetes treatment. Inhibition of Cyp8b1 expression is a promising therapeutic modality for type 2 diabetes; however, further work is needed to fully understand the pathways regulating Cyp8b1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina E Zaborska
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, T3 014A Veterinary Research Tower, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Bethany P Cummings
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, T3 014A Veterinary Research Tower, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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103
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an important cause of chronic hepatic disease and liver transplant in Western societies. The increasing prevalence is related to dietary changes and sedentarism and follows the increasing frequency of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Growing evidence of association of NAFLD with cardiovascular diseases (CVD), independent of cardiovascular risk factors, has prompted the clarification of whether the liver is mainly a key-effector or a target-organ of the metabolic disarrangements in the metabolic syndrome. The therapeutic strategies able to alter liver disease progression and, through this, reduce the cardiovascular risk have also been tested in the last 2 decades. This review focus on the possible interactions between hepatic disease, metabolic syndrome, and CVD, and on their implications for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Martins
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3s), University of Porto.,Department of Cardiology
| | - Ana Oliveira
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, São João Hospital Center, Porto, Portugal
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104
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Papazyan R, Liu X, Liu J, Dong B, Plummer EM, Lewis RD, Roth JD, Young MA. FXR activation by obeticholic acid or nonsteroidal agonists induces a human-like lipoprotein cholesterol change in mice with humanized chimeric liver. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:982-993. [PMID: 29559521 PMCID: PMC5983391 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m081935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obeticholic acid (OCA) is a selective farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist that regulates bile acid and lipid metabolism. FXR activation induces distinct changes in circulating cholesterol among animal models and humans. The mechanistic basis of these effects has been elusive because of difficulties in studying lipoprotein homeostasis in mice, which predominantly package circulating cholesterol in HDLs. Here, we tested the effects of OCA in chimeric mice whose livers are mostly composed (≥80%) of human hepatocytes. Chimeric mice exhibited a human-like ratio of serum LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) to HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) at baseline. OCA treatment in chimeric mice increased circulating LDL-C and decreased circulating HDL-C levels, demonstrating that these mice closely model the cholesterol effects of FXR activation in humans. Mechanistically, OCA treatment increased hepatic cholesterol in chimeric mice but not in control mice. This increase correlated with decreased SREBP-2 activity and target gene expression, including a significant reduction in LDL receptor protein. Cotreatment with atorvastatin reduced total cholesterol, rescued LDL receptor protein levels, and normalized serum LDL-C. Treatment with two clinically relevant nonsteroidal FXR agonists elicited similar lipoprotein and hepatic changes in chimeric mice, suggesting that the increase in circulating LDL-C is a class effect of FXR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xueqing Liu
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Bin Dong
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | | | | | | | - Mark A Young
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121.
