101
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Rigano MM, Lionetti V, Raiola A, Bellincampi D, Barone A. Pectic enzymes as potential enhancers of ascorbic acid production through the D-galacturonate pathway in Solanaceae. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 266:55-63. [PMID: 29241567 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The increase of L-Ascorbic Acid (AsA) content in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a common goal in breeding programs due to its beneficial effect on human health. To shed light into the regulation of fruit AsA content, we exploited a Solanum pennellii introgression line (IL12-4-SL) harbouring one quantitative trait locus that increases the content of total AsA in the fruit. Biochemical and transcriptomic analyses were carried out in fruits of IL12-4-SL in comparison with the cultivated line M82 at different stages of ripening. AsA content was studied in relation with pectin methylesterase (PME) activity and the degree of pectin methylesterification (DME). Our results indicated that the increase of AsA content in IL12-4-SL fruits was related with pectin de-methylesterification/degradation. Specific PME, polygalacturonase (PG) and UDP-D-glucuronic-acid-4-epimerase (UGlcAE) isoforms were proposed as components of the D-galacturonate pathway leading to AsA biosynthesis. The relationship between AsA content and PME activity was also exploited in PMEI tobacco plants expressing a specific PME inhibitor (PMEI). Here we report that tobacco PMEI plants, altered in PME activity and degree of pectin methylesterification, showed a reduction in low methylesterified pectic domains and exhibited a reduced AsA content. Overall, our results provide novel biochemical and genetic traits for increasing antioxidant content by marker-assisted selection in the Solanaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Manuela Rigano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Assunta Raiola
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Daniela Bellincampi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Amalia Barone
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy.
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Yang Y, Yu Y, Liang Y, Anderson CT, Cao J. A Profusion of Molecular Scissors for Pectins: Classification, Expression, and Functions of Plant Polygalacturonases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1208. [PMID: 30154820 PMCID: PMC6102391 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the construction, differentiation, maturation, and degradation of the cell wall are essential for development. Pectins, which are major constituents of primary cell walls in eudicots, function in multiple developmental processes through their synthesis, modification, and degradation. Several pectin modifying enzymes regulate pectin degradation via different modes of action. Polygalacturonases (PGs), which function in the last step of pectin degradation, are a crucial class of pectin-modifying enzymes. Based on differences in their hydrolyzing activities, PGs can be divided into three main types: exo-PGs, endo-PGs, and rhamno-PGs. Their functions were initially investigated based on the expression patterns of PG genes and measurements of total PG activity in organs. In most plant species, PGs are encoded by a large, multigene family. However, due to the lack of genome sequencing data in early studies, the number of identified PG genes was initially limited. Little was initially known about the evolution and expression patterns of PG family members in different species. Furthermore, the functions of PGs in cell dynamics and developmental processes, as well as the regulatory pathways that govern these functions, are far from fully understood. In this review, we focus on how recent studies have begun to fill in these blanks. On the basis of identified PG family members in multiple species, we review their structural characteristics, classification, and molecular evolution in terms of plant phylogenetics. We also highlight the diverse expression patterns and biological functions of PGs during various developmental processes, as well as their mechanisms of action in cell dynamic processes. How PG functions are potentially regulated by hormones, transcription factors, environmental factors, pH and Ca2+ is discussed, indicating directions for future research into PG function and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture – Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youjian Yu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture – Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Charles T. Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, United States
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, United States
| | - Jiashu Cao
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture – Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiashu Cao,
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103
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Videcoq P, Barbacci A, Assor C, Magnenet V, Arnould O, Le Gall S, Lahaye M. Examining the contribution of cell wall polysaccharides to the mechanical properties of apple parenchyma tissue using exogenous enzymes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5137-5146. [PMID: 29036637 PMCID: PMC5853499 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The viscoelastic mechanical properties of water-rich plant tissues are fundamental for many aspects of organ physiology and plant functioning. These properties are determined partly by the water in cellular vacuole and partly by the mechanical properties of the cell wall, the latter varying according to the composition and organization of its polysaccharides. In this study, relationships between the viscoelastic properties of apple cortex parenchyma tissue and cell wall pectin, hemicelluloses, and cellulose structures were studied by infusing the tissue with selected sets of purified enzymes in a controlled osmoticum. The results showed that tissue elasticity and viscosity were related, and controlled to variable extents by all the targeted polysaccharides. Among them, pectic homogalacturonan domains, crystalline cellulose, and fucosylated xyloglucan were revealed as being of prime importance in determining the viscoelastic mechanical properties of apple cortex tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Videcoq
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions et Assemblages, Nantes, France
| | - Adelin Barbacci
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions et Assemblages, Nantes, France
- Correspondence: or
| | - Carole Assor
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions et Assemblages, Nantes, France
- Université de Montpellier, LMGC, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Magnenet
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7357 Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Ingénieur, de l’Informatique et de l’Imagerie (ICube), CNRS, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Sophie Le Gall
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions et Assemblages, Nantes, France
| | - Marc Lahaye
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions et Assemblages, Nantes, France
- Correspondence: or
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104
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Goulao LF, Fernandes JC, Amâncio S. How the Depletion in Mineral Major Elements Affects Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) Primary Cell Wall. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1439. [PMID: 28871267 PMCID: PMC5566972 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The noteworthy fine remodeling that plant cell walls (CWs) undergo to adapt to developmental, physiological and environmental cues and the observation that its composition and dynamics differ between species represents an opportunity to couple crop species agronomic studies with research on CW modifications. Vitis vinifera is one of the most important crops from an economic point-of-view due to the high value of the fruit, predominantly for winemaking. The availability of some information related to this species' CWs allows researching its responses to imposed conditions that affect the plant's development. Mineral deficiency, in particular nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur, strongly affects plant metabolism, reducing both growth and crop yield. Despite the importance of mineral nutrition in development, its influence on CW synthesis and modifications is still insufficiently documented. Addressing this knowledge gap, V. vinifera experimental models were used to study CW responses to imposed mineral depletion in unorganized (callus) and organized (shoots) tissues. The discussion of the obtained results is the main focus of this review. Callus and shoots submitted to mineral restriction are impaired in specific CW components, predominantly cellulose. Reorganization on structure and deposition of several other polymers, in particular the degree and pattern of pectin methyl-esterification and the amount of xyloglucan (XyG), arabinan and extensin, is also observed. In view of recently proposed CW models that consider biomechanical hotspots and direct linkages between pectins and XyG/cellulose, the outcome of these modifications in explaining maintenance of CW integrity through compensatory stiffening can be debated. Nutrient stresses do not affect evenly all tissues with undifferentiated callus tissues showing more pronounced responses, followed by shoot mature internodes, and then newly formed internodes. The impact of nitrogen depletion leads to more noticeable responses, supporting this nutrient's primary role in plant development and metabolism. The consequential compensatory mechanisms highlight the pivotal role of CW in rearranging under environmental stresses.
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105
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Ezura K, Ji-Seong K, Mori K, Suzuki Y, Kuhara S, Ariizumi T, Ezura H. Genome-wide identification of pistil-specific genes expressed during fruit set initiation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180003. [PMID: 28683065 PMCID: PMC5500324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit set involves the developmental transition of an unfertilized quiescent ovary in the pistil into a fruit. While fruit set is known to involve the activation of signals (including various plant hormones) in the ovary, many biological aspects of this process remain elusive. To further expand our understanding of this process, we identified genes that are specifically expressed in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) pistils during fruit set through comprehensive RNA-seq-based transcriptome analysis using 17 different tissues including pistils at six different developmental stages. First, we identified 532 candidate genes that are preferentially expressed in the pistil based on their tissue-specific expression profiles. Next, we compared our RNA-seq data with publically available transcriptome data, further refining the candidate genes that are specifically expressed within the pistil. As a result, 108 pistil-specific genes were identified, including several transcription factor genes that function in reproductive development. We also identified genes encoding hormone-like peptides with a secretion signal and cysteine-rich residues that are conserved among some Solanaceae species, suggesting that peptide hormones may function as signaling molecules during fruit set initiation. This study provides important information about pistil-specific genes, which may play specific roles in regulating pistil development in relation to fruit set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ezura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kim Ji-Seong
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuki Mori
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoru Kuhara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tohru Ariizumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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106
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Owen J, Kent L, Ralet MC, Cameron R, Williams M. A tale of two pectins: Diverse fine structures can result from identical processive PME treatments on similar high DM substrates. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 168:365-373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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107
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Plant cell wall signalling and receptor-like kinases. Biochem J 2017; 474:471-492. [PMID: 28159895 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Communication between the extracellular matrix and the cell interior is essential for all organisms as intrinsic and extrinsic cues have to be integrated to co-ordinate development, growth, and behaviour. This applies in particular to plants, the growth and shape of which is governed by deposition and remodelling of the cell wall, a rigid, yet dynamic, extracellular network. It is thus generally assumed that cell wall surveillance pathways exist to monitor the state of the wall and, if needed, elicit compensatory responses such as altered expression of cell wall remodelling and biosynthesis genes. Here, I highlight recent advances in the field of cell wall signalling in plants, with emphasis on the role of plasma membrane receptor-like kinase complexes. In addition, possible roles for cell wall-mediated signalling beyond the maintenance of cell wall integrity are discussed.
