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G-Protein-Coupled Receptors 120 Agonist III Improves Hepatic Inflammation and ER Stress in Steatohepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:1090-1096. [PMID: 32372191 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GPR120 plays a crucial role in insulin sensitization, inflammatory responses and obesity and is considered as an attractive potential target for the treatment of metabolic dysfunctions. However, the mechanisms of GPR120 agonist III in NAFLD/NASH treatment are still unclear. AIMS We aimed to evaluate the effect and molecular mechanisms of GPR120 agonist III on NASH, and search for future treatments of human NAFLD/NASH. METHODS The effects of GPR120 agonist III on steatohepatitis were evaluated in mice fed with HFHC diet and MCD diet. The ultrastructural changes of ER were assessed by TEM. Hepatic ROS production was evaluated by DHE staining. Apoptosis and macrophage infiltration were determined by IHC staining. Inflammatory cytokines secretion were examined using mouse XL cytokine array. RESULTS GPR120 agonist III significantly suppressed macrophage infiltration and ROS production and reversed hepatic inflammation, ER stress and apoptosis in dietary-induced steatohepatitis. CONCLUSION GPR120 agonist III will be an attractive treatment method in steatohepatitis, which opens up a new sight for future treatments of human NAFLD/NASH.
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102
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Li J, Liu C, Zhou Z, Dou B, Huang J, Huang L, Zheng P, Fan S, Huang C. Isotschimgine alleviates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis via FXR agonism in mice. Phytother Res 2021; 35:3351-3364. [PMID: 33784797 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) has emerged as a potential therapy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the side effects of OCA may limit its application in clinics. We identified previously that isotschimgine (ITG) is a non-steroidal FXR selective agonist and has potent therapeutic effects on NAFLD in mice. Here, we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of ITG on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis in mice. We used methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet-induced NASH mice, bile duct ligation (BDL), and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 )-treated hepatic fibrosis mice to investigate the effects of ITG on NASH, fibrosis, and cholestatic liver injury. Our results showed that ITG improved steatosis and inflammation in the liver of MCD diet-fed mice, as well as alleviated fibrosis and inflammation in the liver of CCl4 -treated mice. Furthermore, ITG attenuated serum bile acid levels, and reduced vacuolization, inflammatory infiltration, hepatic parenchymal necrosis, and collagen accumulation in the liver of BDL mice. Mechanistically, ITG increased the expression of FXR target genes. These data suggest that ITG is an FXR agonist and may be developed as a novel therapy for NASH, hepatic fibrosis, or primary biliary cholangitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuhe Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baokai Dou
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinwen Huang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Leilei Huang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiyong Zheng
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengjie Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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103
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Oridonin interferes with simple steatosis of liver cells by regulating autophagy. Tissue Cell 2021; 72:101532. [PMID: 33823340 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oridonin has significant liver-protective effects, but its effect on liver steatosis has not been reported. We investigated the effects of oridonin on liver steatosis by cell cultures. The optimal experimental concentration of oridonin was determined through cytotoxicity experiments. A simple steatosis liver cell model was induced using free fatty acids (FFA). After adding oridonin to the FFA-induced cell model for 24 h, the lipid droplets and triglyceride (TG) content in the cells were measured by Oil Red O staining and TG kits. The expressions of autophagy-related markers (cyclin dependent kinases inhibitor 1a (p21), Beclin-1, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)-I and LC3-II, protein kinase B (AKT), phosphorylated-AKT (p-AKT), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and phosphorylated-AMPK (p-AMPK)) were detected by Western blot. Based on the results, the cell model was further treated by autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) to determine the degree of steatosis and the expressions of autophagy-related factors. Oridonin at a concentration higher than 10 μmol/L caused cytotoxicity to the cells. Adding 10 μmol/L oridonin to the FFA-induced cell model effectively reduced lipid droplets and TG content in the cells. Oridonin up-regulated p21, Beclin-1 and LC3-II expressions, but down-regulated those of p62 and LC3-I. Also, oridonin increased the ratios of LC3-II/LC3-I and p-AMPK/AMPK, but reduced that of p-AKT/AKT. With the addition of 3-MA, the effect of oridonin on reducing steatosis was partially reversed, and the autophagy was inhibited. This study found that oridonin can activate autophagy, thereby preventing simple steatosis of liver cells.
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104
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Kim JY, He F, Karin M. From Liver Fat to Cancer: Perils of the Western Diet. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1095. [PMID: 33806428 PMCID: PMC7961422 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of primary liver cancer provides the prototypical example of an obesity-related cancer. The obesity epidemic gave rise to an enormous increase in the incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a condition that affects one third of American adults. In about 20% of these individuals, simple liver steatosis (hepatosteatosis) progresses to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) characterized by chronic liver injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. In addition to liver failure, NASH greatly increases the risk of HCC. Here we discuss the metabolic processes that control the progression from NAFLD to NASH and from NASH to HCC, with a special emphasis on the role of free-non-esterified cholesterol in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Youn Kim
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Feng He
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
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105
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Moretti CH, Schiffer TA, Li X, Weitzberg E, Carlström M, Lundberg JO. Germ-free mice are not protected against diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13581. [PMID: 33222397 PMCID: PMC7988602 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aim Studies in the past 15 years have highlighted the role of the gut microbiota in modulation of host metabolism. The observation that germ‐free (GF) mice are leaner than conventionally raised (CONV) mice and their apparent resistance to diet‐induced obesity (DIO), sparked the interest in dissecting the possible causative role of the gut microbiota in obesity and metabolic diseases. However, discordant results among studies leave such relationship elusive. In this study, we compared the effects of chronic Western diet (WD) intake on body weight and metabolic function of GF and CONV mice. Methods We fed GF and CONV mice a WD for 16 weeks and monitored body weight weekly. At the end of the dietary challenge, the metabolic phenotype of the animals was assessed. Muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) and liver AMPK activation were investigated. Results Both GF and CONV mice gained weight and developed glucose intolerance when fed a WD. Moreover, WD feeding was associated with increased adipose tissue inflammation, repressed hepatic AMPK activity, fatty liver and elevated hepatic triglycerides in both groups of mice. Enhanced fatty acid oxidation in the GF mouse is one of the proposed mechanisms for their resistance to DIO. The GF mice in this study showed higher CPT1 activity as compared to their CONV counterparts, despite not being protected from obesity. Conclusions We provide evidence that the microbiota is not an indispensable factor in the onset of obesity and metabolic dysfunction, suggesting that the relationship between gut bacteria and metabolic diseases needs further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara H. Moretti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Tomas A. Schiffer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jon O. Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
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106
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Signaling Nodes Associated with Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress during NAFLD Progression. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020242. [PMID: 33567666 PMCID: PMC7915814 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess and sustained endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, paired with a failure of initial adaptive responses, acts as a critical trigger of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progression. Unfortunately, there is no drug currently approved for treatment, and the molecular basis of pathogenesis by ER stress remains poorly understood. Classical ER stress pathway molecules have distinct but inter-connected functions and complicated effects at each phase of the disease. Identification of the specific molecular signal mediators of the ER stress-mediated pathogenesis is, therefore, a crucial step in the development of new treatments. These signaling nodes may be specific to the cell type and/or the phase of disease progression. In this review, we highlight the recent advancements in knowledge concerning signaling nodes associated with ER stress and NAFLD progression in various types of liver cells.
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107
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Deguise MO, Pileggi C, De Repentigny Y, Beauvais A, Tierney A, Chehade L, Michaud J, Llavero-Hurtado M, Lamont D, Atrih A, Wishart TM, Gillingwater TH, Schneider BL, Harper ME, Parson SH, Kothary R. SMN Depleted Mice Offer a Robust and Rapid Onset Model of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:354-377.e3. [PMID: 33545428 PMCID: PMC8257458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered a health epidemic with potential devastating effects on the patients and the healthcare systems. Current preclinical models of NAFLD are invariably imperfect and generally take a long time to develop. A mouse model of survival motor neuron (SMN) depletion (Smn2B/- mice) was recently shown to develop significant hepatic steatosis in less than 2 weeks from birth. The rapid onset of fatty liver in Smn2B/- mice provides an opportunity to identify molecular markers of NAFLD. Here, we investigated whether Smn2B/- mice display typical features of NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). METHODS Biochemical, histologic, electron microscopy, proteomic, and high-resolution respirometry were used. RESULTS The Smn2B/- mice develop microvesicular steatohepatitis within 2 weeks, a feature prevented by AAV9-SMN gene therapy. Although fibrosis is not overtly apparent in histologic sections of the liver, there is molecular evidence of fibrogenesis and presence of stellate cell activation. The consequent liver damage arises from mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and results in hepatic dysfunction in protein output, complement, coagulation, iron homeostasis, and insulin-like growth factor-1 metabolism. The NAFLD phenotype is likely due to non-esterified fatty acid overload from peripheral lipolysis subsequent to hyperglucagonemia compounded by reduced muscle use and insulin resistance. Despite the low hepatic mitochondrial content, isolated mitochondria show enhanced β-oxidation, likely as a compensatory response, resulting in the production of reactive oxygen species. In contrast to typical NAFLD/NASH, the Smn2B/- mice lose weight because of their associated neurological condition (spinal muscular atrophy) and develop hypoglycemia. CONCLUSIONS The Smn2B/- mice represent a good model of microvesicular steatohepatitis. Like other models, it is not representative of the complete NAFLD/NASH spectrum. Nevertheless, it offers a reliable, low-cost, early-onset model that is not dependent on diet to identify molecular players in NAFLD pathogenesis and can serve as one of the very few models of microvesicular steatohepatitis for both adult and pediatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Olivier Deguise
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chantal Pileggi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yves De Repentigny
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ariane Beauvais
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra Tierney
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucia Chehade
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean Michaud
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maica Llavero-Hurtado
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas Lamont
- FingerPrints Proteomics Facility, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Abdelmadjid Atrih
- FingerPrints Proteomics Facility, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M. Wishart
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas H. Gillingwater
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard L. Schneider
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland,Bertarelli Foundation Gene Therapy Platform, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon H. Parson
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Rashmi Kothary, PhD, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6. fax: (613) 737-8803.