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105
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Yangonin protects against cholestasis and hepatotoxity via activation of farnesoid X receptor in vivo and in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 348:105-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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106
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Huo XK, Liu J, Yu ZL, Wang YF, Wang C, Tian XG, Ning J, Feng L, Sun CP, Zhang BJ, Ma XC. Alisma orientale extract exerts the reversing cholestasis effect by activation of farnesoid X receptor. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 42:34-42. [PMID: 29655695 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholestasis is a clinical syndrome of liver damage that is caused by accumulation of bile acids in the liver and systemic circulation. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) can regulate synthesis, metabolism, and excretion of bile acids. The rhizomes of Alisma orientale is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine to treat edema, obesity, gonorrhea, leukorrhea, diarrhea, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes in China. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE We hypothesized Alisma orientale extract (AOE) to exert hepatoprotective effect against α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) induced cholestasis in rat. We aimed to investigate the mechanism of AOE. STUDY DESIGN Male Sprague Dawley rats with intrahepatic cholestasis induced by ANIT were treated with AOE (150, 300, or 600 mg/kg). Rats receiving vehicle (0.5% CMC-Na) served as control. METHODS 48 h after ANIT administration, rats were sacrificed. Blood was collected to obtain serum and livers were removed for histopathology and protein preparation. Biochemical indicators in serum were determined using commercial kits and triterpenoids were determined by liquid chromatography tandem Qtrap mass spectrometry. Proteomics was analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem ion-trap mass spectrometry. The differently expressed proteins were analyzed via the network database and verified by western blotting. The interaction between triterpenoids and FXR were evaluated by luciferase assay and molecular docking. RESULTS AOE treatment significantly decreased the serum AST, ALT, TBIL, and intrahepatic TBA and improved the liver pathologic change induced by ANIT. Proteomics analysis indicated that AOE regulated proteins related to bile acid homeostasis via activating farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling pathway. Luciferase assay and molecular docking results indicated that triterpenoids could activate FXR, which resulting in ameliorative accumulation of bile acids in the liver by increase of metabolism and transportation for bile acids, and decrease of synthesis for bile acids. CONCLUSION AOE protected against rat liver injury and cholestasis induced by ANIT by activation of farnesoid X receptor, suggesting that A. orientale could be regarded as a potential hepatoprotective drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Kui Huo
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Zhen-Long Yu
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yi-Fei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiang-Ge Tian
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jing Ning
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Lei Feng
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Cheng-Peng Sun
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Bao-Jing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Engineering Technology Centre of Target-based Nature Products for Prevention and Treatment of Ageing-related Neurodegeneration, Basic Medical College, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China.
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107
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Kong Y, Gao X, Wang C, Ning C, Liu K, Liu Z, Sun H, Ma X, Sun P, Meng Q. Protective effects of yangonin from an edible botanical Kava against lithocholic acid-induced cholestasis and hepatotoxicity. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 824:64-71. [PMID: 29427579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of toxic bile acids in liver could cause cholestasis and liver injury. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of yangonin, a product isolated from an edible botanical Kava against lithocholic acid (LCA)-induced cholestasis, and further to elucidate the involvement of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in the anticholestatic effect using in vivo and in vitro experiments. The cholestatic liver injury model was established by intraperitoneal injections of LCA in C57BL/6 mice. Serum biomarkers and H&E staining were used to identify the amelioration of cholestasis after yangonin treatment. Mice hepatocytes culture, gene silencing experiment, real-time PCR and Western blot assay were used to elucidate the mechanisms underlying yangonin hepatoprotection. The results indicated that yangonin promoted bile acid efflux and reduced hepatic uptake via an induction in FXR-target genes Bsep, Mrp2 expression and an inhibition in Ntcp, all of which are responsible for bile acid transport. Furthermore, yangonin reduced bile acid synthesis through repressing FXR-target genes Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1, and increased bile acid metabolism through an induction in gene expression of Sult2a1, which are involved in bile acid synthesis and metabolism. In addition, yangonin suppressed liver inflammation through repressing inflammation-related gene NF-κB, TNF-α and IL-1β. In vitro evidences showed that the changes in transporters and enzymes induced by yangonin were abrogated when FXR was silenced. In conclusions, yangonin produces protective effect against LCA-induced hepatotoxity and cholestasis due to FXR-mediated regulation. Yangonin