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108
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Salas-Tovar JA, Flores-Gallegos AC, Contreras-Esquivel JC, Escobedo-García S, Morlett-Chávez JA, Rodríguez-Herrera R. Analytical Methods for Pectin Methylesterase Activity Determination: a Review. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0934-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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109
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Simpson CG, Cullen DW, Hackett CA, Smith K, Hallett PD, McNicol J, Woodhead M, Graham J. Mapping and expression of genes associated with raspberry fruit ripening and softening. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2017; 130:557-572. [PMID: 27942774 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-016-2835-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
QTL mapping identifies a range of underlying and unrelated genes with apparent roles in raspberry fruit ripening and softening that show characteristic developing fruit expression profiles. Fruit softening is an important agronomical trait that involves a complex interaction of plant cell processes. We have used both qualitative and quantitative scoring of fruit firmness, length, mass, and resistance to applied force to identify QTL in a raspberry mapping population. QTLs were located primarily on linkage group (LG) 3 with other significant loci on LG 1 and LG 5 and showed mostly additive effects between the two parents. The expression of key genes that underlie these QTLs with roles in cell-wall solubility, water uptake, polyamine synthesis, transcription, and cell respiration was tested across five stages of fruit development, from immature green to red ripe fruit, using real-time RT-qPCR. Gene expression patterns showed variable expression patterns across fruit development with a highly significant positive and negative correlation between genes, supporting precise regulation of expression of different cell processes throughout raspberry fruit development. Variable timing in expression was also found in some genes at different fruit development stages between soft and firm cultivars. Multiple processes have a role to play in fruit softening and this will require development of multiple marker combinations to genes that characterise raspberry fruit softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig G Simpson
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK.
| | - Danny W Cullen
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | | | - Kay Smith
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Paul D Hallett
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Jim McNicol
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Mary Woodhead
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Julie Graham
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
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110
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Bilska-Kos A, Solecka D, Dziewulska A, Ochodzki P, Jończyk M, Bilski H, Sowiński P. Low temperature caused modifications in the arrangement of cell wall pectins due to changes of osmotic potential of cells of maize leaves (Zea mays L.). PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:713-724. [PMID: 27193139 PMCID: PMC5309300 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0982-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall emerged as one of the important structures in plant stress responses. To investigate the effect of cold on the cell wall properties, the content and localization of pectins and pectin methylesterase (PME) activity, were studied in two maize inbred lines characterized by different sensitivity to cold. Low temperature (14/12 °C) caused a reduction of pectin content and PME activity in leaves of chilling-sensitive maize line, especially after prolonged treatment (28 h and 7 days). Furthermore, immunocytohistological studies, using JIM5 and JIM7 antibodies, revealed a decrease of labeling of both low- and high-methylesterified pectins in this maize line. The osmotic potential, quantified by means of incipient plasmolysis was lower in several types of cells of chilling-sensitive maize line which was correlated with the accumulation of sucrose. These studies present new finding on the effect of cold stress on the cell wall properties in conjunction with changes in the osmotic potential of maize leaf cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bilska-Kos
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870, Błonie, Poland.
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Applied Biotechnology and Basic Science, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100, Kolbuszowa, Poland.
| | - Danuta Solecka
- Department of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Dziewulska
- Department of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex North Haugh, University of St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland, UK
| | - Piotr Ochodzki
- Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870, Błonie, Poland
| | - Maciej Jończyk
- Department of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Henryk Bilski
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PAS, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Sowiński
- Department of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
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111
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Guénin S, Hardouin J, Paynel F, Müller K, Mongelard G, Driouich A, Lerouge P, Kermode AR, Lehner A, Mollet JC, Pelloux J, Gutierrez L, Mareck A. AtPME3, a ubiquitous cell wall pectin methylesterase of Arabidopsis thaliana, alters the metabolism of cruciferin seed storage proteins during post-germinative growth of seedlings. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1083-1095. [PMID: 28375469 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
AtPME3 (At3g14310) is a ubiquitous cell wall pectin methylesterase. Atpme3-1 loss-of-function mutants exhibited distinct phenotypes from the wild type (WT), and were characterized by earlier germination and reduction of root hair production. These phenotypical traits were correlated with the accumulation of a 21.5-kDa protein in the different organs of 4-day-old Atpme3-1 seedlings grown in the dark, as well as in 6-week-old mutant plants. Microarray analysis showed significant down-regulation of the genes encoding several pectin-degrading enzymes and enzymes involved in lipid and protein metabolism in the hypocotyl of 4-day-old dark grown mutant seedlings. Accordingly, there was a decrease in proteolytic activity of the mutant as compared with the WT. Among the genes specifying seed storage proteins, two encoding CRUCIFERINS were up-regulated. Additional analysis by RT-qPCR showed an overexpression of four CRUCIFERIN genes in the mutant Atpme3-1, in which precursors of the α- and β-subunits of CRUCIFERIN accumulated. Together, these results provide evidence for a link between AtPME3, present in the cell wall, and CRUCIFERIN metabolism that occurs in vacuoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Guénin
- BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation EA3900, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
- CRRBM, Bâtiment Serres Transfert, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Julie Hardouin
- Université de Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Laboratoire PBS, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Florence Paynel
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Kerstin Müller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V6A 1S6, Canada
| | - Gaëlle Mongelard
- CRRBM, Bâtiment Serres Transfert, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Allison R Kermode
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V6A 1S6, Canada
| | - Arnaud Lehner
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation EA3900, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Gutierrez
- CRRBM, Bâtiment Serres Transfert, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Alain Mareck
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, 76000 Rouen, France
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112
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Rodríguez-Garayar M, Martín-Cabrejas MA, Esteban RM. High Hydrostatic Pressure in Astringent and Non-Astringent Persimmons to Obtain Fiber-Enriched Ingredients with Improved Functionality. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-017-1870-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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113
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Katsaros GJ, Alexandrakis ZS, Taoukis PS. Kinetic Assessment of High Pressure Inactivation of Different Plant Origin Pectinmethylesterase Enzymes. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12393-016-9153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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114
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Hocq L, Pelloux J, Lefebvre V. Connecting Homogalacturonan-Type Pectin Remodeling to Acid Growth. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:20-29. [PMID: 27884541 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
According to the 'acid growth theory', cell wall acidification controls cell elongation, therefore plant growth. This notably involves changes in cell wall mechanics through modifications of cell wall polysaccharide structure. Recently, advances in cell biology showed that changes in cell elongation rate can be mediated by the remodeling of pectins, and in particular of homogalacturonans (HGs). Their demethylesterification appears to be a key element controlling the chemistry and the rheology of the cell wall. We postulate that precise and dynamic modulation of extracellular pH plays a central role in the control of HG-modifying enzyme activities, and in particular those of pectin methylesterases and polygalacturonases. We propose that acid growth requires dynamic HG remodeling through the tight control of cell wall pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Hocq
- EA3900 Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Structure Féderative de Recherche (SFR) Condorcet Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA3900 Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Structure Féderative de Recherche (SFR) Condorcet Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Valérie Lefebvre
- EA3900 Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Structure Féderative de Recherche (SFR) Condorcet Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France.
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Nguyen HP, Jeong HY, Jeon SH, Kim D, Lee C. Rice pectin methylesterase inhibitor28 (OsPMEI28) encodes a functional PMEI and its overexpression results in a dwarf phenotype through increased pectin methylesterification levels. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 208:17-25. [PMID: 27889517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Pectin methylesterases (PMEs, EC 3.1.1.11) belonging to carbohydrate esterase family 8 cleave the ester bond between a galacturonic acid and an methyl group and the resulting change in methylesterification level plays an important role during the growth and development of plants. Optimal pectin methylesterification status in each cell type is determined by the balance between PME activity and post-translational PME inhibition by PME inhibitors (PMEIs). Rice contains 49 PMEIs and none of them are functionally characterized. Genomic sequence analysis led to the identification of rice PMEI28 (OsPMEI28). Recombinant OsPMEI28 exhibited inhibitory activity against commercial PME protein with the highest activities detected at pH 8.5. Overexpression of OsPMEI28 in rice resulted in an increased level of cell wall bound methylester groups and differential changes in the composition of cell wall neutral monosaccharides and lignin content in culm tissues. Consequently, transgenic plants overexpressing OsPMEI28 exhibited dwarf phenotypes and reduced culm diameter. Our data indicate that OsPMEI28 functions as a critical structural modulator by regulating the degree of pectin methylesterification and that an impaired status of pectin methylesterification affects physiochemical properties of the cell wall components and causes abnormal cell extensibility in rice culm tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Phuong Nguyen
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Young Jeong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Jeon
- Seed Research Center, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju-Si 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyuk Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhui Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Plant and Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea.
