101
|
Evaluation of Anti-Metastatic Potential of the Combination of Fisetin with Paclitaxel on A549 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030661. [PMID: 29495431 PMCID: PMC5877522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification and development of new agents with a therapeutic potential as well as novel drug combinations are gaining the attention of scientists and clinicians as a plausible approach to improve therapeutic regimens for chemoresistant tumors. We have recently reported that the flavonoid fisetin (FIS), at physiologically attainable concentrations, acts synergistically with clinically achievable doses of paclitaxel (PTX) to produce growth inhibitory and pro-death effects on A549 human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. To further investigate a potential therapeutic efficacy of the combination of fisetin with paclitaxel, we decided to assess its impact on metastatic capability of A549 cells as well as its toxicity toward normal human lung fibroblast. Cell viability, cell migration, and invasion were measured by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, wound healing assay, and Transwell chamber assay, respectively. The expression of metastasis-related genes was assessed with quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Actin and vimentin filaments were examined under the fluorescence microscope. The combination of FIS and PTX significantly reduced cancer cell migration and invasion, at least partially, through a marked rearrangement of actin and vimentin cytoskeleton and the modulation of metastasis-related genes. Most of these effects of the combination treatment were significantly greater than those of individual agents. Paclitaxel alone was even more toxic to normal cells than the combination of this drug with the flavonoid, suggesting that FIS may provide some protection against PTX-mediated cytotoxicity. The combination of FIS and PTX is expected to have a synergistic anticancer efficacy and a significant potential for the treatment of NSCLC, however, further in vitro and in vivo studies are required to confirm this preliminary evidence.
Collapse
|
102
|
Lee YA, Kim JJ, Lee J, Lee JHJ, Sahu S, Kwon HY, Park SJ, Jang SY, Lee JS, Wang Z, Tam WL, Lim B, Kang NY, Chang YT. Identification of Tumor Initiating Cells with a Small-Molecule Fluorescent Probe by Using Vimentin as a Biomarker. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-An Lee
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Jong-Jin Kim
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Jungyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Korea
- Present address: New drug discovery center; DGMIF; Daegu 41061 Korea
| | - Jia Hui Jane Lee
- Genome Institute of Singapore; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138672 Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Srikanta Sahu
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Haw-Young Kwon
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity; Institute for Basic Science (IBS); Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Park
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Se-Young Jang
- Molecular Recognition Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul 02792 Korea
| | - Jun-Seok Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul 02792 Korea
| | - Zhenxun Wang
- Genome Institute of Singapore; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138672 Singapore
| | - Wai Leong Tam
- Genome Institute of Singapore; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138672 Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117599 Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117596 Singapore
| | - Bing Lim
- Genome Institute of Singapore; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138672 Singapore
- Present address: Merck Sharp and Dohme Translational Medicine Research Center; Singapore 138648 Singapore
| | - Nam-Young Kang
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
- Present address: New drug discovery center; DGMIF; Daegu 41061 Korea
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Korea
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity; Institute for Basic Science (IBS); Pohang 37673 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Lee YA, Kim JJ, Lee J, Lee JHJ, Sahu S, Kwon HY, Park SJ, Jang SY, Lee JS, Wang Z, Tam WL, Lim B, Kang NY, Chang YT. Identification of Tumor Initiating Cells with a Small-Molecule Fluorescent Probe by Using Vimentin as a Biomarker. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2851-2854. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-An Lee
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Jong-Jin Kim
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Jungyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Korea
- Present address: New drug discovery center; DGMIF; Daegu 41061 Korea
| | - Jia Hui Jane Lee
- Genome Institute of Singapore; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138672 Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Srikanta Sahu
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Haw-Young Kwon
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity; Institute for Basic Science (IBS); Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Park
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
| | - Se-Young Jang
- Molecular Recognition Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul 02792 Korea
| | - Jun-Seok Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul 02792 Korea
| | - Zhenxun Wang
- Genome Institute of Singapore; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138672 Singapore
| | - Wai Leong Tam
- Genome Institute of Singapore; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138672 Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117599 Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore 117596 Singapore
| | - Bing Lim
- Genome Institute of Singapore; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138672 Singapore
- Present address: Merck Sharp and Dohme Translational Medicine Research Center; Singapore 138648 Singapore
| | - Nam-Young Kang
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
- Present address: New drug discovery center; DGMIF; Daegu 41061 Korea
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium; Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore 138667 Singapore
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 37673 Korea
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity; Institute for Basic Science (IBS); Pohang 37673 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
The Role of Actin Dynamics and Actin-Binding Proteins Expression in Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Its Association with Cancer Progression and Evaluation of Possible Therapeutic Targets. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4578373. [PMID: 29581975 PMCID: PMC5822767 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4578373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis causes death of 90% of cancer patients, so it is the most significant issue associated with cancer disease. Thus, it is no surprise that many researchers are trying to develop drugs targeting or preventing them. The secondary tumour site formation is closely related to phenomena like epithelial-to-mesenchymal and its reverse, mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. The change of the cells' phenotype to mesenchymal involves the acquisition of migratory potential. Cancer cells movement is possible due to the development of invasive structures like invadopodia, lamellipodia, and filopodia. These changes are dependent on the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. In turn, the polymerization and depolymerization of actin are controlled by actin-binding proteins. In many tumour cells, the actin and actin-associated proteins are accumulated in the cell nucleus, suggesting that it may also affect the progression of cancer by regulating gene expression. Once the cancer cell reaches a new habitat it again acquires epithelial features and thus proliferative activity. Targeting of epithelial-to-mesenchymal or/and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transitions through regulation of their main components expression may be a potential solution to the problem of metastasis. This work focuses on the role of these processes in tumour progression and the assessment of therapeutic potential of agents targeting them.
Collapse
|
105
|
Development of a goat model for evaluation of withaferin A: Cervical implants for the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 103:320-329. [PMID: 29157955 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). The disease develops over many years through a series of precancerous lesions. Cervical cancer can be prevented by HPV-vaccination, screening and treatment of precancer before development of cervical cancer. The treatment of high-grade cervical dysplasia (CIN 2+) has traditionally been by cervical conization. Surgical procedures are associated with increased risk of undesirable side effects including bleeding, infection, scarring (stenosis), infertility and complications in later pregnancies. An inexpensive, non-invasive method of delivering therapeutics locally will be favorable to treat precancerous cervical lesions without damaging healthy tissue. The feasibility and safety of a sustained, continuous drug-releasing cervical polymeric implant for use in clinical trials was studied using a large animal model. The goat (Capra hircus), non-pregnant adult female Boer goats, was chosen due to similarities in cervical dimensions to the human. Estrus was induced with progesterone CIDR® vaginal implants for 14days followed by the administration of chorionic gonadotropins 48h prior to removal of the progesterone implants to relax the cervix to allow for the placement of the cervical implant. Cervical implants, containing 2% and 4% withaferin A (WFA), with 8 coats of blank polymer, provided sustained release for a long duration and were used for the animal study. The 'mushroom'-shaped cervical polymeric implant, originally designed for women required redesigning to be accommodated within the goat cervix. The cervical implants were well tolerated by the animals with no obvious evidence of discomfort, systemic or local inflammation or toxicity. In addition, we developed a new method to analyze tissue WFA levels by solvent extractions and LS/MS-MS. WFA was found to be localized to the target and adjacent tissues with 12-16ng WFA/g tissue, with essentially no detectable WFA in distant tissues. This study suggests that the goat is a good large animal model for the future development and evaluation of therapeutic efficacy of continuous local drug delivery by cervical polymeric implants to treat precancerous cervical lesions.
Collapse
|
106
|
Chaudhary A, Kalra RS, Huang C, Prakash J, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R. 2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy Withaferin-A Protects Normal Cells against Stress: Molecular Evidence of Its Potent Cytoprotective Activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:2756-2760. [PMID: 29043807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
2,3-Dihydro-3β-methoxy withaferin-A (3βmWi-A) is a natural withanolide that is structurally close to withaferin-A (Wi-A), is cytotoxic to human cancer cells, and is a candidate anticancer natural compound. Using cell-based biochemical, molecular, and imaging assays, we report that Wi-A and 3βmWi-A possess contrasting activities. Whereas Wi-A caused oxidative stress to normal cells, 3βmWi-A was well tolerated at even 10-fold higher concentrations. Furthermore, it promoted survival and protected normal cells against oxidative, UV radiation, and chemical stresses. We provide molecular evidence that 3βmWi-A induces antistress and pro-survival signaling through activation of the pAkt/MAPK pathway. We demonstrate that 3βmWi-A (i) contrary to Wi-A is safe and possesses stress-relieving activity, (ii) when given subsequent to a variety of stress factors including Wi-A, protects normal cells against their toxicity, and (iii) is a vital compound that may guard normal cells against the toxicity associated with various targeted therapeutic regimes in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Chaudhary
- DAILAB, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Rajkumar S Kalra
- DAILAB, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Chuang Huang
- DAILAB, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Jay Prakash
- DAILAB, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Sunil C Kaul
- DAILAB, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Renu Wadhwa
- DAILAB, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Loss of Kaiso expression in breast cancer cells prevents intra-vascular invasion in the lung and secondary metastasis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183883. [PMID: 28880889 PMCID: PMC5589175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The metastatic activity of breast carcinomas results from complex genetic changes in epithelial tumor cells and accounts for 90% of deaths in affected patients. Although the invasion of the local lymphatic vessels and veins by malignant breast tumor cells and their subsequent metastasis to the lung, has been recognized, the mechanisms behind the metastatic activity of breast tumor cells to other distal organs and the pathogenesis of metastatic cancer are not well understood. In this study, we utilized derivatives of the well-established and highly metastatic triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line MDA-MB-231 (MDA-231) to study breast tumor metastasis in a mouse model. These MDA-231 derivatives had depleted expression of Kaiso, a POZ-ZF transcription factor that is highly expressed in malignant, triple negative breast cancers. We previously reported that Kaiso depletion attenuates the metastasis of xenografted MDA-231 cells. Herein, we describe the pathological features of the metastatic activity of parental (Kaisopositive) versus Kaisodepleted MDA-231 cells. Both Kaisopositive and Kaisodepleted MDA-231 cells metastasized from the original tumor in the mammary fat pad to the lung. However, while Kaisopositive cells formed large masses in the lung parenchyma, invaded large pulmonary blood vessels and formed secondary metastases and large tumors in the distal organs, Kaisodepleted cells metastasized only to the lung where they formed small metastatic lesions. Importantly, intravascular invasion and secondary metastases in distal organs were not observed in mice xenografted with Kaisodepleted cells. It thus appears that the lung may constitute a barrier for less invasive breast tumors such as the Kaisodepleted TNBC cells; this barrier may limit tumor growth and prevents Kaisodepleted TNBC cells from invading the pulmonary blood vessels and forming secondary metastases in distal organs.
