101
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Liu D, Yu S, Zhu Z, Lyu C, Bai C, Ge H, Yang X, Pan W. Controlled delivery of carvedilol nanosuspension from osmotic pump capsule: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2014; 475:496-503. [PMID: 25219321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study intended to develop a novel controlled delivery osmotic pump capsule of carvedilol nanosuspension. The capsule is assembled using a semi-permeable capsule shell with contents including nanosuspension drying powder, mannitol and Plasdone S-630. The physical characteristics of semi-permeable capsule walls were compared among different coating solutions under different temperature. The composition of the coating solution and drying temperature appeared to be important for the formation of the shells. Carvedilol nanosuspension was prepared by precipitation-ultrasonication technique and was further lyophilized. Response surface methodology was used to investigate the influence of factors on the responses. The optimized formulation displayed complete drug delivery and zero-order release rate. The TEM and particle size analysis indicated that the morphology of the resultant nanoparticle in the capsule was spherical shaped with a mean size of 252±19 nm. The in vivo test in beagle dogs demonstrated that the relative bioavailability of the novel system was 203.5% in comparison to that of the marketed preparation. The capsule successfully controlled the release of carvedilol and the fluctuation of plasma concentration was minimized. The system is a promising strategy to improve the oral bioavailability for poorly soluble drugs and preparing it into elementary osmotic pump conveniently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Biomedical & Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Institute of Science and Technology, Benxi 117004, PR China.
| | - Shihui Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Chunyang Lyu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Chunping Bai
- School of Biomedical & Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Institute of Science and Technology, Benxi 117004, PR China
| | - Huiqi Ge
- School of Biomedical & Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Institute of Science and Technology, Benxi 117004, PR China
| | - Xinggang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Weisan Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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102
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Surampalli G, K. Nanjwade B, Patil PA. Corroboration of naringin effects on the intestinal absorption and pharmacokinetic behavior of candesartan cilexetil solid dispersions usingin-siturat models. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 41:1057-65. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.925918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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103
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Perspective and potential of oral lipid-based delivery to optimize pharmacological therapies against cardiovascular diseases. J Control Release 2014; 193:174-87. [PMID: 24852093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Despite the large number of cardiovascular drugs available for pharmacological therapies, factors limiting the efficient oral use are identified, including low water solubility, pre-systemic metabolism, food intake effects and short half-life. Numerous in vivo proof-of-concepts studies are presented to highlight the viability of lipid-based delivery to optimize the oral delivery of cardiovascular drugs. In particular, the key performance enhancement roles of oral lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDSs) are identified, which include i) improving the oral bioavailability, ii) sustaining/controlling drug release, iii) improving drug stability, iv) reducing food intake effect, v) targeting to injured sites, and vi) potential for combination therapy. Mechanisms involved in achieving these features, range of applicability, and limits of available systems are detailed. Future research and development efforts to address these issues are discussed, which is of significant value in directing future research work in fostering translation of lipid-based formulations into clinical applications to reduce the prevalence of CVDs.
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104
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Agrawal U, Sharma R, Gupta M, Vyas SP. Is nanotechnology a boon for oral drug delivery? Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1530-46. [PMID: 24786464 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The oral route for drug delivery is regarded as the optimal route for achieving therapeutic benefits owing to increased patient compliance. Despite phenomenal advances in injectable, transdermal, nasal and other routes of administration, the reality is that oral drug delivery remains well ahead of the pack as the preferred delivery route. Nanocarriers can overcome the major challenges associated with this route of administration: mainly poor solubility, stability and biocompatibility of drugs. This review focuses on the potential of various polymeric drug delivery systems in oral administration, their pharmacokinetics, in vitro and in vivo models, toxicity and regulatory aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udita Agrawal
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr H.S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, MP 470003, India
| | - Rajeev Sharma
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr H.S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, MP 470003, India
| | - Madhu Gupta
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr H.S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, MP 470003, India
| | - Suresh P Vyas
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr H.S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, MP 470003, India.