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Zafra A, Carmona R, Traverso JA, Hancock JT, Goldman MHS, Claros MG, Hiscock SJ, Alche JD. Identification and Functional Annotation of Genes Differentially Expressed in the Reproductive Tissues of the Olive Tree ( Olea europaea L.) through the Generation of Subtractive Libraries. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1576. [PMID: 28955364 PMCID: PMC5601413 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The olive tree is a crop of high socio-economical importance in the Mediterranean area. Sexual reproduction in this plant is an essential process, which determines the yield. Successful fertilization is mainly favored and sometimes needed of the presence of pollen grains from a different cultivar as the olive seizes a self-incompatibility system allegedly determined of the sporophytic type. The purpose of the present study was to identify key gene products involved in the function of olive pollen and pistil, in order to help elucidate the events and signaling processes, which happen during the courtship, pollen grain germination, and fertilization in olive. The use of subtractive SSH libraries constructed using, on the one hand one specific stage of the pistil development with germinating pollen grains, and on the other hand mature pollen grains may help to reveal the specific transcripts involved in the cited events. Such libraries have also been created by subtracting vegetative mRNAs (from leaves), in order to identify reproductive sequences only. A variety of transcripts have been identified in the mature pollen grains and in the pistil at the receptive stage. Among them, those related to defense, transport and oxidative metabolism are highlighted mainly in the pistil libraries where transcripts related to stress, and response to biotic and abiotic stimulus have a prominent position. Extensive lists containing information as regard to the specific transcripts determined for each stage and tissue are provided, as well as functional classifications of these gene products. Such lists were faced up to two recent datasets obtained in olive after transcriptomic and genomic approaches. The sequences and the differential expression level of the SSH-transcripts identified here, highly matched the transcriptomic information. Moreover, the unique presence of a representative number of these transcripts has been validated by means of qPCR approaches. The construction of SSH libraries using pistil and pollen, considering the high interaction between male-female counterparts, allowed the identification of transcripts with important roles in stigma physiology. The functions of many of the transcripts obtained are intimately related, and most of them are of pivotal importance in defense, pollen-stigma interaction and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adoración Zafra
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
| | - Rosario Carmona
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
| | - José A. Traverso
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
| | - John T. Hancock
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of EnglandBristol, United Kingdom
| | - Maria H. S. Goldman
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. Gonzalo Claros
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - Simon J. Hiscock
- School of Biological Sciences, University of BristolBristol, United Kingdom
| | - Juan D. Alche
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
- *Correspondence: Juan D. Alche
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117
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Li W, Shang H, Ge Q, Zou C, Cai J, Wang D, Fan S, Zhang Z, Deng X, Tan Y, Song W, Li P, Koffi PK, Jamshed M, Lu Q, Gong W, Li J, Shi Y, Chen T, Gong J, Liu A, Yuan Y. Genome-wide identification, phylogeny, and expression analysis of pectin methylesterases reveal their major role in cotton fiber development. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:1000. [PMID: 27927181 PMCID: PMC5142323 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3365-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pectin methylesterase (PME, EC 3.1.1.11) is a hydrolytic enzyme that utilizes pectin as substrates, and plays a significant role in regulating pectin reconstruction thereby regulating plant growth. Pectin is one of the important components of the plant cell wall, which forms the main structural material of cotton fiber. In this research, cotton genome information was used to identify PMEs. RESULTS We identified 80 (GaPME01-GaPME80) PME genes from diploid G. arboreum (A genome), 78 (GrPME01-GrPME78) PME genes from G. raimondii (D genome), and 135 (GhPME001-GhPME135) PME genes from tetraploid cotton G. hirsutum (AD genome). We further analyzed their gene structure, conserved domain, gene expression, and systematic evolution to lay the foundation for deeper research on the function of PMEs. Phylogenetic data indicated that members from the same species demonstrated relatively high sequence identities and genetic similarities. Analysis of gene structures showed that most of the PMEs genes had 2-3 exons, with a few having a variable number of exons from 4 to 6. There are nearly no differences in the gene structure of PMEs among the three (two diploid and one tetraploid) cotton species. Selective pressure analysis showed that the Ka/Ks value for each of the three cotton species PME families was less than one. CONCLUSION Conserved domain analysis showed that PMEs members had a relatively conserved C-terminal pectinesterase domain (PME) while the N-terminus was less conserved. Moreover, some of the family members contained a pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI) domain. The Ka/Ks ratios suggested that the duplicated PMEs underwent purifying selection after the duplication events. This study provided an important basis for further research on the functions of cotton PMEs. Results from qRT-PCR indicated that the expression level of different PMEs at various fiber developmental stages was different. Moreover, some of the PMEs showed fiber predominant expression in secondary wall thickening indicating tissue-specific expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of biological and genetic breeding of cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, College of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Haihong Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of biological and genetic breeding of cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Qun Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of biological and genetic breeding of cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Changsong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of biological and genetic breeding of cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Juan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of biological and genetic breeding of cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Daojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, College of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Senmiao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of biological and genetic breeding of cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of biological and genetic breeding of cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoying Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of biological and genetic breeding of cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Yunna Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of biological and genetic breeding of cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Weiwu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of biological and genetic breeding of cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Pengtao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of biological and genetic breeding of cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Palanga Kibalou Koffi
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of biological and genetic breeding of cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Muhammad Jamshed
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of biological and genetic breeding of cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Quanwei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of biological and genetic breeding of cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Wankui Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of biological and genetic breeding of cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Junwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of biological and genetic breeding of cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Yuzhen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of biological and genetic breeding of cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of biological and genetic breeding of cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Juwu Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of biological and genetic breeding of cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Aiying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of biological and genetic breeding of cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Youlu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of biological and genetic breeding of cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.
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118
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Esposito M, Di Pierro P, Regalado-Gonzales C, Mariniello L, Giosafatto CVL, Porta R. Polyamines as new cationic plasticizers for pectin-based edible films. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 153:222-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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119
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Kim H, Kojima M, Choi D, Park S, Matsui M, Sakakibara H, Hwang I. Overexpression of INCREASED CAMBIAL ACTIVITY, a putative methyltransferase, increases cambial activity and plant growth. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:874-889. [PMID: 27322968 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cambial activity is a prerequisite for secondary growth in plants; however, regulatory factors controlling the activity of the secondary meristem in radial growth remain elusive. Here, we identified INCREASED CAMBIAL ACTIVITY (ICA), a gene encoding a putative pectin methyltransferase, which could function as a modulator for the meristematic activity of fascicular and interfascicular cambium in Arabidopsis. An overexpressing transgenic line, 35S::ICA, showed accelerated stem elongation and radial thickening, resulting in increased accumulation of biomass, and increased levels of cytokinins (CKs) and gibberellins (GAs). Expression of genes encoding pectin methylesterases involved in pectin modification together with pectin methyltransferases was highly induced in 35S::ICA, which might contribute to an increase of methanol emission as a byproduct in 35S::ICA. Methanol treatment induced the expression of GA- or CK-responsive genes and stimulated plant growth. Overall, we propose that ectopic expression of ICA increases cambial activity by regulating CK and GA homeostasis, and methanol emission, eventually leading to stem elongation and radial growth in the inflorescence stem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsook Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- Riken Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Daeseok Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Soyoung Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Minami Matsui
- Synthetic Genomics Research Team, Biomass Research Cooperation Division (BMEP), RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- Riken Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ildoo Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea.