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108
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Prolyl endopeptidase disruption reduces hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress in methionine-choline-deficient diet-induced steatohepatitis. Life Sci 2021; 270:119131. [PMID: 33516698 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) is a serine endopeptidase widely distributed in the body, and accumulated evidence suggests that PREP participates in inflammation and oxidative stress. Here, we explored the effect of PREP gene disruption on hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress status in a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD)-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) model. MAIN METHODS PREP gene disruption (PREPgt) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were placed on a control or an MCD diet for 4 weeks, respectively. The liver histopathological analysis and the number of inflammatory cells were determined by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and immunohistochemical staining. Inflammation-associated genes and cytokine levels in liver tissue were evaluated by quantitative PCR and ELISA. The levels of P53, Sesn2, Nrf2, HO-1, and oxidative stress indicators in mice and the palmitic acid (PA)-treated human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) were examined by immunoblotting and commercially available kits, respectively. KEY FINDINGS We found that PREP expression was upregulated in the MCD-induced NASH model. In addition, PREP disruption alleviated MCD-induced hepatic inflammation accompanied by diminished infiltration of inflammatory cells and secretion of inflammatory mediators. More importantly, the results of this study indicate that targeting PREP can improve oxidative stress status in the liver of MCD-diet mice and PA-exposed HepG2 cells. The effect is most likely mediated by the activation of P53 and its downstream signaling pathways (Sesn2/Nrf2/HO-1). SIGNIFICANCE Our results showed that PREP disruption (or inhibition) could decrease oxidative stress and inflammation and improve liver function, indicating that targeting PREP might be a new potential therapeutic option for NAFLD/NASH.
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109
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Luo N, Yang C, Zhu Y, Chen Q, Zhang B. Diosmetin Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis through Modulating Lipogenesis and Inflammatory Response in a STAT1/CXCL10-Dependent Manner. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:655-667. [PMID: 33404223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an inflammatory lipotoxic disorder characterized by lipid accumulation and inflammation. Diosmetin (Dios), a flavonoid, has an active effect against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, whereas its effect on NASH remains elusive. To investigate the effects of Dios on lipogenesis and inflammatory response and explore the molecular mechanisms of Dios on NASH, mice induced by high-fat diet (HFD), HepG2 cells stimulated by palmitic acid (PA), transcriptome sequencing, and molecular biological experiments were used. We show, by pathological analysis (HE, Oli Red O, and Masson staining) and biochemical parameters (TC, TG, LDL-C, ALT, and AST), Dios alleviated liver lipid accumulation and inflammatory injury. According to liver RNA-Seq analysis, CXCL10 and STAT1 were assumed to be the key target genes of Dios on NASH. Significantly, Dios regulated STAT1/CXCL10 signal pathway and further attenuated NASH via regulating the expression of LXRα/β, SREBP-1c, CHREBP, and NF-κB. In conclusion, Dios is proposed to alleviate NASH through suppression of lipogenesis and inflammatory response via a STAT1/CXCL10-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxuan Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P. R. China
| | - Changqing Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P. R. China
| | - Yurong Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P. R. China
| | - Qianfeng Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P. R. China
| | - Baoshun Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P. R. China
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110
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Novelle MG, Bravo SB, Deshons M, Iglesias C, García-Vence M, Annells R, da Silva Lima N, Nogueiras R, Fernández-Rojo MA, Diéguez C, Romero-Picó A. Impact of liver-specific GLUT8 silencing on fructose-induced inflammation and omega oxidation. iScience 2021; 24:102071. [PMID: 33554072 PMCID: PMC7856473 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive consumption of high-fructose diets is associated with insulin resistance, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, fructose differentially affects hepatic regulation of lipogenesis in males and females. Hence, additional studies are necessary in order to find strategies taking gender disparities in fructose-induced liver damage into consideration. Although the eighth member of facilitated glucose transporters (GLUT8) has been linked to fructose-induced macrosteatosis in female mice, its contribution to the inflammatory state of NAFLD remains to be elucidated. Combining pharmacological, biochemical, and proteomic approaches, we evaluated the preventive effect of targeted liver GLUT8 silencing on liver injury in a mice female fructose-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis female mouse model. Liver GLUT8-knockdown attenuated fructose-induced ER stress, recovered liver inflammation, and dramatically reduced fatty acid content, in part, via the omega oxidation. Therefore, this study links GLUT8 with liver inflammatory response and suggests GLUT8 as a potential target for the prevention of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta G Novelle
- Functional Obeosomics and Molecular Metabolism laboratories, Centro singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Barcelona s/n 15782, A Coruña, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Hepatic Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA) in Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, E28049, Spain
| | - Susana Belén Bravo
- Proteomic Unit, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maxime Deshons
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cristina Iglesias
- Functional Obeosomics and Molecular Metabolism laboratories, Centro singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Barcelona s/n 15782, A Coruña, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María García-Vence
- Proteomic Unit, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rebecca Annells
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, OX1 3PT, Oxford, UK
| | - Natália da Silva Lima
- Functional Obeosomics and Molecular Metabolism laboratories, Centro singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Barcelona s/n 15782, A Coruña, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Functional Obeosomics and Molecular Metabolism laboratories, Centro singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Barcelona s/n 15782, A Coruña, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Alejandro Fernández-Rojo
- Hepatic Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA) in Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, E28049, Spain.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, 4006, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Functional Obeosomics and Molecular Metabolism laboratories, Centro singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Barcelona s/n 15782, A Coruña, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Amparo Romero-Picó
- Functional Obeosomics and Molecular Metabolism laboratories, Centro singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Barcelona s/n 15782, A Coruña, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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111
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Buyco DG, Martin J, Jeon S, Hooks R, Lin C, Carr R. Experimental models of metabolic and alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:1-18. [PMID: 33505147 PMCID: PMC7789066 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multi-systemic disease that is considered the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Because alcohol consumption in NAFLD patients is common, there is a significant overlap in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Indeed, MetS also significantly contributes to liver injury in ALD patients. This “syndrome of metabolic and alcoholic steatohepatitis” (SMASH) is thus expected to be a more prevalent presentation in liver patients, as the obesity epidemic continues. Several pre-clinical experimental models that couple alcohol consumption with NAFLD-inducing diet or genetic obesity have been developed to better understand the pathogenic mechanisms of SMASH. These models indicate that concomitant MetS and alcohol contribute to lipid dysregulation, oxidative stress, and the induction of innate immune response. There are significant limitations in the applicability of these models to human disease, such as the ability to induce advanced liver injury or replicate patterns in human food/alcohol consumption. Thus, there remains a need to develop models that accurately replicate patterns of obesogenic diet and alcohol consumption in SMASH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfin Gerard Buyco
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Jasmin Martin
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Sookyoung Jeon
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Royce Hooks
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Chelsea Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Rotonya Carr
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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Gurevich I, Burton SA, Munn C, Ohshima M, Goedland ME, Czysz K, Rajesh D. iPSC-derived hepatocytes generated from NASH donors provide a valuable platform for disease modeling and drug discovery. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio055087. [PMID: 33268331 PMCID: PMC7758638 DOI: 10.1242/bio.055087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects 30-40% of adults and 10% of children in the US. About 20% of people with NAFLD develop non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer, and is projected to be a leading cause of liver transplantation in the near future. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from NASH patients are useful for generating a large number of hepatocytes for NASH modeling applications and identification of potential drug targets. We developed a novel defined in vitro differentiation process to generate cryopreservable hepatocytes using an iPSC panel of NASH donors and apparently healthy normal (AHN) controls. iPSC-derived hepatocytes displayed stage specific phenotypic markers, hepatocyte morphology, with bile canaliculi. Importantly, both fresh and cryopreserved definitive endoderm and hepatoblasts successfully differentiated to pure and functional hepatocytes with increased CYP3A4 activity in response to rifampicin and lipid accumulation upon fatty acid (FA) treatment. End-stage hepatocytes integrated into three-dimensional (3D) liver organoids and demonstrated increased levels of albumin secretion compared to aggregates consisting of hepatocytes alone. End-stage hepatocytes derived from NASH donors demonstrated spontaneous lipidosis without FA supplementation, recapitulating a feature of NASH hepatocytes in vivo Cryopreserved hepatocytes generated by this protocol across multiple donors will provide a critical cell source to facilitate the fundamental understanding of NAFLD/NASH biology and potential high throughput screening applications for preclinical evaluation of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Gurevich
- Life Science R&D Division, FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, Inc., 525 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Sarah A Burton
- Life Science R&D Division, FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, Inc., 525 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Christie Munn
- Life Science R&D Division, FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, Inc., 525 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Makiko Ohshima
- Life Science R&D Division, FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, Inc., 525 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Madelyn E Goedland
- Life Science R&D Division, FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, Inc., 525 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Katherine Czysz
- Life Science R&D Division, FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, Inc., 525 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Deepika Rajesh
- Life Science R&D Division, FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, Inc., 525 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA
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113
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Palladini G, Ferrigno A, Di Pasqua LG, Berardo C, Rizzo V, Perlini S, Vairetti M. Associations between serum trace elements and inflammation in two animal models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243179. [PMID: 33306695 PMCID: PMC7732075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The comparison of hepatic steatosis animal models has allowed the understanding of mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We investigated the changes in serum levels of trace elements and inflammation markers in fatty livers using two rat models of NAFLD, the methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet model and Obese-Zucker rats. Material and methods NAFLD was induced in male Wistar rats by 3-week MCD diet administration, after which, blood samples were collected. 12-week old Obese (fa/fa) and Lean (fa/-) male Zucker rats were also used. Serum levels of hepatic enzymes, Urea, Uric acid, Ca2+, Cl, Fe, K, Na, Mg and Zn were quantified, as well as the inflammation markers TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6. Results In MCD rats, a serum increase in Cl, Mg and Na and a decrease in Ca2+, Zn were detected in comparison with control rats. An increase in only serum Ca2+ was found in Obese-Zucker rats. In MCD rat serum, Zn was inversely correlated with IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, Urea and Uric Acid; Ca2+ was inversely correlated with IL-1beta, IL-6 and Urea; Cl and Mg were directly correlated with Uric Acid and Urea, respectively. In Obese-Zucker rats, Cl and IL-1beta were inversely correlated, whereas Ca2+ and Urea where directly correlated, as well Fe and TNF-alpha. Conclusions The serum concentrations of trace elements change significantly only in MCD rats, which spontaneously progress to NASH. The causes of these changes may be a result of defense strategies of the organism, which is regulated by immunoregulatory cytokines. These results might suggest that the impairment of trace element status should be taken into account when the effectiveness of a pharmacological treatment is under evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Palladini
- Dept of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferrigno
- Dept of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Clarissa Berardo
- Dept of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vittoria Rizzo
- Dept of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Perlini
