101
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Guimarães-Camboa N, Evans SM. Are Perivascular Adipocyte Progenitors Mural Cells or Adventitial Fibroblasts? Cell Stem Cell 2018; 20:587-589. [PMID: 28475883 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In their reply, Sylvia Evans and colleagues argue that their lineage-labeling approach gives more precise tracing of the lineage contribution of mural cells in vivo than previous versions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Guimarães-Camboa
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Sylvia M Evans
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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102
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Hildebrand S, Stümer J, Pfeifer A. PVAT and Its Relation to Brown, Beige, and White Adipose Tissue in Development and Function. Front Physiol 2018; 9:70. [PMID: 29467675 PMCID: PMC5808192 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is commonly categorized into three types with distinct functions, phenotypes, and anatomical localizations. White adipose tissue (WAT) is the major energy store; the largest depots of WAT are found in subcutaneous or intravisceral sites. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is responsible for energy dissipation during cold-exposure (i.e., non-shivering thermogenesis) and is primarily located in the interscapular region. Beige or brite (brown-in-white) adipose tissue can be found interspersed in WAT and can attain a brown-like phenotype. These three types of tissues also have endocrine functions and play major roles in whole body metabolism especially in obesity and its co-morbidities, such as cardiovascular disease. Over the last years, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has emerged as an adipose organ with endocrine and paracrine functions. Pro and anti-inflammatory agents released by PVAT affect vascular health, and are implicated in the inflammatory aspects of atherosclerosis. PVAT shares several of the defining characteristics of brown adipose tissue, including its cellular morphology and expression of thermogenic genes characteristic for brown adipocytes. However, PVATs from different vessels are phenotypically different, and significant developmental differences exist between PVAT and other adipose tissues. Whether PVAT represents classical BAT, beige adipose tissue, or WAT with changing characteristics, is unclear. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on how PVAT relates to other types of adipose tissue, both in terms of functionality, developmental origins, and its role in obesity-related cardiovascular disease and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staffan Hildebrand
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jasmin Stümer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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103
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Hyperglycemia Augments the Adipogenic Transdifferentiation Potential of Tenocytes and Is Alleviated by Cyclic Mechanical Stretch. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010090. [PMID: 29283422 PMCID: PMC5796040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with damage to tendons, which may result from cellular dysfunction in response to a hyperglycemic environment. Tenocytes express diminished levels of tendon-associated genes under hyperglycemic conditions. In contrast, mechanical stretch enhances tenogenic differentiation. However, whether hyperglycemia increases the non-tenogenic differentiation potential of tenocytes and whether this can be mitigated by mechanical stretch remains elusive. We explored the in vitro effects of high glucose and mechanical stretch on rat primary tenocytes. Specifically, non-tenogenic gene expression, adipogenic potential, cell migration rate, filamentous actin expression, and the activation of signaling pathways were analyzed in tenocytes treated with high glucose, followed by the presence or absence of mechanical stretch. We analyzed tenocyte phenotype in vivo by immunohistochemistry using an STZ (streptozotocin)-induced long-term diabetic mouse model. High glucose-treated tenocytes expressed higher levels of the adipogenic transcription factors PPARγ and C/EBPs. PPARγ was also highly expressed in diabetic tendons. In addition, increased adipogenic differentiation and decreased cell migration induced by high glucose implicated a fibroblast-to-adipocyte phenotypic change. By applying mechanical stretch to tenocytes in high-glucose conditions, adipogenic differentiation was repressed, while cell motility was enhanced, and fibroblastic morphology and gene expression profiles were strengthened. In part, these effects resulted from a stretch-induced activation of ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinases) and a concomitant inactivation of Akt. Our results show that mechanical stretch alleviates the augmented adipogenic transdifferentiation potential of high glucose-treated tenocytes and helps maintain their fibroblastic characteristics. The alterations induced by high glucose highlight possible pathological mechanisms for diabetic tendinopathy. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of mechanical stretch on tenocytes suggest that an appropriate physical load possesses therapeutic potential for diabetic tendinopathy.
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104
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Lunyak VV, Amaro-Ortiz A, Gaur M. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Secretory Responses: Senescence Messaging Secretome and Immunomodulation Perspective. Front Genet 2017; 8:220. [PMID: 29312442 PMCID: PMC5742268 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) have been tested in a significant number of clinical trials, where they exhibit regenerative and repair properties directly through their differentiation into the cells of the mesenchymal origin or by modulation of the tissue/organ microenvironment. Despite various clinical effects upon transplantation, the functional properties of these cells in natural settings and their role in tissue regeneration in vivo is not yet fully understood. The omnipresence of MSC throughout vascularized organs equates to a reservoir of potentially therapeutic regenerative depots throughout the body. However, these reservoirs could be subjected to cellular senescence. In this review, we will discuss current progress and challenges in the understanding of different biological pathways leading to senescence. We set out to highlight the seemingly paradoxical property of cellular senescence: its beneficial role in the development and tissue repair and detrimental impact of this process on tissue homeostasis in aging and disease. Taking into account the lessons from the different cell systems, this review elucidates how autocrine and paracrine properties of senescent MSC might impose an additional layer of complexity on the regulation of the immune system in development and disease. New findings that have emerged in the last few years could shed light on sometimes seemingly controversial results obtained from MSC therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meenakshi Gaur
- Aelan Cell Technologies, San Francisco, CA, United States
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105
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Secco B, Camiré É, Brière MA, Caron A, Billong A, Gélinas Y, Lemay AM, Tharp KM, Lee PL, Gobeil S, Guimond JV, Patey N, Guertin DA, Stahl A, Haddad É, Marsolais D, Bossé Y, Birsoy K, Laplante M. Amplification of Adipogenic Commitment by VSTM2A. Cell Rep 2017; 18:93-106. [PMID: 28052263 PMCID: PMC5551894 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in our comprehension of the mechanisms regulating adipose tissue development, the nature of the factors that functionally characterize adipose precursors is still elusive. Defining the early steps regulating adipocyte development is needed for the generation of tools to control adipose tissue size and function. Here, we report the discovery of V-set and transmembrane domain containing 2A (VSTM2A) as a protein expressed and secreted by committed preadipocytes. VSTM2A expression is elevated in the early phases of adipogenesis in vitro and adipose tissue development in vivo. We show that VSTM2A-producing cells associate with the vasculature and express the common surface markers of adipocyte progenitors. Overexpression of VSTM2A induces adipogenesis, whereas its depletion impairs this process. VSTM2A controls preadipocyte determination at least in part by modulating BMP signaling and PPARγ2 activation. We propose a model in which VSTM2A is produced to preserve and amplify the adipogenic capability of adipose precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Secco
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Étienne Camiré
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Marc-Antoine Brière
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Armande Billong
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Yves Gélinas
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Lemay
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Kevin M Tharp
- Program for Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Peter L Lee
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Stéphane Gobeil
- Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec), Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jean V Guimond
- CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'ile-de-Montréal, CLSC des Faubourgs, 66 rue Sainte-Catherine Est, Montréal, QC H2X 1K6, Canada
| | - Natacha Patey
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sainte-Justine (CHU de Sainte-Justine), Faculté de Médecine, Département de pathologie et biologie cellulaire, Université de Montréal, 3175 Chemin Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - David A Guertin
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Program for Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Élie Haddad
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sainte-Justine (CHU de Sainte-Justine), Faculté de Médecine, Département de pédiatrie et Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, 3175 Chemin Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - David Marsolais
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Kivanc Birsoy
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mathieu Laplante
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G5, Canada.
