101
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Xu LY, Yang JS, Link H, Xiao BG. SIN-1, a nitric oxide donor, ameliorates experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats in the incipient phase: the importance of the time window. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:5810-6. [PMID: 11313425 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.9.5810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NO is involved in the regulation of immune responses. The role of NO in the pathogenesis of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is controversial. In this study, 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), an NO donor, was administered to Lewis rats on days 5-7 postimmunization, i.e., during the incipient phase of EAE. SIN-1 reduced clinical signs of EAE compared with those in PBS-treated control rats and was accompanied by reduced ED1(+) macrophages and CD4(+) T cell infiltration within the CNS. Blood mononuclear cells (MNC) obtained on day 14 postimmunization revealed that SIN-1 administration enhanced NO and IFN-gamma production by blood MNC and suppressed Ag- and mitogen-induced proliferative responses. MHC class II, B7-1 and B7-2 were down-regulated in SIN-1-treated EAE rats. Simultaneously, frequencies of apoptotic cells among blood MNC were increased. In vivo, SIN-1 is likely to behave as an NO donor. Administration of SIN-1 induced NO production, but did not affect superoxide and peroxynitrite formation. Enhanced NO production during the priming phase of EAE thus promotes apoptosis, down-regulates disease-promoting immune reactivities, and ameliorates clinical EAE, mainly through SIN-1-derived NO, without depending on NO synthase.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- B7-1 Antigen/biosynthesis
- B7-2 Antigen
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Guinea Pigs
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/biosynthesis
- Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Leukocyte Count
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molsidomine/administration & dosage
- Molsidomine/analogs & derivatives
- Molsidomine/therapeutic use
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Donors/administration & dosage
- Nitric Oxide Donors/therapeutic use
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Spinal Cord/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Xu
- Experimental Neurobiology and Neuroimmunology Units, Division of Neurology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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102
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Blanchard B, Servy C, Ducrocq C. Chemical evaluation of compounds as nitric oxide or peroxynitrite donors using the reactions with serotonin. Free Radic Res 2001; 34:189-91. [PMID: 11264894 DOI: 10.1080/10715760100300161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess the capacities of some .NO-donors to release .NO, and consequently NOx in aerobic medium, or to give peroxynitrite. The method was based on the differential reactivity of serotonin (5-HT) with either NO(x) or peroxynitrite, leading in phosphate-buffered solutions to 4-nitroso- and 4-nitro-5-HT formation, respectively. Yields and formation rates of 5-HT derivatives with .NO-donor were compared to those obtained with authentic .NO or peroxynitrite in similar conditions. Aside from the capacity of diazenium diolates (SPER/NO and DEA/NO) to release .NO spontaneously, converting 5-HT exclusively to 4-nitroso-5-HT, all other .NO donors must undergo redox reactions to produce .NO. S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) modified 5-HT only in the presence of Cu2+, GSNO yielding 6 times more 4-nitroso-5-HT than SNP. Furthermore, in the presence of Cu+, the yield of .NO-release from GSNO was 45%. The molsidomine metabolite (SIN-1), which was presumed to release both .NO and O2(7-) at pH 7.4, reacted with 5-HT differently, depending on the presence of reductant or oxidant. Under aerobic conditions, SIN-1 acted predominantly as a 5-HT oxidant and also as a poor .NO and peroxynitrite donor (15% yield of .NO-release and 14 % yield of peroxynitrite formation). The strong oxidant Cu2+, even in the presence of air oxygen, accelerated oxidation and increased .NO release from SIN-1 up to 86%. Only a small part of SIN-1 gave simultaneously .NO and O2(7-) able to link together to give peroxynitrite, but other oxidants could enhance .NO release from SIN-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Blanchard
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, C.N.R.S., Avenue de la Terrasse, F-91198 Gif sur Yvette (France)
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103
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Ducrocq C, Servy C, Cudic M, Blanchard B. Intervention du monoxyde d'azote, NO, et de ses dérivés oxydés, particulièrement chez les mammifères. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2001. [DOI: 10.1139/y00-077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a natural and stable free radical produced in soil and water by the bacteriological reduction of nitrites and nitrates and in animals by the enzyme oxidation of L-arginine. NO is biosynthesised by finely regulated enzymatic systems called NO-synthases and readily diffuses through tissues. It reacts rapidly with hemoproteins and iron-sulphur centers to form nitrosylated compounds. It oxidises more slowly to form nitrogen oxides that nitrosate thiols into thionitrite. NO is transported in these various forms and released spontaneously or through yet unclear mechanisms into most cells; it also regulates oxygen consumption at the mitochondrial respiratory chain level through interaction with cytochrome oxidase. In the cardiovascular system, NO lowers blood pressure by activating a hemoprotein, the guanylate cyclase present in muscle cells; through such interaction it acts also as a neuromediator and neuromodulator in the nervous system. However, many of NO's roles result from rapid coupling to other radicals; for example, it reacts with the superoxide anion (O2) to form oxoperoxinitrate (ONOO, also known as peroxynitrite). This strong oxidant of metallic centers, thiols, and antioxidants is also able to convert tyrosine to 3-nitrotyrosine and to act upon tyrosine residues contained in proteins. The biological aspects of the roles of NO are presented with particular respect to the rapid interactions of NO with hemoproteins' iron and other radicals. Concurrently, NO oxidation enables nitrosation reactions primarily of thiols but ultimately of nucleic bases. The thionitrite function (R-S-NO) thus formed and the dimerisation and nitration of tyrosine residues are protein post-translational modifications that are being investigated in animals.Key words: nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, nitration, nitrosation, nitrosylation. [Translated by the editors.]