Collapse
|
108
|
vel Szic KS, Declerck K, Crans RA, Diddens J, Scherf DB, Gerhäuser C, Berghe WV. Epigenetic silencing of triple negative breast cancer hallmarks by Withaferin A. Oncotarget 2017; 8:40434-40453. [PMID: 28467815 PMCID: PMC5522326 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by poor prognosis and a DNA hypomethylation profile. Withaferin A (WA) is a plant derived steroidal lactone which holds promise as a therapeutic agent for treatment of breast cancer (BC). We determined genome-wide DNA methylation changes in weakly-metastatic and aggressive, metastatic BC cell lines, following 72h treatment to a sub-cytotoxic concentration of WA. In contrast to the DNA demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC), WA treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells rather tackles an epigenetic cancer network through gene-specific DNA hypermethylation of tumor promoting genes including ADAM metallopeptidase domain 8 (ADAM8), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (PLAU), tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 12 (TNFSF12), and genes related to detoxification (glutathione S-transferase mu 1, GSTM1), or mitochondrial metabolism (malic enzyme 3, ME3). Gene expression and pathway enrichment analysis further reveals epigenetic suppression of multiple cancer hallmarks associated with cell cycle regulation, cell death, cancer cell metabolism, cell motility and metastasis. Remarkably, DNA hypermethylation of corresponding CpG sites in PLAU, ADAM8, TNSF12, GSTM1 and ME3 genes correlates with receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 amplification (HER2)/estrogen receptor (ESR)/progesterone receptor (PR) status in primary BC tumors. Moreover, upon comparing differentially methylated WA responsive target genes with DNA methylation changes in different clinical subtypes of breast cancer patients in the cancer genome atlas (TCGA), we found that WA silences HER2/PR/ESR-dependent gene expression programs to suppress aggressive TNBC characteristics in favor of luminal BC hallmarks, with an improved therapeutic sensitivity. In this respect, WA may represent a novel and attractive phyto-pharmaceutical for TNBC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Szarc vel Szic
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Current address: Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Center for Translational Cell Research, The University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ken Declerck
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - René A.J Crans
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Current address: Laboratory for GPCR Expression and Signal Transduction (L-GEST), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Diddens
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - David B. Scherf
- Workgroup Cancer Chemoprevention and Epigenomics, Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clarissa Gerhäuser
- Workgroup Cancer Chemoprevention and Epigenomics, Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Proinflammatory Cytokines IL-6 and TNF- α Increased Telomerase Activity through NF- κB/STAT1/STAT3 Activation, and Withaferin A Inhibited the Signaling in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:5958429. [PMID: 28676732 PMCID: PMC5476880 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5958429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There are increasing evidences of proinflammatory cytokine involvement in cancer development. Here, we found that two cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-α, activated colorectal cancer cells to be more invasive and stem-like. Combined treatment of IL-6 and TNF-α phosphorylated transcription factors STAT3 in a synergistic manner. STAT3, STAT1, and NF-κB physically interacted upon the cytokine stimulation. STAT3 was bound to the promoter region of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). IL-6 and TNF-α stimulation further enhanced STAT3 binding affinity. Stem cell marker Oct-4 was upregulated in colorectal cancer cells upon IL-6 and TNF-α stimulation. Withaferin A, an anti-inflammatory steroidal lactone, inhibited the IL-6- and TNF-α-induced cancer cell invasion and decreased colonosphere formation. Notably, withaferin A inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation and abolished the STAT3, STAT1, and NF-κB interactions. Oct-4 expression was also downregulated by withaferin A inhibition. The binding of STAT3 to the hTERT promoter region and telomerase activity showed reduction with withaferin A treatments. Proinflammatory cytokine-induced cancer cell invasiveness is mediated by a STAT3-regulated mechanism in colorectal cancer cells. Our data suggest that withaferin A could be a promising anticancer agent that effectively inhibits the progression of colorectal cancer.
Collapse
|
110
|
Natural Withanolides in the Treatment of Chronic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 928:329-373. [PMID: 27671823 PMCID: PMC7121644 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41334-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Withanolides, and in particular extracts from Withania somnifera, have been used for over 3,000 years in traditional Ayurvedic and Unani Indian medical systems as well as within several other Asian countries. Traditionally, the extracts were ascribed a wide range of pharmacologic properties with corresponding medical uses, including adaptogenic, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, sedative/anxiolytic, cytotoxic, antitussive, and immunomodulatory. Since the discovery of the archetype withaferin A in 1965, approximately 900 of these naturally occurring, polyoxygenated steroidal lactones with 28-carbon ergostane skeletons have been discovered across 24 diverse structural types. Subsequently, extensive pharmacologic research has identified multiple mechanisms of action across key inflammatory pathways. In this chapter we identify and describe the major withanolides with anti-inflammatory properties, illustrate their role within essential and supportive inflammatory pathways (including NF-κB, JAK/STAT, AP-1, PPARγ, Hsp90 Nrf2, and HIF-1), and then discuss the clinical application of these withanolides in inflammation-mediated chronic diseases (including arthritis, autoimmune, cancer, neurodegenerative, and neurobehavioral). These naturally derived compounds exhibit remarkable biologic activity across these complex disease processes, while showing minimal adverse effects. As novel compounds and analogs continue to be discovered, characterized, and clinically evaluated, the interest in withanolides as a novel therapeutic only continues to grow.
Collapse
|
111
|
Kim G, Kim TH, Hwang EH, Chang KT, Hong JJ, Park JH. Withaferin A inhibits the proliferation of gastric cancer cells by inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:416-422. [PMID: 28693185 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) is one of the most common types of malignant tumor and the third-leading cause of tumor-associated mortality worldwide. Withaferin A (WA), a steroidal lactone derived from Withania somnifera, exhibits antitumor activity in a variety of cancer models. However, to the best of our knowledge, the direct effect of WA on AGS cells has not previously been determined. The present study investigated the effects of WA on the proliferation and metastatic activity of AGS cells. WA exerted a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on AGS cells. The effect was associated with cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and the expression of apoptotic proteins. Additionally, WA treatment resulted in a decrease in the migration and invasion ability of the AGS cells, as demonstrated using a wound healing assay and a Boyden chamber assay. These results indicate that WA directly inhibits the proliferation and metastatic activity of gastric cancer cells, and suggest that WA may be developed as a drug for the treatment of gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Green Kim
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.,National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyoun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Eun-Ha Hwang
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.,National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Tae Chang
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Joo Hong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Abstract
The success of anticancer therapy is usually limited by the development of drug resistance. Such acquired resistance is driven, in part, by intratumoural heterogeneity - that is, the phenotypic diversity of cancer cells co-inhabiting a single tumour mass. The introduction of the cancer stem cell (CSC) concept, which posits the presence of minor subpopulations of CSCs that are uniquely capable of seeding new tumours, has provided a framework for understanding one dimension of intratumoural heterogeneity. This concept, taken together with the identification of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) programme as a critical regulator of the CSC phenotype, offers an opportunity to investigate the nature of intratumoural heterogeneity and a possible mechanistic basis for anticancer drug resistance. In fact, accumulating evidence indicates that conventional therapies often fail to eradicate carcinoma cells that have entered the CSC state via activation of the EMT programme, thereby permitting CSC-mediated clinical relapse. In this Review, we summarize our current understanding of the link between the EMT programme and the CSC state, and also discuss how this knowledge can contribute to improvements in clinical practice.