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105
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Zhang X, Zhang T, Zhou X, Liu H, Sun H, Ma Z, Wu B. Enhancement of oral bioavailability of tripterine through lipid nanospheres: preparation, characterization, and absorption evaluation. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1711-9. [PMID: 24700417 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral delivery of anticancer drugs remains challenging because of limited water-solubility and/or poor permeability. Here, we aimed to enhance the oral bioavailability of tripterine (TRI, a plant-derived anticancer compound) using lipid nanospheres (LNs) and to determine the mechanisms of oral absorption. TRI-loaded LNs (TRI-LNs) were prepared by rapid dispersion of an ethanol mixture of TRI, lecithin, sodium oleate, and soybean oil into water. The obtained LNs were 150 nm in size with a high value of entrapment efficiency (99.95%). TRI-LNs were fairly stable and the drug release was negligible (<0.2%) in simulated physiological fluid. The pharmacokinetic results showed that LNs significantly enhanced the oral bioavailability of TRI with a relative bioavailability of 224.88% (TRI suspensions was used as a reference). The mechanistic studies demonstrated that improved intestinal permeability and post-enterocyte lymphatic transport were mainly responsible for the enhanced oral absorption. Our findings suggested that LNs may be a viable oral carrier for poorly bioavailable drugs.
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106
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Zhang Z, Jiang S, Liu Z, Niu B, Gu W, Li Y, Cui J. Directed Self-assembled Nanoparticles of Probucol Improve Oral Delivery: Fabrication, Performance and Correlation. Pharm Res 2014; 31:2266-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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107
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The use of lipid-coated nanodiamond to improve bioavailability and efficacy of sorafenib in resisting metastasis of gastric cancer. Biomaterials 2014; 35:4565-72. [PMID: 24602567 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The metastasis is one of the greatest challenges for successful cancer therapy. Herein, we report a lipid-coated nanodiamond (ND) system loading water-insoluble sorafenib (SND) to improve the bioavailability and efficacy on suppression of cancer metastasis. SND was homogenous nanoassemblies with the mean diameter of 127.6 ± 12.9 nm. Compared with the drug suspension, the sorafenib concentration in gastrointestinal (GI) tract and major organs was significantly increased by SND. Moreover, the oral bioavailability of sorafenib was greatly improved 7.64-fold by SND. However, the ND in SND could not be absorbed into the mucus of GI tract or distributed into major organs after oral administration. Furthermore, the sorafenib concentration in tumor tissue was markedly improved 14.95 folds by SND, and SND demonstrated an efficient and impressive tumor growth inhibition effect in tumor xenograft models. In particular, the metastasis of gastric cancer to distant organs of liver and kidney was remarkably suppressed by SND, which was verified by the detection of macroscopic metastatic nodules, histological examination and immunofluorescence measurements. Thereby, the lipid-coated ND could be a promising drug delivery platform for improving the oral bioavailability of lipophilic drugs and treatment of cancer metastasis.
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108
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Intestinal Lymphatic Delivery of Praziquantel by Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Formulation Design,In VitroandIn VivoStudies. JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/351693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to design and develop Praziquantal (PZQ) loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (PZQ-SLN) to improve the oral bioavailability by targeting intestinal lymphatic system. PZQ is practically insoluble in water and exhibits extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism. PZQ SLN were composed of triglycerides, lecithin and various aqueous surfactants; were optimized using hot homogenization followed by ultrasonication method. The optimized SLN had particle size of123±3.41 nm, EE of86.6±5.72%. The drug release of PZQ-SLN showed initial burst release followed by the sustained release. Inspite of zeta potential being around −10 mV, the optimized SLN were stable at storage conditions (5±3°C and25±2°C/60±5% RH) for six months. TEM study confirmed the almost spherical shape similar to the control formulations. Solid state characterization using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis confirmed the homogeneous distribution of PZQ within the lipid matrix. The 5.81-fold increase inAUC0→∞, after intraduodenal administration of PZQ-SLN in rats treated with saline in comparison to rats treated with cycloheximide (a blocker of intestinal lymphatic pathway), confirmed its intestinal lymphatic delivery. The experimental results indicate that SLN may offer a promising strategy for improving the therapeutic efficacy and reducing the dose.