- Dept of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Emergency Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariapia Vairetti
- Dept of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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114
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Lu P, Yang G, Jiang L, He W, Wu W, Qi L, Shen S, Rao J, Zhang P, Xue Z, Jiang C, Fan G, Zhu X. Characterizing disease progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in Leptin-deficient rats by integrated transcriptome analysis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 246:678-687. [PMID: 33302736 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220976530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an aggressive liver disease threatening human health, yet no medicine is developed to treat this disease. In this study, we first discovered that Leptin mutant rats (LepΔI14/ΔI14) exhibit characteristic NASH phenotypes including steatosis, lymphocyte infiltration, and ballooning after postnatal week 16. We then examined NASH progression by performing an integrated analysis of hepatic transcriptome in Leptin-deficient rats from postnatal 4 to 48 weeks. Initially, simple steatosis in LepΔI14/ΔI14 rats were observed with increased expression of the genes encoding for rate-limiting enzymes in lipid metabolism such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase. When NASH phenotypes became well developed at postnatal week 16, we found gene expression changes in insulin resistance, inflammation, reactive oxygen species and endoplasmic reticulum stress. As NASH phenotypes further progressed with age, we observed elevated expression of cytokines and chemokines including C-C motif chemokine ligand 2, tumor necrosis factor ɑ, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β together with activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase and nuclear factor-κB pathways. Histologically, livers in LepΔI14/ΔI14 rats exhibited increased cell infiltration of MPO+ neutrophils, CD8+ T cells, CD68+ hepatic macrophages, and CCR2+ inflammatory monocyte-derived macrophages associated with macrophage polarization from M2 to M1. Subsequent cross-species comparison of transcriptomes in human, rat, and mouse NASH models indicated that Leptin-deficient rats bear more similarities to human NASH patients than previously established mouse NASH models. Taken together, our study suggests that LepΔI14/ΔI14 rats are a valuable pre-clinical rodent model to evaluate NASH drug safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lu
- Tongji Stem Cell Research Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Institute of Translational Research, Tongji Hospital, the School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lichun Jiang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wen He
- Tongji Stem Cell Research Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Wanwan Wu
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lingbin Qi
- Tongji Stem Cell Research Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Shijun Shen
- Institute of Translational Research, Tongji Hospital, the School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Junhua Rao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhigang Xue
- Tongji Stem Cell Research Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Cizhong Jiang
- Institute of Translational Research, Tongji Hospital, the School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,The Research Center of Stem Cells and Ageing, Tsingtao Advanced Research Institute, Tongji University, Tsingdao 266071, China
| | - Guoping Fan
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xianmin Zhu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
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115
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Kobayashi T, Kanno K, Nguyen PT, Sugiyama A, Kawahara A, Otani Y, Kishikawa N, Ito M, Tazuma S. Periostin antisense oligonucleotide prevents hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 35:2140-2150. [PMID: 32365405 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and hepatocellular injury with varying degrees of fibrosis. There are currently no established treatment approaches for NASH other than lifestyle interventions. Periostin, a matricellular protein required for tissue remodeling and fibrosis, plays an important role in hepatic steatosis and fibrosis and could be a potential target for NASH treatment. Advances in molecular biology and biochemical engineering have led to the development of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) that can inhibit target genes with no significant toxic effects. Herein, we investigated the therapeutic effects of periostin-targeting ASO (PNASO) in NASH. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were fed a choline-deficient, l-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) to induce NASH with or without intraperitoneal injection of mouse PNASO. To explore the role of periostin in hepatocellular steatosis, Hc3716 cells, an immortalized human hepatocyte line, were treated with recombinant periostin in vitro. RESULTS The induced periostin expression in the liver of CDAHFD-fed mice was significantly suppressed by PNASO. The deletion of hepatic periostin by PNASO significantly ameliorated hepatic steatosis while restoring the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) and its target genes. PNASO also inhibited hepatic fibrosis, reflected by the reduction of alpha-smooth muscle actin, collagen type I, and other fibrotic markers. In vitro experiments demonstrated that treatment with recombinant periostin increased cellular lipid accumulation in Hc3716 cells accompanied with the downregulation of PPAR-α. CONCLUSIONS Periostin-targeting ASO is a potential therapeutic approach for the efficient treatment of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Kobayashi
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Keishi Kanno
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Phuong Thao Nguyen
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akiko Sugiyama
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kawahara
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Otani
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nobusuke Kishikawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masanori Ito
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Susumu Tazuma
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
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Igreja Sá IC, Tripska K, Hroch M, Hyspler R, Ticha A, Lastuvkova H, Schreiberova J, Dolezelova E, Eissazadeh S, Vitverova B, Najmanova I, Vasinova M, Pericacho M, Micuda S, Nachtigal P. Soluble Endoglin as a Potential Biomarker of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Development, Participating in Aggravation of NASH-Related Changes in Mouse Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9021. [PMID: 33261044 PMCID: PMC7731045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by hepatic steatosis with inflammation and fibrosis. Membrane endoglin (Eng) expression is shown to participate in fibrosis, and plasma concentrations of soluble endoglin (sEng) are increased in patients with hypercholesterolemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. We hypothesize that NASH increases both hepatic Eng expression and sEng in blood and that high levels of sEng modulate cholesterol and bile acid (BA) metabolism and affect NASH progression. Three-month-old transgenic male mice overexpressing human sEng and their wild type littermates are fed for six months with either a high-saturated fat, high-fructose high-cholesterol (FFC) diet or a chow diet. Evaluation of NASH, Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis of BA, hepatic expression of Eng, inflammation, fibrosis markers, enzymes and transporters involved in hepatic cholesterol and BA metabolism are assessed using Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. The FFC diet significantly increases mouse sEng levels and increases hepatic expression of Eng. High levels of human sEng results in increased hepatic deposition of cholesterol due to reduced conversion into BA, as well as redirects the metabolism of triglycerides (TAG) to its accumulation in the liver, via reduced TAG elimination by β-oxidation combined with reduced hepatic efflux. We propose that sEng might be a biomarker of NASH development, and the presence of high levels of sEng might support NASH aggravation by impairing the essential defensive mechanism protecting NASH liver against excessive TAG and cholesterol accumulation, suggesting the importance of high sEng levels in patients prone to develop NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivone Cristina Igreja Sá
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (I.C.I.S.); (K.T.); (S.E.); (B.V.); (I.N.); (M.V.)
| | - Katarina Tripska
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (I.C.I.S.); (K.T.); (S.E.); (B.V.); (I.N.); (M.V.)
| | - Milos Hroch
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Radomir Hyspler
- Centrum for Research and Development University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (R.H.); (A.T.)
| | - Alena Ticha
- Centrum for Research and Development University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (R.H.); (A.T.)
| | - Hana Lastuvkova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (H.L.); (J.S.); (E.D.)
| | - Jolana Schreiberova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (H.L.); (J.S.); (E.D.)
| | - Eva Dolezelova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (H.L.); (J.S.); (E.D.)
| | - Samira Eissazadeh
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (I.C.I.S.); (K.T.); (S.E.); (B.V.); (I.N.); (M.V.)
| | - Barbora Vitverova
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (I.C.I.S.); (K.T.); (S.E.); (B.V.); (I.N.); (M.V.)
| | - Iveta Najmanova
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (I.C.I.S.); (K.T.); (S.E.); (B.V.); (I.N.); (M.V.)
| | - Martina Vasinova
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (I.C.I.S.); (K.T.); (S.E.); (B.V.); (I.N.); (M.V.)
| | - Miguel Pericacho
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca and Renal and Cardiovascular Physiopathology Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 370 06 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Stanislav Micuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (H.L.); (J.S.); (E.D.)
| | - Petr Nachtigal
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (I.C.I.S.); (K.T.); (S.E.); (B.V.); (I.N.); (M.V.)
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117
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Lim HJ, Kim M. EZH2 as a Potential Target for NAFLD Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228617. [PMID: 33207561 PMCID: PMC7697020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex disease that is affected by genetic predisposition and epigenetic modification. Deregulation of epigenetic pathways is now recognized as a frequent event in NAFLD, and understanding the mechanistic roles of these epigenetic factors may lead to new strategies for NAFLD treatment. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) catalyzes methylation on Lys 27 of histone H3, which leads to chromatin compaction and gene silencing. EZH2 regulates embryonic development and cell lineage determination and is related to many human diseases. Recent studies show that EZH2 has critical roles in liver development, homeostasis, and regeneration. Moreover, aberrant activation of EZH2 promotes NAFLD progression. Several EZH2 inhibitors have been developed and studied both in vitro and in clinical trials. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the role of EZH2 in NAFLD and highlight its potential as a novel therapeutic target for NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Lim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea;
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Mirang Kim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea;
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-879-8113
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118
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El-Boghdady NA, Kamel MA, El-Shamy RM. Omeprazole and Spirulina Platensis Ameliorate Steatohepatitis in Experimental Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2020; 18:426-434. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2019.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Noha A. El-Boghdady
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maher A. Kamel
- Biochemistry Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rouaina M. El-Shamy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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119
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Doherty Lyons S, Blum JL, Hoffman-Budde C, Tijerina PB, Fiel MI, Conklin DJ, Gany F, Odin JA, Zelikoff JT. Prenatal Exposure to Gutkha, a Globally Relevant Smokeless Tobacco Product, Induces Hepatic Changes in Adult Mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217895. [PMID: 33126512 PMCID: PMC7662769 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Maternal exposures during pregnancy affect the onset and progression of adult diseases in the offspring. A prior mouse study indicated that maternal tobacco smoke exposure affects hepatic fibrosis in adult offspring. Gutkha, a broadly used smokeless tobacco (ST) product, is widely used by pregnant woman in many countries. The objective of this murine study was to evaluate whether oral maternal exposure to gutkha during pregnancy alters non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in adult offspring: risk factors for the progression of NAFLD to cirrhosis in adults remain elusive. Buccal cavity 'painting' of pregnant mice with gutkha began on gestational days (GD) 2-4 and continued until parturition. Beginning at 12 weeks of age, a subset of offspring were transitioned to a high-fat diet (HFD). Results demonstrated that prenatal exposure to gutkha followed by an HFD in adulthood significantly increased the histologic evidence of fatty liver disease only in adult male offspring. Changes in hepatic fibrosis-related cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1b and IL-6) and in hepatic collagen mRNA expression were observed when comparing adult male offspring exposed to gutkha in utero to those not exposed. These findings indicate that maternal use of gutkha during pregnancy affects NAFLD in adult offspring in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Doherty Lyons
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA; (S.D.L.); (J.L.B.); (C.H.-B.); (P.B.T.)
| | - Jason L. Blum
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA; (S.D.L.); (J.L.B.); (C.H.-B.); (P.B.T.)
- Product Safety Labs, Dayton, NJ 08810, USA
| | - Carol Hoffman-Budde
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA; (S.D.L.); (J.L.B.); (C.H.-B.); (P.B.T.)
| | - Pamela B. Tijerina
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA; (S.D.L.); (J.L.B.); (C.H.-B.); (P.B.T.)
| | - M. Isabel Fiel
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Daniel J. Conklin
- American Heart Association-Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Francesca Gany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Joseph A. Odin
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Correspondence: (J.A.O.); (J.T.Z.)
| | - Judith T. Zelikoff
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA; (S.D.L.); (J.L.B.); (C.H.-B.); (P.B.T.)
- Correspondence: (J.A.O.); (J.T.Z.)