Collapse
|
113
|
Tang DD, Gerlach BD. The roles and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, intermediate filaments and microtubules in smooth muscle cell migration. Respir Res 2017; 18:54. [PMID: 28390425 PMCID: PMC5385055 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell migration has been implicated in the development of respiratory and cardiovascular systems; and airway/vascular remodeling. Cell migration is a polarized cellular process involving a protrusive cell front and a retracting trailing rear. There are three cytoskeletal systems in mammalian cells: the actin cytoskeleton, the intermediate filament network, and microtubules; all of which regulate all or part of the migrated process. The dynamic actin cytoskeleton spatially and temporally regulates protrusion, adhesions, contraction, and retraction from the cell front to the rear. c-Abl tyrosine kinase plays a critical role in regulating actin dynamics and migration of airway smooth muscle cells and nonmuscle cells. Recent studies suggest that intermediate filaments undergo reorganization during migration, which coordinates focal adhesion dynamics, cell contraction, and nucleus rigidity. In particular, vimentin intermediate filaments undergo phosphorylation and reorientation in smooth muscle cells, which may regulate cell contraction and focal adhesion assembly/disassembly. Motile cells are characterized by a front-rear polarization of the microtubule framework, which regulates all essential processes leading to cell migration through its role in cell mechanics, intracellular trafficking, and signaling. This review recapitulates our current knowledge how the three cytoskeletal systems spatially and temporally modulate the migratory properties of cells. We also summarize the potential role of migration-associated biomolecules in lung and vascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale D Tang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-8, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
| | - Brennan D Gerlach
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-8, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Klimaszewska-Wiśniewska A, Hałas-Wiśniewska M, Izdebska M, Gagat M, Grzanka A, Grzanka D. Antiproliferative and antimetastatic action of quercetin on A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells through its effect on the cytoskeleton. Acta Histochem 2017; 119:99-112. [PMID: 27887793 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
To our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the effect of the dietary flavonoid quercetin on the main cytoskeletal elements, namely microfilaments, microtubules and vimentin intermediate filaments, as well as cytoskeleton-driven processes in A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells. The methyl-thiazol-diphenyl-tetrazolium assay, annexin V/propidium iodide test, electron microscopic examination, cell cycle analysis based on DNA content, real-time PCR assays, in vitro scratch wound-healing assay, fluorescence staining of F-actin, β-tubulin and vimentin were performed to assess the effects of quercetin on A549 cells. Our results showed that quercetin triggered BCL2/BAX-mediated apoptosis, as well as necrosis and mitotic catastrophe, and inhibited the migratory potential of A549 cells. The disassembling effect of quercetin on microfilaments, microtubules and vimentin filaments along with its inhibitory impact on vimentin and N-cadherin expression might account for the decreased migration of A549 cells in response to quercetin treatment. We also suggest that the possible mechanism underlying quercetin-induced mitotic catastrophe involves the perturbation of mitotic microtubules leading to monopolar spindle formation, and, consequently, to the failure of cytokinesis. We further propose that cytokinesis failure could also be a result of the depletion of actin filaments by quercetin. These findings are important to our further understanding of the detailed mechanism of the antitumor activity of quercetin and render this flavonoid a potentially useful candidate for combination therapy with conventional antimicrotubule drugs, nucleic acid-directed agents or novel cytoskeletal-directed agents.
Collapse
|
115
|
Kanak MA, Shahbazov R, Yoshimatsu G, Levy MF, Lawrence MC, Naziruddin B. A small molecule inhibitor of NFκB blocks ER stress and the NLRP3 inflammasome and prevents progression of pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol 2017; 52:352-365. [PMID: 27418337 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-016-1238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying molecular mechanism that leads to development of chronic pancreatitis remains elusive. The aim of this study is to understand the downstream inflammatory signaling involved in progression of chronic pancreatitis, and to use withaferin A (WA), a small molecule inhibitor of nuclear factor κB (NFκB), to prevent progression of chronic pancreatitis. METHODS Two different protocols were used to induce pancreatitis in mice: standard and stringent administration of cerulein. The severity of pancreatitis was assessed by means of pancreatic histology and serum amylase levels. Immunohistochemistry and flow-cytometric analysis was performed to visualize immune cell infiltration into the pancreas. Real-time PCR and Western blot were used to analyze the downstream signaling mechanism involved in the development of chronic pancreatitis. RESULTS The severity of cerulein-induced pancreatitis was reduced significantly by WA, used as either preventive or curative treatment. Immune cell infiltration into the pancreas and acinar cell death were efficiently reduced by WA treatment. Expression of proinflammatory and proapoptotic genes regulated by NFκB activation was increased by cerulein treatment, and WA suppressed these genes significantly. Sustained endoplasmic reticulum stress activation by cerulein administration was reduced. NLRP3 inflammasome activation in cerulein-induced pancreatitis was identified, and this was also potently blocked by WA. The human pancreatitis tissue gene signature correlated with the mouse model. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide evidence for the role of NFκB in the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis, and strongly suggest that WA could be used as a potential therapeutic drug to alleviate some forms of chronic pancreatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mazhar A Kanak
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Rauf Shahbazov
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Marlon F Levy
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Bashoo Naziruddin
- Islet Cell Laboratory, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Baylor Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Subramani R, Lakshmanaswamy R. Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Breast Cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 151:231-274. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
117
|
Samanta SK, Sehrawat A, Kim SH, Hahm ER, Shuai Y, Roy R, Pore SK, Singh KB, Christner SM, Beumer JH, Davidson NE, Singh SV. Disease Subtype-Independent Biomarkers of Breast Cancer Chemoprevention by the Ayurvedic Medicine Phytochemical Withaferin A. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 109:2758643. [PMID: 28040797 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A nontoxic chemopreventive intervention efficacious against different subtypes of breast cancer is still a clinically unmet need. The present study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of an Ayurvedic medicine phytochemical (Withaferin A, [WA]) for chemoprevention of breast cancer and to elucidate its mode of action. Methods Chemopreventive efficacy of WA (4 and 8 mg/kg body weight) was determined using a rat model of breast cancer induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU; n = 14 for control group, n = 15 for 4 mg/kg group, and n = 18 for 8 mg/kg group). The mechanisms underlying breast cancer chemoprevention by WA were elucidated by immunoblotting, biochemical assays, immunohistochemistry, and cytokine profiling using plasma and tumors from the MNU-rat (n = 8-12 for control group, n = 7-11 for 4 mg/kg group, and n = 8-12 for 8 mg/kg group) and/or mouse mammary tumor virus-neu (MMTV-neu) models (n = 4-11 for control group and n = 4-21 for 4 mg/kg group). Inhibitory effect of WA on exit from mitosis and leptin-induced oncogenic signaling was determined using MCF-7 and/or MDA-MB-231 cells. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results Incidence, multiplicity, and burden of breast cancer in rats were decreased by WA administration. For example, the tumor weight in the 8 mg/kg group was lower by about 68% compared with controls (8 mg/kg vs control, mean = 2.76 vs 8.59, difference = -5.83, 95% confidence interval of difference = -9.89 to -1.76, P = .004). Mitotic arrest and apoptosis induction were some common determinants of breast cancer chemoprevention by WA in the MNU-rat and MMTV-neu models. Cytokine profiling showed suppression of plasma leptin levels by WA in rats. WA inhibited leptin-induced oncogenic signaling in cultured breast cancer cells. Conclusions WA is a promising chemopreventative phytochemical with the ability to inhibit at least two different subtypes of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yongli Shuai
- Department of Biostatistics.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
| | - Ruchi Roy
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
| | | | | | | | - Jan H Beumer
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nancy E Davidson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
| | - Shivendra V Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Kaul SC, Ishida Y, Tamura K, Wada T, Iitsuka T, Garg S, Kim M, Gao R, Nakai S, Okamoto Y, Terao K, Wadhwa R. Novel Methods to Generate Active Ingredients-Enriched Ashwagandha Leaves and Extracts. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166945. [PMID: 27936030 PMCID: PMC5147857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is an Ayurvedic herb commonly used in world-renowned traditional Indian home medicine system. Roots of Ashwagandha have been traditionally known to possess a variety of therapeutic and health promoting potentials that have not been sufficiently supported by laboratory studies. Nevertheless, most, if not all, of the preventive and therapeutic potentials have been assigned to its bioactive components, steroidal alkaloids and lactones. In contrast to the traditional use of roots, we have been exploring bioactivities in leaves of Ashwagandha. Here, we report that the leaves possess higher content of active Withanolides, Withaferin-A (Wi-A) and Withanone (Wi-N), as compared to the roots. We also established, for the first time, hydroponic cultivation of Ashwagandha and investigated the effect of various cultivation conditions on the content of Wi-A and Wi-N by chemical analysis and bioassays. We report that the Withanone/Withaferin A-rich leaves could be obtained by manipulating light condition during hydroponic cultivation. Furthermore, we recruited cyclodextrins to prepare extracts with desired ratio of Wi-N and Wi-A. Hydroponically grown Ashwagandha and its extracts with high ratio of withanolides are valuable for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil C. Kaul
- Drug Discovery and Assets Innovation Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ishida
- CycloChem Co., Ltd., 7-4-5 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazuya Tamura
- DAI-DAN Co., Ltd., 390 Kitanagai, Miyoshi-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Teruo Wada
- Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Nakakugakuencho, Sakai-city, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Iitsuka
- Drug Discovery and Assets Innovation Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Sukant Garg
- Drug Discovery and Assets Innovation Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mijung Kim
- Drug Discovery and Assets Innovation Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ran Gao
- Drug Discovery and Assets Innovation Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shoichi Nakai
- DAI-DAN Co., Ltd., 390 Kitanagai, Miyoshi-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Youji Okamoto
- Zuiron Private Ltd., 2-3-1 Nakajyosanjimacho, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keiji Terao
- CycloChem Co., Ltd., 7-4-5 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Renu Wadhwa
- Drug Discovery and Assets Innovation Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Palliyaguru DL, Chartoumpekis DV, Wakabayashi N, Skoko JJ, Yagishita Y, Singh SV, Kensler TW. Withaferin A induces Nrf2-dependent protection against liver injury: Role of Keap1-independent mechanisms. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 101:116-128. [PMID: 27717869 PMCID: PMC5154810 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules of plant origin offer presumptively safe opportunities to prevent carcinogenesis, mutagenesis and other forms of toxicity in humans. However, the mechanisms of action of such plant-based agents remain largely unknown. In recent years the stress responsive transcription factor Nrf2 has been validated as a target for disease chemoprevention. Withania somnifera (WS) is a herb used in Ayurveda (an ancient form of medicine in South Asia). In the recent past, withanolides isolated from WS, such as Withaferin A (WA) have been demonstrated to be preventive and therapeutic against multiple diseases in experimental models. The goals of this study are to evaluate withanolides such as WA as well as Withania somnifera root extract as inducers of Nrf2 signaling, to probe the underlying signaling mechanism of WA and to determine whether prevention of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatic toxicity in mice by WA occurs in an Nrf2-dependent manner. We observed that WA profoundly protects wild-type mice but not Nrf2-disrupted mice against APAP hepatotoxicity. WA is a potent inducer of Nrf2-dependent cytoprotective enzyme expression both in vivo and in vitro. Unexpectedly, WA induces Nrf2 signaling at least in part, in a Keap1-independent, Pten/Pi3k/Akt-dependent manner in comparison to prototypical Nrf2 inducers, sulforaphane and CDDO-Im. The identification of WA as an Nrf2 inducer that can signal through a non-canonical, Keap1-independent pathway provides an opportunity to evaluate the role of other regulatory partners of Nrf2 in the dietary and pharmacological induction of Nrf2-mediated cytoprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dushani L Palliyaguru