may be an effective approach for the prevention against cholestatic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Kong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaoguang Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Transport of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Chenqing Ning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Transport of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Transport of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Huijun Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Transport of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Transport of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Pengyuan Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Transport of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Qiang Meng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Transport of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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108
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Jadhav K, Xu Y, Xu Y, Li Y, Xu J, Zhu Y, Adorini L, Lee YK, Kasumov T, Yin L, Zhang Y. Reversal of metabolic disorders by pharmacological activation of bile acid receptors TGR5 and FXR. Mol Metab 2018; 9:131-140. [PMID: 29361497 PMCID: PMC5870099 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Activation of the bile acid (BA) receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR) or G protein-coupled bile acid receptor (GPBAR1; TGR5) improves metabolic homeostasis. In this study, we aim to determine the impact of pharmacological activation of bile acid receptors by INT-767 on reversal of diet-induced metabolic disorders, and the relative contribution of FXR vs. TGR5 to INT-767's effects on metabolic parameters. Methods Wild-type (WT), Tgr5−/−, Fxr−/−, Apoe−/− and Shp−/− mice were used to investigate whether and how BA receptor activation by INT-767, a semisynthetic agonist for both FXR and TGR5, could reverse diet-induced metabolic disorders. Results INT-767 reversed HFD-induced obesity dependent on activation of both TGR5 and FXR and also reversed the development of atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Mechanistically, INT-767 improved hypercholesterolemia by activation of FXR and induced thermogenic genes via activation of TGR5 and/or FXR. Furthermore, INT-767 inhibited several lipogenic genes and de novo lipogenesis in the liver via activation of FXR. We identified peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (CEBPα) as novel FXR-regulated genes. FXR inhibited PPARγ expression by inducing small heterodimer partner (SHP) whereas the inhibition of CEBPα by FXR was SHP-independent. Conclusions BA receptor activation can reverse obesity, NAFLD, and atherosclerosis by specific activation of FXR or TGR5. Our data suggest that, compared to activation of FXR or TGR5 only, dual activation of both FXR and TGR5 is a more attractive strategy for treatment of common metabolic disorders. Bile acid receptor activation improves lipid homeostasis primarily via activation of FXR. Bile acid receptor activation reverses DIO and induces energy expenditure. Bile acid receptor activation reverses diet-induced NAFLD and atherosclerosis. Bile acid receptor activation inhibits hepatic lipogenesis via activation of FXR. Activation of FXR inhibits PPARγ dependent on SHP and CEBPα independent of SHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Jadhav
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Yanyong Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Jiesi Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yingdong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | | | - Yoon Kwang Lee
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Takhar Kasumov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Liya Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA.
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109
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Obeticholic acid raises LDL-cholesterol and reduces HDL-cholesterol in the Diet-Induced NASH (DIN) hamster model. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 818:449-456. [PMID: 29155143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of rat and mouse models limits the translation to humans for developing novel drugs targeting nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Obeticholic acid (OCA) illustrates this limitation since its dyslipidemic effect in humans cannot be observed in these rodents. Conversely, Golden Syrian hamsters have a lipoprotein metabolism mimicking human dyslipidemia since it does express the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). We therefore developed a Diet-Induced NASH (DIN) hamster model and evaluated the impact of OCA. Compared with chow fed controls, hamsters fed for 20 weeks with a free-choice (FC) diet, developed obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and NASH (microvesicular steatosis, inflammation, hepatocyte ballooning and perisinusoidal to bridging fibrosis). After 20 weeks of diet, FC fed hamsters were treated without or with obeticholic acid (15mg/kg/day) for 5 weeks. Although a non-significant trend towards higher dietary caloric intake was observed, OCA significantly lowered body weight after 5 weeks of treatment. OCA significantly increased CETP activity and LDL-C levels by 20% and 27%, and reduced HDL-C levels by 20%. OCA blunted hepatic gene expression of Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1 and reduced fecal bile acids mass excretion by 64% (P < 0.05). Hamsters treated with OCA showed a trend towards higher scavenger receptor Class B type I (SR-BI) and lower LDL-receptor hepatic protein expression. OCA reduced NAS score for inflammation (P < 0.01) and total NAS score, although not significantly. Compared to mouse and rat models, the DIN hamster replicates benefits and side effects of OCA as observed in humans, and should be useful for evaluating novel drugs targeting NASH.