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109
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Ravi PR, Aditya N, Kathuria H, Malekar S, Vats R. Lipid nanoparticles for oral delivery of raloxifene: optimization, stability, in vivo evaluation and uptake mechanism. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 87:114-24. [PMID: 24378615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Raloxifene HCl (RLX) shows low oral bioavailability (<2%) in humans due to poor aqueous solubility and extensive (>90%) metabolism in gut. Lipid nanoparticles (SLN) with glyceryl tribehenate were designed to enhance drug's oral bioavailability. Box-Bhenken design was used to optimize manufacturing conditions. Optimized SLN had particle size of 167±3nm and high encapsulation efficiency (>92%). Oral bioavailability of RLX from SLN was improved by 3.24 folds compared to free RLX in female Wistar rats. Both clathrin and caveolae mediated endocytosis pathways were involved in the uptake of SLN. Lymphatic transport inhibitor, cycloheximide significantly reduced oral bioavailability of SLN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punna Rao Ravi
- Department of Pharmacy, BITS-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Jawaharnagar, Ranga Reddy (Dist.), Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - N Aditya
- Department of Pharmacy, BITS-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Jawaharnagar, Ranga Reddy (Dist.), Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Himanshu Kathuria
- Department of Pharmacy, BITS-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Jawaharnagar, Ranga Reddy (Dist.), Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Srinivas Malekar
- Department of Pharmacy, BITS-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Jawaharnagar, Ranga Reddy (Dist.), Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Rahul Vats
- Department of Pharmacy, BITS-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Jawaharnagar, Ranga Reddy (Dist.), Andhra Pradesh, India.
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110
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Ravi PR, Vats R, Dalal V, Gadekar N, N A. Design, optimization and evaluation of poly-ɛ-caprolactone (PCL) based polymeric nanoparticles for oral delivery of lopinavir. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 41:131-40. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.850710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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111
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Gurunath S, Nanjwade BK, Patil PA. Oral bioavailability and intestinal absorption of candesartan cilexetil: role of naringin as P-glycoprotein inhibitor. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 41:170-6. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.850716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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112
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Hao S, Wang B, Wang Y, Zhu L, Wang B, Guo T. Preparation of Eudragit L 100-55 enteric nanoparticles by a novel emulsion diffusion method. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 108:127-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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113
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Zhang Z, Gao F, Jiang S, Chen L, Liu Z, Yu H, Li Y. Bile salts enhance the intestinal absorption of lipophilic drug loaded lipid nanocarriers: Mechanism and effect in rats. Int J Pharm 2013; 452:374-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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114
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Funakoshi Y, Iwao Y, Noguchi S, Itai S. Lipid nanoparticles with no surfactant improve oral absorption rate of poorly water-soluble drug. Int J Pharm 2013; 451:92-4. [PMID: 23624178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A pharmacokinetic study was performed in rats to evaluate the oral absorption ratios of nanoparticle suspensions containing the poorly water-soluble compound nifedipine (NI) and two different types of lipids, including hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol. NI-lipid nanoparticle (LN) suspensions with a mean particle size of 48.0 nm and a zeta potential of -57.2 mV were prepared by co-grinding combined with a high-pressure homogenization process. The oral administration of NI-LN suspensions to rats led to a significant increase in the NI plasma concentration, and the area under the curve (AUC) value was found to be 108 min μg mL⁻¹, indicating a 4-fold increase relative to the NI suspensions. A comparison of the pharmacokinetic parameters of the NI-LN suspensions with those of the NI solution prepared using only the surfactant polysorbate 80 revealed that although the AUC and bioavailability (59%) values were almost identical, a rapid absorption rate was still observed in the NI-LN suspensions. These results therefore indicated that lipid nanoparticles prepared using only two types of phospholipid with a mean particle size of less than 50 nm could improve the absorption of the poorly water-soluble drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Funakoshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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115