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dionysios V Chartoumpekis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nobunao Wakabayashi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John J Skoko
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yoko Yagishita
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shivendra V Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas W Kensler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Dhami J, Chang E, Gambhir SS. Withaferin A and its potential role in glioblastoma (GBM). J Neurooncol 2016; 131:201-211. [PMID: 27837436 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-016-2303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Within the Ayurvedic medical tradition of India, Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is a well-known herb. A large number of withanolides have been isolated from both its roots and its leaves and many have been assessed for their pharmacological activities. Amongst them, Withaferin A is one of its most bioactive phytoconstituents. Due to the lactonal steroid's potential to modulate multiple oncogenic pathways, Withaferin A has gained much attention as a possible anti-neoplastic agent. This review focuses on the use of Withaferin A alone, or in combination with other treatments, as a newer option for therapy against the most aggressive variant of brain tumors, Glioblastoma. We survey the various studies that delineate Withaferin A's anticancer mechanisms, its toxicity profiles, its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and its immuno-modulating properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasdeep Dhami
- Health Sciences Center, Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Edwin Chang
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford and Canary Center at Stanford for Early Cancer Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford and Canary Center at Stanford for Early Cancer Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Li J, Wang R, Gannon OJ, Rezey AC, Jiang S, Gerlach BD, Liao G, Tang DD. Polo-like Kinase 1 Regulates Vimentin Phosphorylation at Ser-56 and Contraction in Smooth Muscle. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23693-23703. [PMID: 27662907 PMCID: PMC5095422 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.749341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is a serine/threonine-protein kinase that has been implicated in mitosis, cytokinesis, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. The role of Plk1 in smooth muscle contraction has not been investigated. Here, stimulation with acetylcholine induced Plk1 phosphorylation at Thr-210 (an indication of Plk1 activation) in smooth muscle. Contractile stimulation also activated Plk1 in live smooth muscle cells as evidenced by changes in fluorescence resonance energy transfer signal of a Plk1 sensor. Moreover, knockdown of Plk1 in smooth muscle attenuated force development. Smooth muscle conditional knock-out of Plk1 also diminished contraction of mouse tracheal rings. Plk1 knockdown inhibited acetylcholine-induced vimentin phosphorylation at Ser-56 without affecting myosin light chain phosphorylation. Expression of T210A Plk1 inhibited the agonist-induced vimentin phosphorylation at Ser-56 and contraction in smooth muscle. However, myosin light chain phosphorylation was not affected by T210A Plk1. Ste20-like kinase (SLK) is a serine/threonine-protein kinase that has been implicated in spindle orientation and microtubule organization during mitosis. In this study knockdown of SLK inhibited Plk1 phosphorylation at Thr-210 and activation. Finally, asthma is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, which largely stems from airway smooth muscle hyperreactivity. Here, smooth muscle conditional knock-out of Plk1 attenuated airway resistance and airway smooth muscle hyperreactivity in a murine model of asthma. Taken together, these findings suggest that Plk1 regulates smooth muscle contraction by modulating vimentin phosphorylation at Ser-56. Plk1 activation is regulated by SLK during contractile activation. Plk1 contributes to the pathogenesis of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
| | - Ruping Wang
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
| | - Olivia J Gannon
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
| | - Alyssa C Rezey
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
| | - Sixin Jiang
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
| | - Brennan D Gerlach
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
| | - Guoning Liao
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
| | - Dale D Tang
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Jiang S, Liu Y, Wang J, Zhang Y, Rui Y, Zhang Y, Li T. Cardioprotective effects of monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor on myocardial ischemic injury by targeting vimentin. Life Sci 2016; 167:85-91. [PMID: 27773717 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF), a heat-stable pentapeptide produced by Entamoeba histolytica, has anti-inflammatory function and protective effect on ischemic stroke. In this study, we evaluated the effect of MLIF on myocardial ischemia. Mice were subjected to ischemia/reperfusion by occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD). After sacrifice, the serum concentrations of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as the heart infarct size were measured. HE and TUNEL staining were used to observe the pathological damage and the apoptotic cells. For in vitro study, the oxygen-glucose deprivation(OGD) model was established in H9c2 cells. MTT assay and flow cytometry assay were performed to evaluate cell viability and apoptosis. The expression of JNK and caspase 3 was assessed by western blot analysis. Pull-down assay was used to detect the specific binding protein of MLIF in myocardial cells. MLIF significantly reduced the infarct size, and the cTnI, CK and LDH levels, amelioratived pathological damage and reduced the apopotosis compared with the myocardial I/R model group. MLIF improved cell survival and inhibited apoptosis and necrosis by inhibiting the p-JNK and cleaved caspase3 expression. Furthermore, the binding protein of MLIF in myocardial cells was vimentin. Inhibition of vimentin expression by withaferin A or vimentin siRNA repressed the protective effects of MLIF in OGD-provoked H9c2 cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the cardioprotective effects of MLIF on myocardial ischemia injury are related to reductions in the inflammatory response and apoptosis by targeting vimentin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Punan Hospital, Pudong New District, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Pharmacology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Pharmacology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yaocheng Rui
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yuefan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Tiejun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Punan Hospital, Pudong New District, Shanghai, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Kim J, Jang J, Yang C, Kim EJ, Jung H, Kim C. Vimentin filament controls integrin α5β1-mediated cell adhesion by binding to integrin through its Ser38 residue. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3517-3525. [PMID: 27658040 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of integrin affinity for its ligand is essential for cell adhesion and migration. Here, we found that direct interaction of vimentin with integrin β1 can enhance binding of integrin α5β1 to its ligand, fibronectin. Conversely, blocking the interaction reduced fibronectin binding, cell migration on a fibronectin-coated surface, and neural tube closure during Xenopus embryogenesis. We also found that withaferin A (WFA), a natural compound known to inhibit vimentin function, can suppress the vimentin-integrin interaction and abolish fibronectin binding. Finally, we identified Ser38 of vimentin as a critical residue for integrin binding. Our results suggest that phosphorylation of vimentin at Ser38 may regulate the integrin-ligand interaction, thus providing a molecular basis for antivimentin therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoon Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungim Jang
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chansik Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.,School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hosung Jung
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chungho Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Wang TH, Lin YS, Chen Y, Yeh CT, Huang YL, Hsieh TH, Shieh TM, Hsueh C, Chen TC. Long non-coding RNA AOC4P suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis by enhancing vimentin degradation and inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 2016; 6:23342-57. [PMID: 26160837 PMCID: PMC4695122 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate diverse cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and cancer progression. However, the function of lncRNAs in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains largely unknown. We performed a comprehensive microarray analysis of lncRNA expression in human HCC samples. After validation in 108 HCC specimens, we identified a differentially expressed novel tumor suppressive lncRNA termed amine oxidase, copper containing 4, pseudogene (AOC4P). The level of AOC4P expression was significantly downregulated in 68% of HCC samples and negatively correlated with advanced clinical stage, capsule invasion and vessel invasion. Low AOC4P expression correlated with poor prognostic outcomes, serving as an independent prognostic factor for HCC. In vitro functional assays indicated that AOC4P overexpression significantly reduced cell proliferation, migration and invasion by inhibiting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). RNA immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that AOC4P binds to vimentin and promotes its degradation. Animal model experiments confirmed the ability of AOC4P to suppress tumor growth and metastasis. Taken together, our findings suggest that AOC4P lncRNA acts as an HCC tumor suppressor by enhancing vimentin degradation and suppressing the EMT. By clarifying the mechanisms underlying HCC progression, these findings promote the development of novel therapeutic strategies for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Hong Wang
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Shiang Lin
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying Chen
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lin Huang
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | | | - Tzong-Ming Shieh
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chuen Hsueh
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Ching Chen
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Li J, Wang R, Tang DD. Vimentin dephosphorylation at ser-56 is regulated by type 1 protein phosphatase in smooth muscle. Respir Res 2016; 17:91. [PMID: 27457922 PMCID: PMC4960799 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The intermediate filament protein vimentin undergoes reversible phosphorylation and dephosphorylation at Ser-56, which plays an important role in regulating the contraction-relaxation cycles of smooth muscle. The protein phosphatases that mediate vimentin dephosphorylation in smooth muscle have not been previously investigated. Methods The associations of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) with vimentin in mouse tracheal rings was evaluated by co-immunoprecipitation. Lentivirus-mediated shRNA against PP1 was used to assess the role of PP1 in vimentin dephosphorylation and the vimentin-associated process in smooth muscle. Results Co-immunoprecipitation analysis showed that vimentin interacted with PP1, but barely with PP2A, in airway smooth muscle. Knockdown of PP1 by lentivirus-mediated shRNA increased the acetylcholine-induced vimentin phosphorylation and smooth muscle contraction. Because vimentin phosphorylation is able to modulate p130 Crk-associated substrate (p130CAS) and actin polymerization, we also evaluated the role of PP1 in the biological processes. Silencing of PP1 also enhanced the agonist-induced the dissociation of p130CAS from vimentin and F/G-actin ratios (an index of actin polymerization). However, PP1 knockdown did not affect c-Abl tyrosine phosphorylation, an important molecule that controls actin dynamics. Conclusions Taken together, these findings suggest that PP1 is a key protein serine/threonine phosphatase that controls vimentin Ser-56 dephosphorylation in smooth muscle. PP1 regulates actin polymerization by modulating the dissociation of p130CAS from vimentin, but not by affecting c-Abl tyrosine kinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-8, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Ruping Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-8, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Dale D Tang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-8, Albany, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Treatment of adult and pediatric high-grade gliomas with Withaferin A: antitumor mechanisms and future perspectives. J Nat Med 2016; 71:16-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-1020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
