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Carvalho Lima VLC, Collange Grecco LA, Marques VC, Fregni F, Brandão de Ávila CR. Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with integrative speech therapy in a child with cerebral palsy: A case report. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2015; 20:252-7. [PMID: 27210840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the results of the first case combining integrative speech therapy with anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over Broca's area in a child with cerebral palsy. The ABFW phonology test was used to analyze speech based on the Percentage of Correct Consonants (PCC) and Percentage of Correct Consonants - Revised (PCC-R). After treatment, increases were found in both PCC (Imitation: 53.63%-78.10%; Nomination: 53.19%-70.21%) and PPC-R (Imitation: 64.54%-83.63%; Nomination: 61.70%-77.65%). Moreover, reductions occurred in distortions, substitutions and improvement was found in oral performance, especially tongue mobility (AMIOFE-mobility before = 4 after = 7). The child demonstrated a clinically important improvement in speech fluency as shown in results of imitation number of correct consonants and phonemes acquire. Based on these promising findings, continuing research in this field should be conducted with controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania L C Carvalho Lima
- Department of Hearing, Speech and Language Pathology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Luanda A Collange Grecco
- Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Center of Pediatric Neurosurgery - Rehabilitation (CENEPE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Valéria C Marques
- Department of Hearing, Speech and Language Pathology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Center of Pediatric Neurosurgery - Rehabilitation (CENEPE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Clara R Brandão de Ávila
- Department of Hearing, Speech and Language Pathology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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102
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Improved reading measures in adults with dyslexia following transcranial direct current stimulation treatment. Neuropsychologia 2015; 70:107-13. [PMID: 25701796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the contribution of the dorsal system to word reading, we explored transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) effects when adults with developmental dyslexia received active stimulation over the visual extrastriate area MT/V5, which is dominated by magnocellular input. Stimulation was administered in 5 sessions spread over two weeks, and reading speed and accuracy as well as reading fluency were assessed before, immediately after, and a week after the end of the treatment. A control group of adults with developmental dyslexia matched for age, gender, reading level, vocabulary and block-design WAIS-III sub-tests and reading level was exposed to the same protocol but with sham stimulation. The results revealed that active, but not sham stimulation, significantly improved reading speed and fluency. This finding suggests that the dorsal stream may play a role in efficient retrieval from the orthographic input lexicon in the lexical route. It also underscores the potential of tDCS as an intervention tool for improving reading speed, at least in adults with developmental dyslexia.
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103
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de Aguiar V, Paolazzi CL, Miceli G. tDCS in post-stroke aphasia: The role of stimulation parameters, behavioral treatment and patient characteristics. Cortex 2015; 63:296-316. [PMID: 25460496 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Quantitative Review Finds No Evidence of Cognitive Effects in Healthy Populations From Single-session Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). Brain Stimul 2015; 8:535-50. [PMID: 25701175 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.01.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last 15-years, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a relatively novel form of neuromodulation, has seen a surge of popularity in both clinical and academic settings. Despite numerous claims suggesting that a single session of tDCS can modulate cognition in healthy adult populations (especially working memory and language production), the paradigms utilized and results reported in the literature are extremely variable. To address this, we conduct the largest quantitative review of the cognitive data to date. METHODS Single-session tDCS data in healthy adults (18-50) from every cognitive outcome measure reported by at least two different research groups in the literature was collected. Outcome measures were divided into 4 broad categories: executive function, language, memory, and miscellaneous. To account for the paradigmatic variability in the literature, we undertook a three-tier analysis system; each with less-stringent inclusion criteria than the prior. Standard mean difference values with 95% CIs were generated for included studies and pooled for each analysis. RESULTS Of the 59 analyses conducted, tDCS was found to not have a significant effect on any - regardless of inclusion laxity. This includes no effect on any working memory outcome or language production task. CONCLUSION Our quantitative review does not support the idea that tDCS generates a reliable effect on cognition in healthy adults. Reasons for and limitations of this finding are discussed. This work raises important questions regarding the efficacy of tDCS, state-dependency effects, and future directions for this tool in cognitive research.