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110
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Sheng L, Jena PK, Hu Y, Liu HX, Nagar N, Kalanetra KM, French SW, French SW, Mills DA, Wan YJY. Hepatic inflammation caused by dysregulated bile acid synthesis is reversible by butyrate supplementation. J Pathol 2017; 243:431-441. [PMID: 28892150 DOI: 10.1002/path.4983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated bile acid (BA) synthesis or reduced farnesoid X receptor (FXR) levels are found in patients having metabolic diseases, autoimmune hepatitis, and liver cirrhosis or cancer. The objective of this study was to establish the relationship between butyrate and dysregulated BA synthesis-induced hepatitis as well as the effect of butyrate in reversing the liver pathology. Wild-type (WT) and FXR knockout (KO) male mice were placed on a control (CD) or western diet (WD) for 15 months. In the presence or absence of butyrate supplementation, feces obtained from 15-month-old WD-fed FXR KO mice, which had severe hepatitis and liver tumors, were transplanted to 7-month-old WD-fed FXR KO for 3 months. Hepatic phenotypes, microbiota profile, and BA composition were analyzed. Butyrate-generating bacteria and colonic butyrate concentration were reduced due to FXR inactivation and further reduced by WD intake. In addition, WD-fed FXR KO male mice had the highest concentration of hepatic β-muricholic acid (β-MCA) and bacteria-generated deoxycholic acid (DCA) accompanied by serious hepatitis. Moreover, dysregulated BA and reduced SCFA signaling co-existed in both human liver cancers and WD-fed FXR KO mice. Microbiota transplantation using butyrate-deficient feces derived from 15-month-old WD-fed FXR KO mice increased hepatic lymphocyte numbers as well as hepatic β-MCA and DCA concentrations. Furthermore, butyrate supplementation reduced hepatic β-MCA as well as DCA and eliminated hepatic lymphocyte infiltration. In conclusion, reduced butyrate contributes to the development of hepatitis in the FXR KO mouse model. In addition, butyrate reverses dysregulated BA synthesis and its associated hepatitis. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Sheng
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Prasant Kumar Jena
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Hui-Xin Liu
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Nidhi Nagar
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA
| | - Karen M Kalanetra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Samuel Wheeler French
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David A Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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111
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Abstract
Bile acids are synthesized in the liver and are the major component in bile. Impaired bile flow leads to cholestasis that is characterized by elevated levels of bile acid in the liver and serum, followed by hepatocyte and biliary injury. Although the causes of cholestasis have been extensively studied, the molecular mechanisms as to how bile acids initiate liver injury remain controversial. In this chapter, we summarize recent advances in the pathogenesis of bile acid induced liver injury. These include bile acid signaling pathways in hepatocytes as well as the response of cholangiocytes and innate immune cells in the liver in both patients with cholestasis and cholestatic animal models. We focus on how bile acids trigger the production of molecular mediators of neutrophil recruitment and the role of the inflammatory response in this pathological process. These advances point to a number of novel targets where drugs might be judged to be effective therapies for cholestatic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- The Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Shi-Ying Cai
- The Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - James L Boyer
- The Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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112
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Li M, Cai SY, Boyer JL. Mechanisms of bile acid mediated inflammation in the liver. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 56:45-53. [PMID: 28606651 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids are synthesized in the liver and are the major component in bile. Impaired bile flow leads to cholestasis that is characterized by elevated levels of bile acid in the liver and serum, followed by hepatocyte and biliary injury. Although the causes of cholestasis have been extensively studied, the molecular mechanisms as to how bile acids initiate liver injury remain controversial. In this chapter, we summarize recent advances in the pathogenesis of bile acid induced liver injury. These include bile acid signaling pathways in hepatocytes as well as the response of cholangiocytes and innate immune cells in the liver in both patients with cholestasis and cholestatic animal models. We focus on how bile acids trigger the production of molecular mediators of neutrophil recruitment and the role of the inflammatory response in this pathological process. These advances point to a number of novel targets where drugs might be judged to be effective therapies for cholestatic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- The Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Shi-Ying Cai