127
|
Kurakin A, Bredesen DE. Dynamic self-guiding analysis of Alzheimer's disease. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14092-122. [PMID: 26041885 PMCID: PMC4546454 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We applied a self-guiding evolutionary algorithm to initiate the synthesis of the Alzheimer's disease-related data and literature. A protein interaction network associated with amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) and a seed model that treats Alzheimer's disease as progressive dysregulation of APP-associated signaling were used as dynamic “guides” and structural “filters” in the recursive search, analysis, and assimilation of data to drive the evolution of the seed model in size, detail, and complexity. Analysis of data and literature across sub-disciplines and system-scale discovery platforms suggests a key role of dynamic cytoskeletal connectivity in the stability, plasticity, and performance of multicellular networks and architectures. Chronic impairment and/or dysregulation of cell adhesions/synapses, cytoskeletal networks, and/or reversible epithelial-to-mesenchymal-like transitions, which enable and mediate the stable and coherent yet dynamic and reconfigurable multicellular architectures, may lead to the emergence and persistence of the disordered, wound-like pockets/microenvironments of chronically disconnected cells. Such wound-like microenvironments support and are supported by pro-inflammatory, pro-secretion, de-differentiated cellular phenotypes with altered metabolism and signaling. The co-evolution of wound-like microenvironments and their inhabitants may lead to the selection and stabilization of degenerated cellular phenotypes, via acquisition of epigenetic modifications and mutations, which eventually result in degenerative disorders such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Kurakin
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dale E Bredesen
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Lee IC, Choi BY. Withaferin-A--A Natural Anticancer Agent with Pleitropic Mechanisms of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:290. [PMID: 26959007 PMCID: PMC4813154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer, being the second leading cause of mortality, exists as a formidable health challenge. In spite of our enormous efforts, the emerging complexities in the molecular nature of disease progression limit the real success in finding an effective cancer cure. It is now conceivable that cancer is, in fact, a progressive illness, and the morbidity and mortality from cancer can be reduced by interfering with various oncogenic signaling pathways. A wide variety of structurally diverse classes of bioactive phytochemicals have been shown to exert anticancer effects in a large number of preclinical studies. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that withaferin-A can prevent the development of cancers of various histotypes. Accumulating data from different rodent models and cell culture experiments have revealed that withaferin-A suppresses experimentally induced carcinogenesis, largely by virtue of its potent anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing properties. Moreover, withaferin-A sensitizes resistant cancer cells to existing chemotherapeutic agents. The purpose of this review is to highlight the mechanistic aspects underlying anticancer effects of withaferin-A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- In-Chul Lee
- Department of Cosmetic science, Seowon University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-742, Korea.
| | - Bu Young Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Engineering, Seowon University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-742, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Ridge KM, Shumaker D, Robert A, Hookway C, Gelfand VI, Janmey PA, Lowery J, Guo M, Weitz DA, Kuczmarski E, Goldman RD. Methods for Determining the Cellular Functions of Vimentin Intermediate Filaments. Methods Enzymol 2015; 568:389-426. [PMID: 26795478 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The type III intermediate filament protein vimentin was once thought to function mainly as a static structural protein in the cytoskeleton of cells of mesenchymal origin. Now, however, vimentin is known to form a dynamic, flexible network that plays an important role in a number of signaling pathways. Here, we describe various methods that have been developed to investigate the cellular functions of the vimentin protein and intermediate filament network, including chemical disruption, photoactivation and photoconversion, biolayer interferometry, soluble bead binding assay, three-dimensional substrate experiments, collagen gel contraction, optical-tweezer active microrheology, and force spectrum microscopy. Using these techniques, the contributions of vimentin to essential cellular processes can be probed in ever further detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Ridge
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Veterans Administration, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Dale Shumaker
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amélie Robert
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Caroline Hookway
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Vladimir I Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Departments of Physiology and Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason Lowery
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ming Guo
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Weitz
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward Kuczmarski
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert D Goldman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Narayan M, Seeley KW, Jinwal UK. Identification and quantitative analysis of cellular proteins affected by treatment with withaferin a using a SILAC-based proteomics approach. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 175:86-92. [PMID: 26392330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Withaferin A (WA) is a major bioactive compound isolated from the medicinal plant Withania somnifera Dunal, also known as "Ashwagandha". A number of published reports suggest various uses for WA including its function as an anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic drug molecule. The effects of WA at the molecular level in a cellular environment are not well understood. Knowledge of the molecular mechanism of action of WA could enhance its therapeutic value and may reveal novel pathways it may modulate. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to identify and characterize proteins affected by treatment with WA, we used SILAC- based proteomics analysis on a mouse microglial cell line (N9), which replicates phenotypic characteristics of primary microglial cells. RESULTS Using stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) and mass spectrometry (MS), a total of 2300 unique protein groups were identified from three biological replicates, with significant expression changes in 32 non-redundant proteins. The top biological functions associated with these differentially expressed proteins include cell death and survival, free radical scavenging, and carbohydrate metabolism. Specifically, several heat shock proteins (Hsps) were found to be upregulated, which suggests that the chaperonic machinery might be regulated by WA. Furthermore, our study revealed several novel protein molecules that were not previously reported to be affected by WA. Among them, annexin A1, a key anti-inflammatory molecule in microglial cells was found to be downregulated. Hsc70, Hsp90α and Hsp105 were found to be upregulated. We also found sequestosome1/p62 (p62) to be upregulated. We performed Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and found a number of pathways that were affected by WA treatment. CONCLUSIONS SILAC-based proteomics analysis of a microglial cell model revealed several novel proteins whose expression is regulated by WA and probable pathways regulated by WA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malathi Narayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida-Health, 4001 E. Fletcher Ave, MDC36, Tampa, FL 33613, United States
| | - Kent W Seeley
- Florida Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery & Innovation at the University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd., Suite 303, IDR Building, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Umesh K Jinwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida-Health, 4001 E. Fletcher Ave, MDC36, Tampa, FL 33613, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Dar NJ, Hamid A, Ahmad M. Pharmacologic overview of Withania somnifera, the Indian Ginseng. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4445-60. [PMID: 26306935 PMCID: PMC11113996 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Withania somnifera, also called 'Indian ginseng', is an important medicinal plant of the Indian subcontinent. It is widely used, singly or in combination, with other herbs against many ailments in Indian Systems of Medicine since time immemorial. Withania somnifera contains a spectrum of diverse phytochemicals enabling it to have a broad range of biological implications. In preclinical studies, it has shown anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-stress, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and anti-diabetic properties. Additionally, it has demonstrated the ability to reduce reactive oxygen species, modulate mitochondrial function, regulate apoptosis, and reduce inflammation and enhance endothelial function. In view of these pharmacologic properties, W. somnifera is a potential drug candidate to treat various clinical conditions, particularly related to the nervous system. In this review, we summarize the pharmacologic characteristics and discuss the mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic applications of the plant and its active constituents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nawab John Dar
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine-CSIR, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, 190005, India
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine-CSIR, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine-CSIR, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Abid Hamid
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine-CSIR, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine-CSIR, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Muzamil Ahmad
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine-CSIR, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, 190005, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine-CSIR, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Cui J, Gong M, He Y, Li Q, He T, Bi Y. All-trans retinoic acid inhibits proliferation, migration, invasion and induces differentiation of hepa1-6 cells through reversing EMT in vitro. Int J Oncol 2015; 48:349-57. [PMID: 26548461 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has the characristics of tumor invasiveness, frequent intrahepatic spread and extra hepatic metastases, which affects the therapy efficiency and prognosis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is now recognized as a key process in tumor invasion, metastasis and the generation of cancer initiating cells. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is currently used as a potential chemo-therapeutic or chemo-preventive agent because of its anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and antioxidant properties. This study investigated the effects of ATRA at different concentrations on the proliferation, migration, invasion, differentiation and functions of the mouse hepa1-6 hepatocarcinoma cell line and explored whether ATRA regulates EMT in the antitumor process. Trypan blue staining and colony formation assay were used to detect cell proliferation. Wound-healing assay and Transwell Matrigel assay were performed to examine migration. Invasion was assessed by using Transwell invasion assay. In the present study, ATRA significantly inhibited the cell growth, colony formation, migration, and invasion capability of hepa1-6 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, ATRA at low concentration (0.1 µmol/l) could generate these influences. After treated in the ATRA medium, the expression of mature hepatic markers ALB (albumin), CK18 (cytokeratin 18), TAT (tyrosine aminotransferase), ApoB (apolipoprotein B) decreased and that of hepatocarcinoma marker AFP (α fetoprotein) increased. At day 7 after ATRA induction, hepa1-6 cells showed comparable indocyanine green (ICG) uptake and glycogen storage function to the blank control. The mRNA expression of mesenchymal markers N-cadherin, vimentin, snail and twist decreased, while expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin increased in hepa1-6 cells after treated with ATRA. Therefore, this study demonstrates that ATRA remarkably suppressed the proliferation, migration, invasion of hepa1-6 hepatocarcinoma cell line and effectively induced its differentiation and liver functions in vitro through the reversal of EMT. HCC may be more sensitive to ATRA than other cancers, suggesting the prospective usefulness of ATRA in the treatment of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Cui
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Mengjia Gong
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Yun He
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Qilin Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Tongchuan He