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105
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Effects of repeated anodal tDCS coupled with cognitive training for patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2015; 29:E20-9. [PMID: 23756431 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0b013e318292a4c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether cumulative anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (A-tDCS) of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) could enhance rehabilitation of memory and attention in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). SETTING Inpatient and outpatient neurorehabilitation unit. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-three adult patients, 4- to 92- months post severe TBI. DESIGN Participants were randomly allocated to 2 groups. The experimental group received A-tDCS (10 minutes; 1 mA; in the DLPFC), followed by rehabilitative cognitive training, daily for 15 days. Controls received A-tDCS for 25 seconds (sham condition) with the same rehabilitation. MAIN MEASURES Battery of memory and attention tests, which included visual and auditory modalities. Participants were tested twice before beginning rehabilitation (to control for spontaneous recovery), after rehabilitation completion, and 4 months later. RESULTS Tests scores in both groups were similar at 3 weeks before and immediately before treatment. After treatment, the experimental group exhibited larger effect sizes in 6 of 8 cognitive outcome measures, but they were not significantly different from controls. At follow-up, differences remained insignificant. CONCLUSION In contrast to previous studies, our study did not provide sufficient evidence to support the efficacy of repeated A-tDCS for enhancing rehabilitation of memory and attention in patients after severe TBI.
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Ihara AS, Mimura T, Soshi T, Yorifuji S, Hirata M, Goto T, Yoshinime T, Umehara H, Fujimaki N. Facilitated Lexical Ambiguity Processing by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over the Left Inferior Frontal Cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 2015; 27:26-34. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that the left inferior frontal cortex is involved in the resolution of lexical ambiguities for language comprehension. In this study, we hypothesized that processing of lexical ambiguities is improved when the excitability of the left inferior frontal cortex is enhanced. To test the hypothesis, we conducted an experiment with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). We investigated the effect of anodal tDCS over the left inferior frontal cortex on behavioral indexes for semantic judgment on lexically ambiguous and unambiguous words within a context. Supporting the hypothesis, the RT was shorter in the anodal tDCS session than in the sham session for ambiguous words. The results suggest that controlled semantic retrieval and contextual selection were facilitated by anodal tDCS over the left inferior frontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya S. Ihara
- 1National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takanori Mimura
- 1National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takahiro Soshi
- 1National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Hiroaki Umehara
- 1National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Norio Fujimaki
- 1National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
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107
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Pisoni A, Vernice M, Iasevoli L, Cattaneo Z, Papagno C. Guess who? Investigating the proper name processing network by means of tDCS. Neuropsychologia 2015; 66:267-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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108
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Bolognini N, Convento S, Banco E, Mattioli F, Tesio L, Vallar G. Improving ideomotor limb apraxia by electrical stimulation of the left posterior parietal cortex. Brain 2014; 138:428-39. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Meinzer M, Lindenberg R, Sieg MM, Nachtigall L, Ulm L, Flöel A. Transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex improves word-retrieval in older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:253. [PMID: 25295004 PMCID: PMC4172053 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Language facilitation by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in healthy individuals has generated hope that tDCS may also allow improving language impairment after stroke (aphasia). However, current stimulation protocols have yielded variable results and may require identification of residual language cortex using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which complicates incorporation into clinical practice. Based on previous behavioral studies that demonstrated improved language processing by motor system pre-activation, the present study assessed whether tDCS administered to the primary motor cortex (M1) can enhance language functions. This proof-of-concept study employed a sham-tDCS controlled, cross-over, within-subject design and assessed the impact of unilateral excitatory (anodal) and bihemispheric (dual) tDCS in 18 healthy older adults during semantic word-retrieval and motor speech tasks. Simultaneous fMRI scrutinized the neural mechanisms underlying tDCS effects. Both active tDCS conditions significantly improved word-retrieval compared to sham-tDCS. The direct comparison of activity elicited by word-retrieval vs. motor-speech trials revealed bilateral frontal activity increases during both anodal- and dual-tDCS compared to sham-tDCS. This effect was driven by more pronounced deactivation of frontal regions during the motor-speech task, while activity during word-retrieval trials was unaffected by the stimulation. No effects were found in M1 and secondary motor regions. Our results show that tDCS administered to M1 can improve word-retrieval in healthy individuals, thereby providing a rationale to explore whether M1-tDCS may offer a novel approach to improve language functions in aphasia. Functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed neural facilitation specifically during motor speech trials, which may have reduced switching costs between the overlapping neural systems for lexical retrieval and speech processing, thereby resulting in improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Meinzer