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120
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Meggyesy PM, Masaldan S, Clatworthy SAS, Volitakis I, Eyckens DJ, Aston-Mourney K, Cater MA. Copper Ionophores as Novel Antiobesity Therapeutics. Molecules 2020; 25:E4957. [PMID: 33120881 PMCID: PMC7672559 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic utility of the copper ionophore disulfiram was investigated in a diet-induced obesity mouse model (C57BL/6J background), both through administration in feed (0.05 to 1% (w/w)) and via oral gavage (150 mg/kg) for up to eight weeks. Mice were monitored for body weight, fat deposition (perigonadal fat pads), metabolic changes (e.g., glucose dyshomeostasis) and pathologies (e.g., hepatic steatosis, hyperglycaemia and hypertriglyceridemia) associated with a high-fat diet. Metal-related pharmacological effects across major organs and serums were investigated using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Disulfiram treatments (all modes) augmented hepatic copper in mice, markedly moderated body weight and abolished the deleterious systemic changes associated with a high-fat diet. Likewise, another chemically distinct copper ionophore H2(gtsm), administered daily (oral gavage), also augmented hepatic copper and moderated mouse body weight. Postmortem histological examinations of the liver and other major organs, together with serum aminotransferases, supported the reported therapeutic safety of disulfiram. Disulfiram specifically altered systemic copper in mice and altered hepatic copper metabolism, perturbing the incorporation of copper into ceruloplasmin (holo-ceruloplasmin biosynthesis) and subsequently reducing serum copper concentrations. Serum ceruloplasmin represents a biomarker for disulfiram activity. Our results establish copper ionophores as a potential class of antiobesity agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Meggyesy
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia; (P.M.M.); (S.M.); (S.A.S.C.)
| | - Shashank Masaldan
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia; (P.M.M.); (S.M.); (S.A.S.C.)
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia;
| | - Sharnel A. S. Clatworthy
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia; (P.M.M.); (S.M.); (S.A.S.C.)
| | - Irene Volitakis
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia;
| | - Daniel J. Eyckens
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia;
| | - Kathryn Aston-Mourney
- School of Medicine, IMPACT, Institute for Innovation in Physical and Mental Health and Clinical~Translation, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia;
| | - Michael A. Cater
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia; (P.M.M.); (S.M.); (S.A.S.C.)
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Western Diet Causes Obesity-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Development by Differentially Compromising the Autophagic Response. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100995. [PMID: 33076261 PMCID: PMC7602470 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the development of steatosis, which can ultimately compromise liver function. Mitochondria are key players in obesity-induced metabolic disorders; however, the distinct role of hypercaloric diet constituents in hepatic cellular oxidative stress and metabolism is unknown. Male mice were fed either a high-fat (HF) diet, a high-sucrose (HS) diet or a combined HF plus HS (HFHS) diet for 16 weeks. This study shows that hypercaloric diets caused steatosis; however, the HFHS diet induced severe fibrotic phenotype. At the mitochondrial level, lipidomic analysis showed an increased cardiolipin content for all tested diets. Despite this, no alterations were found in the coupling efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation and neither in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Consistent with unchanged mitochondrial function, no alterations in mitochondrial-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant capacity were found. In contrast, the HF and HS diets caused lipid peroxidation and provoked altered antioxidant enzyme levels/activities in liver tissue. Our work provides evidence that hepatic oxidative damage may be caused by augmented levels of peroxisomes and consequently higher peroxisomal FAO-induced ROS in the early NAFLD stage. Hepatic damage is also associated with autophagic flux impairment, which was demonstrated to be diet-type dependent. The HS diet induced a reduction in autophagosomal formation, while the HF diet reduced levels of cathepsins. The accumulation of damaged organelles could instigate hepatocyte injuries and NAFLD progression.
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High fat diet-triggered non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A review of proposed mechanisms. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 330:109199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Brzezinski RY, Levin-Kotler L, Rabin N, Ovadia-Blechman Z, Zimmer Y, Sternfeld A, Finchelman JM, Unis R, Lewis N, Tepper-Shaihov O, Naftali-Shani N, Balint-Lahat N, Safran M, Ben-Ari Z, Grossman E, Leor J, Hoffer O. Automated thermal imaging for the detection of fatty liver disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15532. [PMID: 32968123 PMCID: PMC7511937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises a spectrum of progressive liver pathologies, ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis and cirrhosis. A liver biopsy is currently required to stratify high-risk patients, and predicting the degree of liver inflammation and fibrosis using non-invasive tests remains challenging. Here, we sought to develop a novel, cost-effective screening tool for NAFLD based on thermal imaging. We used a commercially available and non-invasive thermal camera and developed a new image processing algorithm to automatically predict disease status in a small animal model of fatty liver disease. To induce liver steatosis and inflammation, we fed C57/black female mice (8 weeks old) a methionine-choline deficient diet (MCD diet) for 6 weeks. We evaluated structural and functional liver changes by serial ultrasound studies, histopathological analysis, blood tests for liver enzymes and lipids, and measured liver inflammatory cell infiltration by flow cytometry. We developed an image processing algorithm that measures relative spatial thermal variation across the skin covering the liver. Thermal parameters including temperature variance, homogeneity levels and other textural features were fed as input to a t-SNE dimensionality reduction algorithm followed by k-means clustering. During weeks 3,4, and 5 of the experiment, our algorithm demonstrated a 100% detection rate and classified all mice correctly according to their disease status. Direct thermal imaging of the liver confirmed the presence of changes in surface thermography in diseased livers. We conclude that non-invasive thermal imaging combined with advanced image processing and machine learning-based analysis successfully correlates surface thermography with liver steatosis and inflammation in mice. Future development of this screening tool may improve our ability to study, diagnose and treat liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Y Brzezinski
- Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Tamman Cardiovascular Research Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Lapaz Levin-Kotler
- Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Tamman Cardiovascular Research Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Neta Rabin
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zehava Ovadia-Blechman
- School of Medical Engineering, Afeka Tel Aviv Academic College of Engineering, 6910717, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yair Zimmer
- School of Medical Engineering, Afeka Tel Aviv Academic College of Engineering, 6910717, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adi Sternfeld
- School of Electrical Engineering, Afeka Tel Aviv Academic College of Engineering, 6910717, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joanna Molad Finchelman
- School of Electrical Engineering, Afeka Tel Aviv Academic College of Engineering, 6910717, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Razan Unis
- Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Tamman Cardiovascular Research Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Nir Lewis
- Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Tamman Cardiovascular Research Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Olga Tepper-Shaihov
- Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Tamman Cardiovascular Research Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Nili Naftali-Shani
- Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Tamman Cardiovascular Research Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Nora Balint-Lahat
- Pathology Institute, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Safran
- Liver Disease Center, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ziv Ben-Ari
- Liver Disease Center, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ehud Grossman
- Internal Medicine Wing and Hypertension Unit, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jonathan Leor
- Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,Tamman Cardiovascular Research Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
| | - Oshrit Hoffer
- School of Electrical Engineering, Afeka Tel Aviv Academic College of Engineering, 6910717, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Longo L, Tonin Ferrari J, Rampelotto PH, Hirata Dellavia G, Pasqualotto A, P Oliveira C, Thadeu Schmidt Cerski C, Reverbel da Silveira T, Uribe-Cruz C, Álvares-da-Silva MR. Gut Dysbiosis and Increased Intestinal Permeability Drive microRNAs, NLRP-3 Inflammasome and Liver Fibrosis in a Nutritional Model of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in Adult Male Sprague Dawley Rats. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2020; 13:351-368. [PMID: 32982365 PMCID: PMC7509481 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s262879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim The interactions between the gut and liver have been described in the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The aim of this study was to develop an experimental nutritional model of NASH simulating metabolic changes occurring in humans. Materials and Methods Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into two groups: controls (standard diet) and intervention (high-fat and choline-deficient diet) for 16 weeks, each experimental group with 10 animals. Biochemical analysis, hepatic lipid content, microRNAs, inflammatory, gut permeability markers and gut microbiota were measured. Results Animals in the intervention group showed significantly higher delta Lee index (p=0.017), abdominal circumference (p<0.001), abdominal adipose tissue (p<0.001) and fresh liver weight (p<0.001), as well as higher serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (p=0.010), glucose (p=0.013), total cholesterol (p=0.033), LDL cholesterol (p=0.011), and triglycerides (p=0.011), and lower HDL cholesterol (p=0.006) compared to the control group. Higher TLR4 (p=0.041), TLR9 (p=0.033), MyD88 (p=0.001), Casp1 (p<0.001), NLPR3 (p=0.019), liver inflammation index interleukin (IL)-1β/IL10 (p<0.001), IL6/IL10 (p=0.002) and TNFα/IL10 (p=0.001) were observed in the intervention group, and also lower permeability markers Ocln (p=0.003) and F11r (p=0.041). Gene expression of miR-122 increased (p=0.041) and miR-145 (p=0.010) decreased in the intervention group. Liver steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis, along with collagen fiber deposition increment (p<0.001), were seen in the intervention group. Regarding gut microbiota, Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index and number of operational taxonomic units were significantly different (p<0.001) between the groups. Composition of the gut microbiota showed a significant correlation with histopathological score of NAFLD (r=0.694) and index IL-1β/IL-10 (r=0.522). Conclusion This experimental model mimicking human NASH demonstrated gut and liver interaction, with gut microbiota and intestinal permeability changes occurring in parallel with systemic and liver inflammation, miRNAs regulation and liver tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisse Longo
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Tonin Ferrari
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Pabulo Henrique Rampelotto
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Hirata Dellavia
- School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Amanda Pasqualotto
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Claudia P Oliveira
- Department of Gastroenterology (LIM07), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Thadeu Schmidt Cerski
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Unit of Surgical Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Themis Reverbel da Silveira
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carolina Uribe-Cruz
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mário Reis Álvares-da-Silva
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Moon J, Kong E, Lee J, Jung J, Kim E, Park SB, Kim P. Intravital longitudinal imaging of hepatic lipid droplet accumulation in a murine model for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:5132-5146. [PMID: 33014604 PMCID: PMC7510864 DOI: 10.1364/boe.395890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a rapidly increasing chronic liver disorder worldwide accompanied by hepatic steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and severe liver failure. Unfortunately, an effective treatment strategy for NAFLD has not yet been established, which has been hampered by the limited understanding of the pathophysiological drivers for NAFLD. To examine the unknown cellular and molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, there is an increasing need for the direct in vivo observation of hepatic microenvironments over extended periods of time. In this work, using a custom-built intravital imaging system and a novel fluorescent lipid droplet labeling dye, Seoul-Fluor 44 (SF44), we established an intravital imaging method to visualize individual lipid droplets and microvasculature simultaneously in the liver of live mice in vivo. In addition, in the nonalcoholic steatosis and steatohepatitis mouse model induced by a methionine and choline-deficient diet, we longitudinally visualized and quantitatively analyzed the development of lipid droplets in hepatocytes and sinusoid at a subcellular resolution during the progression of NAFLD up to 21 days in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Moon
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Eunji Kong
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Jingu Lee
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Jinjoo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Eunha Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Seung Bum Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Pilhan Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
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126
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Thymiakou E, Othman A, Hornemann T, Kardassis D. Defects in High Density Lipoprotein metabolism and hepatic steatosis in mice with liver-specific ablation of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4A. Metabolism 2020; 110:154307. [PMID: 32622843 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant concentration, structure and functionality of High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) are associated with many prevalent diseases, including cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Mice with liver-specific ablation of Hnf4α (H4LivKO) present steatosis and dyslipidemia by mechanisms that are not completely understood. The aim of this study was to explore the role of liver HNF4A in HDL metabolism and the development of steatosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Serum and tissue samples were obtained from 6-weeks old H4LivKO mice and their littermate controls. Liver and serum lipids were measured and HDL structure and functionality were assessed. Global gene expression changes in the liver were analyzed by expression arrays, validations were performed by RT-qPCR and DNA-protein interactions were studied by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). H4LivKO mice presented liver steatosis, increased liver triglyceride content and decreased concentration of serum total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesteryl esters. Most classes of phospholipids showed significant changes in species ratio and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) levels were reduced. H4LivKO serum was enriched in the smaller, denser HDL particles, devoid of APOA2 and APOM apolipoproteins, exhibiting decreased activity of paraoxonase-1 but retaining macrophage cholesterol efflux capacity and phospho-AKT activation in endothelial cells. Global gene expression analysis revealed the association of liver HNF4A with known and novel regulators of HDL metabolism as well as NAFLD-susceptibility genes. CONCLUSIONS HNF4A ablation in mouse liver causes hepatic steatosis, perturbations in HDL structure and function and significant global changes in gene expression. This study reveals new targets of HNF4A involved in HDL metabolism and the development of steatosis and enriches our knowledge on HDL functionality in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathia Thymiakou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71003, Greece; Gene Regulation and Genomics group, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - Alaa Othman
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Hornemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dimitris Kardassis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71003, Greece; Gene Regulation and Genomics group, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece.