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Yang Bi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Abstract
Withaferin A (WFA), initially identified as a compound that inhibits experimental angiogenesis, has been shown to bind to soluble vimentin (sVim) and other type III intermediate filament (IF) proteins. We review WFA's dose-related activities (Section 1), examining nanomolar concentrations effects on sVim in cell proliferation and submicromolar effects on lamellipodia and focal adhesion formation. WFA effects on polymeric IFs are especially interesting to the study of cell migration and invasion that depend on IF mechanical contractile properties. WFA interferes with NF-κB signaling, though this anti-inflammatory mechanism may occur via perturbation of sVim-protein complexes, and possibly also via targeting IκB kinase β directly. However, micromolar concentrations that induce vimentin cleavage to promote apoptosis may increasingly show off-target effects via targeting other IFs (neurofilaments and keratin) and non-IFs (tubulin, heat-shock proteins, proteasome). Thus, in Section 2, we describe our studies combining cell cultures with animal models of injury to validate relevant type III IF-targeting mechanisms of WFA. In Section 3, we illuminate from investigating myofibroblast differentiation how sVim phosphorylation may govern cell type-selective sensitivity to WFA, offering impetus for exploring vimentin phosphorylation isoforms as targets and biomarkers of fibrosis. These different WFA targets and activities are listed in a summary table.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Royce Mohan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
| | - Paola Bargagna-Mohan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Abstract
Purified intermediate filament (IF) proteins can be reassembled in vitro to produce polymers closely resembling those found in cells, and these filaments form viscoelastic gels. The cross-links holding IFs together in the network include specific bonds between polypeptides extending from the filament surface and ionic interactions mediated by divalent cations. IF networks exhibit striking nonlinear elasticity with stiffness, as quantified by shear modulus, increasing an order of magnitude as the networks are deformed to large strains resembling those that soft tissues undergo in vivo. Individual IFs can be stretched to more than two or three times their resting length without breaking. At least 10 different rheometric methods have been used to quantify the viscoelasticity of IF networks over a wide range of timescales and strain magnitudes. The mechanical roles of different classes of cytoplasmic IFs on mesenchymal and epithelial cells in culture have also been studied by an even wider range of microrheological methods. These studies have documented the effects on cell mechanics when IFs are genetically or pharmacologically disrupted or when normal or mutant IF proteins are exogenously expressed in cells. Consistent with in vitro rheology, the mechanical role of IFs is more apparent as cells are subjected to larger and more frequent deformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth E Charrier
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Jadeja RN, Urrunaga NH, Dash S, Khurana S, Saxena NK. Withaferin-A Reduces Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury in Mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 97:122-32. [PMID: 26212553 PMCID: PMC5909697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Withaferin-A (WA) has anti-oxidant activities however, its therapeutic potential in acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is unknown. We performed a proof-of-concept study to assess the therapeutic potential of WA in a mouse model that mimics APAP-induced liver injury (AILI) in humans. Overnight fasted C57BL/6NTac (5-6 wk. old) male mice received 200 mg/kg APAP intraperitoneally (i.p.). After 1 h mice were treated with 40 mg/kg WA or vehicle i.p., and euthanized 4 and 16 h later; their livers were harvested and serum collected for analysis. At 4 h, compared to vehicle-treated mice, WA-treated mice had reduced serum ALT levels, hepatocyte necrosis and intrahepatic hemorrhage. All APAP-treated mice had reduced hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels however, reduction in GSH was lower in WA-treated when compared to vehicle-treated mice. Compared to vehicle-treated mice, livers from WA-treated mice had reduced APAP-induced JNK activation, mitochondrial Bax translocation, and nitrotyrosine generation. Compared to vehicle-treated mice, WA-treated mice had increased hepatic up-regulation of Nrf2, Gclc and Nqo1, and down-regulation of Il-6 and Il-1β. The hepatoprotective effect of WA persisted at 16 h. Compared to vehicle-treated mice, WA-treated mice had reduced hepatocyte necrosis and hepatic expression of Il-6, Tnf-α and Il-1β, increased hepatic Gclc and Nqo1 expression and GSH levels, and reduced lipid peroxidation. Finally, in AML12 hepatocytes, WA reduced H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress and necrosis by preventing GSH depletion. Collectively, these data show mechanisms whereby WA reduces necrotic hepatocyte injury, and demonstrate that WA has therapeutic potential in AILI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravirajsinh N Jadeja
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Health Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Nathalie H Urrunaga
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Suchismita Dash
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Sandeep Khurana
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Health Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Neeraj Kumar Saxena
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Xu YM, Liu MX, Grunow N, Wijeratne EMK, Paine-Murrieta G, Felder S, Kris RM, Gunatilaka AAL. Discovery of Potent 17β-Hydroxywithanolides for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer by High-Throughput Screening of a Natural Products Library for Androgen-Induced Gene Expression Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:6984-93. [PMID: 26305181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most prevalent cancer among men in Western societies, and those who develop metastatic castration-resistant PC (CRPC) invariably succumb to the disease. The need for effective treatments for CRPC is a pressing concern, especially due to limited durable responses with currently employed therapies. Here, we demonstrate the successful application of a high-throughput gene-expression profiling assay directly targeting genes of the androgen receptor pathway to screen a natural products library leading to the identification of 17β-hydroxywithanolides 1-5, of which physachenolide D (5) exhibited potent and selective in vitro activity against two PC cell lines, LNCaP and PC-3. Epoxidation of 5 afforded physachenolide C (6) with higher potency and stability. Structure-activity relationships for withanolides as potential anti-PC agents are presented together with in vivo efficacy studies on compound 6, suggesting that 17β-hydroxywithanolides are promising candidates for further development as CRPC therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ming Xu
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona , 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Manping X Liu
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona , 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Nathan Grunow
- NuvoGen Research LLC , P.O. Box 64326, Tucson, Arizona 85728, United States
| | - E M Kithsiri Wijeratne
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona , 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Gillian Paine-Murrieta
- University of Arizona Cancer Center , 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
| | - Stephen Felder
- NuvoGen Research LLC , P.O. Box 64326, Tucson, Arizona 85728, United States
| | - Richard M Kris
- NuvoGen Research LLC , P.O. Box 64326, Tucson, Arizona 85728, United States
| | - A A Leslie Gunatilaka
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona , 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Real-time analysis of epithelial-mesenchymal transition using fluorescent single-domain antibodies. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13402. [PMID: 26292717 PMCID: PMC4544033 DOI: 10.1038/srep13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vimentin has become an important biomarker for epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a highly dynamic cellular process involved in the initiation of metastasis and cancer progression. To date there is no approach available to study endogenous vimentin in a physiological context. Here, we describe the selection and targeted modification of novel single-domain antibodies, so-called nanobodies, to trace vimentin in various cellular assays. Most importantly, we generated vimentin chromobodies by combining the binding moieties of the nanobodies with fluorescent proteins. Following chromobody fluorescence in a cancer-relevant cellular model, we were able for the first time to monitor and quantify dynamic changes of endogenous vimentin upon siRNA-mediated knockdown, induction with TGF-β and modification with Withaferin A by high-content imaging. This versatile approach allows detailed studies of the spatiotemporal organization of vimentin in living cells. It enables the identification of vimentin-modulating compounds, thereby providing the basis to screen for novel therapeutics affecting EMT.
Collapse
|
138
|
Nishikawa Y, Okuzaki D, Fukushima K, Mukai S, Ohno S, Ozaki Y, Yabuta N, Nojima H. Withaferin A Induces Cell Death Selectively in Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Cells but Not in Normal Fibroblast Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134137. [PMID: 26230090 PMCID: PMC4521694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Withaferin A (WA), a major bioactive component of the Indian herb Withania somnifera, induces cell death (apoptosis/necrosis) in multiple types of tumor cells, but the molecular mechanism underlying this cytotoxicity remains elusive. We report here that 2 μM WA induced cell death selectively in androgen-insensitive PC-3 and DU-145 prostate adenocarcinoma cells, whereas its toxicity was less severe in androgen-sensitive LNCaP prostate adenocarcinoma cells and normal human fibroblasts (TIG-1 and KD). WA also killed PC-3 cells in spheroid-forming medium. DNA microarray analysis revealed that WA significantly increased mRNA levels of c-Fos and 11 heat-shock proteins (HSPs) in PC-3 and DU-145, but not in LNCaP and TIG-1. Western analysis revealed increased expression of c-Fos and reduced expression of the anti-apoptotic protein c-FLIP(L). Expression of HSPs such as HSPA6 and Hsp70 was conspicuously elevated; however, because siRNA-mediated depletion of HSF-1, an HSP-inducing transcription factor, reduced PC-3 cell viability, it is likely that these heat-shock genes were involved in protecting against cell death. Moreover, WA induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in PC-3 and DU-145, but not in normal fibroblasts. Immunocytochemistry and immuno-electron microscopy revealed that WA disrupted the vimentin cytoskeleton, possibly inducing the ROS generation, c-Fos expression and c-FLIP(L) suppression. These observations suggest that multiple events followed by disruption of the vimentin cytoskeleton play pivotal roles in WA-mediated cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Nishikawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3–1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565–0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3–1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565–0871, Japan
- DNA-chip Development Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3–1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565–0871, Japan
| | - Kohshiro Fukushima
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3–1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565–0871, Japan
| | - Satomi Mukai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3–1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565–0871, Japan
| | - Shouichi Ohno
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3–1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565–0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Ozaki
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3–1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565–0871, Japan
| | - Norikazu Yabuta
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3–1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565–0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nojima
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3–1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565–0871, Japan
- DNA-chip Development Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3–1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565–0871, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Abstract
Plant-based Ayurvedic medicine has been practiced in India for thousands of years for the treatment of a variety of disorders. They are rich sources of bioactive compounds potentially useful for prevention and treatment of cancer. Withania somnifera (commonly known as Ashwagandha in Ayurvedic medicine) is a widely used medicinal plant whose anticancer value was recognized after isolation of steroidal compounds withanolides from the leaves of this shrub. Withaferin A is the first member of withanolides to be isolated, and it is the most abundant withanolide present in W. somnifera. Its cancer-protective role has now been established using chemically induced and oncogene-driven rodent cancer models. The present review summarizes the key preclinical studies demonstrating anticancer effects of withaferin along with its molecular targets and mechanisms related to its anticancer effects. Anticancer potential of other withanolides is also discussed.