- Center for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland Herston, QLD, Australia ; Department of Neurology, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Lindenberg
- Department of Neurology, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Mira M Sieg
- Department of Neurology, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Nachtigall
- Department of Neurology, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Ulm
- Center for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland Herston, QLD, Australia ; Department of Neurology, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Agnes Flöel
- Department of Neurology, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany ; Department of Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
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110
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tDCS to temporoparietal cortex during familiarisation enhances the subsequent phonological coherence of nonwords in immediate serial recall. Cortex 2014; 63:132-44. [PMID: 25282052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that direct current stimulation (tDCS) over left temporoparietal cortex - a region implicated in phonological processing - aids new word learning. The locus of this effect remains unclear since (i) experiments have not empirically separated the acquisition of phonological forms from lexical-semantic links and (ii) outcome measures have focused on learnt associations with a referent rather than phonological stability. We tested the hypothesis that left temporoparietal tDCS would strengthen the acquisition of phonological forms, even in the absence of the opportunity to acquire lexical-semantic associations. Participants were familiarised with nonwords paired with (i) photographs of concrete referents or (ii) blurred images where no clear features were visible. Nonword familiarisation proceeded under conditions of anodal tDCS and sham stimulation in different sessions. We examined the impact of these manipulations on the stability of the phonological trace in an immediate serial recall (ISR) task the following day, ensuring that any effects were due to the influence of tDCS on long-term learning and not a direct consequence of short-term changes in neural excitability. We found that only a few exposures to the phonological forms of nonwords were sufficient to enhance nonword ISR overall compared to entirely novel items. Anodal tDCS during familiarisation further enhanced the acquisition of phonological forms, producing a specific reduction in the frequency of phoneme migrations when sequences of nonwords were maintained in verbal short-term memory. More of the phonemes that were recalled were bound together as a whole correct nonword following tDCS. These data show that tDCS to left temporoparietal cortex can facilitate word learning by strengthening the acquisition of long-term phonological forms, irrespective of the availability of a concrete referent, and that the consequences of this learning can be seen beyond the learning task as strengthened phonological coherence in verbal short-term memory.
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111
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Rosso C, Perlbarg V, Valabregue R, Arbizu C, Ferrieux S, Alshawan B, Vargas P, Leger A, Zavanone C, Corvol JC, Meunier S, Lehéricy S, Samson Y. Broca's area damage is necessary but not sufficient to induce after-effects of cathodal tDCS on the unaffected hemisphere in post-stroke aphasia. Brain Stimul 2014; 7:627-35. [PMID: 25022472 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inter-individual variability of behavioral effects after tDCS applied to the unaffected right hemisphere in stroke may be related to factors such as the lesion location. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS We investigated the effect of left Broca's area (BA) damage on picture naming in aphasic patients after cathodal tDCS applied over the right BA. METHODS We conducted a study using pre-interventional diffusion and resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI) and two cross-over tDCS sessions (TYPE: sham and cathodal) over the right homologous BA in aphasic stroke patients with ischemic lesions involving the left BA (BA+) or other left brain areas (BA-). Picture naming accuracy was assessed after each session. Inter-hemispheric (IH) functional balance was investigated via rsfMRI connectivity maps using the right BA as a seed. Probabilistic tractography was used to study the integrity of language white matter pathways. RESULTS tDCS had different effects on picture naming accuracy in BA+ and BA- patients (TYPE × GROUP interaction, F(1,19): 4.6, P: 0.04). All BA- patients except one did not respond to tDCS and demonstrated normal IH balance between the right and left BA when compared to healthy subjects. BA+ patients were improved by tDCS in 36% and had decreased level of functional IH balance. Improvement in picture naming after cathodal tDCS was associated with the integrity of the arcuate fasciculus in BA+ patients. CONCLUSIONS Behavioral effects of cathodal tDCS on the unaffected right hemisphere differ depending on whether BA and the arcuate fasciculus are damaged. Therefore, IH imbalance could be a direct consequence of anatomical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rosso
- CRICM - Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UPMC Paris 6, Paris, France; Inserm, U975; CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France; COGIMAGE, UPMC Paris 6, Paris, France; APHP, Urgences Cérébro-Vasculaires, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Univ Paris 11, IFR49, DSV/I2BM/NeuroSpin, Bat 145, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France.