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Li S, Zhang Y, Liu N, Chen J, Guo L, Dai Z, Wang C, Wu Z, Wu G. Dietary L-arginine supplementation reduces lipid accretion by regulating fatty acid metabolism in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus). J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:82. [PMID: 32817790 PMCID: PMC7427058 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00486-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive white fat accumulation in humans and other animals is associated with the development of multiple metabolic diseases. It is unknown whether dietary L-arginine supplementation reduces lipid deposition in high fat diet-fed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). RESULTS In the present study, we found that dietary supplementation with 1% or 2% arginine decreased the deposition and concentration of fats in the liver; the concentrations of triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein in the serum; and the diameter of adipocytes in intraperitoneal adipose tissue. Compared with the un-supplementation control group, the hepatic activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase, and hepatic concentration of malondialdehyde were reduced but these for catalase and superoxide dismutase were enhanced by dietary supplementation with 2% arginine. Arginine supplementation reduced the total amounts of monounsaturated fatty acids, while increasing the total amounts of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the liver. These effects of arginine were associated with reductions in mRNA levels for genes related to lipogenesis (sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1, acetyl-CoA carboxylase α, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, and fatty acid synthase) but increases in mRNA levels for genes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α). In addition, hepatic mRNA levels for Δ4 fatty acyl desaturase 2 and elongase 5 of very long-chain fatty acids were enhanced by arginine supplementation. CONCLUSION These results revealed that dietary L-arginine supplementation to tilapia reduced high fat diet-induced fat deposition and fatty acid composition in the liver by regulating the expression of genes for lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yunchang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jingqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Lina Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
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Matsusaka Y, Nakahara T, Takahashi K, Iwabuchi Y, Nakamura S, Jinzaki M. Development of 68Ga-labeled tin colloids for evaluating phagocytic function of Kupffer cells using preclinical PET imaging. Ann Nucl Med 2020; 34:807-814. [PMID: 32749578 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-020-01505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the optimal conditions for producing 68Ga-labeled tin colloid and the feasibility of 68Ga-tin colloid positron emission tomography (PET) for visualization and evaluation of the phagocytic function of Kupffer cells (KCs) in vivo. METHODS 68Ga-tin colloid was prepared by adding tin solution (1 mM, 0.2 mL) to 68Ga solution (1.0 mL), followed by pH adjustment with sodium acetate (1 M, 0.2 mL). Various labeling times were tested to find the optimal one. Colloid size was measured by filtering the solution through three-ply membrane filters (with pore sizes of 200, 3000, and 5000 nm), and radioactivity was measured in the whole filtrate and the filters using a gamma counter. The in vitro stability of the colloid was evaluated by the size measurement after incubation under ambient conditions for up to 60 min. PET scanning was performed for 30 min after intravenous administration of 68Ga-tin colloid solution (4 MBq) to healthy rats. Time-activity-curves for the liver, spleen, and blood pool were generated. Finally, liver uptake was compared before and after the establishment of KC-depletion and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) rat models. RESULTS Colloid size increased with increasing labeling time. After pH adjustment, the colloid sizes remained nearly unchanged. The optimal labeling time was determined as 30 min. PET imaging of healthy rats revealed that liver uptake of the 68Ga-tin colloid increased with increasing colloid size. In KC-depleted rats, liver uptake significantly decreased (n = 4, p < 0.01). NASH model rats showed significantly decreased uptake of 68Ga-tin colloid in the livers (n = 5, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS 68Ga-tin colloid, prepared by a simple radiolabeling method, enabled in vivo PET imaging to evaluate the phagocytic function of KCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohji Matsusaka
- Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Tadaki Nakahara
- Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yu Iwabuchi
- Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shoki Nakamura
- Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masahiro Jinzaki
- Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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Ahmed LA, Salem MB, Seif El-Din SH, El-Lakkany NM, Ahmed HO, Nasr SM, Hammam OA, Botros SS, Saleh S. Gut microbiota modulation as a promising therapy with metformin in rats with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Role of LPS/TLR4 and autophagy pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 887:173461. [PMID: 32758573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota is a crucial factor in pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Therefore, targeting the gut-liver axis might be a novel therapeutic approach to treat NASH. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of a probiotic (Lactobacillus reuteri) and metronidazole (MTZ) (an antibiotic against Bacteroidetes) either alone or in combination with metformin (MTF) in experimentally-induced NASH. NASH was induced by feeding rats high fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. MTF (150 mg/kg/day) or L. reuteri (2x109 colony forming unit/day) were given orally for 8 weeks; meanwhile, MTZ (15 mg/kg/day, p.o.) was administered for 1 week. Treatment with L. reuteri and MTZ in combination with MTF showed additional benefit compared to MTF alone concerning lipid profile, liver function, oxidative stress, inflammatory and autophagic markers. Furthermore, combined regimen succeeded to modulate acetate: propionate: butyrate ratios as well as Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes fecal contents with improvement of insulin resistance (IR). Yet, the administration of MTF alone failed to normalize Bacteriodetes and acetate contents which could be the reason for its moderate effect. In conclusion, gut microbiota modulation may be an attractive therapeutic avenue against NASH. More attention should be paid to deciphering the crosstalk mechanisms linking gut microbiota to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to identify new therapeutic targets for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiaa A Ahmed
- Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Maha B Salem
- Pharmacology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
| | | | | | - Hend O Ahmed
- Biochemistry, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Sami M Nasr
- Biochemistry, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Olfat A Hammam
- Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Sanaa S Botros
- Pharmacology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Samira Saleh
- Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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130
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Kunst RF, Niemeijer M, van der Laan LJW, Spee B, van de Graaf SFJ. From fatty hepatocytes to impaired bile flow: Matching model systems for liver biology and disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114173. [PMID: 32717228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A large variety of model systems are used in hepatobiliary research. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of established and emerging models for specific research questions. We specifically discuss the value and limitations of these models for research on metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), (previously named non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH)) and cholestasis-related diseases such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The entire range of models is discussed varying from immortalized cell lines, mature or pluripotent stem cell-based models including organoids/spheroids, to animal models and human ex vivo models such as normothermic machine perfusion of livers and living liver slices. Finally, the pros and cons of each model are discussed as well as the need in the scientific community for continuous innovation in model development to better mimic the human (patho)physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni F Kunst
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marije Niemeijer
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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131
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Utility of Common Marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus) Embryonic Stem Cells in Liver Disease Modeling, Tissue Engineering and Drug Metabolism. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070729. [PMID: 32630053 PMCID: PMC7397002 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of liver disease is increasing significantly worldwide and, as a result, there is a pressing need to develop new technologies and applications for end-stage liver diseases. For many of them, orthotopic liver transplantation is the only viable therapeutic option. Stem cells that are capable of differentiating into all liver cell types and could closely mimic human liver disease are extremely valuable for disease modeling, tissue regeneration and repair, and for drug metabolism studies to develop novel therapeutic treatments. Despite the extensive research efforts, positive results from rodent models have not translated meaningfully into realistic preclinical models and therapies. The common marmoset Callithrix jacchus has emerged as a viable non-human primate model to study various human diseases because of its distinct features and close physiologic, genetic and metabolic similarities to humans. C. jacchus embryonic stem cells (cjESC) and recently generated cjESC-derived hepatocyte-like cells (cjESC-HLCs) could fill the gaps in disease modeling, liver regeneration and metabolic studies. They are extremely useful for cell therapy to regenerate and repair damaged liver tissues in vivo as they could efficiently engraft into the liver parenchyma. For in vitro studies, they would be advantageous for drug design and metabolism in developing novel drugs and cell-based therapies. Specifically, they express both phase I and II metabolic enzymes that share similar substrate specificities, inhibition and induction characteristics, and drug metabolism as their human counterparts. In addition, cjESCs and cjESC-HLCs are advantageous for investigations on emerging research areas, including blastocyst complementation to generate entire livers, and bioengineering of discarded livers to regenerate whole livers for transplantation.