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120
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Miljić U, Puškaš V, Vučurović V. Investigation of technological approaches for reduction of methanol formation in plum wines. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uroš Miljić
- University of Novi Sad; Faculty of Technology; Blvd. cara Lazara 1 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Vladimir Puškaš
- University of Novi Sad; Faculty of Technology; Blvd. cara Lazara 1 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Vesna Vučurović
- University of Novi Sad; Faculty of Technology; Blvd. cara Lazara 1 Novi Sad Serbia
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121
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Ahmed HB, Zahran M, Emam HE. Heatless synthesis of well dispersible Au nanoparticles using pectin biopolymer. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:208-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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122
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Solís MT, Berenguer E, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. BnPME is progressively induced after microspore reprogramming to embryogenesis, correlating with pectin de-esterification and cell differentiation in Brassica napus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:176. [PMID: 27514748 PMCID: PMC4981949 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0863-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pectins are one of the main components of plant cell walls. They are secreted to the wall as highly methylesterified forms that can be de-esterified by pectin methylesterases (PMEs). The degree of methylesterification of pectins changes during development, PMEs are involved in the cell wall remodeling that occurs during diverse plant developmental processes. Nevertheless, the functional meaning of pectin-related wall remodeling in different cell types and processes remains unclear. In vivo, the microspore follows the gametophytic pathway and differentiates to form the pollen grain. In vitro, the microspore can be reprogrammed by stress treatments becoming a totipotent cell that starts to proliferate and follows the embryogenic pathway, a process known as microspore embryogenesis. RESULTS To investigate if the change of developmental programme of the microspore towards embryogenesis involves changes in pectin esterification levels, which would cause the cell wall remodeling during the process, in the present study, dynamics of PME expression and degrees of pectin esterification have been analysed during microspore embryogenesis and compared with the gametophytic development, in Brassica napus. A multidisciplinary approach has been adopted including BnPME gene expression analysis by quantitative RT-PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridization, immuno-dot-blot and immunofluorescence with JIM5 and JIM7 antibodies to reveal low and highly-methylesterified pectins. The results showed that cell differentiation at advanced developmental stages involved induction of BnPME expression and pectin de-esterification, processes that were also detected in zygotic embryos, providing additional evidence that microspore embryogenesis mimics zygotic embryogenesis. By contrast, early microspore embryogenesis, totipotency and proliferation were associated with low expression of BnPME and high levels of esterified pectins. CONCLUSIONS The results show that the change of developmental programme of the microspore involves changes in pectin esterification associated with proliferation and differentiation events, which may cause the cell wall remodeling during the process. The findings indicate pectin-related modifications in the cell wall during microspore embryogenesis, providing new insights into the role of pectin esterification and cell wall configuration in microspore totipotency, embryogenesis induction and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Teresa Solís
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Berenguer
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María C. Risueño
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar S. Testillano
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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123
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Bonavita A, Carratore V, Ciardiello MA, Giovane A, Servillo L, D'Avino R. Influence of pH on the Structure and Function of Kiwi Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5866-76. [PMID: 27335009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pectin methylesterase is a pectin modifying enzyme that plays a key role in plant physiology. It is also an important quality-related enzyme in plant-based food products. The pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI) from kiwifruit inhibits this enzyme activity and is widely used as an efficient tool for research purposes and also recommended in the context of fruit and vegetable processing. Using several methodologies of protein biochemistry, including circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy, chemical modifications, direct protein-sequencing, enzyme activity, and bioinformatics analysis of the crystal structure, this study demonstrates that conformational changes occur in kiwi PMEI by the pH rising over 6.0 bringing about structure loosening, exposure, and cleavage of a natively buried disulfide bond, unfolding and aggregation, ultimately determining the loss of ability of kiwi PMEI to bind and inhibit PME. pH-induced structural changes are prevented when PMEI is already engaged in complex or is in a solution of high ionic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vitale Carratore
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, C.N.R. , Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Alfonso Giovane
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Napoli , Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Servillo
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Napoli , Napoli, Italy
| | - Rossana D'Avino
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, C.N.R. , Napoli, Italy
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124
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Duan W, Huang Z, Song X, Liu T, Liu H, Hou X, Li Y. Comprehensive analysis of the polygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase genes in Brassica rapa shed light on their different evolutionary patterns. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25107. [PMID: 27112365 PMCID: PMC4844994 DOI: 10.1038/srep25107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pectins are fundamental polysaccharides in the plant primary cell wall. Polygalacturonases (PGs) and pectin methylesterases (PMEs), major components of the pectin remodeling and disassembly network, are involved in cell separation processes during many stages of plant development. A comprehensive study of these genes in plants could shed light on the evolution patterns of their structural development. In this study, we conducted whole-genome annotation, molecular evolution and gene expression analyses of PGs and PMEs in Brassica rapa and 8 other plant species. A total of 100 PGs and 110 PMEs were identified in B. rapa; they primarily diverged from 12–18 MYA and PMEs were retained more than PGs. Along with another 305 PGs and 348 PMEs in the 8 species, two different expansion or evolution types were discovered: a new branch of class A PGs appeared after the split of gymnosperms and angiosperms, which led to the rapid expansion of PGs; the pro domain was obtained or lost in the proPMEs through comprehensive analyses among PME genes. In addition, the PGs and PMEs exhibit diverged expression patterns. These findings will lead to novel insight regarding functional divergence and conservation in the gene families and provide more support for molecular evolution analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weike Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhinan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoming Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,Center of Genomics and Computational Biology, College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China
| | - Tongkun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hailong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xilin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Patidar MK, Nighojkar S, Kumar A, Nighojkar A. Papaya peel valorization for production of acidic pectin methylesterase by Aspergillus tubingensis and its application for fruit juice clarification. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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126
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Sella L, Castiglioni C, Paccanaro MC, Janni M, Schäfer W, D'Ovidio R, Favaron F. Involvement of Fungal Pectin Methylesterase Activity in the Interaction Between Fusarium graminearum and Wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:258-267. [PMID: 26713352 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-15-0174-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The genome of Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight of wheat, contains two putative pectin methylesterase (PME)-encoding genes. However, when grown in liquid culture containing pectin, F. graminearum produces only a single PME, which was purified and identified. Its encoding gene, expressed during wheat spike infection, was disrupted by targeted homologous recombination. Two Δpme mutant strains lacked PME activity but were still able to grow on highly methyl-esterified pectin even though their polygalacturonase (PG) activity showed a reduced capacity to depolymerize this substrate. The enzymatic assays performed with purified F. graminearum PG and PME demonstrated an increase in PG activity in the presence of PME on highly methyl-esterified pectin. The virulence of the mutant strains was tested on Triticum aestivum and Triticum durum spikes, and a significant reduction in the percentage of symptomatic spikelets was observed between 7 and 12 days postinfection compared with wild type, demonstrating that the F. graminearum PME contributes to fungal virulence on wheat by promoting spike colonization in the initial and middle stages of infection. In contrast, transgenic wheat plants with increased levels of pectin methyl esterification did not show any increase in resistance to the Δpme mutant, indicating that the infectivity of the fungus relies only to a certain degree on pectin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sella
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TeSAF), Research group in Plant Pathology, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Carla Castiglioni
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TeSAF), Research group in Plant Pathology, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Paccanaro
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TeSAF), Research group in Plant Pathology, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Michela Janni
- 2 Dipartimento di Scienze e tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; and
| | - Wilhelm Schäfer
- 3 Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg Germany
| | - Renato D'Ovidio
- 2 Dipartimento di Scienze e tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; and
| | - Francesco Favaron
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TeSAF), Research group in Plant Pathology, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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127
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Kirsch R, Heckel DG, Pauchet Y. How the rice weevil breaks down the pectin network: Enzymatic synergism and sub-functionalization. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 71:72-82. [PMID: 26899322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is the most complex polysaccharide in nature and highly abundant in plant cell walls and middle lamellae, where it functions in plant growth and development. Phytopathogens utilize plant pectin as an energy source through enzyme-mediated degradation. These pectolytic enzymes include polygalacturonases (PGs) of the GH28 family and pectin methylesterases (PMEs) of the CE8 family. Recently, PGs were also identified in herbivorous insects of the distantly related plant bug, stick insect and Phytophaga beetle lineages. Unlike all other insects, weevils possess PMEs in addition to PGs. To investigate pectin digestion in insects and the role of PMEs in weevils, all PME and PG family members of the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae were heterologously expressed and functionally characterized. Enzymatically active and inactive PG and PME family members were identified. The loss of activity can be explained by a lack of substrate binding correlating with substitutions of functionally important amino acid residues. We found subfunctionalization in both enzyme families, supported by expression pattern and substrate specificities as well as evidence for synergistic pectin breakdown. Our data suggest that the rice weevil might be able to use pectin as an energy source, and illustrates the potential of both PG and PME enzyme families to functionally diversify after horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Kirsch
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany.
| | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany.
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128
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Nguyen HP, Jeong HY, Kim H, Kim YC, Lee C. Molecular and biochemical characterization of rice pectin methylesterase inhibitors (OsPMEIs). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 101:105-112. [PMID: 26874295 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall modifications such as partial degradation and depolymerization by cell wall hydrolases are normal cellular processes and are required for the functionalities of different cell types. Pectin, one of the major cell wall polysaccharides, is predominantly found in primary cell walls and middle lamellae and is subjected to in muro modification, primarily by cell wall-localized pectin methylesterases (PMEs). Molecular biochemical studies have demonstrated that enzymatic activities of PMEs are governed by multiple pectin methylesterase inhibitors (PMEIs), which consequently control the pectin methylesterification status. Although a few studies in Arabidopsis have shown the importance of this PMEI-mediated regulation in the biophysical properties of cell walls, little is known about the molecular physiological functions of rice PMEIs. We found 49 members of the PMEI family in the rice genome. Analysis of their transcript levels by quantitative real-time PCR and meta expression analysis showed that they are regulated spatially and temporally, as well as in response to diverse stresses. Quantification of cell wall-bound methylesters indicated that the degree of pectin methylesterification is developmentally regulated; in particular, higher PMEI activities were detected in cell wall proteins prepared from young leaves. Furthermore, an activity assay demonstrated that two recombinant OsPMEI proteins (OsPMEI8 and 12) were able to inhibit the enzymatic activity of a commercial PME protein. Subcellular localization indicated that OsPMEI8 is targeted to the middle lamella and OsPMEI12 is localized in the plasma membrane and nucleus. Taken together, our findings provide the first molecular and biochemical evidence for functional characterization of PMEIs in rice growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Phuong Nguyen
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, South Korea
| | - Ho Young Jeong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, South Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, South Korea
| | - Young Chang Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, South Korea.
| | - Chanhui Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, South Korea; Department of Plant and Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, South Korea.