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106
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Abstract
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is a chronic and progressive process affecting kidneys during aging and in chronic kidney disease (CKD), regardless of cause. CKD and renal fibrosis affect half of adults above age 70 and 10% of the world's population. Although no targeted therapy yet exists to slow renal fibrosis, a number of important recent advances have clarified the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the disease. In this review, I highlight these advances with a focus on cells and pathways that may be amenable to therapeutic targeting. I discuss pathologic changes regulating interstitial myofibroblast activation, including profibrotic and proinflammatory paracrine signals secreted by epithelial cells after either acute or chronic injury. I conclude by highlighting novel therapeutic targets and approaches with particular promise for development of new treatments for patients with fibrotic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
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107
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Jiang Y, Berry DC, Graff JM. Distinct cellular and molecular mechanisms for β3 adrenergic receptor-induced beige adipocyte formation. eLife 2017; 6:30329. [PMID: 29019320 PMCID: PMC5667933 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Beige/brite adipocytes are induced within white adipose tissues (WAT) and, when activated, consume glucose and fatty acids to produce heat. Classically, two stimuli have been used to trigger a beiging response: cold temperatures and β3-adrenergic receptor (Adrb3) agonists. These two beiging triggers have been used interchangeably but whether these two stimuli may induce beiging differently at cellular and molecular levels remains unclear. Here, we found that cold-induced beige adipocyte formation requires Adrb1, not Adrb3, activation. Adrb1 activation stimulates WAT resident perivascular (Acta2+) cells to form cold-induced beige adipocytes. In contrast, Adrb3 activation stimulates mature white adipocytes to convert into beige adipocytes. Necessity tests, using mature adipocyte-specific Prdm16 deletion strategies, demonstrated that adipocytes are required and are predominant source to generate Adrb3-induced, but not cold-induced, beige adipocytes. Collectively, we identify that cold temperatures and Adrb3 agonists activate distinct cellular populations that express different β-adrenergic receptors to induce beige adipogenesis. Excess accumulation of a type of fat called white fat is associated with obesity and metabolic problems. White fat cells store energy. White fat tissue also contains some beige fat cells, which burn fats and sugars to produce heat. Cold temperatures trigger the production and activity of beige fat cells, which allows the body to stay warm. People with obesity tend to have less beige fat and more white fat. This has led scientists to test whether treatments that increase the number of beige fat cells a person has could reduce fat mass and improve metabolism. To develop treatments that increase beige fat, scientists must first understand where it comes from and how cold and other factors stimulate its growth. Recent studies have shown that smooth muscle cells, which surround blood vessel walls, make cold-induced beige fat cells. A widely used drug that turns on the β3 adrenergic receptor, which is found in the cell membrane, also boosts the creation of beige fat cells. Yet, it was not clear exactly how cold or this drug triggers the production of beige fat. Now, Jiang et al. show that drugs that target β3 adrenergic receptors cause white fat cells in mice to change into beige fat cells. The experiments also showed that cold turns on a different receptor called the β1 adrenergic receptor on smooth muscle cells causing them to make beige fat cells. This shows that there is more than one source for beige fat cells in the body and that different strategies for increasing beige fat cell numbers do not work the same way. More studies are needed to learn whether beige fat cells produced after exposure to cold or drugs behave in the same way and have similar affects on metabolism. This could help scientists determine if one of these strategies could make a better treatment for obesity or other metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Jiang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Daniel C Berry
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Jonathan M Graff
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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108
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Shoucri BM, Martinez ES, Abreo TJ, Hung VT, Moosova Z, Shioda T, Blumberg B. Retinoid X Receptor Activation Alters the Chromatin Landscape To Commit Mesenchymal Stem Cells to the Adipose Lineage. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3109-3125. [PMID: 28977589 PMCID: PMC5659689 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Developmental exposure to environmental factors has been linked to obesity risk later in life. Nuclear receptors are molecular sensors that play critical roles during development and, as such, are prime candidates to explain the developmental programming of disease risk by environmental chemicals. We have previously characterized the obesogen tributyltin (TBT), which activates the nuclear receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) to increase adiposity in mice exposed in utero. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from these mice are biased toward the adipose lineage at the expense of the osteoblast lineage, and MSCs exposed to TBT in vitro are shunted toward the adipose fate in a PPARγ-dependent fashion. To address where in the adipogenic cascade TBT acts, we developed an in vitro commitment assay that permitted us to distinguish early commitment to the adipose lineage from subsequent differentiation. TBT and RXR activators (rexinoids) had potent effects in committing MSCs to the adipose lineage, whereas the strong PPARγ activator rosiglitazone was inactive. We show that activation of RXR is sufficient for adipogenic commitment and that rexinoids act through RXR to alter the transcriptome in a manner favoring adipogenic commitment. RXR activation alters expression of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and modifies genome-wide histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in promoting adipose commitment and programming subsequent differentiation. These data offer insights into the roles of RXR and EZH2 in MSC lineage specification and shed light on how endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as TBT can reprogram stem cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem M. Shoucri
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2300
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Eric S. Martinez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2300
| | - Timothy J. Abreo
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2300
| | - Victor T. Hung
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2300
| | - Zdena Moosova
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2300
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Toshi Shioda
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2300
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
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109
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Sun C, Berry WL, Olson LE. PDGFRα controls the balance of stromal and adipogenic cells during adipose tissue organogenesis. Development 2017; 144:83-94. [PMID: 28049691 DOI: 10.1242/dev.135962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is distributed in depots throughout the body with specialized roles in energy storage and thermogenesis. PDGFRα is a marker of adipocyte precursors, and increased PDGFRα activity causes adipose tissue fibrosis in adult mice. However, the function of PDGFRα during adipose tissue organogenesis is unknown. Here, by analyzing mice with juxtamembrane or kinase domain point mutations that increase PDGFRα activity (V561D or D842V), we found that PDGFRα activation inhibits embryonic white adipose tissue organogenesis in a tissue-autonomous manner. By lineage tracing analysis, we also found that collagen-expressing precursor fibroblasts differentiate into white adipocytes in the embryo. PDGFRα inhibited the formation of adipocytes from these precursors while favoring the formation of stromal fibroblasts. This imbalance between adipocytes and stromal cells was accompanied by overexpression of the cell fate regulator Zfp521. PDGFRα activation also inhibited the formation of juvenile beige adipocytes in the inguinal fat pad. Our data highlight the importance of balancing stromal versus adipogenic cell expansion during white adipose tissue development, with PDGFRα activity coordinating this crucial process in the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Sun
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - William L Berry
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Lorin E Olson
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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110