Collapse
|
140
|
Bargagna-Mohan P, Lei L, Thompson A, Shaw C, Kasahara K, Inagaki M, Mohan R. Vimentin Phosphorylation Underlies Myofibroblast Sensitivity to Withaferin A In Vitro and during Corneal Fibrosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133399. [PMID: 26186445 PMCID: PMC4506086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vimentin is a newly recognized target for corneal fibrosis. Using primary rabbit corneal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts we show that myofibroblasts, unlike fibroblasts, display impaired cell spreading and cell polarization, which is associated with increased levels of soluble serine-38 phosphorylated vimentin (pSer38Vim). This pSer38Vim isoform is inefficiently incorporated into growing vimentin intermediate filaments (IFs) of myofibroblasts during cell spreading, and as a result, myofibroblasts maintain higher soluble pSer38Vim levels compared to fibroblasts. Moreover, the soluble vimentin-targeting small molecule and fibrotic inhibitor withaferin A (WFA) causes a potent blockade of cell spreading selectively in myofibroblasts by targeting soluble pSer38Vim for hyperphosphorylation. WFA treatment does not induce vimentin hyperphosphorylation in fibroblasts. This hyperphosphorylated pSer38Vim species in WFA-treated myofibroblasts becomes complexed with adaptor protein filamin A (FlnA), and these complexes appear as short squiggles when displaced from focal adhesions. The extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) is also phosphorylated (pERK) in response to WFA, but surprisingly, pERK does not enter the nucleus but remains bound to pSer38Vim in cytoplasmic complexes. Using a model of corneal alkali injury, we show that fibrotic corneas of wild type mice possess high levels of pERK, whereas injured corneas of vimentin-deficient (Vim KO) mice that heal with reduced fibrosis have highly reduced pERK expression. Finally, WFA treatment causes a decrease in pERK and pSer38Vim expression in healing corneas of wild type mice. Taken together, these findings identify a hereto-unappreciated role for pSer38Vim as an important determinant of myofibroblast sensitivity to WFA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bargagna-Mohan
- From the Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ling Lei
- From the Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Alexis Thompson
- From the Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Camille Shaw
- From the Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kousuke Kasahara
- Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaki Inagaki
- Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Royce Mohan
- From the Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Shah N, Singh R, Sarangi U, Saxena N, Chaudhary A, Kaur G, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R. Combinations of Ashwagandha leaf extracts protect brain-derived cells against oxidative stress and induce differentiation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120554. [PMID: 25789768 PMCID: PMC4366112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ashwagandha, a traditional Indian herb, has been known for its variety of therapeutic activities. We earlier demonstrated anticancer activities in the alcoholic and water extracts of the leaves that were mediated by activation of tumor suppressor functions and oxidative stress in cancer cells. Low doses of these extracts were shown to possess neuroprotective activities in vitro and in vivo assays. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used cultured glioblastoma and neuroblastoma cells to examine the effect of extracts (alcoholic and water) as well as their bioactive components for neuroprotective activities against oxidative stress. Various biochemical and imaging assays on the marker proteins of glial and neuronal cells were performed along with their survival profiles in control, stressed and recovered conditions. We found that the extracts and one of the purified components, withanone, when used at a low dose, protected the glial and neuronal cells from oxidative as well as glutamate insult, and induced their differentiation per se. Furthermore, the combinations of extracts and active component were highly potent endorsing the therapeutic merit of the combinational approach. CONCLUSION Ashwagandha leaf derived bioactive compounds have neuroprotective potential and may serve as supplement for brain health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navjot Shah
- Cell Proliferation Research Group and DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8562, Japan
| | - Rumani Singh
- Cell Proliferation Research Group and DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8562, Japan
| | - Upasana Sarangi
- Cell Proliferation Research Group and DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8562, Japan
| | - Nishant Saxena
- Cell Proliferation Research Group and DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8562, Japan
| | - Anupama Chaudhary
- Cell Proliferation Research Group and DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8562, Japan
| | - Gurcharan Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Sunil C. Kaul
- Cell Proliferation Research Group and DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8562, Japan
- * E-mail: (RW); (SCK)
| | - Renu Wadhwa
- Cell Proliferation Research Group and DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8562, Japan
- * E-mail: (RW); (SCK)
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Evasion of anti-growth signaling: A key step in tumorigenesis and potential target for treatment and prophylaxis by natural compounds. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S55-S77. [PMID: 25749195 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The evasion of anti-growth signaling is an important characteristic of cancer cells. In order to continue to proliferate, cancer cells must somehow uncouple themselves from the many signals that exist to slow down cell growth. Here, we define the anti-growth signaling process, and review several important pathways involved in growth signaling: p53, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), retinoblastoma protein (Rb), Hippo, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), AT-rich interactive domain 1A (ARID1A), Notch, insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) pathways. Aberrations in these processes in cancer cells involve mutations and thus the suppression of genes that prevent growth, as well as mutation and activation of genes involved in driving cell growth. Using these pathways as examples, we prioritize molecular targets that might be leveraged to promote anti-growth signaling in cancer cells. Interestingly, naturally occurring phytochemicals found in human diets (either singly or as mixtures) may promote anti-growth signaling, and do so without the potentially adverse effects associated with synthetic chemicals. We review examples of naturally occurring phytochemicals that may be applied to prevent cancer by antagonizing growth signaling, and propose one phytochemical for each pathway. These are: epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) for the Rb pathway, luteolin for p53, curcumin for PTEN, porphyrins for Hippo, genistein for GDF15, resveratrol for ARID1A, withaferin A for Notch and diguelin for the IGF1-receptor pathway. The coordination of anti-growth signaling and natural compound studies will provide insight into the future application of these compounds in the clinical setting.
Collapse
|
143
|
Quick Q, Paul M, Skalli O. Roles and potential clinical applications of intermediate filament proteins in brain tumors. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2015; 22:40-8. [PMID: 25976260 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate filament (IF) proteins are cytoplasmic and nuclear cytoskeletal proteins. Of the ~70 IF proteins, nearly 12 are found in the nervous system, where their expression is largely cell-type specific. Astrocytes express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), whereas different neuron types contain neurofilament proteins, α-internexin, or peripherin. These proteins are often downregulated in brain cancer. In addition, brain cancer cells may also contain vimentin, nestin, and synemin, which are the IF proteins found in neural progenitor cells. In different brain tumor types, the expression of nestin, vimentin, and α-internexin appears to correlate with the clinical outcome. Experimental investigations have also demonstrated that IF proteins have distinct roles in specific brain tumor cell behaviors: nestin, for instance, is important for the proliferation of glioma cells, whereas synemin also affect their mobility. The mechanisms responsible for these effects involve the interaction of IF proteins with specific signaling pathways. Synemin, for instance, positively regulates glioma cell proliferation by antagonizing protein phosphatase 2A. Further evidence for the potential of IF proteins as therapeutic targets derives from animal models showing the influence of IF proteins on tumor growth. Nestin downregulation, for instance, dramatically reduced intracerebral glioma growth. Selective targeted therapies of IFs to date primarily include gene therapy approaches using nestin or GFAP gene promoters to drive transgene expression into glioma cells. Although attempts to identify small molecules specifically antagonizing IF proteins have been unsuccessful to date, it is anticipated that the identification of such compounds will be instrumental in expanding therapeutic approaches for brain tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quincy Quick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN
| | - Madhumita Paul
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN
| | - Omar Skalli
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN.