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129
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Fernandes JC, Goulao LF, Amâncio S. Regulation of cell wall remodeling in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) callus under individual mineral stress deficiency. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 190:95-105. [PMID: 26735749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall (CW) is a dynamic structure that determines the plant form, growth and response to environmental conditions. Vitis vinifera callus grown under nitrogen (-N), phosphorous (-P) and sulfur (-S) deficiency were used as a model system to address the influence of mineral stress in CW remodeling. Callus cells morphology was altered, mostly under -N, resulting in changes in cell length and width compared with the control. CW composition ascertained with specific staining and immuno-detection showed a decrease in cellulose and altered pattern of pectin methylesterification. Under mineral stress genes expression from candidate families disclosed mainly a downregulation of a glycosyl hydrolase family 9C (GH9C), xyloglucan transglycosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) with predicted hydrolytic activity and pectin methylesterases (PMEs). Conversely, upregulation of PMEs inhibitors (PMEIs) was observed. While methylesterification patterns can be associated to PME/PMEI gene expression, the lower cellulose content cannot be attributed to altered cellulose synthase (CesA) gene expression suggesting the involvement of other gene families. Salt extracts from -N and -P callus tissues increased plastic deformation in cucumber hypocotyls while no effect was observed with -S extracts. The lower endo-acting glycosyl hydrolase activity of -N callus extracts pinpoints a more expressive impact of -N on CW-remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C Fernandes
- DRAT/LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luis F Goulao
- BioTrop, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical (IICT, IP), Pólo Mendes Ferrão-Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Amâncio
- DRAT/LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.
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130
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Kent LM, Loo TS, Melton LD, Mercadante D, Williams MAK, Jameson GB. Structure and Properties of a Non-processive, Salt-requiring, and Acidophilic Pectin Methylesterase from Aspergillus niger Provide Insights into the Key Determinants of Processivity Control. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1289-306. [PMID: 26567911 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.673152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pectin methylesterases (PMEs) are expressed in plants to modify plant cell-wall pectins for various physiological roles. These pectins are also attacked by PMEs from phytopathogens and phytophagous insects. The de-methylesterification by PMEs of the O6-methyl ester groups of the homogalacturonan component of pectin, exposing galacturonic acids, can occur processively or non-processively, respectively, describing sequential versus single de-methylesterification events occurring before enzyme-substrate dissociation. The high resolution x-ray structures of a PME from Aspergillus niger in deglycosylated and Asn-linked N-acetylglucosamine-stub forms reveal a 10⅔-turn parallel β-helix (similar to but with less extensive loops than bacterial, plant, and insect PMEs). Capillary electrophoresis shows that this PME is non-processive, halophilic, and acidophilic. Molecular dynamics simulations and electrostatic potential calculations reveal very different behavior and properties compared with processive PMEs. Specifically, uncorrelated rotations are observed about the glycosidic bonds of a partially de-methyl-esterified decasaccharide model substrate, in sharp contrast to the correlated rotations of processive PMEs, and the substrate-binding groove is negatively not positively charged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Kent
- From Riddet Institute and Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Trevor S Loo
- From Riddet Institute and Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Laurence D Melton
- From Riddet Institute and School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Davide Mercadante
- From Riddet Institute and Molecular Biomechanics Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany, and
| | - Martin A K Williams
- From Riddet Institute and Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand, MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey B Jameson
- From Riddet Institute and Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand, MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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131
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L’Enfant M, Domon JM, Rayon C, Desnos T, Ralet MC, Bonnin E, Pelloux J, Pau-Roblot C. Substrate specificity of plant and fungi pectin methylesterases: Identification of novel inhibitors of PMEs. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 81:681-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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132
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Mierczyńska J, Cybulska J, Sołowiej B, Zdunek A. Effect of Ca2+, Fe2+ and Mg2+ on rheological properties of new food matrix made of modified cell wall polysaccharides from apple. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 133:547-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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133
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Lionetti V, Raiola A, Mattei B, Bellincampi D. The Grapevine VvPMEI1 Gene Encodes a Novel Functional Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitor Associated to Grape Berry Development. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26204516 PMCID: PMC4512722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin is secreted in a highly methylesterified form and partially de-methylesterified in the cell wall by pectin methylesterases (PMEs). PME activity is expressed during plant growth, development and stress responses. PME activity is controlled at the post-transcriptional level by proteins named PME inhibitors (PMEIs). We have identified, expressed and characterized VvPMEI1, a functional PME inhibitor of Vitis vinifera. VvPMEI1 typically affects the activity of plant PMEs and is inactive against microbial PMEs. The kinetics of PMEI-PME interaction, studied by surface plasmon resonance, indicates that the inhibitor strongly interacts with PME at apoplastic pH while the stability of the complex is reduced by increasing the pH. The analysis of VvPMEI1 expression in different grapevine tissues and during grape fruit development suggests that this inhibitor controls PME activity mainly during the earlier phase of berry development. A proteomic analysis performed at this stage indicates a PME isoform as possible target of VvPMEI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Raiola
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agroforestali, Università di Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Benedetta Mattei
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Bellincampi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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134
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Sénéchal F, L'Enfant M, Domon JM, Rosiau E, Crépeau MJ, Surcouf O, Esquivel-Rodriguez J, Marcelo P, Mareck A, Guérineau F, Kim HR, Mravec J, Bonnin E, Jamet E, Kihara D, Lerouge P, Ralet MC, Pelloux J, Rayon C. Tuning of Pectin Methylesterification: PECTIN METHYLESTERASE INHIBITOR 7 MODULATES THE PROCESSIVE ACTIVITY OF CO-EXPRESSED PECTIN METHYLESTERASE 3 IN A pH-DEPENDENT MANNER. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23320-35. [PMID: 26183897 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.639534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) catalyze the demethylesterification of homogalacturonan domains of pectin in plant cell walls and are regulated by endogenous pectin methylesterase inhibitors (PMEIs). In Arabidopsis dark-grown hypocotyls, one PME (AtPME3) and one PMEI (AtPMEI7) were identified as potential interacting proteins. Using RT-quantitative PCR analysis and gene promoter::GUS fusions, we first showed that AtPME3 and AtPMEI7 genes had overlapping patterns of expression in etiolated hypocotyls. The two proteins were identified in hypocotyl cell wall extracts by proteomics. To investigate the potential interaction between AtPME3 and AtPMEI7, both proteins were expressed in a heterologous system and purified by affinity chromatography. The activity of recombinant AtPME3 was characterized on homogalacturonans (HGs) with distinct degrees/patterns of methylesterification. AtPME3 showed the highest activity at pH 7.5 on HG substrates with a degree of methylesterification between 60 and 80% and a random distribution of methyl esters. On the best HG substrate, AtPME3 generates long non-methylesterified stretches and leaves short highly methylesterified zones, indicating that it acts as a processive enzyme. The recombinant AtPMEI7 and AtPME3 interaction reduces the level of demethylesterification of the HG substrate but does not inhibit the processivity of the enzyme. These data suggest that the AtPME3·AtPMEI7 complex is not covalently linked and could, depending on the pH, be alternately formed and dissociated. Docking analysis indicated that the inhibition of AtPME3 could occur via the interaction of AtPMEI7 with a PME ligand-binding cleft structure. All of these data indicate that AtPME3 and AtPMEI7 could be partners involved in the fine tuning of HG methylesterification during plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Sénéchal
- From the EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation and
| | | | - Jean-Marc Domon
- From the EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation and
| | - Emeline Rosiau
- From the EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation and
| | - Marie-Jeanne Crépeau
- INRA, UMR 1268, Biopolymères-Interactions-Assemblages, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Ogier Surcouf
- the Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université-Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex 1, France
| | | | - Paulo Marcelo
- Plateforme d'Ingénierie Cellulaire and Analyses des Protéines (ICAP), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Alain Mareck
- the Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université-Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex 1, France
| | | | - Hyung-Rae Kim
- Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Jozef Mravec
- the Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark, and
| | - Estelle Bonnin
- INRA, UMR 1268, Biopolymères-Interactions-Assemblages, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- the LRSV, UMR 5546 Université Toulouse 3/CNRS, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Daisuke Kihara
- the Departments of Computer Sciences and Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- the Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université-Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex 1, France
| | - Marie-Christine Ralet
- INRA, UMR 1268, Biopolymères-Interactions-Assemblages, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- From the EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation and
| | - Catherine Rayon
- From the EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation and
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135
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Daher FB, Braybrook SA. How to let go: pectin and plant cell adhesion. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:523. [PMID: 26236321 PMCID: PMC4500915 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells do not, in general, migrate. They maintain a fixed position relative to their neighbors, intimately linked through growth and differentiation. The mediator of this connection, the pectin-rich middle lamella, is deposited during cell division and maintained throughout the cell's life to protect tissue integrity. The maintenance of adhesion requires cell wall modification and is dependent on the actin cytoskeleton. There are developmental processes that require cell separation, such as organ abscission, dehiscence, and ripening. In these instances, the pectin-rich middle lamella must be actively altered to allow cell separation, a process which also requires cell wall modification. In this review, we will focus on the role of pectin and its modification in cell adhesion and separation. Recent insights gained in pectin gel mechanics will be discussed in relation to existing knowledge of pectin chemistry as it relates to cell adhesion. As a whole, we hope to begin defining the physical mechanisms behind a cells' ability to hang on, and how it lets go.