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Gurunath S, Nanjwade BK, Patila PA. Enhanced solubility and intestinal absorption of candesartan cilexetil solid dispersions using everted rat intestinal sacs. Saudi Pharm J 2013; 22:246-57. [PMID: 25067902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Candesartan cilexetil (CAN) is a poor aqueous soluble compound and a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump substrate. These key factors are responsible for its incomplete intestinal absorption. METHODS In this study, we investigated to enhance the absorption of CAN by improving its solubility and inhibiting intestinal P-gp activity. A phase solubility method was used to evaluate the aqueous solubility of CAN in PVP K30 (0.2-2%). Gibbs free energy [Formula: see text] values were all negative. Solubility was enhanced by the freeze drying technique. The in vitro dissolution was evaluated using the USP paddle method. The interaction between drug and carrier was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies. Naringin was selected as P-gp inhibitor. Absorption studies were performed using the everted gut sac model from rat jejunum. The drug analysis was performed by HPLC. RESULTS FTIR spectra revealed no interaction between drug and PVP K30. From XRD and DSC data, CAN was in the amorphous form, which explains the cumulative release of drug from its prepared systems. We noticed an enhancement of CAN absorption by improving its solubility and inhibiting the P-gp activity. The significant results (p < 0.05) were obtained for freeze dried solid dispersions in the presence of P-gp inhibitor than without naringin (15 mg/kg) with an absorption enhancement of 8-fold. CONCLUSION Naringin, a natural flavonoid, has no undesirable side effects. Therefore, it could be employed as an excipient in the form of solid dispersions to increase CAN intestinal absorption and its oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gurunath
- Department of Pharmacology, KLE University, Belgaum - Karnataka, India
| | | | - P A Patila
- Department of Pharmacology, KLE University, Belgaum - Karnataka, India
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116
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Zhang Z, Huang J, Jiang S, Liu Z, Wangwen G, Haijun Y, Yaping L. A High-Drug-Loading Self-Assembled Nanoemulsion Enhances the Oral Absorption of Probucol in Rats. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:1301-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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117
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Beloqui A, Solins MN, Gascn AR, del Pozo-Rodrguez A, des Rieux A, Prat V. Mechanism of transport of saquinavir-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers across the intestinal barrier. J Control Release 2013; 166:115-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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118
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Zhang Z, Huang J, Jiang S, Liu Z, Gu W, Yu H, Li Y. Porous starch based self-assembled nano-delivery system improves the oral absorption of lipophilic drug. Int J Pharm 2013; 444:162-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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119
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A self-assembled nanocarrier loading teniposide improves the oral delivery and drug concentration in tumor. J Control Release 2013; 166:30-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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120
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Vaculikova E, Grunwaldova V, Kral V, Dohnal J, Jampilek J. Preparation of candesartan and atorvastatin nanoparticles by solvent evaporation. Molecules 2012; 17:13221-34. [PMID: 23132139 PMCID: PMC6268062 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171113221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The solubility, absorption and distribution of a drug are involved in the basic aspects of oral bioavailability Solubility is an essential characteristic and influences the efficiency of the drug. Over the last ten years, the number of poorly soluble drugs has steadily increased. One of the progressive ways for increasing oral bioavaibility is the technique of nanoparticle preparation, which allows many drugs to thus reach the intended site of action. Candesartan cilexetil and atorvastatin, belonging to class II of the biopharmaceutical classification system, were chosen as model active pharmaceutical ingredients in this study. Forty samples were prepared either by antisolvent precipitation/solvent evaporation method or by the emulsion/solvent evaporation technique with various commonly used surface-active excipients as nanoparticle stabilizers. All samples were analyzed by means of dynamic light scattering. The particle size of the determined 36 nanoparticle samples was to 574 nm, whereas 32 samples contained nanoparticles of less than 200 nm. Relationships between solvents and excipients used and their amount are discussed. Based on the results the investigated solvent evaporation methods can be used as an effective and an affordable technique for the preparation of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliska Vaculikova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1/3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
- Nanotechnology Centre, VSB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (E.V.); (J.J.); Tel.: +420-541-562-925 (J.J.); Fax: +420-541-240-607 (J.J.)
| | - Veronika Grunwaldova
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Science, 250 68 Rez, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Kral
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Dohnal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1/3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
- Research Institute for Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Lidicka 1879/48, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Jampilek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1/3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
- Research Institute for Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Lidicka 1879/48, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (E.V.); (J.J.); Tel.: +420-541-562-925 (J.J.); Fax: +420-541-240-607 (J.J.)
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