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132
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SGL 121 Attenuates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease through Adjusting Lipid Metabolism Through AMPK Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124534. [PMID: 32630596 PMCID: PMC7352188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A ginsenoside F2-enhanced mixture (SGL 121) increases the content of ginsenoside F2 by biotransformation. In the present study, we investigated the effect of SGL 121 on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in vitro and in vivo. High-fat, high-carbohydrate-diet (HFHC)-fed mice were administered SGL 121 for 12 weeks to assess its effect on improving NAFLD. In HepG2 cells, SGL 121 acted as an antioxidant, a hepatoprotectant, and had an anti-lipogenic effect. In NAFLD mice, SGL 121 significantly improved body fat mass; levels of hepatic triglyceride (TG), hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL); and activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). In HepG2 cells, induced by oxidative stress, SGL 121 increased cytoprotection, inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and increased antioxidant enzyme activity. SGL 121 activated the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and improved lipid accumulation induced by free fatty acids (FFA). Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression was significantly reduced in NAFLD-induced liver and HepG2 cells treated with SGL 121. Moreover, SGL 121 activated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which plays an important role in the regulation of lipid metabolism. The effect of SGL 121 on the improvement of NAFLD seems to be related to its antioxidant effects and activation of AMPK. In conclusion, SGL 121 can be potentially used for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Toita R, Kang JH. Long-term profile of serological biomarkers, hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Toxicol Lett 2020; 332:1-6. [PMID: 32579995 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can be typically classified into two subgroups: non-alcoholic fatty liver and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Mouse models of NAFLD are useful tools for understanding the pathogenesis and progression of NAFLD and for developing drugs for its treatment. Here, we investigated the time-dependent changes in serum lipids and biochemical markers of hepatic function, hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis in mice fed a normal diet (ND) or a NAFLD diet (choline deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet; CDAHFD) for 12 weeks. CDAHFD-fed mice showed significantly reduced serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol throughout the treatment period compared with ND-fed mice. The changes in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and total bilirubin showed an inverse U-shaped curve in the CDAHFD-fed mice. The serum alkaline phosphatase levels decreased in both ND- and CDAHFD-fed mice in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, CDAHFD-fed mice showed a significant increase in the number of inflammatory foci and hepatic fibrosis at 6-12 weeks, although inflammatory foci and hepatic fibrogenesis were observable at relatively early stages as well (1-4 weeks). In conclusion, the long-term profile of serological biomarkers, hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis in CDAHFD-fed mice identified in this study may provide a better understanding of NAFLD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riki Toita
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan; AIST-Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, AIST, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Jeong-Hun Kang
- Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1 Shinmachi, Kishibe, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan.
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134
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Velasco-Chong JR, Herrera-Calderón O, Rojas-Armas JP, Hañari-Quispe RD, Figueroa-Salvador L, Peña-Rojas G, Andía-Ayme V, Yuli-Posadas RÁ, Yepes-Perez AF, Aguilar C. TOCOSH FLOUR ( Solanum tuberosum L.): A Toxicological Assessment of Traditional Peruvian Fermented Potatoes. Foods 2020; 9:E719. [PMID: 32498434 PMCID: PMC7353511 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato tocosh is a naturally processed potato for nutritional and curative purposes from traditional Peruvian medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute and sub-acute toxicity of tocosh flour (TF). For sub-acute toxicity, TF was administered orally to rats daily once a day for 28 days at doses of 1000 mg/kg body weight (BW). Animals were observed for general behaviors, mortality, body weight variations, and histological analysis. At the end of treatment, relative organ weights, histopathology, hematological and biochemical parameters were analyzed. For acute toxicity, TF was administered orally to mice at doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg BW at a single dose in both sexes. Body weight, mortality, and clinical signs were observed for 14 days after treatment. The results of acute toxicity showed that the median lethal dose (LD50) value of TF is higher than 2000 g/kg BW but less than 5000 mg/Kg BW in mice. Death and toxicological symptoms were not found during the treatment. For sub-acute toxicity, we found that no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAEL) of TF in rats up to 1000 g/kg BW. There were statistically significant differences in body weight, and relative organ weight in the stomach and brain. No differences in hematological and biochemical parameters were observed when compared with the control group. For sub-acute toxicity, histopathological studies revealed minor abnormalities in liver and kidney tissues at doses of 5000 mg/Kg. Based on these results, TF is a traditional Peruvian medicine with high safety at up to 1000 mg/kg BW for 28 days in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Roberto Velasco-Chong
- Academic Department of Pharmacology, Bromatology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Jr Puno 1002, Lima 15001, Peru;
| | - Oscar Herrera-Calderón
- Academic Department of Pharmacology, Bromatology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Jr Puno 1002, Lima 15001, Peru;
| | - Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas
- Department of Dynamic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Miguel Grau 755, Cercado de Lima 15001, Peru;
| | - Renán Dilton Hañari-Quispe
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Av Floral 1153, Puno 21001, Peru;
| | - Linder Figueroa-Salvador
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Prolongación Primavera 2390, Lima 15023, Peru;
| | - Gilmar Peña-Rojas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga, Portal Independencia 57, Ayacucho 05003, Peru;
| | - Vidalina Andía-Ayme
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga, Portal Independencia 57, Ayacucho 05003, Peru;
| | | | - Andres F. Yepes-Perez
- Chemistry of Colombian Plants, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia-UdeA, Calle 70 52–21, A.A 1226, Medellin 050010, Colombia;
| | - Cristian Aguilar
- Laboratory of Pathology, Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular, Jirón Coronel Zegarra 417, Jesús María 15072, Peru;
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135
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Radhakrishnan S, Ke JY, Pellizzon MA. Targeted Nutrient Modifications in Purified Diets Differentially Affect Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Metabolic Disease Development in Rodent Models. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa078. [PMID: 32494762 PMCID: PMC7250583 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex spectrum of disorders ranging from simple benign steatosis to more aggressive forms of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis. Although not every patient with NAFLD/NASH develops liver complications, if left untreated it may eventually lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Purified diets formulated with specific nutritional components can drive the entire spectrum of NAFLD in rodent models. Although they may not perfectly replicate the clinical and histological features of human NAFLD, they provide a model to gain further understanding of disease progression in humans. Owing to the growing demand of diets for NAFLD research, and for our further understanding of how manipulation of dietary components can alter disease development, we outlined several commonly used dietary approaches for rodent models, including mice, rats, and hamsters, time frames required for disease development and whether other metabolic diseases commonly associated with NAFLD in humans occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jia-Yu Ke
- Research Diets, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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136
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Harb Z, Deckert V, Bressenot AM, Christov C, Guéant-Rodriguez RM, Raso J, Alberto JM, de Barros JPP, Umoret R, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Lagrost L, Bronowicki JP, Guéant JL. The deficit in folate and vitamin B12 triggers liver macrovesicular steatosis and inflammation in rats with dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 84:108415. [PMID: 32645655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The risks of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and deficiency in vitamin B12 and folate (methyl donor deficiency, MDD) are increased in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We investigated the influence of MDD on NASH in rats with DSS-induced colitis. Two-month-old male Wistar rats were subjected to MDD diet and/or ingestion of DSS and compared to control animals. We studied steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, plasma levels of metabolic markers, cytokines and lipopolysaccharide, and inflammatory pathways in liver. MDD triggered a severe macrovesicular steatosis with inflammation in DSS animals that was not observed in animals subjected to DSS or MDD only. The macrovesicular steatosis was closely correlated to folate, vitamin B12, homocysteine plasma level and liver S-adenosyl methionine/S-adenosyl homocysteine (SAM/SAH) ratio. Liver inflammation was evidenced by activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) pathway and nuclear translocation of NFκB phospho-p65. MDD worsened the increase of interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) and abolished the increase of IL10 produced by DSS colitis. It increased monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). MDD triggers liver macrovesicular steatosis and inflammation through imbalanced expression of IL-1β vs. IL10 and increase of MCP-1 in DSS colitis. Our results suggest evaluating whether IBD patients with MDD and increase of MCP-1 are at higher risk of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Harb
- INSERM U1256, Nutrition Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Medical Faculty, University of Lorraine and Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Valérie Deckert
- INSERM UMR1231 Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France
| | - Aude Marchal Bressenot
- INSERM U1256, Nutrition Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Medical Faculty, University of Lorraine and Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France; Division of Anatomo-Pathology, Robert Debré University Hospital, Reims
| | - Christo Christov
- INSERM U1256, Nutrition Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Medical Faculty, University of Lorraine and Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Rosa-Maria Guéant-Rodriguez
- INSERM U1256, Nutrition Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Medical Faculty, University of Lorraine and Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France; Biochemical and Molecular biology lab, Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Jérémie Raso
- INSERM U1256, Nutrition Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Medical Faculty, University of Lorraine and Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Jean Marc Alberto
- INSERM U1256, Nutrition Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Medical Faculty, University of Lorraine and Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Paul Pais de Barros
- INSERM UMR1231 Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France
| | - Remy Umoret
- INSERM U1256, Nutrition Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Medical Faculty, University of Lorraine and Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- INSERM U1256, Nutrition Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Medical Faculty, University of Lorraine and Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France; Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Laurent Lagrost
- INSERM UMR1231 Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Bronowicki
- INSERM U1256, Nutrition Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Medical Faculty, University of Lorraine and Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France; Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Louis Guéant
- INSERM U1256, Nutrition Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Medical Faculty, University of Lorraine and Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France; Biochemical and Molecular biology lab, Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France; Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France.
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137
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Hou Y, Gu D, Peng J, Jiang K, Li Z, Shi J, Yang S, Li S, Fan X. Ginsenoside Rg1 Regulates Liver Lipid Factor Metabolism in NAFLD Model Rats. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:10878-10890. [PMID: 32455208 PMCID: PMC7241038 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
To establish the molecular mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (180-220 g) were randomly divided into a control group, model group, ginsenoside Rg1 low-dose group (30 mg/(kg day)), high-dose (60 mg/(kg day)) group, and simvastatin group (1 mg/(kg day)), with 10 SD rats in each group. The control group was given a normal diet. The model group rats were given high-sugar and high-fat diets for 14 weeks. After the model of NAFLD was established successfully, ginsenoside Rg1 was administered orally for 4 or 8 weeks. The results showed that ginsenoside Rg1 decreased the levels of glucose (GLU), insulin (INS), triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) and improved liver function. Meanwhile, ginsenoside Rg1 inhibited the secretion of interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and improved hepatocyte morphology and lipid accumulation in the liver. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rg1 promoted the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α), carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1α (CPT1A), carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2 (CPT2), and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP-7A) and inhibited the expression of sterol regulatory element binding proteins-1C (SREBP-1C). In conclusion, ginsenoside Rg1 can inhibit inflammatory reaction, regulate lipid metabolism, and alleviate liver injury in NAFLD model rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Hou
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
- Department
of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 541004, P. R. China
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology, School of Food
Engineering, Qingdao Institute of Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266300, P. R. China
- Yunnan Province
Key Laboratory for Nutrition and Food Safety in Universities, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
| | - Danshan Gu
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
- Yunnan Province
Key Laboratory for Nutrition and Food Safety in Universities, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhi Peng
- Department
of Nutrition, The Second Affiliated Hospital
of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P. R. China
| | - Kerong Jiang
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
| | - Jing Shi
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
| | - Shikun Yang
- Organ
Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated
Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650031, P. R. China
| | - Shude Li
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
- Yunnan Province
Key Laboratory for Nutrition and Food Safety in Universities, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Fan
- Department
of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 541004, P. R. China
- . Tel: +86 15738723256
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138
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Li G, Zhang J, Jiang Q, Liu B, Xu K. CREBH knockout accelerates hepatic fibrosis in mouse models of diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Life Sci 2020; 254:117795. [PMID: 32417373 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The primary focus of this study was to explore the effects of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein H (CREBH) on the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). MATERIALS AND METHODS CREBH knockout (KO) and wildtype (WT) mice were averagely divided into a methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) or high fat (HF) diet group and respective chow diet (CD) groups. Mice were sacrificed after 4-week treatment for MCD model and 24-week treatment for HF model. KEY FINDINGS Characteristics of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-related liver fibrosis in KO-MCD/HF group were verified by hepatic histological analyses. Compared with WT-MCD/HF group, levels of plasma ALT and hepatic hydroxyproline increased in KO-MCD/HF group. Significantly higher levels of MCP-1, αSMA, Desmin, COL-1, TIMP-1, TGF-β1, TGF-β2 were found while MMP-9 and FGF21 mRNA levels decreased in KO-MCD/HF group. There was also a distinct difference of mRNA levels of TNFα, CTGF and CCND1 in KO-HF group compared with controls. Protein levels of MCP-1, BAX, αSMA, COL-1, TGF-β1 and SMAD2/3 significantly increased in KO-MCD/HF group and CCND1 was also upregulated in KO-HF group compared to their counterparts. SIGNIFICANCE CREBH knockout may primarily regulate the TGF-β1 signaling pathway via TGF-β2 and FGF21 resulting in more severe inflammation and fibrosis in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixin Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Junli Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qianqian Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Keshu Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Herbal formulation MIT ameliorates high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Integr Med Res 2020; 9:100422. [PMID: 32489856 PMCID: PMC7260683 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2020.100422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases and is caused by obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, and insulin resistance. Many studies have explored novel candidates to treat NAFLD using herbal medicines owing to their fewer side effects. In this study, we examined the effect of MIT, an herbal formula comprising Ephedra sinica, Panax ginseng, and Alisma orientale, on the murine model of NAFLD. Methods To evaluate the effect of MIT on NAFLD, we used the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD mice model. The mice were divided into four groups: control, HFD, HFD with metformin administration, and HFD with MIT administration. Freeze-dried MIT was dissolved in phosphate buffered saline and orally administered for 8 weeks to MIT-treated mice (60 mg/kg) after feeding them with HFD for 16 weeks. Results MIT treatment significantly attenuated fat accumulation, serum glucose levels, and excessive cholesterol. It also reduced the activation of NF-κB, JNK, ERK, mammalian target of rapamycin, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in the HFD-induced NAFLD mice. The expression level of enzymes involved in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, acetyl-coA carboxylase and CYP2E1, were clearly reduced by MIT treatment. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and subsequent liver damage were effectively reduced by MIT treatment. Conclusion We suggest that MIT is a potent herbal formula that can be used for the prevention and treatment of obesity-related NAFLD via regulating the levels of serum glucose and free fatty acids, inflammation, lipid accumulation, and ROS-mediated liver damage.