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136
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Jeong HY, Nguyen HP, Lee C. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of rice pectin methylesterases: Implication of functional roles of pectin modification in rice physiology. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 183:23-9. [PMID: 26072144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pectin, which is enriched in primary cell walls and middle lamellae, is an essential polysaccharide in all higher plants. Homogalacturonans (HGA), a major form of pectin, are synthesized and methylesterified by enzymes localized in the Golgi apparatus and transported into the cell wall. Depending on cell type, the degree and pattern of pectin methylesterification are strictly regulated by cell wall-localized pectin methylesterases (PMEs). Despite its importance in plant development and growth, little is known about the physiological functions of pectin in rice, which contains 43 different types of PME. The presence of pectin in rice cell walls has been substantiated by uronic acid quantification and immunodetection of JIM7 monoclonal antibodies. We performed PME activity assays with cell wall proteins isolated from different rice tissues. In accordance with data from Arabidopsis, the highest activity was observed in germinating tissues, young culm, and spikelets, where cells are actively elongating. Transcriptional profiling of OsPMEs by real-time PCR and meta-analysis indicates that PMEs exhibit spatial- and stress-specific expression patterns during rice development. Based on in silico analysis, we identified subcellular compartments, isoelectric point, and cleavage sites of OsPMEs. Our findings provide an important tool for further studies seeking to unravel the functional importance of pectin modification during plant growth and abiotic and biotic responses of grass plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Young Jeong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Phuong Nguyen
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhui Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Plant and Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea.
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137
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Ruggieri V, Sacco A, Calafiore R, Frusciante L, Barone A. Dissecting a QTL into Candidate Genes Highlighted the Key Role of Pectinesterases in Regulating the Ascorbic Acid Content in Tomato Fruit. THE PLANT GENOME 2015; 8:eplantgenome2014.08.0038. [PMID: 33228315 DOI: 10.3835/plantgenome2014.08.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a crucial component of the human diet because of its high nutritional value and the antioxidant content of its fruit. As a member of the Solanaceae family, it is considered a model species for genomic studies in this family, especially since its genome has been completely sequenced. Among genomic resources available, Solanum pennellii introgression lines represent a valuable tool to mine the genetic diversity present in wild species. One introgression line, IL12-4, was previously selected for high ascorbic acid (AsA) content, and a transcriptomic analysis indicated the involvement of genes controlling pectin degradation in AsA accumulation. In this study the integration of data from different "omics" platforms has been exploited to identify candidate genes that increase AsA belonging to the wild region 12-4. Thirty-two genes potentially involved in pathways controlling AsA levels were analyzed with bioinformatic tools. Two hundred-fifty nonsynonymous polymorphisms were detected in their coding regions, and 11.6% revealed deleterious effects on predicted protein function. To reduce the number of genes that had to be functionally validated, introgression sublines of the region 12-4 were selected using species-specific polymorphic markers between the two Solanum species. Four sublines were obtained and we demonstrated that a subregion of around 1 Mbp includes 12 candidate genes potentially involved in AsA accumulation. Among these, only five exhibited structural deleterious variants, and one of the 12 was differentially expressed between the two Solanum species. We have highlighted the role of three polymorphic pectinesterases and inhibitors of pectinesterases that merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentino Ruggieri
- Dep. of Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, (NA), Italy
| | - Adriana Sacco
- Dep. of Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, (NA), Italy
| | - Roberta Calafiore
- Dep. of Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, (NA), Italy
| | - Luigi Frusciante
- Dep. of Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, (NA), Italy
| | - Amalia Barone
- Dep. of Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, (NA), Italy
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138
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Guo S, Sun H, Zhang H, Liu J, Ren Y, Gong G, Jiao C, Zheng Y, Yang W, Fei Z, Xu Y. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Cultivated and Wild Watermelon during Fruit Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130267. [PMID: 26079257 PMCID: PMC4469606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] is an important vegetable crop world-wide. Watermelon fruit quality is a complex trait determined by various factors such as sugar content, flesh color and flesh texture. Fruit quality and developmental process of cultivated and wild watermelon are highly different. To systematically understand the molecular basis of these differences, we compared transcriptome profiles of fruit tissues of cultivated watermelon 97103 and wild watermelon PI296341-FR. We identified 2,452, 826 and 322 differentially expressed genes in cultivated flesh, cultivated mesocarp and wild flesh, respectively, during fruit development. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of these genes indicated that biological processes and metabolic pathways related to fruit quality such as sweetness and flavor were significantly changed only in the flesh of 97103 during fruit development, while those related to abiotic stress response were changed mainly in the flesh of PI296341-FR. Our comparative transcriptome profiling analysis identified critical genes potentially involved in controlling fruit quality traits including α-galactosidase, invertase, UDP-galactose/glucose pyrophosphorylase and sugar transporter genes involved in the determination of fruit sugar content, phytoene synthase, β-carotene hydroxylase, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase genes involved in carotenoid metabolism, and 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase, cellulose synthase, pectinesterase, pectinesterase inhibitor, polygalacturonase inhibitor and α-mannosidase genes involved in the regulation of flesh texture. In addition, we found that genes in the ethylene biosynthesis and signaling pathway including ACC oxidase, ethylene receptor and ethylene responsive factor showed highly ripening-associated expression patterns, indicating a possible role of ethylene in fruit development and ripening of watermelon, a non-climacteric fruit. Our analysis provides novel insights into watermelon fruit quality and ripening biology. Furthermore, the comparative expression profile data we developed provides a valuable resource to accelerate functional studies in watermelon and facilitate watermelon crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaogui Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, China
| | - Honghe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, China
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, China
| | - Jingan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyi Gong
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Jiao
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Yi Zheng
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Wencai Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
- USDA Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, China
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Mei X, Shpigelman A, Verrijssen TA, Kyomugasho C, Luo Y, Van Loey AM, Michiels C, Huang K, Hendrickx ME. Recombinant kiwi pectin methylesterase inhibitor: Purification and characterization of the interaction with plant pectin methylesterase during thermal and high-pressure processing. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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140
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Fernandes JC, Cobb F, Tracana S, Costa GJ, Valente I, Goulao LF, Amâncio S. Relating Water Deficiency to Berry Texture, Skin Cell Wall Composition, and Expression of Remodeling Genes in Two Vitis vinifera L. Varieties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:3951-3961. [PMID: 25828510 DOI: 10.1021/jf505169z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall (CW) is a dynamic structure that responds to stress. Water shortage (WS) impacts grapevine berry composition and its sensorial quality. In the present work, berry texture, skin CW composition, and expression of remodeling genes were investigated in two V. vinifera varieties, Touriga Nacional (TN) and Trincadeira (TR), under two water regimes, Full Irrigation (FI) and No Irrigation (NI). The global results allowed an evident separation between both varieties and the water treatments. WS resulted in increased anthocyanin contents in both varieties, reduced amounts in cellulose and lignin at maturation, but an increase in arabinose-containing polysaccharides more tightly bound to the CW in TR. In response to WS, the majority of the CW related genes were down-regulated in a variety dependent pattern. The results support the assumption that WS affects grape berries by stiffening the CW through alteration in pectin structure, supporting its involvement in responses to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Fernandes
- †DRAT/LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - F Cobb
- †DRAT/LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S Tracana
- †DRAT/LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - G J Costa
- †DRAT/LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - I Valente
- †DRAT/LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L F Goulao
- ‡BioTrop, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical (IICT, IP), Pólo Mendes Ferrão - Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S Amâncio
- †DRAT/LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
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141
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Zhang HM, Wheeler S, Xia X, Radchuk R, Weber H, Offler CE, Patrick JW. Differential transcriptional networks associated with key phases of ingrowth wall construction in trans-differentiating epidermal transfer cells of Vicia faba cotyledons. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:103. [PMID: 25887034 PMCID: PMC4437447 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfer cells are characterized by intricate ingrowth walls, comprising an uniform wall upon which wall ingrowths are deposited. The ingrowth wall forms a scaffold to support an amplified plasma membrane surface area enriched in membrane transporters that collectively confers transfer cells with an enhanced capacity for membrane transport at bottlenecks for apo-/symplasmic exchange of nutrients. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms regulating polarized construction of the ingrowth wall and membrane transporter profile are poorly understood. RESULTS An RNAseq study of an inducible epidermal transfer cell system in cultured Vicia faba cotyledons identified transfer cell specific transcriptomes associated with uniform wall and wall ingrowth deposition. All functional groups of genes examined were expressed before and following transition to a transfer cell fate. What changed were the isoform profiles of expressed genes within functional groups. Genes encoding ethylene and Ca(2+) signal generation and transduction pathways were enriched during uniform wall construction. Auxin-and reactive oxygen species-related genes dominated during wall ingrowth formation and ABA genes were evenly expressed across ingrowth wall construction. Expression of genes encoding kinesins, formins and villins was consistent with reorganization of cytoskeletal components. Uniform wall and wall ingrowth specific expression of exocyst complex components and SNAREs suggested specific patterns of exocytosis while dynamin mediated endocytotic activity was consistent with establishing wall ingrowth loci. Key regulatory genes of biosynthetic pathways for sphingolipids and sterols were expressed across ingrowth wall construction. Transfer cell specific expression of cellulose synthases was absent. Rather xyloglucan, xylan and pectin biosynthetic genes were selectively expressed during uniform wall construction. More striking was expression of genes encoding enzymes for re-modelling/degradation of cellulose, xyloglucans, pectins and callose. Extensins dominated the cohort of expressed wall structural proteins and particularly so across wall ingrowth development. Ion transporters were selectively expressed throughout ingrowth wall development along with organic nitrogen transporters and a large group of ABC transporters. Sugar transporters were less represented. CONCLUSIONS Pathways regulating signalling and intracellular organization were fine tuned whilst cell wall construction and membrane transporter profiles were altered substantially upon transiting to a transfer cell fate. Each phase of ingrowth wall construction was linked with unique cohorts of expressed genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ming Zhang