| | - V Perlbarg
- Univ Paris 11, IFR49, DSV/I2BM/NeuroSpin, Bat 145, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France; Inserm, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 678, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle, Paris, France
| | - R Valabregue
- CRICM - Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UPMC Paris 6, Paris, France; Inserm, U975; CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Centre de Neuro-Imagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Paris, France
| | - C Arbizu
- APHP, Urgences Cérébro-Vasculaires, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Centre des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales, IM2A, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - S Ferrieux
- Centre des Maladies Cognitives et Comportementales, IM2A, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; APHP, Service de Soins de suites et Réadaptation, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - B Alshawan
- CRICM - Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UPMC Paris 6, Paris, France; Inserm, U975; CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France; COGIMAGE, UPMC Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - P Vargas
- CRICM - Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UPMC Paris 6, Paris, France; Inserm, U975; CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France; COGIMAGE, UPMC Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - A Leger
- APHP, Urgences Cérébro-Vasculaires, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - C Zavanone
- APHP, Service de Soins de suites et Réadaptation, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - J C Corvol
- CRICM - Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UPMC Paris 6, Paris, France; Inserm, U975; CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France; INSERM, APHP, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC9503, Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - S Meunier
- CRICM - Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UPMC Paris 6, Paris, France; Inserm, U975; CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Movement Disorders and Basal Ganglia: Pathophysiology and Experimental Therapeutics, Paris, France
| | - S Lehéricy
- CRICM - Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UPMC Paris 6, Paris, France; Inserm, U975; CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Centre de Neuro-Imagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Paris, France; APHP, Service de Neuroradiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Y Samson
- CRICM - Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UPMC Paris 6, Paris, France; Inserm, U975; CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France; COGIMAGE, UPMC Paris 6, Paris, France; APHP, Urgences Cérébro-Vasculaires, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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112
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Clemens B, Jung S, Mingoia G, Weyer D, Domahs F, Willmes K. Influence of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the right angular gyrus on brain activity during rest. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95984. [PMID: 24760013 PMCID: PMC3997501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although numerous studies examined resting-state networks (RSN) in the human brain, so far little is known about how activity within RSN might be modulated by non-invasive brain stimulation applied over parietal cortex. Investigating changes in RSN in response to parietal cortex stimulation might tell us more about how non-invasive techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulate intrinsic brain activity, and further elaborate our understanding of how the resting brain responds to external stimulation. Here we examined how activity within the canonical RSN changed in response to anodal tDCS applied over the right angular gyrus (AG). We hypothesized that changes in resting-state activity can be induced by a single tDCS session and detected with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Significant differences between two fMRI sessions (pre-tDCS and post-tDCS) were found in several RSN, including the cerebellar, medial visual, sensorimotor, right frontoparietal, and executive control RSN as well as the default mode and the task positive network. The present results revealed decreased and increased RSN activity following tDCS. Decreased RSN activity following tDCS was found in bilateral primary and secondary visual areas, and in the right putamen. Increased RSN activity following tDCS was widely distributed across the brain, covering thalamic, frontal, parietal and occipital regions. From these exploratory results we conclude that a single session of anodal tDCS over the right AG is sufficient to induce large-scale changes in resting-state activity. These changes were localized in sensory and cognitive areas, covering regions close to and distant from the stimulation site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Clemens
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Brain Imaging Facility, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Neurological Clinic, Section Neuropsychology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Stefanie Jung
- Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Knowledge Media Research Center, IWM-KMRC, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gianluca Mingoia
- Brain Imaging Facility, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - David Weyer
- Brain Imaging Facility, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Domahs
- Department of Germanic Linguistics, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Willmes
- Brain Imaging Facility, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Neurological Clinic, Section Neuropsychology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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113