- The Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - James L Boyer
- The Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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113
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Liu Q, Shao W, Zhang C, Xu C, Wang Q, Liu H, Sun H, Jiang Z, Gu A. Organochloride pesticides modulated gut microbiota and influenced bile acid metabolism in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 226:268-276. [PMID: 28392238 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) can persistently accumulate in body and threaten human health. Bile acids and intestinal microbial metabolism have emerged as important signaling molecules in the host. However, knowledge on which intestinal microbiota and bile acids are modified by OCPs remains unclear. In this study, adult male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to p, p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p, p'-DDE) and β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) for 8 weeks. The relative abundance and composition of various bacterial species were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Bile acid composition was analyzed by metabolomic analysis using UPLC-MS. The expression of genes involved in hepatic and enteric bile acids metabolism was measured by real-time PCR. Expression of genes in bile acids synthesis and transportation were measured in HepG2 cells incubated with p, p'-DDE and β-HCH. Our findings showed OCPs changed relative abundance and composition of intestinal microbiota, especially in enhanced Lactobacillus with bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity. OCPs affected bile acid composition, enhanced hydrophobicity, decreased expression of genes on bile acid reabsorption in the terminal ileum and compensatory increased expression of genes on synthesis of bile acids in the liver. We demonstrated that chronic exposure of OCPs could impair intestinal microbiota; as a result, hepatic and enteric bile acid profiles and metabolism were influenced. The findings in this study draw our attention to the hazards of chronic OCPs exposure in modulating bile acid metabolism that might cause metabolic disorders and their potential to cause related diseases in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wentao Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qihan Wang
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haidong Sun
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyan Jiang
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Aihua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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114
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Zhang GN, Huan Y, Wang X, Sun SJ, Shen ZF, Fang WS. Design, synthesis and metabolic regulation effect of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonistic benzoxepin-5-ones. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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115
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Paalvast Y, de Boer JF, Groen AK. Developments in intestinal cholesterol transport and triglyceride absorption. Curr Opin Lipidol 2017; 28:248-254. [PMID: 28338522 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss recent advances in research focused on intestinal lipid handling. RECENT FINDINGS An important strategy in reducing atherosclerosis and risk of cardiovascular events is to increase the rate of reverse cholesterol transport, including its final step; cholesterol excretion from the body. The rate of removal is determined by a complex interplay between the factors involved in regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption. One of these factors is a process known as transintestinal cholesterol excretion. This pathway comprises transport of cholesterol directly from the blood, through the enterocyte, into the intestinal lumen. In humans, this pathway accounts for 35% of cholesterol excretion in the feces. Mechanistic studies in mice revealed that, activation of the bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor increases cholesterol removal via the transintestinal cholesterol excretion pathway as well as decreases plasma cholesterol and triglyceride providing an interesting target for treatment of dyslipidemia in humans. The physical chemical properties of bile acids are under control of farnesoid X receptor and determine intestinal cholesterol and triglyceride solubilization as well as absorption, providing a direct link between these two important factors in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Besides bile acids, intestinal phospholipids are important for luminal lipid solubilization. Interestingly, phospholipid remodeling through LPCAT3 was shown to be pivotal for uptake of fatty acids by enterocytes, which may provide a mechanistic handle for therapeutic intervention. SUMMARY The importance of the intestine in control of cholesterol and triglyceride homeostasis is increasingly recognized. Recently, novel factors involved in regulation of cholesterol excretion and intestinal triglyceride and fatty acid uptake have been reported and are discussed in this short review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yared Paalvast
- aDepartment of Pediatrics bDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen cDepartment of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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116