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Simon Wheeler
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Xue Xia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Ruslana Radchuk
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Hans Weber
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Christina E Offler
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - John W Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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142
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Levesque-Tremblay G, Müller K, Mansfield SD, Haughn GW. HIGHLY METHYL ESTERIFIED SEEDS is a pectin methyl esterase involved in embryo development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:725-37. [PMID: 25572606 PMCID: PMC4348785 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.255604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Homogalacturonan pectin domains are synthesized in a highly methyl-esterified form that later can be differentially demethyl esterified by pectin methyl esterase (PME) to strengthen or loosen plant cell walls that contain pectin, including seed coat mucilage, a specialized secondary cell wall of seed coat epidermal cells. As a means to identify the active PMEs in seed coat mucilage, we identified seven PMEs expressed during seed coat development. One of these, HIGHLY METHYL ESTERIFIED SEEDS (HMS), is abundant during mucilage secretion, peaking at 7 d postanthesis in both the seed coat and the embryo. We have determined that this gene is required for normal levels of PME activity and homogalacturonan methyl esterification in the seed. The hms-1 mutant displays altered embryo morphology and mucilage extrusion, both of which are a consequence of defects in embryo development. A significant decrease in the size of cells in the embryo suggests that the changes in embryo morphology are a consequence of lack of cell expansion. Progeny from a cross between hms-1 and the previously characterized PME inhibitor5 overexpression line suggest that HMS acts independently from other cell wall-modifying enzymes in the embryo. We propose that HMS is required for cell wall loosening in the embryo to facilitate cell expansion during the accumulation of storage reserves and that its role in the seed coat is masked by redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Levesque-Tremblay
- Departments of Botany (G.L.-T., G.W.H.) andWood Science (S.D.M.), Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andDepartment of Biological Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6 (K.M.)
| | - Kerstin Müller
- Departments of Botany (G.L.-T., G.W.H.) andWood Science (S.D.M.), Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andDepartment of Biological Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6 (K.M.)
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Departments of Botany (G.L.-T., G.W.H.) andWood Science (S.D.M.), Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andDepartment of Biological Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6 (K.M.)
| | - George W Haughn
- Departments of Botany (G.L.-T., G.W.H.) andWood Science (S.D.M.), Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andDepartment of Biological Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6 (K.M.)
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143
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Leroux C, Bouton S, Kiefer-Meyer MC, Fabrice TN, Mareck A, Guénin S, Fournet F, Ringli C, Pelloux J, Driouich A, Lerouge P, Lehner A, Mollet JC. PECTIN METHYLESTERASE48 is involved in Arabidopsis pollen grain germination. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:367-80. [PMID: 25524442 PMCID: PMC4326738 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.250928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Germination of pollen grains is a crucial step in plant reproduction. However, the molecular mechanisms involved remain unclear. We investigated the role of PECTIN METHYLESTERASE48 (PME48), an enzyme implicated in the remodeling of pectins in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) pollen. A combination of functional genomics, gene expression, in vivo and in vitro pollen germination, immunolabeling, and biochemical analyses was used on wild-type and Atpme48 mutant plants. We showed that AtPME48 is specifically expressed in the male gametophyte and is the second most expressed PME in dry and imbibed pollen grains. Pollen grains from homozygous mutant lines displayed a significant delay in imbibition and germination in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, numerous pollen grains showed two tips emerging instead of one in the wild type. Immunolabeling and Fourier transform infrared analyses showed that the degree of methylesterification of the homogalacturonan was higher in pme48-/- pollen grains. In contrast, the PME activity was lower in pme48-/-, partly due to a reduction of PME48 activity revealed by zymogram. Interestingly, the wild-type phenotype was restored in pme48-/- with the optimum germination medium supplemented with 2.5 mm calcium chloride, suggesting that in the wild-type pollen, the weakly methylesterified homogalacturonan is a source of Ca(2+) necessary for pollen germination. Although pollen-specific PMEs are traditionally associated with pollen tube elongation, this study provides strong evidence that PME48 impacts the mechanical properties of the intine wall during maturation of the pollen grain, which, in turn, influences pollen grain germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Leroux
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire, Normandie Université, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, et Innovation, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (C.L., M.-C.K.-M., A.M., A.D., P.L., A.L., J.-C.M.);Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (S.B., S.G., F.F., J.P.) and Centre de Ressources Régionales en Biologie Moléculaire (S.G.), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; andInstitute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland (T.N.F., C.R.)
| | - Sophie Bouton
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire, Normandie Université, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, et Innovation, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (C.L., M.-C.K.-M., A.M., A.D., P.L., A.L., J.-C.M.);Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (S.B., S.G., F.F., J.P.) and Centre de Ressources Régionales en Biologie Moléculaire (S.G.), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; andInstitute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland (T.N.F., C.R.)
| | - Marie-Christine Kiefer-Meyer
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire, Normandie Université, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, et Innovation, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (C.L., M.-C.K.-M., A.M., A.D., P.L., A.L., J.-C.M.);Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (S.B., S.G., F.F., J.P.) and Centre de Ressources Régionales en Biologie Moléculaire (S.G.), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; andInstitute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland (T.N.F., C.R.)
| | - Tohnyui Ndinyanka Fabrice
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire, Normandie Université, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, et Innovation, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (C.L., M.-C.K.-M., A.M., A.D., P.L., A.L., J.-C.M.);Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (S.B., S.G., F.F., J.P.) and Centre de Ressources Régionales en Biologie Moléculaire (S.G.), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; andInstitute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland (T.N.F., C.R.)
| | - Alain Mareck
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire, Normandie Université, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, et Innovation, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (C.L., M.-C.K.-M., A.M., A.D., P.L., A.L., J.-C.M.);Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (S.B., S.G., F.F., J.P.) and Centre de Ressources Régionales en Biologie Moléculaire (S.G.), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; andInstitute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland (T.N.F., C.R.)
| | - Stéphanie Guénin
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire, Normandie Université, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, et Innovation, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (C.L., M.-C.K.-M., A.M., A.D., P.L., A.L., J.-C.M.);Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (S.B., S.G., F.F., J.P.) and Centre de Ressources Régionales en Biologie Moléculaire (S.G.), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; andInstitute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland (T.N.F., C.R.)
| | - Françoise Fournet
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire, Normandie Université, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, et Innovation, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (C.L., M.-C.K.-M., A.M., A.D., P.L., A.L., J.-C.M.);Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (S.B., S.G., F.F., J.P.) and Centre de Ressources Régionales en Biologie Moléculaire (S.G.), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; andInstitute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland (T.N.F., C.R.)
| | - Christoph Ringli
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire, Normandie Université, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, et Innovation, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (C.L., M.-C.K.-M., A.M., A.D., P.L., A.L., J.-C.M.);Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (S.B., S.G., F.F., J.P.) and Centre de Ressources Régionales en Biologie Moléculaire (S.G.), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; andInstitute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland (T.N.F., C.R.)
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire, Normandie Université, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, et Innovation, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (C.L., M.-C.K.-M., A.M., A.D., P.L., A.L., J.-C.M.);Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (S.B., S.G., F.F., J.P.) and Centre de Ressources Régionales en Biologie Moléculaire (S.G.), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; andInstitute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland (T.N.F., C.R.)
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire, Normandie Université, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, et Innovation, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (C.L., M.-C.K.-M., A.M., A.D., P.L., A.L., J.-C.M.);Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (S.B., S.G., F.F., J.P.) and Centre de Ressources Régionales en Biologie Moléculaire (S.G.), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; andInstitute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland (T.N.F., C.R.)
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire, Normandie Université, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, et Innovation, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (C.L., M.-C.K.-M., A.M., A.D., P.L., A.L., J.-C.M.);Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (S.B., S.G., F.F., J.P.) and Centre de Ressources Régionales en Biologie Moléculaire (S.G.), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; andInstitute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland (T.N.F., C.R.)
| | - Arnaud Lehner
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire, Normandie Université, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, et Innovation, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (C.L., M.-C.K.-M., A.M., A.D., P.L., A.L., J.-C.M.);Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (S.B., S.G., F.F., J.P.) and Centre de Ressources Régionales en Biologie Moléculaire (S.G.), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; andInstitute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland (T.N.F., C.R.)