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Adipose Tissue Function and Expandability as Determinants of Lipotoxicity and the Metabolic Syndrome. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 960:161-196. [PMID: 28585199 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The adipose tissue organ is organised as distinct anatomical depots located all along the body axis and it is constituted of three different types of adipocytes : white, beige and brown which are integrated with vascular, immune, neural and extracellular stroma cells. These distinct adipocytes serve different specialised functions. The main function of white adipocytes is to ensure healthy storage of excess nutrients/energy and its rapid mobilisation to supply the demand of energy imposed by physiological cues in other organs, whereas brown and beige adipocytes are designed for heat production through uncoupling lipid oxidation from energy production. The concert action of the three type of adipocytes/tissues has been reported to ensure an optimal metabolic status in rodents. However, when one or multiple of these adipose depots become dysfunctional as a consequence of sustained lipid/nutrient overload, then insulin resistance and associated metabolic complications ensue. These metabolic alterations negatively affects the adipose tissue functionality and compromises global metabolic homeostasis. Optimising white adipose tissue expandability and its functional metabolic flexibility and/or promoting brown/beige mediated thermogenic activity counteracts obesity and its associated lipotoxic metabolic effects. The development of these therapeutic approaches requires a deep understanding of adipose tissue in all broad aspects. In this chapter we will discuss the characteristics of the different adipose tissue depots with respect to origins and precursors recruitment, plasticity, cellular composition and expandability capacity as well as molecular and metabolic signatures in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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111
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112
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Li L, Li B, Li M, Niu C, Wang G, Li T, Król E, Jin W, Speakman JR. Brown adipocytes can display a mammary basal myoepithelial cell phenotype in vivo. Mol Metab 2017; 6:1198-1211. [PMID: 29031720 PMCID: PMC5641686 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Previous work has suggested that white adipocytes may also show a mammary luminal secretory cell phenotype during lactation. The capacity of brown and beige/brite adipocytes to display a mammary cell phenotype and the levels at which they demonstrate such phenotypes in vivo is currently unknown. Methods To investigate the putative adipocyte origin of mammary gland cells, we performed genetic lineage-labeling experiments in BAT and the mammary glands. Results These studies indicated that the classic brown adipocytes (Ucp1+) and subcutaneous beige/brite adipocytes (Ucp1−/+) were found in the mammary gland during lactation, when they exhibited a mammary myoepithelial phenotype. Up to 2.5% of the anterior dorsal interscapular mammary myoepithelial cell population had a brown adipocyte origin with an adipose and myoepithelial gene signature during lactation. Eliminating these cells, along with all the brown adipocytes, significantly slowed offspring growth, potentially demonstrating their functional importance. Additionally, we showed mammary epithelial lineage Mmtv+ and Krt14+ cells expressed brown adipocyte markers after weaning, demonstrating that mammary gland cells can display an adipose phenotype. Conclusions The identification of a brown adipocyte origin of mammary myoepithelial cells provides a novel perspective on the interrelationships between adipocytes and mammary cells with implications for our understanding of obesity and breast cancer. Brown adipocytes can show a mammary myoepithelial cell phenotype in vivo. Myf5+/Ucp1+ myoepithelial cells express an adipose and myoepithelial signature. Mammary-derived epithelial cells can display adipose features after weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Baoguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chaoqun Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guanlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Elżbieta Król
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Wanzhu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - John R Speakman
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
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113
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Abstract
White adipose tissue is a remarkably expandable organ with results in the last decade showing that human white adipocytes are continuously turned over during the entire life-span. Data primarily in murine models have demonstrated that adipocytes are derived from precursors present mainly in the perivascular areas of adipose tissue but their precise origin remains unclear. Subsets of cells present in bone marrow display a multipotent differentiation capacity which has prompted the hypothesis that bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) may also contribute to the adipocyte pool present in peripheral fat depots. This notion was initially demonstrated in a murine transplantation model, however, subsequent animal studies have been conflicting resulting in a debate of whether BMDCs actually differentiate into adipocytes or just fuse with resident fat cells. This controversy was recently resolved in 2 studies of human subjects undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Using a combination of different assays these data suggest that bone marrow contributes to at least 10% of the adipocyte pool. This proportion is doubled in obesity, suggesting that BMDCs may constitute a reserve pool for adipogenesis, particularly upon weight gain. This review discusses the possible mechanisms and relevance of these findings for human pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Arner
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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114
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Jiang Y, Berry DC, Jo A, Tang W, Arpke RW, Kyba M, Graff JM. A PPARγ transcriptional cascade directs adipose progenitor cell-niche interaction and niche expansion. Nat Commun 2017. [PMID: 28649987 PMCID: PMC5490270 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose progenitor cells (APCs) reside in a vascular niche, located within the perivascular compartment of adipose tissue blood vessels. Yet, the signals and mechanisms that govern adipose vascular niche formation and APC niche interaction are unknown. Here we show that the assembly and maintenance of the adipose vascular niche is controlled by PPARγ acting within APCs. PPARγ triggers a molecular hierarchy that induces vascular sprouting, APC vessel niche affinity and APC vessel occupancy. Mechanistically, PPARγ transcriptionally activates PDGFRβ and VEGF. APC expression and activation of PDGFRβ promotes the recruitment and retention of APCs to the niche. Pharmacologically, targeting PDGFRβ disrupts APC niche contact thus blocking adipose tissue expansion. Moreover, enhanced APC expression of VEGF stimulates endothelial cell proliferation and expands the adipose niche. Consequently, APC niche communication and retention are boosted by VEGF thereby impairing adipogenesis. Our data indicate that APCs direct adipose tissue niche expansion via a PPARγ-initiated PDGFRβ and VEGF transcriptional axis. Adipocyte progenitor cells (APCs) are found tethered to adipose tissue blood vessel walls and can differentiate into adipocytes. Here the authors show that PPARγ controls angiogenesis by stimulating APC–blood vessel interaction and retention via a transcriptional network that includes PDGFRβ and VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Jiang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Daniel C Berry
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Ayoung Jo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Robert W Arpke
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Michael Kyba
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Jonathan M Graff
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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115
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Vishvanath L, Long JZ, Spiegelman BM, Gupta RK. Do Adipocytes Emerge from Mural Progenitors? Cell Stem Cell 2017; 20:585-586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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116
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Opposing activities of oncogenic MIR17HG and tumor suppressive MIR100HG clusters and their gene targets regulate replicative senescence in human adult stem cells. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2017. [PMID: 28649425 PMCID: PMC5460214 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-017-0006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that many diseases of aging, including diseases associated with robust changes and adipose deports, may be caused by resident adult stem cell exhaustion due to the process called cellular senescence. Understanding how microRNA pathways can regulate cellular senescence is crucial for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to combat these pathologies. Herein, using integrated transcriptomic and semi-quantitative proteomic analysis, we provide a system level view of the regulation of human adipose-derived stem cell senescence by a subset of mature microRNAs (termed senescence-associated-microRNAs) produced by biogenesis of oncogenic MIR17HG and tumor-suppressive MIR100HG clusters. We demonstrate functional significance of these mature senescence-associated-microRNAs in the process of replicative senescence of human adipose-derived stem cells ex-vivo and define a set of senescence-associated-microRNA gene targets that are able to elicit, modulate and, most importantly, balance intimate connections between oncogenic and senescent events.