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Zhu RG, Sun YD, Hou YT, Fan JG, Chen G, Li TP. Pectin penta-oligogalacturonide reduces cholesterol accumulation by promoting bile acid biosynthesis and excretion in high-cholesterol-fed mice. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 272:153-159. [PMID: 28549616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Haw pectin penta-oligogalacturonide (HPPS) has important role in improving cholesterol metabolism and promoting the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids (BA) in mice fed high-cholesterol diet (HCD). However, the mechanism is not clear. This study aims to investigate the effects of HPPS on cholesterol accumulation and the regulation of hepatic BA synthesis and transport in HCD-fed mice. Results showed that HPPS significantly decreased plasma and hepatic TC levels but increased plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) levels, compared to HCD. BA analysis showed that HPPS markedly decreased hepatic and small intestine BA levels but increased the gallbladder BA levels, and finally decreased the total BA pool size, compared to HCD. Studies of molecular mechanism revealed that HPPS promoted hepatic ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1), and scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) expression but did not affect ATB binding cassette transporter G5/G8 (ABCG5/8) expression. HPPS inactivated hepatic farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and target genes expression, which resulted in significant increase of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase 1 (CYP7A1) and sterol 12α-hydroxylase (CYP8B1) expression, with up-regulations of 204.2% and 33.5% for mRNA levels, respectively, compared with HCD. In addition, HPPS markedly enhanced bile salt export pump (BSEP) expression but didn't affect the sodium/taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) expression. In conclusion, the study revealed that HPPS reduced cholesterol accumulation by promoting BA synthesis in the liver and excretion in the feces, and might promote macrophage-to-liver reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) but did not liver-to-fecal RCT.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Apolipoprotein A-I/blood
- Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism
- Cholesterol/blood
- Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase/genetics
- Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Diet, High-Fat
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Oligosaccharides/pharmacology
- Pectins/chemistry
- Pectins/pharmacology
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/genetics
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/metabolism
- Steroid 12-alpha-Hydroxylase/genetics
- Steroid 12-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Gang Zhu
- Department of Food Science, College of Light Industry, Liaoning University, Liaoning Engineering Research Center for Food Bioprocessing, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Food Bioprocessing and Quality Control, Shenyang 110036, China.
| | - Yan-Di Sun
- Department of Food Science, College of Light Industry, Liaoning University, Liaoning Engineering Research Center for Food Bioprocessing, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Food Bioprocessing and Quality Control, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Yu-Ting Hou
- Department of Food Science, College of Light Industry, Liaoning University, Liaoning Engineering Research Center for Food Bioprocessing, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Food Bioprocessing and Quality Control, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Jun-Gang Fan
- Forestry Biotechnology and Analysis Test Center, Liaoning Academy of Forestry Sciences, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Forestry Biotechnology and Analysis Test Center, Liaoning Academy of Forestry Sciences, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Tuo-Ping Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang 110032, China.
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117
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Sheng L, Jena PK, Liu HX, Kalanetra KM, Gonzalez FJ, French SW, Krishnan VV, Mills DA, Wan YJY. Gender Differences in Bile Acids and Microbiota in Relationship with Gender Dissimilarity in Steatosis Induced by Diet and FXR Inactivation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1748. [PMID: 28496104 PMCID: PMC5431816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to uncover how specific bacteria and bile acids (BAs) contribute to steatosis induced by diet and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) deficiency in both genders. A control diet (CD) and Western diet (WD), which contains high fat and carbohydrate, were used to feed wild type (WT) and FXR knockout (KO) mice followed by phenotyping characterization as well as BA and microbiota profiling. Our data revealed that male WD-fed FXR KO mice had the most severe steatosis and highest hepatic and serum lipids as well as insulin resistance among the eight studied groups. Gender differences in WD-induced steatosis, insulin sensitivity, and predicted microbiota functions were all FXR-dependent. FXR deficiency enriched Desulfovibrionaceae, Deferribacteraceae, and Helicobacteraceae, which were accompanied by increased hepatic taurine-conjugated cholic acid and β-muricholic acid as well as hepatic and serum lipids. Additionally, distinct microbiota profiles were found in WD-fed WT mice harboring simple steatosis and CD-fed FXR KO mice, in which the steatosis had a potential to develop into liver cancer. Together, the presented data revealed FXR-dependent concomitant relationships between gut microbiota, BAs, and metabolic diseases in both genders. Gender differences in BAs and microbiota may account for gender dissimilarity in metabolism and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Sheng