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104
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Johnson K, Jung A, Murphy A, Andreyev A, Dykens J, Terkeltaub R. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is a downstream regulator of nitric oxide effects on chondrocyte matrix synthesis and mineralization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200007)43:7%3c1560::aid-anr21%3e3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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105
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Buckley BJ, Whorton AR. Adaptive responses to peroxynitrite: increased glutathione levels and cystine uptake in vascular cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2000; 279:C1168-76. [PMID: 11003597 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2000.279.4.c1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We and others recently demonstrated increased glutathione levels, stimulated cystine uptake, and induced gamma-glutamylcysteinyl synthase (gamma-GCS) in vascular cells exposed to nitric oxide donors. Here we report the effects of peroxynitrite on glutathione levels and cystine uptake. Treatment of bovine aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells with 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), a peroxynitrite donor, resulted in transient depletion of glutathione followed by a prolonged increase beginning at 8-9 h. Concentration-dependent increases in glutathione of up to sixfold occurred 16-18 h after 0.05-2.5 mM SIN-1. Responses to SIN-1 were inhibited by copper-zinc superoxide dismutases and manganese(III)tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin pentachloride, providing evidence for peroxynitrite involvement. Because glutathione synthesis is regulated by amino acid availability, we also studied cystine uptake. SIN-1 treatment resulted in a prolonged increase in cystine uptake beginning at 6-9 h. Increases in cystine uptake after SIN-1 were blocked by inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis, by extracellular glutamate but not by extracellular sodium. These studies suggest induction of the x(c)(-) pathway of amino acid uptake. A close correlation over time was observed for increases in cystine uptake and glutathione levels. In summary, vascular cells respond to chronic peroxynitrite exposure with adaptive increases in cellular glutathione and cystine transport.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/physiology
- Animals
- Cattle
- Cells, Cultured
- Cystine/metabolism
- Cystine/pharmacokinetics
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Free Radical Scavengers/pharmacology
- Glutamic Acid/metabolism
- Glutamic Acid/pharmacology
- Glutathione/metabolism
- Metalloporphyrins/pharmacology
- Molsidomine/analogs & derivatives
- Molsidomine/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Nitrates/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology
- Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Penicillamine/analogs & derivatives
- Penicillamine/pharmacology
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine
- Sodium/metabolism
- Sodium/pharmacology
- Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Buckley
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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106
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Grosser N, Schröder H. A common pathway for nitric oxide release from NO-aspirin and glyceryl trinitrate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 274:255-8. [PMID: 10903927 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
NO-Aspirin (NCX-4016) releases nitric oxide (NO) in biological systems through as yet unidentified mechanisms. In LLC-PK1 kidney epithelial cells, a 5-h pretreatment with glyceryl trinitrate (GTN, 0.1-1 microM) significantly attenuated the cyclic GMP response to a subsequent challenge with both NO-aspirin or GTN. Similarly, NO-aspirin (10-100 microM) was found to induce tolerance to its own cyclic GMP stimulatory action and to that of GTN. In contrast, cyclic GMP stimulation by the spontaneous NO donor SIN-1, which releases NO independently of enzymatic catalysis, remained unimpaired in cells pretreated with GTN or NO-aspirin. The observed cross-tolerance between NO-aspirin and GTN cells indicates that bioactivation pathways of organic nitrates, which have been shown to involve cytochrome P450, may also be responsible for NO release from NO-aspirin. Prolonged treatment with NO-aspirin causes down-regulation of the cellular cyclic GMP response, suggesting that tolerance may occur during therapy with NO-aspirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Grosser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, Halle (Saale), 06099, Germany
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107