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117
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Hepler C, Gupta RK. The expanding problem of adipose depot remodeling and postnatal adipocyte progenitor recruitment. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 445:95-108. [PMID: 27743993 PMCID: PMC5346481 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The rising incidence of obesity and associated metabolic diseases has increased the urgency in understanding all aspects of adipose tissue biology. This includes the function of adipocytes, how adipose tissue expands in obesity, and how expanded adipose tissues in adults can impact physiology. Here, we highlight the growing appreciation for the importance of de novo adipocyte differentiation to adipose tissue expansion in adult humans and animals. We detail recent efforts to identify adipose precursor populations that contribute to the physiological postnatal recruitment of white, brown, and beige adipocytes in mice, and summarize new data that reveal the complexity of adipose tissue development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Hepler
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rana K Gupta
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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118
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Modica S, Wolfrum C. The dual role of BMP4 in adipogenesis and metabolism. Adipocyte 2017; 6:141-146. [PMID: 28425843 PMCID: PMC5477726 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2017.1287637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BMP4 has a well-established role in triggering commitment of mesenchymal stem cells into the osteogenic and adipogenic linage. We recently described an additional dual function in adipogenesis: after promoting the formation of both white and brown pre-adipocytes, Bmp4 drives terminal differentiation into mature white rather than brown fat cells. Besides this, Bmp4 seems to have a dual role in metabolism either promoting or repressing oxidative metabolism in a cell context dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Modica
- a Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Science , Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology , Schwerzenbach , Switzerland
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- a Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Department of Health Science , Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology , Schwerzenbach , Switzerland
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119
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120
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Adipose Tissue in Clinical Applications for Dermatological Indications and Skin Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010208. [PMID: 28117680 PMCID: PMC5297838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Operating at multiple levels of control, mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue (ADSCs) communicate with organ systems to adjust immune response, provide signals for differentiation, migration, enzymatic reactions, and to equilibrate the regenerative demands of balanced tissue homeostasis. The identification of the mechanisms by which ADSCs accomplish these functions for dermatological rejuvenation and wound healing has great potential to identify novel targets for the treatment of disorders and combat aging. Herein, we review new insights into the role of adipose-derived stem cells in the maintenance of dermal and epidermal homeostasis, and recent advances in clinical applications of ADSCs related to dermatology.
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121
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Abstract
The ability to maintain and expand the pool of adipocytes in adults is integral to the regulation of energy balance, tissue/stem cell homeostasis, and disease pathogenesis. For decades, our knowledge of adipocyte precursors has relied on cellular models. The identity of native adipocyte precursors has remained unclear. Recent studies have identified distinct adipocyte precursor populations that are physiologically regulated and contribute to the development, maintenance, and expansion of adipocyte pools in mice. With new tools available, the properties of adipocyte precursors can now be defined, and the regulation and function of adipose plasticity in development and physiology can be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Hepler
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Lavanya Vishvanath
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Rana K Gupta
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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122
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Man K, Kutyavin VI, Chawla A. Tissue Immunometabolism: Development, Physiology, and Pathobiology. Cell Metab 2017; 25:11-26. [PMID: 27693378 PMCID: PMC5226870 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evolution of metazoans resulted in the specialization of cellular and tissue function. This was accomplished by division of labor, which allowed tissue parenchymal cells to prioritize their core functions while ancillary functions were delegated to tissue accessory cells, such as immune, stromal, and endothelial cells. In metabolic organs, the accessory cells communicate with their clients, the tissue parenchymal cells, to optimize cellular processes, allowing organisms to adapt to changes in their environment. Here, we discuss tissue immunometabolism from this vantage point and use examples from adipose tissues (white, beige, and brown) and liver to outline the general principles by which accessory cells support metabolic homeostasis in parenchymal cells. A corollary of this model is that disruption of communication between client and accessory cells might predispose metabolic organs to the development of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Man
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0795, USA
| | - Vassily I Kutyavin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0795, USA
| | - Ajay Chawla
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0795, USA; Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0795, USA.
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123
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Shao M, Hepler C, Vishvanath L, MacPherson KA, Busbuso NC, Gupta RK. Fetal development of subcutaneous white adipose tissue is dependent on Zfp423. Mol Metab 2017; 6:111-124. [PMID: 28123942 PMCID: PMC5220400 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Zfp423 is a multi zinc-finger transcription factor expressed in preadipocytes and mature adipocytes in vivo. Our recent work has revealed a critical role for Zfp423 in maintaining the fate of white adipocytes in adult mice through suppression of the beige cell thermogenic gene program; loss of Zfp423 in mature adipocytes of adult mice results in a white-to-beige phenotypic switch. However, the exact requirements of Zfp423 in the fetal stages of early adipose development in vivo have not been clarified. METHOD Here, we utilize two models that confer adipose-specific Zfp423 inactivation during fetal adipose development (Adiponectin-Cre; Zfp423loxP/loxP and Adiponectin-rtTA; TRE-Cre; Zfp423loxP/loxP). We assess the impact of fetal adipose Zfp423 deletion on the initial formation of adipose tissue and evaluate the metabolic consequences of challenging these animals with high-fat diet feeding. RESULTS Deletion of Zfp423 during fetal adipose development results in a different phenotype than is observed when deleting Zfp423 in adipocytes of adult mice. Inactivation of Zfp423 during fetal adipose development results in arrested differentiation, specifically of inguinal white adipocytes, rather than a white-to-beige phenotypic switch that occurs when Zfp423 is inactivated in adult mice. This is likely explained by the observation that adiponectin driven Cre expression is active at an earlier stage of the adipocyte life cycle during fetal subcutaneous adipose development than in adult mice. Upon high-fat diet feeding, obese adipose Zfp423-deficient animals undergo a pathological adipose tissue expansion, associated with ectopic lipid deposition and systemic insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that Zfp423 is essential for the terminal differentiation of subcutaneous white adipocytes during fetal adipose tissue development. Moreover, our data highlight the striking adverse effects of pathological subcutaneous adipose tissue remodeling on visceral adipose function and systemic nutrient homeostasis in obesity. Importantly, these data reveal the distinct phenotypes that can occur when adiponectin driven transgenes are activated in fetal vs. adult adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengle Shao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chelsea Hepler
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lavanya Vishvanath
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Karen A MacPherson
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Napoleon C Busbuso
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rana K Gupta