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Sugahara G, Ishida Y, Sun J, Tateno C, Saito T. Art of Making Artificial Liver: Depicting Human Liver Biology and Diseases in Mice. Semin Liver Dis 2020; 40:189-212. [PMID: 32074631 PMCID: PMC8629128 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1701444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Advancement in both bioengineering and cell biology of the liver led to the establishment of the first-generation humanized liver chimeric mouse (HLCM) model in 2001. The HLCM system was initially developed to satisfy the necessity for a convenient and physiologically representative small animal model for studies of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection. Over the last two decades, the HLCM system has substantially evolved in quality, production capacity, and utility, thereby growing its versatility beyond the study of viral hepatitis. Hence, it has been increasingly employed for a variety of applications including, but not limited to, the investigation of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics and stem cell biology. To date, more than a dozen distinctive HLCM systems have been established, and each model system has similarities as well as unique characteristics, which are often perplexing for end-users. Thus, this review aims to summarize the history, evolution, advantages, and pitfalls of each model system with the goal of providing comprehensive information that is necessary for researchers to implement the ideal HLCM system for their purposes. Furthermore, this review article summarizes the contribution of HLCM and its derivatives to our mechanistic understanding of various human liver diseases, its potential for novel applications, and its current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Sugahara
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,Research & Development Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishida
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,Research & Development Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jeffrey Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chise Tateno
- Research & Development Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, California
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141
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Heme Oxygenase-1 Suppresses Wnt Signaling Pathway in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis-Related Liver Fibrosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4910601. [PMID: 32461992 PMCID: PMC7212281 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4910601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Methods Mice were fed with a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet for 8 weeks to induce steatohepatitis-related liver fibrosis and were treated with HO-1 inducer Hemin and inhibitor ZnPP. Mouse sera were collected for the biochemical analysis, and livers were obtained for further histological observation and gene expression analysis. HSC-T6 cells were cultured for the in vitro study and were administrated with Hemin and si-HO-1 to induce or inhibit the expression of HO-1. qPCR and Western blot were used to assess the mRNA and protein levels of genes. Results MCD-fed mice developed marked macrovesicular steatosis, focal necrosis, and inflammatory infiltration and pericellular fibrosis in liver sections. Administration of Hemin could significantly ameliorate the severity of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis and also could decrease the serum ALT and AST. We demonstrated that HO-1 induction was able to downregulate the key regulator of the canonical Wnt pathway Wnt1 and the noncanonical Wnt pathway Wnt5a. The downstream factors of the Wnt pathway β-catenin and NFAT5 were inhibited by Hemin, but GSK-3β was upregulated compared to the MCD group, which were consistent with the in vitro study. Hemin markedly inhibited the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway in both in vivo and in vitro studies. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that HO-1 inhibited the activation of canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling pathways in NASH-related liver fibrosis. Thus, these results may suggest a new therapeutic strategy for NASH-related liver fibrosis.
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Zhang JX, Feng WJ, Liu GC, Ma QQ, Li HL, Gao XY, Liu HZ, Piao GC, Yuan HD. Corosolic Acid Attenuates Hepatic Lipid Accumulation and Inflammatory Response via AMPK/SREBPs and NF-κB/MAPK Signaling Pathways. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:579-595. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Corosolic acid (CA) is the main active component of Lagetstroemia speciosa and has been known to serve as several different pharmacological effects, such as antidiabetic, anti-oxidant, and anticancer effects. In this study, effects of CA on the hepatic lipid accumulation were examined using HepG2 cells and tyloxapol (TY)-induced hyperlipidemia ICR mice. CA significantly inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation via inhibition of SREBPs, and its target genes FAS, SCD1, and HMGCR transcription in HepG2 cells. These effects were mediated through activation of AMPK, and these effects were all abolished in the presence of compound C (CC, an AMPK inhibitor). In addition, CA clearly alleviated serum ALT, AST, TG, TC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, and obviously attenuated TY-induced liver steatosis and inflammation. Moreover, CA significantly upregulated AMPK, ACC, LKB1 phosphorylation, and significantly inhibited lipin1, SREBPs, TNF-[Formula: see text], F4/80, caspase-1 expression, NF-[Formula: see text]B translocation, and MAPK activation in TY-induced hyperlipidemia mice. Our results suggest that CA is a potent antihyperlipidemia and antihepatic steatosis agent and the mechanism involved both lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis and inflammation response inhibition via AMPK/SREBPs and NF-[Formula: see text]B/MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai, Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Jun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai, Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - Guan-Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai, Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - Qian-Qian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai, Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Lan Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai, Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai, Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Zhe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai, Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Chun Piao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai, Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Dan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai, Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, P. R. China
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Hurrell T, Kastrinou-Lampou V, Fardellas A, Hendriks DFG, Nordling Å, Johansson I, Baze A, Parmentier C, Richert L, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Human Liver Spheroids as a Model to Study Aetiology and Treatment of Hepatic Fibrosis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040964. [PMID: 32295224 PMCID: PMC7227007 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease affects approximately one billion adults worldwide. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive disease and underlies the advancement to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, for which there are no FDA-approved drug therapies. We developed a hetero-cellular spheroid system comprised of primary human hepatocytes (PHH) co-cultured with crude fractions of primary human liver non-parenchymal cells (NPC) from several matched or non-matched donors, to identify phenotypes with utility in investigating NASH pathogenesis and drug screening. Co-culture spheroids displayed stable expression of hepatocyte markers (albumin, CYP3A4) with the integration of stellate (vimentin, PDGFRβ), endothelial (vWF, PECAM1), and CD68-positive cells. Several co-culture spheroids developed a fibrotic phenotype either spontaneously, primarily observed in PNPLA3 mutant donors, or after challenge with free fatty acids (FFA), as determined by COL1A1 and αSMA expression. This phenotype, as well as TGFβ1 expression, was attenuated with an ALK5 inhibitor. Furthermore, CYP2E1, which has a strong pro-oxidant effect, was induced by NPCs and FFA. This system was used to evaluate the effects of anti-NASH drug candidates, which inhibited fibrillary deposition following 7 days of exposure. In conclusion, we suggest that this system is suitable for the evaluation of NASH pathogenesis and screening of anti-NASH drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Hurrell
- Ingelman-Sundberg Group, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.H.); (V.K.-L.); (A.F.); (D.F.G.H.); (Å.N.); (I.J.)
| | - Vlasia Kastrinou-Lampou
- Ingelman-Sundberg Group, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.H.); (V.K.-L.); (A.F.); (D.F.G.H.); (Å.N.); (I.J.)
| | - Achilleas Fardellas
- Ingelman-Sundberg Group, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.H.); (V.K.-L.); (A.F.); (D.F.G.H.); (Å.N.); (I.J.)
| | - Delilah F. G. Hendriks
- Ingelman-Sundberg Group, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.H.); (V.K.-L.); (A.F.); (D.F.G.H.); (Å.N.); (I.J.)
| | - Åsa Nordling
- Ingelman-Sundberg Group, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.H.); (V.K.-L.); (A.F.); (D.F.G.H.); (Å.N.); (I.J.)
| | - Inger Johansson
- Ingelman-Sundberg Group, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.H.); (V.K.-L.); (A.F.); (D.F.G.H.); (Å.N.); (I.J.)
| | - Audrey Baze
- KaLy-Cell, 67115 Plobsheim, France; (A.B.); (C.P.); (L.R.)
| | | | | | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Ingelman-Sundberg Group, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.H.); (V.K.-L.); (A.F.); (D.F.G.H.); (Å.N.); (I.J.)