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Johnson K, Jung A, Murphy A, Andreyev A, Dykens J, Terkeltaub R. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is a downstream regulator of nitric oxide effects on chondrocyte matrix synthesis and mineralization. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2000; 43:1560-70. [PMID: 10902761 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200007)43:7<1560::aid-anr21>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased chondrocyte nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite production appears to modulate decreased matrix synthesis and increased mineralization in osteoarthritis (OA). Because NO inhibits mitochondrial respiration, this study was undertaken to directly assess the potential role of chondrocyte mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in matrix synthesis and mineralization. METHODS We studied cultured human articular chondrocytes and immortalized costal chondrocytes (TC28 cells). We also assessed the effects of antimycin A and oligomycin (inhibitors of mitochondrial complexes III and V, respectively) on chondrocyte mitochondrial respiration, ATP synthesis, and inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) generation, and the mineralizing potential of released matrix vesicles (MV). RESULTS Articular chondrocytes and TC28 cells respired at comparable rates. Peroxynitrite and NO donors markedly suppressed respiration and ATP generation in chondrocytes. Because NO exerts multiple effects on chondrocytes, we investigated the primary functions of mitochondrial respiration and OXPHOS. To do so, we identified minimally cytotoxic doses of antimycin and oligomycin, which both induced intracellular ATP depletion (by 50-80%), attenuated collagen and proteoglycan synthesis, and blocked transforming growth factor beta from increasing intracellular ATP and elaboration of PPi, a critical inhibitor of hydroxyapatite deposition. Antimycin and oligomycin also abrogated the ability of the ATP-hydrolyzing enzyme plasma cell membrane glycoprotein 1 (PC-1) to increase chondrocyte PPi generation. Finally, MV from cells treated with antimycin or oligomycin contained less PPi and precipitated >50% more 45Ca. CONCLUSION Chondrocyte mitochondrial reserve, as NO-sensitive mitochondrial respiration-mediated ATP production, appears to support matrix synthesis and PPi elaboration and to regulate MV composition and mineralizing activity. NO-induced depression of chondrocyte respiration could modulate matrix loss and secondary cartilage mineralization in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Johnson
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and University of California, San Diego 92161, USA
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108
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Tu Y, Budelmann BU. Effects of nitric oxide donors on the afferent resting activity in the cephalopod statocyst. Brain Res 2000; 865:211-20. [PMID: 10821923 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of bath applications of the nitric oxide (NO) donors sodium nitroprusside (SNP), diethylamine sodium (DEA), 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), and S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) on the resting activity (RA) of afferent crista fibers were studied in isolated statocysts of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. The NO donors had three different effects: inhibition, excitation, and excitation followed by an inhibition. The SNAP analog N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (xSNAP; with no NO moiety) had no effect. When the preparation was pre-treated with the NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitric-L-arginine methyl ester HCl (L-NAME), the NO donors were still effective. When the preparation was pre-treated with the guanylate cyclase inhibitors methylene blue (M-BLU) or cystamine (CYS), NO donors had only excitatory effects, whereas their effects were inhibitory only when pre-treatment was with the adenylate cyclase inhibitors nicotinic acid (NIC-A), 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (DDA), or MDL-12330A. When pre-treatment was with a guanylate and an adenylate cyclase inhibitor combined, NO donors had no effect; in that situation, the RA of the afferent fibers remained and the preparation still responded to bath applications of GABA. Selective experiments with statocysts from the squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana and the octopod Octopus vulgaris gave comparable results. These data indicate that in cephalopod statocysts an inhibitory NO-cGMP and an excitatory NO-cAMP signal transduction pathway exist, that these two pathways are the key pathways for the action of NO, and that they have only modulatory effects on, and are not essential for the generation of, the RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tu
- Marine Biomedical Institute, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, 77555-1163, Galveston, TX, USA
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109
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Polte T, Abate A, Dennery PA, Schröder H. Heme oxygenase-1 is a cGMP-inducible endothelial protein and mediates the cytoprotective action of nitric oxide. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20:1209-15. [PMID: 10807735 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.20.5.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inducible heme oxygenase (HO-1) has recently been recognized as an antioxidant and cytoprotective gene. By use of Western blotting, cell viability analysis, and antisense technique, the present study investigates the involvement of HO-1 in endothelial protection induced by the clinically used nitric oxide (NO) donor molsidomine (specifically, its active metabolite 3-morpholinosydnonimine [SIN-1]) and the second messenger cGMP. In bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells, SIN-1 and S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine (SNAP) at 1 to 100 micromol/L induced the synthesis of HO-1 protein in a concentration-dependent fashion up to 3-fold over basal levels. HO-1 induction by SIN-1 was inhibited in the presence of the NO scavenger phenyl-4,4,5,5,-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide and the soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazole[4, 3-a]quinoxalin-1-one. 8-Bromo-cGMP (1 to 100 