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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124
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Wang H, Liu L, Lin JZ, Aprahamian TR, Farmer SR. Browning of White Adipose Tissue with Roscovitine Induces a Distinct Population of UCP1 + Adipocytes. Cell Metab 2016; 24:835-847. [PMID: 27974179 PMCID: PMC6674884 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Brown-like adipocytes exist in several adipose depots including white (WAT) as well as brown (BAT). Activation of these UCP1+ cells is a potential therapeutic strategy to combat obesity. Studies have shown that posttranslational modifications of PPARγ regulate select adipocyte programs. Deacetylation of K268 and K293 in the ligand-binding domain of PPARγ by Sirt1 induces browning of WAT. Phosphorylation of S273 of PPARγ by CDK5 or ERK stimulates a diabetogenic program of gene expression in WAT. Here, we report that roscovitine, a CDK inhibitor, prevents S273 phosphorylation and promotes formation of UCP1+ (brite) adipocytes in WAT. It also enhances energy expenditure as well as prevents diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Analysis of fluorescence-activated cell-sorted UCP1+ adipocytes shows that the mRNA signature of brite adipocytes is distinct from beige adipocytes, which arise through catecholamine signaling. These results suggest that brown-like adipocytes in WAT may arise from multiple origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Libin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jean Z Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Tamar R Aprahamian
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Stephen R Farmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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125
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Abstract
Brown and beige adipocytes expend chemical energy to produce heat and are therefore important in regulating body temperature and body weight. Brown adipocytes develop in discrete and relatively homogenous depots of brown adipose tissue, whereas beige adipocytes are induced to develop in white adipose tissue in response to certain stimuli - notably, exposure to cold. Fate-mapping analyses have identified progenitor populations that give rise to brown and beige fat cells, and have revealed unanticipated cell-lineage relationships between vascular smooth muscle cells and beige adipocytes, and between skeletal muscle cells and brown fat. In addition, non-adipocyte cells in adipose tissue, including neurons, blood vessel-associated cells and immune cells, have crucial roles in regulating the differentiation and function of brown and beige fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshan Wang
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
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126
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Shook B, Rivera Gonzalez G, Ebmeier S, Grisotti G, Zwick R, Horsley V. The Role of Adipocytes in Tissue Regeneration and Stem Cell Niches. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2016; 32:609-631. [PMID: 27146311 PMCID: PMC5157158 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111315-125426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Classically, white adipose tissue (WAT) was considered an inert component of connective tissue but is now appreciated as a major regulator of metabolic physiology and endocrine homeostasis. Recent work defining how WAT develops and expands in vivo emphasizes the importance of specific locations of WAT or depots in metabolic regulation. Interestingly, mature white adipocytes are integrated into several tissues. A new perspective regarding the in vivo regulation and function of WAT in these tissues has highlighted an essential role of adipocytes in tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Finally, there has been significant progress in understanding how mature adipocytes regulate the pathology of several diseases. In this review, we discuss these novel roles of WAT in the homeostasis and regeneration of epithelial, muscle, and immune tissues and how they contribute to the pathology of several disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Shook
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520;
| | - Guillermo Rivera Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520;
| | - Sarah Ebmeier
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520;
| | | | - Rachel Zwick
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520;
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520;
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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127
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Berry DC, Jiang Y, Graff JM. Emerging Roles of Adipose Progenitor Cells in Tissue Development, Homeostasis, Expansion and Thermogenesis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:574-585. [PMID: 27262681 PMCID: PMC10947416 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Stem or progenitor cells are an essential component for the development, homeostasis, expansion, and regeneration of many tissues. Within white adipose tissue (WAT) reside vascular-resident adipose progenitor cells (APCs) that can proliferate and differentiate into either white or beige/brite adipocytes, which may control adiposity. Recent studies have begun to show that APCs can be manipulated to control adiposity and counteract 'diabesity'. However, much remains unknown about the identity of APCs and how they may control adiposity in response to homeostatic and external cues. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of adipose progenitors and cover a range of topics, including the stem cell/progenitor lineage, their niche, their developmental and adult roles, and their role in cold-induced beige/brite adipocyte formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Berry
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center 5323, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Yuwei Jiang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center 5323, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Jonathan M Graff
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center 5323, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75235, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center 5323, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
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128
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Is the Mouse a Good Model of Human PPARγ-Related Metabolic Diseases? Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081236. [PMID: 27483259 PMCID: PMC5000634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing number of patients affected with metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis and insulin resistance, academic researchers and pharmaceutical companies are eager to better understand metabolic syndrome and develop new drugs for its treatment. Many studies have focused on the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), which plays a crucial role in adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. These studies have been able to connect this transcription factor to several human metabolic diseases. Due to obvious limitations concerning experimentation in humans, animal models—mainly mouse models—have been generated to investigate the role of PPARγ in different tissues. This review focuses on the metabolic features of human and mouse PPARγ-related diseases and the utility of the mouse as a model.
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129
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Rydén M. On the origin of human adipocytes and the contribution of bone marrow-derived cells. Adipocyte 2016; 5:312-7. [PMID: 27617752 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2015.1134403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, results in both animal models and humans have demonstrated that white adipocytes are generated over the entire life-span. This adds to the plasticity of adipose tissue and alterations in adipocyte turnover are linked to metabolic dysfunction. Adipocytes are derived from precursors present primarily in the perivascular areas of adipose tissue but their precise origin remains unclear. The multipotent differentiation capacity of bone marrow-derived cells (BMDC) has prompted the suggestion that BMDC may contribute to different cell tissue pools, including adipocytes. However, data in murine transplantation models have been conflicting and it has been a matter of debate whether BMDC actually differentiate into adipocytes or just fuse with resident fat cells. To resolve this controversy in humans, we recently performed a study in 65 subjects that had undergone bone marrow transplantation. Using a set of newly developed assays including single cell genome-wide analyses of mature adipocytes, we demonstrated that bone marrow contributes with approximately 10 % to the adipocyte pool. This proportion was more than doubled in obesity, suggesting that BMDC may constitute a reserve pool for adipogenesis, particularly upon weight gain. This commentary discusses the possible relevance of these and other recent findings for human pathophysiology.