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Kumar V, Dey A, Hadimani MB, Marcovic T, Emerald M. Chemistry and pharmacology of withania somnifera: An update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5667/tang.2014.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
145
|
Wang Z, Dabrosin C, Yin X, Fuster MM, Arreola A, Rathmell WK, Generali D, Nagaraju GP, El-Rayes B, Ribatti D, Chen YC, Honoki K, Fujii H, Georgakilas AG, Nowsheen S, Amedei A, Niccolai E, Amin A, Ashraf SS, Helferich B, Yang X, Guha G, Bhakta D, Ciriolo MR, Aquilano K, Chen S, Halicka D, Mohammed SI, Azmi AS, Bilsland A, Keith WN, Jensen LD. Broad targeting of angiogenesis for cancer prevention and therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S224-S243. [PMID: 25600295 PMCID: PMC4737670 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of angiogenesis – the growth of new blood vessels from an existing vasculature – is a main driving force in many severe human diseases including cancer. As such, tumor angiogenesis is important for delivering oxygen and nutrients to growing tumors, and therefore considered an essential pathologic feature of cancer, while also playing a key role in enabling other aspects of tumor pathology such as metabolic deregulation and tumor dissemination/metastasis. Recently, inhibition of tumor angiogenesis has become a clinical anti-cancer strategy in line with chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery, which underscore the critical importance of the angiogenic switch during early tumor development. Unfortunately the clinically approved anti-angiogenic drugs in use today are only effective in a subset of the patients, and many who initially respond develop resistance over time. Also, some of the anti-angiogenic drugs are toxic and it would be of great importance to identify alternative compounds, which could overcome these drawbacks and limitations of the currently available therapy. Finding “the most important target” may, however, prove a very challenging approach as the tumor environment is highly diverse, consisting of many different cell types, all of which may contribute to tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, the tumor cells themselves are genetically unstable, leading to a progressive increase in the number of different angiogenic factors produced as the cancer progresses to advanced stages. As an alternative approach to targeted therapy, options to broadly interfere with angiogenic signals by a mixture of non-toxic natural compound with pleiotropic actions were viewed by this team as an opportunity to develop a complementary anti-angiogenesis treatment option. As a part of the “Halifax Project” within the “Getting to know cancer” framework, we have here, based on a thorough review of the literature, identified 10 important aspects of tumor angiogenesis and the pathological tumor vasculature which would be well suited as targets for anti-angiogenic therapy: (1) endothelial cell migration/tip cell formation, (2) structural abnormalities of tumor vessels, (3) hypoxia, (4) lymphangiogenesis, (5) elevated interstitial fluid pressure, (6) poor perfusion, (7) disrupted circadian rhythms, (8) tumor promoting inflammation, (9) tumor promoting fibroblasts and (10) tumor cell metabolism/acidosis. Following this analysis, we scrutinized the available literature on broadly acting anti-angiogenic natural products, with a focus on finding qualitative information on phytochemicals which could inhibit these targets and came up with 10 prototypical phytochemical compounds: (1) oleanolic acid, (2) tripterine, (3) silibinin, (4) curcumin, (5) epigallocatechin-gallate, (6) kaempferol, (7) melatonin, (8) enterolactone, (9) withaferin A and (10) resveratrol. We suggest that these plant-derived compounds could be combined to constitute a broader acting and more effective inhibitory cocktail at doses that would not be likely to cause excessive toxicity. All the targets and phytochemical approaches were further cross-validated against their effects on other essential tumorigenic pathways (based on the “hallmarks” of cancer) in order to discover possible synergies or potentially harmful interactions, and were found to generally also have positive involvement in/effects on these other aspects of tumor biology. The aim is that this discussion could lead to the selection of combinations of such anti-angiogenic compounds which could be used in potent anti-tumor cocktails, for enhanced therapeutic efficacy, reduced toxicity and circumvention of single-agent anti-angiogenic resistance, as well as for possible use in primary or secondary cancer prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Charlotta Dabrosin
- Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Xin Yin
- Medicine and Research Services, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System & University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark M Fuster
- Medicine and Research Services, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System & University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Arreola
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - W Kimryn Rathmell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daniele Generali
- Molecular Therapy and Pharmacogenomics Unit, AO Isituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Ganji P Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bassel El-Rayes
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; National Cancer Institute Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Yi Charlie Chen
- Department of Biology, Alderson Broaddus University, Philippi, WV, USA
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Arthroplasty and Regenerative Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Arthroplasty and Regenerative Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Niccolai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Amr Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirate University, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirate University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bill Helferich
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Xujuan Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | | | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Sophie Chen
- Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust Laboratory, Guilford, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Alan Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lasse D Jensen
- Department of Medical, and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Abstract
Metastatic disease is responsible for 90% of death from solid tumors. However, only a minority of metastasis-specific targets has been exploited therapeutically, and effective prevention and suppression of metastatic disease is still an elusive goal. In this review, we will first summarize the current state of knowledge about the molecular features of the disease, with particular focus on steps and targets potentially amenable to therapeutic intervention. We will then discuss the reasons underlying the paucity of metastatic drugs in the current oncological arsenal and potential ways to overcome this therapeutic gap. We reason that the discovery of novel promising targets, an increased understanding of the molecular features of the disease, the effect of disruptive technologies, and a shift in the current preclinical and clinical settings have the potential to create more successful drug development endeavors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yari Fontebasso
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Steven M Dubinett
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Yco LP, Mocz G, Opoku-Ansah J, Bachmann AS. Withaferin A Inhibits STAT3 and Induces Tumor Cell Death in Neuroblastoma and Multiple Myeloma. BIOCHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2014; 7:1-13. [PMID: 25452693 PMCID: PMC4226392 DOI: 10.4137/bci.s18863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is an oncogenic transcription factor that has been implicated in many human cancers and has emerged as an ideal target for cancer therapy. Withaferin A (WFA) is a natural product with promising antiproliferative properties through its association with a number of molecular targets including STAT3. However, the effect of WFA in pediatric neuroblastoma (NB) and its interaction with STAT3 have not been reported. In this study, we found that WFA effectively induces dose-dependent cell death in high-risk and drug-resistant NB as well as multiple myeloma (MM) tumor cells, prevented interleukin-6 (IL-6)–mediated and persistently activated STAT3 phosphorylation at Y705, and blocked the transcriptional activity of STAT3. We further provide computational models that show that WFA binds STAT3 near the Y705 phospho-tyrosine residue of the STAT3 Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, suggesting that WFA prevents STAT3 dimer formation similar to BP-1-102, a well-established STAT3 inhibitor. Our findings propose that the antitumor activity of WFA is mediated at least in part through inhibition of STAT3 and provide a rationale for further drug development and clinical use in NB and MM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisette P Yco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, USA. ; Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Gabor Mocz
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - John Opoku-Ansah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, USA
| | - André S Bachmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, USA. ; Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. ; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. ; Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, USA
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Park JW, Min KJ, Kim DE, Kwon TK. Withaferin A induces apoptosis through the generation of thiol oxidation in human head and neck cancer cells. Int J Mol Med 2014; 35:247-52. [PMID: 25351115 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Withaferin A is a steroidal lactone purified from the Indian medicinal plant, Withania somnifera. Withaferin A has been shown to inhibit the proliferation, metastasis, invasion and angiogenesis of cancer cells. In the present study, we investigated whether withaferin A induces apoptosis in the human head and neck cancer cells, AMC-HN4. Withaferin A markedly increased the sub-G1 cell population and the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which are markers of apoptosis. Pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk (z-VAD), markedly inhibited the withaferin A-induced apoptosis. However, the withaferin A-induced increase in the expression of COX-2 was not affected by treatment with z-VAD. Furthermore, withaferin A upregulated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. The COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398, reduced the withaferin A-induced production of prostaglandin E2. However, treatment with NS-398 did not affect the sub-G1 population and the cleavage of PARP. In addition, the withaferin A-induced apoptosis was independent of reactive oxygen species production. Thiol donors [N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and dithiothreitol (DTT)] reversed withaferin A-induced apoptosis. Therefore, our data suggest that withaferin A induces apoptosis through the mechanism of thiol oxidation in head and neck carcinoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Won Park
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Min
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Eun Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Withaferin A disrupts ubiquitin-based NEMO reorganization induced by canonical NF-κB signaling. Exp Cell Res 2014; 331:58-72. [PMID: 25304104 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The NF-κB family of transcription factors regulates numerous cellular processes, including cell proliferation and survival responses. The constitutive activation of NF-κB has also emerged as an important oncogenic driver in many malignancies, such as activated B-cell like diffuse large B cell lymphoma, among others. In this study, we investigated the impact and mechanisms of action of Withaferin A, a naturally produced steroidal lactone, against both signal-inducible as well as constitutive NF-κB activities. We found that Withaferin A is a robust inhibitor of canonical and constitutive NF-κB activities, leading to apoptosis of certain lymphoma lines. In the canonical pathway induced by TNF, Withaferin A did not disrupt RIP1 polyubiquitination or NEMO-IKKβ interaction and was a poor direct IKKβ inhibitor, but prevented the formation of TNF-induced NEMO foci which colocalized with TNF ligand. While GFP-NEMO efficiently formed TNF-induced foci, a GFP-NEMO(Y308S) mutant that is defective in binding to polyubiquitin chains did not form foci. Our study reveals that Withaferin A is a novel type of IKK inhibitor which acts by disrupting NEMO reorganization into ubiquitin-based signaling structures in vivo.
Collapse
|
150
|
Trendowski M. Exploiting the cytoskeletal filaments of neoplastic cells to potentiate a novel therapeutic approach. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:599-616. [PMID: 25286320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although cytoskeletal-directed agents have been a mainstay in chemotherapeutic protocols due to their ability to readily interfere with the rapid mitotic progression of neoplastic cells, they are all microtubule-based drugs, and there has yet to be any microfilament- or intermediate filament-directed agents approved for clinical use. There are many inherent differences between the cytoskeletal networks of malignant and normal cells, providing an ideal target to attain preferential damage. Further, numerous microfilament-directed agents, and an intermediate filament-directed agent of particular interest (withaferin A) have demonstrated in vitro and in vivo efficacy, suggesting that cytoskeletal filaments may be exploited to supplement chemotherapeutic approaches currently used in the clinical setting. Therefore, this review is intended to expose academics and clinicians to the tremendous variety of cytoskeletal filament-directed agents that are currently available for further chemotherapeutic evaluation. The mechanisms by which microfilament directed- and intermediate filament-directed agents damage malignant cells are discussed in detail in order to establish how the drugs can be used in combination with each other, or with currently approved chemotherapeutic agents to generate a substantial synergistic attack, potentially establishing a new paradigm of chemotherapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Trendowski
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
| |
Collapse
|