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Prasant Kumar Jena
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Hui-Xin Liu
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Karen M Kalanetra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Samuel W French
- Department of Pathology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Viswanathan V Krishnan
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Mathematics, Fresno State University, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - David A Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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118
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Pathak P, Liu H, Boehme S, Xie C, Krausz KW, Gonzalez F, Chiang JYL. Farnesoid X receptor induces Takeda G-protein receptor 5 cross-talk to regulate bile acid synthesis and hepatic metabolism. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:11055-11069. [PMID: 28478385 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.784322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bile acid-activated receptors, nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the membrane Takeda G-protein receptor 5 (TGR5), are known to improve glucose and insulin sensitivity in obese and diabetic mice. However, the metabolic roles of these two receptors and the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here, we studied the effects of the dual FXR and TGR5 agonist INT-767 on hepatic bile acid synthesis and intestinal secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in wild-type, Fxr-/-, and Tgr5-/- mice. INT-767 efficaciously stimulated intracellular Ca2+ levels, cAMP activity, and GLP-1 secretion and improved glucose and lipid metabolism more than did the FXR-selective obeticholic acid and TGR5-selective INT-777 agonists. Interestingly, INT-767 reduced expression of the genes in the classic bile acid synthesis pathway but induced those in the alternative pathway, which is consistent with decreased taurocholic acid and increased tauromuricholic acids in bile. Furthermore, FXR activation induced expression of FXR target genes, including fibroblast growth factor 15, and unexpectedly Tgr5 and prohormone convertase 1/3 gene expression in the ileum. We identified an FXR-responsive element on the Tgr5 gene promoter. Fxr-/- and Tgr5-/- mice exhibited reduced GLP-1 secretion, which was stimulated by INT-767 in the Tgr5-/- mice but not in the Fxr-/- mice. Our findings uncovered a novel mechanism in which INT-767 activation of FXR induces Tgr5 gene expression and increases Ca2+ levels and cAMP activity to stimulate GLP-1 secretion and improve hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Activation of both FXR and TGR5 may therefore represent an effective therapy for managing hepatic steatosis, obesity, and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Pathak
- From the Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272 and
| | - Hailiang Liu
- From the Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272 and
| | - Shannon Boehme
- From the Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272 and
| | - Cen Xie
- the Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- the Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Frank Gonzalez
- the Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - John Y L Chiang
- From the Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272 and
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119
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Chávez-Talavera O, Tailleux A, Lefebvre P, Staels B. Bile Acid Control of Metabolism and Inflammation in Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:1679-1694.e3. [PMID: 28214524 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 583] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids are signaling molecules that coordinately regulate metabolism and inflammation via the nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5). These receptors activate transcriptional networks and signaling cascades controlling the expression and activity of genes involved in bile acid, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, energy expenditure, and inflammation by acting predominantly in enterohepatic tissues, but also in peripheral organs. In this review, we discuss the most recent findings on the inter-organ signaling and interplay with the gut microbiota of bile acids and their receptors in meta-inflammation, with a focus on their pathophysiologic roles in obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and their potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Chávez-Talavera
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne Tailleux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Lefebvre
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.