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130
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Scheller EL, Cawthorn WP, Burr AA, Horowitz MC, MacDougald OA. Marrow Adipose Tissue: Trimming the Fat. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:392-403. [PMID: 27094502 PMCID: PMC4875855 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is a unique fat depot, located in the skeleton, that has the potential to contribute to both local and systemic metabolic processes. In this review we highlight several recent conceptual developments pertaining to the origin and function of MAT adipocytes; consider the relationship of MAT to beige, brown, and white adipose depots; explore MAT expansion and turnover in humans and rodents; and discuss future directions for MAT research in the context of endocrine function and metabolic disease. MAT has the potential to exert both local and systemic effects on metabolic homeostasis, skeletal remodeling, hematopoiesis, and the development of bone metastases. The diversity of these functions highlights the breadth of the potential impact of MAT on health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Scheller
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - William P Cawthorn
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Aaron A Burr
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mark C Horowitz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ormond A MacDougald
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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131
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Sanchez-Gurmaches J, Hung CM, Guertin DA. Emerging Complexities in Adipocyte Origins and Identity. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:313-326. [PMID: 26874575 PMCID: PMC4844825 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The global incidence of obesity and its comorbidities continues to rise along with a demand for novel therapeutic interventions. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is attracting attention as a therapeutic target because of its presence in adult humans and high capacity to dissipate energy as heat, and thus burn excess calories, when stimulated. Another potential avenue for therapeutic intervention is to induce, within white adipose tissue (WAT), the formation of brown-like adipocytes called brite (brown-like-in-white) or beige adipocytes. However, understanding how to harness the potential of these thermogenic cells requires a deep understanding of their developmental origins and regulation. Recent cell-labeling and lineage-tracing experiments are beginning to shed light on this emerging area of adipocyte biology. We review here adipocyte development, giving particular attention to thermogenic adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Sanchez-Gurmaches
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Chien-Min Hung
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - David A Guertin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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132
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Lin JZ, Farmer SR. Morphogenetics in brown, beige and white fat development. Adipocyte 2016; 5:130-5. [PMID: 27386157 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2016.1140708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown and beige (or brite) fat cells are capable of evoking non-shivering thermogenesis in response to cold and β-adrenergic stimulation. By metabolizing lipids and carbohydrate via uncoupled respiration these cells directly convert energy to heat. The discovery of brown and brown-like adipocytes in adult humans has reinvigorated interest in stimulating brown and beige fat development to combat the obesity epidemic. This review focuses on the role that cytoskeleton dynamics play in the regulation of adipocyte biology, specifically beige and brown fat development and how newly discovered adipogenic morphogens affect these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Z. Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Stephen R. Farmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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133
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Vishvanath L, MacPherson KA, Hepler C, Wang QA, Shao M, Spurgin SB, Wang MY, Kusminski CM, Morley TS, Gupta RK. Pdgfrβ+ Mural Preadipocytes Contribute to Adipocyte Hyperplasia Induced by High-Fat-Diet Feeding and Prolonged Cold Exposure in Adult Mice. Cell Metab 2016; 23:350-9. [PMID: 26626462 PMCID: PMC4749445 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The expansion of white adipose tissue (WAT) in obesity involves de novo differentiation of new adipocytes; however, the cellular origin of these cells remains unclear. Here, we utilize Zfp423(GFP) reporter mice to characterize adipose mural (Pdgfrβ(+)) cells with varying levels of the preadipocyte commitment factor Zfp423. We find that adipose tissue contains distinct mural populations, with levels of Zfp423 distinguishing adipogenic from inflammatory-like mural cells. Using our "MuralChaser" lineage tracking system, we uncover adipose perivascular cells as developmental precursors of adipocytes formed in obesity, with adipogenesis and precursor abundance regulated in a depot-dependent manner. Interestingly, Pdgfrβ(+) cells do not significantly contribute to the initial cold-induced recruitment of beige adipocytes in WAT; it is only after prolonged cold exposure that these cells differentiate into beige adipocytes. These results provide genetic evidence for a mural cell origin of white adipocytes in obesity and suggest that beige adipogenesis may originate from multiple sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Vishvanath
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Karen A MacPherson
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chelsea Hepler
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Qiong A Wang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mengle Shao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Stephen B Spurgin
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Margaret Y Wang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Christine M Kusminski
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Thomas S Morley
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rana K Gupta
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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134
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Mouse strains to study cold-inducible beige progenitors and beige adipocyte formation and function. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10184. [PMID: 26729601 PMCID: PMC4728429 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold temperatures induce formation of beige adipocytes, which convert glucose and fatty acids to heat, and may increase energy expenditure, reduce adiposity and lower blood glucose. This therapeutic potential is unrealized, hindered by a dearth of genetic tools to fate map, track and manipulate beige progenitors and ‘beiging'. Here we examined 12 Cre/inducible Cre mouse strains that mark adipocyte, muscle and mural lineages, three proposed beige origins. Among these mouse strains, only those that marked perivascular mural cells tracked the cold-induced beige lineage. Two SMA-based strains, SMA-CreERT2 and SMA-rtTA, fate mapped into the majority of cold-induced beige adipocytes and SMA-marked progenitors appeared essential for beiging. Disruption of the potential of the SMA-tracked progenitors to form beige adipocytes was accompanied by an inability to maintain body temperature and by hyperglycaemia. Thus, SMA-engineered mice may be useful to track and manipulate beige progenitors, beige adipocyte formation and function. Beige adipocytes are formed in response to cold and thought to contribute to organismal energy homeostasis. Here, the authors study a range of conditional and inducible RFP-expressing Cre mouse strains and find that SMA-based lines are the most useful for mapping beige adipocyte progenitor cells.
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135
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Pan D, Huang L, Zhu LJ, Zou T, Ou J, Zhou W, Wang YX. Jmjd3-Mediated H3K27me3 Dynamics Orchestrate Brown Fat Development and Regulate White Fat Plasticity. Dev Cell 2015; 35:568-583. [PMID: 26625958 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Progression from brown preadipocytes to adipocytes engages two transcriptional programs: the expression of adipogenic genes common to both brown fat (BAT) and white fat (WAT), and the expression of BAT-selective genes. However, the dynamics of chromatin states and epigenetic enzymes involved remain poorly understood. Here we show that BAT development is selectively marked and guided by repressive H3K27me3 and is executed by its demethylase Jmjd3. We find that a significant subset of BAT-selective genes, but not common fat genes or WAT-selective genes, are demarcated by H3K27me3 in both brown and white preadipocytes. Jmjd3-catalyzed removal of H3K27me3, in part through Rreb1-mediated recruitment, is required for expression of BAT-selective genes and for development of beige adipocytes both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, gain- and loss-of-function Jmjd3 transgenic mice show age-dependent body weight reduction and cold intolerance, respectively. Together, we identify an epigenetic mechanism governing BAT fate determination and WAT plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongning Pan
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Lihua J Zhu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Tie Zou
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jianhong Ou
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - William Zhou
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Yong-Xu Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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136
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Sheng G. The developmental basis of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 15:44. [PMID: 26589542 PMCID: PMC4654913 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-015-0094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs) define a population of progenitor cells capable of giving rises to at least three mesodermal lineages in vitro, the chondrocytes, osteoblasts and adipocytes. The validity of MSCs in vivo has been questioned because their existence, either as a homogeneous progenitor cell population or as a stem cell lineage, has been difficult to prove. The wide use of primary MSCs in regenerative and therapeutic applications raises ethical and regulatory concerns in many countries. In contrast to hematopoietic stem cells, a parallel concept which carries an embryological emphasis from its outset, MSCs have attracted little interest among developmental biologists and the embryological basis for their existence, or lack thereof, has not been carefully evaluated. METHODS This article provides a brief, embryological overview of these three mesoderm cell lineages and offers a framework of ontological rationales for the potential existence of MSCs in vivo. RESULTS Emphasis is given to the common somatic lateral plate mesoderm origin of the majority of body's adipose and skeletal tissues and of the major sources used for MSC derivation clinically. Support for the MSC hypothesis also comes from a large body of molecular and lineage analysis data in vivo. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that despite the lack of a definitive proof, the MSC concept has a firm embryological basis and that advances in MSC research can be facilitated by achieving a better integration with developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Sheng
- Sheng Laboratory, International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
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137
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Hong KY, Bae H, Park I, Park DY, Kim KH, Kubota Y, Cho ES, Kim H, Adams RH, Yoo OJ, Koh GY. Perilipin+ embryonic preadipocytes actively proliferate along growing vasculatures for adipose expansion. Development 2015; 142:2623-32. [PMID: 26243869 DOI: 10.1242/dev.125336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the growing interest in adipose tissue as a therapeutic target of metabolic diseases, the identity of adipocyte precursor cells (preadipocytes) and the formation of adipose tissue during embryonic development are still poorly understood. Here, we clarified the identity and dynamic processes of preadipocytes in mouse white adipose tissue during embryogenesis through direct examination, lineage tracing and culture systems. Surprisingly, we found that lipid-lacking but perilipin(+) or adiponectin(+) proliferating preadipocytes started to emerge at embryonic day 16.5, and these cells underwent active proliferation until birth. Moreover, these preadipocytes resided as clusters and were distributed along growing adipose vasculatures. Importantly, the embryonic preadipocytes exhibited considerable coexpression of stem cell markers, such as CD24, CD29 and PDGFRα, and a small portion of preadipocytes were derived from PDGFRβ(+) mural cells, in contrast to the adult preadipocytes present in the stromal vascular fraction. Further analyses with in vitro and ex vivo culture systems revealed a stepwise but dynamic regulation of preadipocyte formation and differentiation during prenatal adipogenesis. To conclude, we unraveled the identity and characteristics of embryonic preadipocytes, which are crucial for the formation and expansion of adipose tissue during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Yong Hong
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Hosung Bae
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Intae Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Dae-Young Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Kyun Hoo Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Yoshiaki Kubota
- The Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Eui-Sic Cho
- Laboratory for Craniofacial Biology, Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Hail Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ook-Joon Yoo
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Gou Young Koh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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138
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Maternal health and eating habits: metabolic consequences and impact on child health. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:126-33. [PMID: 25662028 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Apart from direct inheritance and the effects of a shared environment, maternal health, eating habits and diet can affect offspring health by developmental programming. Suboptimal maternal nutrition (i.e., either a reduction or an increase above requirement) or other insults experienced by the developing fetus can induce significant changes in adipose tissue and brain development, energy homeostasis, and the structure of vital organs. These can produce long-lasting adaptations that influence later energy balance, and increase the susceptibility of that individual to obesity and the components of the metabolic syndrome. Studies that elucidate the mechanisms behind these associations will have a positive impact on the health of the future adult population and may help to contain the obesity epidemic.