- Correspondence:
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144
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Ma X, Huang Y, Ding Y, Shi L, Zhong X, Kang M, Li C. Analysis of piRNA expression spectra in a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease mouse model induced by a methionine- and choline-deficient diet. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:3829-3839. [PMID: 32346447 PMCID: PMC7185076 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a common health issue worldwide, and P-element-induced wimpy testis (PIWI)-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) have been shown to be differentially expressed in a variety of diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential relationship between piRNA and NAFLD. A NAFLD mouse model was established using a methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet and methionine- and choline-sufficient (MCS) diet. Following this, mouse liver tissues were removed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total cholesterol and triglyceride were measured. Moreover, the liver tissues of the control and model groups were selected for piRNA gene chip analysis to identify piRNAs with differential expression in NAFLD. In addition, the differentially expressed piRNAs screened from the microarray were assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). piRNAs with potential research value were also selected for further analysis of target genes, using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. The present study identified a total of 1,285 piRNAs with differential expression levels. The results indicated that in the model group, 641 piRNAs were upregulated, while 644 piRNAs were downregulated. Furthermore, piRNAs were enriched in ‘cancer’, ‘Hippo signaling’, ‘Wnt signaling’ and ‘Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling’ pathways. The RT-qPCR results demonstrated that piRNA DQ566704 and piRNA DQ723301 were significantly upregulated in the model group, which was largely consistent with the analysis results of the piRNA arrays. Therefore, the results of the piRNA arrays and the further analyses in the present study were considered reliable. Collectively, the present results suggest that differentially expressed piRNAs exist in NAFLD and may affect the development of NAFLD via related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Luzhou People's Hospital, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Yumei Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Ding
- Technology Education Training Department, Luzhou People's Hospital, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Ming Kang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Changping Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
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Rao A, van de Peppel IP, Gumber S, Karpen SJ, Dawson PA. Attenuation of the Hepatoprotective Effects of Ileal Apical Sodium Dependent Bile Acid Transporter (ASBT) Inhibition in Choline-Deficient L-Amino Acid-Defined (CDAA) Diet-Fed Mice. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:60. [PMID: 32158763 PMCID: PMC7052288 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major growing worldwide health problem. We previously reported that interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids using a non-absorbable apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter inhibitor (ASBTi; SC-435) reduced the development of NAFLD in high fat diet fed mice. However, the ability of ASBTi treatment to impact the progression of NAFLD to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis in a diet-induced mouse model remains untested. In the current study, we assessed whether ASBTi treatment is hepatoprotective in the choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet model of NASH-induced fibrosis. Methods: Male C57Bl/6 mice were fed with: (A) choline-sufficient L-amino acid-defined diet (CSAA) (31 kcal% fat), (B) CSAA diet plus ASBTi (SC-435; 60 ppm), (C) CDAA diet, or (D) CDAA diet plus ASBTi. Body weight and food intake were monitored. After 22 weeks on diet, liver histology, cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and gene expression were measured. Fecal bile acid and fat excretion were measured, and intestinal fat absorption was determined using the sucrose polybehenate method. Results: ASBTi treatment reduced bodyweight gain in mice fed either the CSAA or CDAA diet, and prevented the increase in liver to body weight ratio observed in CDAA-fed mice. ASBTi significantly reduced hepatic total cholesterol levels in both CSAA and CDAA-fed mice. ASBTi-associated significant reductions in hepatic triglyceride levels and histological scoring for NAFLD activity were observed in CSAA but not CDAA-fed mice. These changes correlated with measurements of intestinal fat absorption, which was significantly reduced in ASBTi-treated mice fed the CSAA (85 vs. 94%, P < 0.001) but not CDAA diet (93 vs. 93%). As scored by Ishak staging of Sirius red stained liver sections, no hepatic fibrosis was evident in the CSAA diet mice. The CDAA diet-fed mice developed hepatic fibrosis, which was increased by the ASBTi. Conclusions: ASBT inhibition reduced intestinal fat absorption, bodyweight gain and hepatic steatosis in CSAA diet-fed mice. The effects of the ASBTi on steatosis and fat absorption were attenuated in the context of dietary choline-deficiency. Inhibition of intestinal absorption of fatty acids may be involved in the therapeutic effects of ASBTi treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ivo P van de Peppel
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Saul J Karpen
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Paul A Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Valenzuela R, Videla LA. Impact of the Co-Administration of N-3 Fatty Acids and Olive Oil Components in Preclinical Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Models: A Mechanistic View. Nutrients 2020; 12:E499. [PMID: 32075238 PMCID: PMC7071322 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is present in approximately 25% of the population worldwide. It is characterized by the accumulation of triacylglycerol in the liver, which can progress to steatohepatitis with different degrees of fibrosis, stages that lack approved pharmacological therapies and represent an indication for liver transplantation with consistently increasing frequency. In view that hepatic steatosis is a reversible condition, effective strategies preventing disease progression were addressed using combinations of natural products in the preclinical high-fat diet (HFD) protocol (60% of fat for 12 weeks). Among them, eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:5n-3, DHA), DHA and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), or EPA plus hydroxytyrosol (HT) attained 66% to 83% diminution in HFD-induced steatosis, with the concomitant inhibition of the proinflammatory state associated with steatosis. These supplementations trigger different molecular mechanisms that modify antioxidant, antisteatotic, and anti-inflammatory responses, and in the case of DHA and HT co-administration, prevent NAFLD. It is concluded that future studies in NAFLD patients using combined supplementations such as DHA plus HT are warranted to prevent liver steatosis, thus avoiding its progression into more unmanageable stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Nutritional Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M2J4A6, Canada
| | - Luis A. Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
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NAFLD Preclinical Models: More than a Handful, Less of a Concern? Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8020028. [PMID: 32046285 PMCID: PMC7167756 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of liver diseases ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. Due to its increasing prevalence, NAFLD is currently a major public health concern. Although a wide variety of preclinical models have contributed to better understanding the pathophysiology of NAFLD, it is not always obvious which model is best suitable for addressing a specific research question. This review provides insights into currently existing models, mainly focusing on murine models, which is of great importance to aid in the identification of novel therapeutic options for human NAFLD.
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148
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Wada T, Tsuneki H, Sasaoka T. [Role of Angiogenesis and Chronic Inflammation in Fat Hypertrophy in NASH Pathology]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2020; 139:1163-1167. [PMID: 31474632 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.19-00011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue expansion and chronic inflammation in adipose tissue (AT) are closely related to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) pathology. Angiogenesis is initiated by the detachment of pericytes (PCs) from vessels in AT. This process is necessary for the development of AT in obesity. The detachment is caused by excessive platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B) derived from M1-macrophages (Mφ) infiltrating obese AT. On the other hand, AT of tamoxifen-induced systemic PDGF receptor-β knockout mice showed decreased detachment of PCs from vessels in obesity, thereby attenuating hypertrophy of AT mediated by neoangiogenesis, resulting in protection from the development of chronic AT inflammation and systemic insulin resistance. The selective mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) inhibitor eplerenone (Ep) suppresses chronic inflammation in fat and the liver, improves glucose and lipid metabolism, and inhibits body weight and fat mass gain in mice fed a high-fat diet. As a novel mechanism, Ep increases energy expenditure and suppresses fat accumulation, thereby controlling the polarity of visceral AT Mφ from inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 dominant. In addition, Ep directly inhibits the activation of signals 1 and 2 of NLRP3-inflammasomes in Mφ, which is an inflammatory mechanism closely involved in the development of NASH. Thus, we propose novel therapeutic approaches to NASH. Inhibition of PDGF receptor-β signaling prevents AT hypertrophy by regulating AT angiogenesis, and MR inhibitors directly suppress chronic inflammation in the AT and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Wada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama
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Anfuso B, Tiribelli C, Adorini L, Rosso N. Obeticholic acid and INT-767 modulate collagen deposition in a NASH in vitro model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1699. [PMID: 32015483 PMCID: PMC6997404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58562-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological treatments for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are still unsatisfactory. Fibrosis is the most significant predictor of mortality and many anti-fibrotic agents are under evaluation. Herein, we assessed in vitro the effects of the FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) and the dual FXR/TGR5 agonist INT-767 in a well-established co-culture NASH model. Co-cultures of human hepatoma and hepatic stellate (HSCs) cells were exposed to free fatty acids (FFAs) alone or in combination with OCA or INT-767. mRNA expression of HSCs activation markers and FXR engagement were evaluated at 24, 96 and 144 hours. Collagen deposition and metalloproteinase 2 and 9 (MMP2-9) activity were compared to tropifexor and selonsertib. FFAs induced collagen deposition and MMP2-9 activity reduction. Co-treatment with OCA or INT-767 did not affect ACTA2 and COL1A1 expression, but significantly reduced FXR and induced SHP expression, as expected. OCA induced a dose-dependent reduction of collagen and induced MMP2-9 activity. Similarly, INT-767 induced collagen reduction at 96 h and a slight increase in MMP2-9. Tropifexor and Selonsertib were also effective in collagen reduction but showed no modulation of MMP2-9. All tested compounds reduced collagen deposition. OCA exerted a more potent and long-lasting effect, mainly related to modulation of collagen turn-over and MMP2-9 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Anfuso
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato, AREA Science Park Basovizza, SS14 km 163.5, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato, AREA Science Park Basovizza, SS14 km 163.5, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luciano Adorini
- Intercept Pharmaceutical, Inc, 10 Hudson Yards 37th Floor, 10001, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natalia Rosso
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato, AREA Science Park Basovizza, SS14 km 163.5, 34149, Trieste, Italy.
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Gore E, Bigaeva E, Oldenburger A, Jansen YJM, Schuppan D, Boersema M, Rippmann JF, Broermann A, Olinga P. Investigating fibrosis and inflammation in an ex vivo NASH murine model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G336-G351. [PMID: 31905025 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00209.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease, characterized by excess fat accumulation (steatosis). Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) develops in 15-20% of NAFLD patients and frequently progresses to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. We aimed to develop an ex vivo model of inflammation and fibrosis in steatotic murine precision-cut liver slices (PCLS). NASH was induced in C57Bl/6 mice on an amylin and choline-deficient l-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet. PCLS were prepared from steatohepatitic (sPCLS) and control (cPCLS) livers and cultured for 48 h with LPS, TGFβ1, or elafibranor. Additionally, C57Bl/6 mice were placed on CDAA diet for 12 wk to receive elafibranor or vehicle from weeks 7 to 12. Effects were assessed by transcriptome analysis and procollagen Iα1 protein production. The diets induced features of human NASH. Upon culture, all PCLS showed an increased gene expression of fibrosis- and inflammation-related markers but decreased lipid metabolism markers. LPS and TGFβ1 affected sPCLS more pronouncedly than cPCLS. TGFβ1 increased procollagen Iα1 solely in cPCLS. Elafibranor ameliorated fibrosis and inflammation in vivo but not ex vivo, where it only increased the expression of genes modulated by PPARα. sPCLS culture induced inflammation-, fibrosis-, and lipid metabolism-related transcripts, explained by spontaneous activation. sPCLS remained responsive to proinflammatory and profibrotic stimuli on gene expression. We consider that PCLS represent a useful tool to reproducibly study NASH progression. sPCLS can be used to evaluate potential treatments for NASH, as demonstrated in our elafibranor study, and serves as a model to bridge results from rodent studies to the human system.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study showed that nonalcoholic steatohepatitis can be studied ex vivo in precision-cut liver slices obtained from murine diet-induced fatty livers. Liver slices develop a spontaneous inflammatory and fibrogenic response during culture that can be augmented with specific modulators. Additionally, the model can be used to test the efficacy of pharmaceutical compounds (as shown in this investigation with elafibranor) and could be a tool for preclinical assessment of potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Gore
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emilia Bigaeva
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Oldenburger
- CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Yvette J M Jansen
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.,Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Miriam Boersema
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg F Rippmann
- CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Andre Broermann
- CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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