micromol/L) and dibutyryl cGMP (1 to 100 micromol/L) as well as the activator of particulate guanylyl cyclase atrial natriuretic peptide (1 to 100 nmol/L) produced increases in HO-1 protein similar to those produced by SIN-1. SIN-1 and 8-bromo-cGMP increased heme oxygenase activity (bilirubin formation). Cytoprotection by NO donors was abrogated in the presence of the heme oxygenase inhibitor tin protoporphyrin IX. Pretreatment of cells with a phosphorothioate-linked HO-1 antisense oligonucleotide prevented protection by SIN-1 or 8-bromo-cGMP against tumor necrosis factor-alpha cytotoxicity, whereas sense and scrambled HO-1 were without effect under these conditions. Our results show for the first time that HO-1 is a cGMP-sensitive endothelial gene and establish conclusively a causal relationship between HO-1 induction and endothelial protection by the NO/cGMP system. By targeting cytoprotective HO-1, NO donors may therefore be expected to induce antioxidant, antiatherogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Polte
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University, Halle, Germany
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110
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Halliwell B, Zhao K, Whiteman M. Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. The ugly, the uglier and the not so good: a personal view of recent controversies. Free Radic Res 1999; 31:651-69. [PMID: 10630688 DOI: 10.1080/10715769900301221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide, a gaseous free radical, is poorly reactive with most biomolecules but highly reactive with other free radicals. Its ability to scavenge peroxyl and other damaging radicals may make it an important antioxidant in vivo, particularly in the cardiovascular system, although this ability has been somewhat eclipsed in the literature by a focus on the toxicity of peroxynitrite, generated by reaction of O2*- with NO* (or of NO- with O2). On balance, experimental and theoretical data support the view that ONOO- can lead to hydroxyl radical (OH*) generation at pH 7.4, but it seems unlikely that OH* contributes much to the cytotoxicity of ONOO-. The cytotoxicity of ONOO- may have been over-emphasized: its formation and rapid reaction with antioxidants may provide a mechanism of using NO* to dispose of excess O2*-, or even of using O2*- to dispose of excess NO*, in order to maintain the correct balance between these radicals in vivo. Injection or instillation of "bolus" ONOO- into animals has produced tissue injury, however, although more experiments generating ONOO- at steady rates in vivo are required. The presence of 3-nitrotyrosine in tissues is still frequently taken as evidence of ONOO- generation in vivo, but abundant evidence now exists to support the view that it is a biomarker of several "reactive nitrogen species". Another under-addressed problem is the reliability of assays used to detect and measure 3-nitrotyrosine in tissues and body fluids: immunostaining results vary between laboratories and simple HPLC methods are susceptible to artefacts. Exposure of biological material to low pH (e.g. during acidic hydrolysis to liberate nitrotyrosine from proteins) or to H2O2 might cause artefactual generation of nitrotyrosine from NO2- in the samples. This may be the origin of some of the very large values for tissue nitrotyrosine levels quoted in the literature. Nitrous acid causes not only tyrosine nitration but also DNA base deamination at low pH: these events are relevant to the human stomach since saliva and many foods are rich in nitrite. Several plant phenolics inhibit nitration and deamination in vitro, an effect that could conceivably contribute to their protective effects against gastric cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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111
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Go YM, Patel RP, Maland MC, Park H, Beckman JS, Darley-Usmar VM, Jo H. Evidence for peroxynitrite as a signaling molecule in flow-dependent activation of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 277:H1647-53. [PMID: 10516206 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1999.277.4.h1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK), also known as stress-activated protein kinase, is a mitogen-activated protein kinase that determines cell survival in response to environmental stress. Activation of JNK involves redox-sensitive mechanisms and physiological stimuli such as shear stress, the dragging force generated by blood flow over the endothelium. Laminar shear stress has antiatherogenic properties and controls structure and function of endothelial cells by mechanisms including production of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide (O(-)(2)). Here we show that both NO and O(-)(2) are required for activation of JNK by shear stress in endothelial cells. The present study also demonstrates that exposure of endothelial cells to shear stress increases tyrosine nitration, a marker of reactive nitrogen species formation. Furthermore, inhibitors or scavengers of NO, O(-)(2), or reactive nitrogen species prevented shear-dependent increase in tyrosine nitration and activation of JNK. Peroxynitrite alone, added to cells as a bolus or generated over 60 min by 3-morpholinosydnonimine, also activates JNK. These results suggest that reactive nitrogen species, in this case most likely peroxynitrite, act as signaling molecules in the mechanoactivation of JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Go
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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