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139
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Gupta OT, Gupta RK. Visceral Adipose Tissue Mesothelial Cells: Living on the Edge or Just Taking Up Space? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:515-523. [PMID: 26412153 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Visceral adiposity and pathological adipose tissue remodeling, a result of overnutrition, are strong predictors of metabolic health in obesity. Factors intrinsic to visceral adipose depots are likely to play a causal role in eliciting the detrimental effects of this tissue on systemic nutrient homeostasis. The visceral adipose-associated mesothelium, a monolayer of epithelial cells of mesodermal origin that line the visceral serosa, has recently attracted attention for its role in metabolic dysfunction. Here we highlight and consolidate literature from various fields of study that points to the visceral adipose-associated mesothelium as a potential contributor to adipose development and remodeling. We propose a hypothesis in which adipose mesothelial cells represent a visceral depot-specific determinant of adipose tissue health in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga T Gupta
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Rana K Gupta
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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140
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Rydén M, Uzunel M, Hård JL, Borgström E, Mold JE, Arner E, Mejhert N, Andersson DP, Widlund Y, Hassan M, Jones CV, Spalding KL, Svahn BM, Ahmadian A, Frisén J, Bernard S, Mattsson J, Arner P. Transplanted Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Contribute to Human Adipogenesis. Cell Metab 2015; 22:408-17. [PMID: 26190649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Because human white adipocytes display a high turnover throughout adulthood, a continuous supply of precursor cells is required to maintain adipogenesis. Bone marrow (BM)-derived progenitor cells may contribute to mammalian adipogenesis; however, results in animal models are conflicting. Here we demonstrate in 65 subjects who underwent allogeneic BM or peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation that, over the entire lifespan, BM/PBSC-derived progenitor cells contribute ∼10% to the subcutaneous adipocyte population. While this is independent of gender, age, and different transplantation-related parameters, body fat mass exerts a strong influence, with up to 2.5-fold increased donor cell contribution in obese individuals. Exome and whole-genome sequencing of single adipocytes suggests that BM/PBSC-derived progenitors contribute to adipose tissue via both differentiation and cell fusion. Thus, at least in the setting of transplantation, BM serves as a reservoir for adipocyte progenitors, particularly in obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mehmet Uzunel
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joanna L Hård
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C5), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Borgström
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Gene Technology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), School of Biotechnology, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeff E Mold
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C5), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Arner
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Mejhert
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel P Andersson
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Widlund
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Moustapha Hassan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (H5), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina V Jones
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C5), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kirsty L Spalding
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C5), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Britt-Marie Svahn
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Afshin Ahmadian
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Gene Technology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), School of Biotechnology, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Frisén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C5), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samuel Bernard
- Institut Camille Jordan, CNRS UMR 5208, University of Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jonas Mattsson
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Arner
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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141
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Zwierzina ME, Ejaz A, Bitsche M, Blumer MJF, Mitterberger MC, Mattesich M, Amann A, Kaiser A, Pechriggl EJ, Hörl S, Rostek U, Pierer G, Fritsch H, Zwerschke W. Characterization of DLK1(PREF1)+/CD34+ cells in vascular stroma of human white adipose tissue. Stem Cell Res 2015; 15:403-18. [PMID: 26342195 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorting of native (unpermeabilized) SVF-cells from human subcutaneous (s)WAT for cell surface staining (cs) of DLK1 and CD34 identified three main populations: ~10% stained cs-DLK1+/cs-CD34-, ~20% cs-DLK1+/cs-CD34+dim and ~45% cs-DLK1-/cs-CD34+. FACS analysis after permeabilization showed that all these cells stained positive for intracellular DLK1, while CD34 was undetectable in cs-DLK1+/cs-CD34- cells. Permeabilized cs-DLK1-/cs-CD34+ cells were positive for the pericyte marker α-SMA and the mesenchymal markers CD90 and CD105, albeit CD105 staining was dim (cs-DLK1-/cs-CD34+/CD90+/CD105+dim/α-SMA+/CD45-/CD31-). Only these cells showed proliferative and adipogenic capacity. Cs-DLK1+/cs-CD34- and cs-DLK1+/cs-CD34+dim cells were also α-SMA+ but expressed CD31, had a mixed hematopoietic and mesenchymal phenotype, and could neither proliferate nor differentiate into adipocytes. Histological analysis of sWAT detected DLK1+/CD34+ and DLK1+/CD90+ cells mainly in the outer ring of vessel-associated stroma and at capillaries. DLK1+/α-SMA+ cells were localized in the CD34- perivascular ring and in adventitial vascular stroma. All these DLK1+ cells possess a spindle-shaped morphology with extremely long processes. DLK1+/CD34+ cells were also detected in vessel endothelium. Additionally, we show that sWAT contains significantly more DLK1+ cells than visceral (v)WAT. We conclude that sWAT has more DKL1+ cells than vWAT and contains different DLK1/CD34 populations, and only cs-DLK1-/cs-CD34+/CD90+/CD105+dim/α-SMA+/CD45-/CD31- cells in the adventitial vascular stroma exhibit proliferative and adipogenic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit E Zwierzina
- Division for Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Department for Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Asim Ejaz
- Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mario Bitsche
- Division for Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Department for Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael J F Blumer
- Division for Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Department for Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maria C Mitterberger
- Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Monika Mattesich
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Arno Amann
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Kaiser
- Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elisabeth J Pechriggl
- Division for Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Department for Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Susanne Hörl
- Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ursula Rostek
- Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerhard Pierer
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helga Fritsch
- Division for Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Department for Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Werner Zwerschke
- Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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142