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire, Normandie Université, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, et Innovation, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France (C.L., M.-C.K.-M., A.M., A.D., P.L., A.L., J.-C.M.);Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (S.B., S.G., F.F., J.P.) and Centre de Ressources Régionales en Biologie Moléculaire (S.G.), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France; andInstitute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland (T.N.F., C.R.)
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Christiaens S, Van Buggenhout S, Houben K, Jamsazzadeh Kermani Z, Moelants KR, Ngouémazong ED, Van Loey A, Hendrickx ME. Process–Structure–Function Relations of Pectin in Food. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:1021-42. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.753029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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145
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Lionetti V, Giancaspro A, Fabri E, Giove SL, Reem N, Zabotina OA, Blanco A, Gadaleta A, Bellincampi D. Cell wall traits as potential resources to improve resistance of durum wheat against Fusarium graminearum. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:6. [PMID: 25597920 PMCID: PMC4298115 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0369-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium graminearum, one of the causal agents of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB, scab), leads to severe losses in grain yield and quality due to the production of mycotoxins which are harmful to human and livestock. Different traits for FHB resistance in wheat were identified for common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) while the sources of FHB resistance in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. Durum), one of the cereals most susceptible to F. graminearum infection, have not been found. New lines of evidence indicate that content and composition of cell wall polymers affect the susceptibility of the wall to degrading enzymes produced by pathogens during infection and can play a role in the outcome of host-pathogen interactions. The objective of our research is to identify potential cell wall biochemical traits linked to Fusariosis resistance to be transferred from a resistant common wheat to a susceptible durum wheat line. RESULTS A detailed analysis of cell wall composition in spikes isolated from a highly resistant common wheat accession "02-5B-318", a breeding line derived from the FHB-resistant Chinese cv. Sumai-3 and a high susceptible durum wheat cv. Saragolla was performed. Significant differences in lignin monolignols composition, arabinoxylan (AX) substitutions and pectin methylesterification were found between resistant and susceptible plants. We isolated and characterized a pectin methylesterase gene WheatPME1, which we found being down regulated in the FHB-resistant line and induced by fungal infection in the susceptible wheat. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate cell wall traits differing between the FHB sensitive and resistant wheat genotypes, possibly related to FHB-resistance, and identify the line 02-5B-318R as a potential resource of such traits. Evidence suggests that WheatPME1 is involved in wheat response to F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lionetti
- />Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelica Giancaspro
- />Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DiSSPA), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via G. Amendola 165/A - 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fabri
- />Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania L Giove
- />Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DiSSPA), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via G. Amendola 165/A - 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Nathan Reem
- />Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Olga A Zabotina
- />Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Antonio Blanco
- />Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DiSSPA), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via G. Amendola 165/A - 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Agata Gadaleta
- />Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science (DiSSPA), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via G. Amendola 165/A - 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Bellincampi
- />Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Carneiro RGS, Oliveira DC, Isaias RMS. Developmental anatomy and immunocytochemistry reveal the neo-ontogenesis of the leaf tissues of Psidium myrtoides (Myrtaceae) towards the globoid galls of Nothotrioza myrtoidis (Triozidae). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:2093-106. [PMID: 25228569 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1683-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The temporal balance between hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and the new functions of different cell lineages led to cell transformations in a centrifugal gradient that determines the gall globoid shape. Plant galls develop by the redifferentiation of new cell types originated from those of the host plants, with new functional and structural designs related to the composition of cell walls and cell contents. Variations in cell wall composition have just started to be explored with the perspective of gall development, and are herein related to the histochemical gradients previously detected on Psidium myrtoides galls. Young and mature leaves of P. myrtoides and galls of Nothotrioza myrtoidis at different developmental stages were analysed using anatomical, cytometrical and immunocytochemical approaches. The gall parenchyma presents transformations in the size and shape of the cells in distinct tissue layers, and variations of pectin and protein domains in cell walls. The temporal balance between tissue hyperplasia and cell hypertrophy, and the new functions of different cell lineages led to cell transformations in a centrifugal gradient, which determines the globoid shape of the gall. The distribution of cell wall epitopes affected cell wall flexibility and rigidity, towards gall maturation. By senescence, it provided functional stability for the outer cortical parenchyma. The detection of the demethylesterified homogalacturonans (HGAs) denoted the activity of the pectin methylesterases (PMEs) during the senescent phase, and was a novel time-based detection linked to the increased rigidity of the cell walls, and to the gall opening. Current investigation firstly reports the influence of immunocytochemistry of plant cell walls over the development of leaf tissues, determining their neo-ontogenesis towards a new phenotype, i.e., the globoid gall morphotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renê G S Carneiro
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
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147
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Domozych DS, Domozych CE. Multicellularity in green algae: upsizing in a walled complex. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:649. [PMID: 25477895 PMCID: PMC4235416 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Modern green algae constitute a large and diverse taxonomic assemblage that encompasses many multicellular phenotypes including colonial, filamentous, and parenchymatous forms. In all multicellular green algae, each cell is surrounded by an extracellular matrix (ECM), most often in the form of a cell wall. Volvocalean taxa like Volvox have an elaborate, gel-like, hydroxyproline rich glycoprotein covering that contains the cells of the colony. In "ulvophytes," uronic acid-rich and sulfated polysaccharides are the likely adhesion agents that maintain the multicellular habit. Charophytes also produce polysaccharide-rich cell walls and in late divergent taxa, pectin plays a critical role in cell adhesion in the multicellular complex. Cell walls are products of coordinated interaction of membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal dynamics and the cell's signal transduction machinery responding both to precise internal clocks and external environmental cues. Most often, these activities must be synchronized with the secretion, deposition and remodeling of the polymers of the ECM. Rapid advances in molecular genetics, cell biology and cell wall biochemistry of green algae will soon provide new insights into the evolution and subcellular processes leading to multicellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Domozych
- Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga SpringsNY, USA
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148
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Irshad M, Asgher M, Anwar Z, Ahmad A. Biotechnological Valorization of Pectinolytics and Their Industrial Applications: A Review. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400901129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last several years, in serious consideration of the worldwide economic and environmental issues there has been an increasing research interest in the value of naturally occurring bio-sourced materials. Agro-industrial based biomass comprised of pectin is an inexpensive, renewable, abundant natural resource that could be utilized for large-scale and cost-effective production of natural products i.e., pectinolytics. Pectinolytics are one of the most widely distributed enzymes in bacteria, fungi and plants. From ancient times to date, many methods have been introduced to improve the optimization of pectinolytics to obtain high yields of maximal purity. To expand the range of natural bio-resources the rapidly evolving tools of biotechnology can lower the conversion costs and also enhance target yield of the product of interest. This green biotechnology presents a promising approach to convert most of the agricultural materials into a value-added product with multiple applications. Major advances have already been achieved in recent years in order to obtain high levels of purity with optimal yields. The present review begins with an overview of pectinolytics and their physico-chemical features, and their specific role with classification based on pectic materials. Information is also given on the culture influences and potential sources of pectinolytics, followed by a brief summary of various industrial and biotechnological applications and future considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irshad
- Department of Biochemistry, NSMC, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asgher
- Industrial Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biochemistry, University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, NSMC, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
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149
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Sénéchal F, Wattier C, Rustérucci C, Pelloux J. Homogalacturonan-modifying enzymes: structure, expression, and roles in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5125-60. [PMID: 25056773 PMCID: PMC4400535 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the changes affecting the plant cell wall is a key element in addressing its functional role in plant growth and in the response to stress. Pectins, which are the main constituents of the primary cell wall in dicot species, play a central role in the control of cellular adhesion and thereby of the rheological properties of the wall. This is likely to be a major determinant of plant growth. How the discrete changes in pectin structure are mediated is thus a key issue in our understanding of plant development and plant responses to changes in the environment. In particular, understanding the remodelling of homogalacturonan (HG), the most abundant pectic polymer, by specific enzymes is a current challenge in addressing its fundamental role. HG, a polymer that can be methylesterified or acetylated, can be modified by HGMEs (HG-modifying enzymes) which all belong to large multigenic families in all species sequenced to date. In particular, both the degrees of substitution (methylesterification and/or acetylation) and polymerization can be controlled by specific enzymes such as pectin methylesterases (PMEs), pectin acetylesterases (PAEs), polygalacturonases (PGs), or pectate lyases-like (PLLs). Major advances in the biochemical and functional characterization of these enzymes have been made over the last 10 years. This review aims to provide a comprehensive, up to date summary of the recent data concerning the structure, regulation, and function of these fascinating enzymes in plant development and in response to biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Sénéchal
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Christopher Wattier
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Christine Rustérucci
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
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Mierczyńska J, Cybulska J, Pieczywek PM, Zdunek A. Effect of Storage on Rheology of Water-Soluble, Chelate-Soluble and Diluted Alkali-Soluble Pectin in Carrot Cell Walls. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-014-1392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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