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120
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Verbeke L, Nevens F, Laleman W. Steroidal or non-steroidal FXR agonists - Is that the question? J Hepatol 2017; 66:680-681. [PMID: 28131795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Len Verbeke
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Frederik Nevens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Laleman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
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121
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Yan S, Tang J, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zuo S, Shen Y, Zhang Q, Chen D, Yu Y, Wang K, Duan SZ, Yu Y. Prostaglandin E 2 promotes hepatic bile acid synthesis by an E prostanoid receptor 3-mediated hepatocyte nuclear receptor 4α/cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase pathway in mice. Hepatology 2017; 65:999-1014. [PMID: 28039934 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) is an important lipid mediator of inflammation. However, whether and how PGE2 regulates hepatic cholesterol metabolism remains unknown. We found that expression of the PGE2 receptor, E prostanoid receptor 3 (EP3) expression is remarkably increased in hepatocytes in response to hyperlipidemic stress. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of EP3 receptor (EP3hep-/- ) results in hypercholesterolemia and augments diet-induced atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (Ldlr-/- ) mice. Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) is down-regulated in livers of EP3hep-/- Ldlr-/- mice, leading to suppressed hepatic bile acid (BA) biosynthesis. Mechanistically, hepatic-EP3 deficiency suppresses CYP7A1 expression by elevating protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent Ser143 phosphorylation of hepatocyte nuclear receptor 4α (HNF4α). Disruption of the PKA-HNF4α interaction and BA sequestration rescue impaired BA excretion and ameliorated atherosclerosis in EP3hep-/- Ldlr-/- mice. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated an unexpected role of proinflammatory mediator PGE2 in improving hepatic cholesterol metabolism through activation of the EP3-mediated PKA/HNF4α/CYP7A1 pathway, indicating that inhibition of this pathway may be a novel therapeutic strategy for dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. (Hepatology 2017;65:999-1014).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shengkai Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujun Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Chen
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Zhong Duan
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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122
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Targher G, Byrne CD. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an emerging driving force in chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2017; 13:297-310. [PMID: 28218263 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is caused by an accumulation of fat in the liver; the condition can progress over time to increase the risk of developing cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. The prevalence of NAFLD is increasing rapidly owing to the global epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and NAFLD has been predicted to become the most important indication for liver transplantation over the next decade. It is now increasingly clear that NAFLD not only affects the liver but can also increase the risk of developing extra-hepatic diseases, including T2DM, cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD), which have a considerable impact on health-care resources. Accumulating evidence indicates that NAFLD exacerbates insulin resistance, predisposes to atherogenic dyslipidaemia and releases a variety of proinflammatory factors, prothrombotic factors and profibrogenic molecules that can promote vascular and renal damage. Furthermore, communication or 'crosstalk' between affected organs or tissues in these diseases has the potential to further harm function and worsen patient outcomes, and increasing amounts of evidence point to a strong association between NAFLD and CKD. Whether a causal relationship between NAFLD and CKD exists remains to be definitively established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Targher
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Piazzale Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Christopher D Byrne
- Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton.,Southampton National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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123
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Ryan PM, Stanton C, Caplice NM. Bile acids at the cross-roads of gut microbiome-host cardiometabolic interactions. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2017; 9:102. [PMID: 29299069 PMCID: PMC5745752 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-017-0299-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While basic and clinical research over the last several decades has recognized a number of modifiable risk factors associated with cardiometabolic disease progression, additional and alternative biological perspectives may offer novel targets for prevention and treatment of this disease set. There is mounting preclinical and emerging clinical evidence indicating that the mass of metabolically diverse microorganisms which inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract may be implicated in initiation and modulation of cardiovascular and metabolic disease outcomes. The following review will discuss this gut microbiome-host metabolism axis and address newly proposed bile-mediated signaling pathways through which dysregulation of this homeostatic axis may influence host cardiovascular risk. With a central focus on the major nuclear and membrane-bound bile acid receptor ligands, we aim to review the putative impact of microbial bile acid modification on several major phenotypes of metabolic syndrome, from obesity to heart failure. Finally, attempting to synthesize several separate but complementary hypotheses, we will review current directions in preclinical and clinical investigation in this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Ryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Institute, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Noel M. Caplice
- APC Microbiome Institute, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
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