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Fried SK, Lee MJ, Karastergiou K. Shaping fat distribution: New insights into the molecular determinants of depot- and sex-dependent adipose biology. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:1345-52. [PMID: 26054752 PMCID: PMC4687449 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review recent advances in understanding the cellular mechanisms that regulate fat distribution. METHODS In this review, new insights into depot and sex differences in the developmental origins and growth of adipose tissues as revealed by studies that use new methods, including lineage tracing, are highlighted. RESULTS Variations in fat distribution during normal growth and in response to alterations in nutritional or hormonal status are driven by intrinsic differences in cells found in each adipose depot. Adipose progenitor cells and preadipocytes in different anatomical adipose tissues derive from cell lineages that determine their capacity for proliferation and differentiation. As a result, rates of hypertrophy and hyperplasia during growth and remodeling vary among depots. The metabolic capacities of adipose cells are also determined by variations in the expression of key transcription factors and non-coding RNAs. These developmental events are influenced by sex chromosomes and hormonal and nutrient signals that determine the adipogenic, metabolic, and functional properties of each depot. CONCLUSIONS These new developments in the understanding of fat distribution provide a sound basis for understanding the association of body shape and health in men and women with and without obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K Fried
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mi-Jeong Lee
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kalypso Karastergiou
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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143
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Cohen DM, Won KJ, Nguyen N, Lazar MA, Chen CS, Steger DJ. ATF4 licenses C/EBPβ activity in human mesenchymal stem cells primed for adipogenesis. eLife 2015; 4:e06821. [PMID: 26111340 PMCID: PMC4501333 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A well-established cascade of transcription factor (TF) activity orchestrates adipogenesis in response to chemical cues, yet how cell-intrinsic determinants of differentiation such as cell shape and/or seeding density inform this transcriptional program remain enigmatic. Here, we uncover a novel mechanism licensing transcription in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) adipogenically primed by confluence. Prior to adipogenesis, confluency promotes heterodimer recruitment of the bZip TFs C/EBPβ and ATF4 to a non-canonical C/EBP DNA sequence. ATF4 depletion decreases both cell-density-dependent transcription and adipocyte differentiation. Global profiling in hMSCs and a novel cell-free assay reveals that ATF4 requires C/EBPβ for genomic binding at a motif distinct from that bound by the C/EBPβ homodimer. Our observations demonstrate that C/EBPβ bridges the transcriptional programs in naïve, confluent cells and early differentiating pre-adipocytes. Moreover, they suggest that homo- and heterodimer formation poise C/EBPβ to execute diverse and stage-specific transcriptional programs by exploiting an expanded motif repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Cohen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Kyoung-Jae Won
- The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Nha Nguyen
- The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Mitchell A Lazar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Christopher S Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, United States
| | - David J Steger
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
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144
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Iwayama T, Steele C, Yao L, Dozmorov MG, Karamichos D, Wren JD, Olson LE. PDGFRα signaling drives adipose tissue fibrosis by targeting progenitor cell plasticity. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1106-19. [PMID: 26019175 PMCID: PMC4470280 DOI: 10.1101/gad.260554.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue fibrosis occurs during obesity and is associated with metabolic dysfunction. Iwayama et al. identify perivascular cells as fibro/adipogenic progenitors in white adipose tissue and show that PDGFRα targets progenitor cell plasticity as a profibrotic mechanism. Fibrosis is a common disease process in which profibrotic cells disturb organ function by secreting disorganized extracellular matrix (ECM). Adipose tissue fibrosis occurs during obesity and is associated with metabolic dysfunction, but how profibrotic cells originate is still being elucidated. Here, we use a developmental model to investigate perivascular cells in white adipose tissue (WAT) and their potential to cause organ fibrosis. We show that a Nestin-Cre transgene targets perivascular cells (adventitial cells and pericyte-like cells) in WAT, and Nestin-GFP specifically labels pericyte-like cells. Activation of PDGFRα signaling in perivascular cells causes them to transition into ECM-synthesizing profibrotic cells. Before this transition occurs, PDGFRα signaling up-regulates mTOR signaling and ribosome biogenesis pathways and perturbs the expression of a network of epigenetically imprinted genes that have been implicated in cell growth and tissue homeostasis. Isolated Nestin-GFP+ cells differentiate into adipocytes ex vivo and form WAT when transplanted into recipient mice. However, PDGFRα signaling opposes adipogenesis and generates profibrotic cells instead, which leads to fibrotic WAT in transplant experiments. These results identify perivascular cells as fibro/adipogenic progenitors in WAT and show that PDGFRα targets progenitor cell plasticity as a profibrotic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Iwayama
- Immunobiology and Cancer Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Cameron Steele
- Immunobiology and Cancer Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Longbiao Yao
- Immunobiology and Cancer Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Mikhail G Dozmorov
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Dimitris Karamichos
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Jonathan D Wren
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Lorin E Olson
- Immunobiology and Cancer Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA;
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145
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Abstract
There are three different types of adipose tissue (AT)-brown, white, and beige-that differ with stage of development, species, and anatomical location. Of these, brown AT (BAT) is the least abundant but has the greatest potential impact on energy balance. BAT is capable of rapidly producing large amounts of heat through activation of the unique uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) located within the inner mitochondrial membrane. White AT is an endocrine organ and site of lipid storage, whereas beige AT is primarily white but contains some cells that possess UCP1. BAT first appears in the fetus around mid-gestation and is then gradually lost through childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. We focus on the interrelationships between adipocyte classification, anatomical location, and impact of diet in early life together with the extent to which fat development differs between the major species examined. Ultimately, novel dietary interventions designed to reactivate BAT could be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Symonds
- Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; , ,
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146
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147
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Sanchez-Gurmaches J, Hsiao WY, Guertin DA. Highly selective in vivo labeling of subcutaneous white adipocyte precursors with Prx1-Cre. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 4:541-50. [PMID: 25801508 PMCID: PMC4400610 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The origins of individual fat depots are not well understood, and thus, the availability of tools useful for studying depot-specific adipose tissue development and function is limited. Cre drivers that selectively target only brown adipocyte, subcutaneous white adipocyte, or visceral white adipocyte precursors would have significant value because they could be used to selectively study individual depots without impacting the adipocyte precursors or intrinsic metabolic properties of the other depots. Here, we show that the majority of the precursor and mature subcutaneous white adipocytes in adult C57Bl/6 mice are labeled by Prx1-Cre. In sharp contrast, few to no brown adipocytes or visceral white adipocytes are marked by Prx1-Cre. This suggests that Prx1-Cre-mediated recombination may be useful for making depot-restricted genetic manipulations in subcutaneous white adipocyte precursor cells, particularly when targeting genes with fat-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Sanchez-Gurmaches
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Wen-Yu Hsiao
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - David A Guertin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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