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Bona S, Silvanto J. Accuracy and confidence of visual short-term memory do not go hand-in-hand: behavioral and neural dissociations. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90808. [PMID: 24663094 PMCID: PMC3963844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently influential models of working memory posit that memory content is highly accessible to conscious inspection. These models predict that metacognition of memory performance should go hand-in-hand with the accuracy of the underlying memory representation. To test this view, we investigated how visual information presented during the maintenance period affects VSTM accuracy and confidence. We used a delayed cue-target orientation discrimination task in which participants were asked to hold in memory a grating, and during the maintenance period a second memory cue could be presented. VSTM accuracy of the first memory cue was impaired when the orientation of the second memory cue was sufficiently different. However, participants' response confidence was reduced whenever the second memory cue was presented; thus VSTM accuracy and confidence were dissociated. In a second experiment, we applied transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) to investigate the causal role of this region in VSTM metacognition. Relative to the sham condition, anodal tDCS induced a general reduction in confidence ratings but did not affect VSTM accuracy. Overall, these results indicate that our metacognition of memory performance is influenced by factors other than the accuracy of the underlying memory representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bona
- Brain Research Unit, O.V. Lounasmaa Laboratory, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- BioMag Laboratory, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Juha Silvanto
- Brain Research Unit, O.V. Lounasmaa Laboratory, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
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114
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Safety of 5 kHz tACS. Brain Stimul 2014; 7:92-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Connectivity between Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus and Supplementary Motor Area Predicts After-Effects of Right Frontal Cathodal tDCS on Picture Naming Speed. Brain Stimul 2014; 7:122-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Meinzer M, Jähnigen S, Copland DA, Darkow R, Grittner U, Avirame K, Rodriguez AD, Lindenberg R, Flöel A. Transcranial direct current stimulation over multiple days improves learning and maintenance of a novel vocabulary. Cortex 2014; 50:137-47. [PMID: 23988131 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Meinzer
- Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Center for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Sophia Jähnigen
- Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - David A Copland
- Center for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; CCRE in Aphasia Rehabilitation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert Darkow
- Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Grittner
- Center for Stroke Research, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Department for Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Keren Avirame
- Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amy D Rodriguez
- Center for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; CCRE in Aphasia Rehabilitation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert Lindenberg
- Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Agnes Flöel
- Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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117
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Marino J, Redondo S, Luna FG, Sanchez LM, Torres GF. Hemodynamic response in a geographical word naming verbal fluency test. THE SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 17:E33. [PMID: 25012096 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2014.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Functional hemodynamic response was studied in a new Verbal Fluency Task (VFT) that demanded the production of geographical words while fMRI data was obtained. Participants completed 7 trials with a total duration of 2 min. 20 s. Four simple arithmetic subtraction trials were alternated with 3 geographical naming trials. Each trial had a duration of 20 s. Brain activity was contrasted between both conditions and significant differences (p < .05, Family Wise Error correction) were observed in the prefrontal medial gyrus, typically associated with word retrieval and phonological awareness, and in the parahippocampal gyrus, posterior cingulate cortex and lingual gyrus, areas related to spatial cognition. These results indicate that geographic VFT could be incorporated into a browser of cognitive processes using VFT considering its specific relationship with spatial cognition. Further investigations are proposed, taking special interest in the gender variable and eliminating phonological restrictions, because the evoked Argentinean cities and towns ended in a consonant letter.
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Facilitation of inferior frontal cortex by transcranial direct current stimulation induces perceptual learning of severely degraded speech. J Neurosci 2013; 33:15868-78. [PMID: 24089493 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5466-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceptual learning requires the generalization of categorical perceptual sensitivity from trained to untrained items. For degraded speech, perceptual learning modulates activation in a left-lateralized network, including inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and inferior parietal cortex (IPC). Here we demonstrate that facilitatory anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS(anodal)) can induce perceptual learning in healthy humans. In a sham-controlled, parallel design study, 36 volunteers were allocated to the three following intervention groups: tDCS(anodal) over left IFG, IPC, or sham. Participants decided on the match between an acoustically degraded and an undegraded written word by forced same-different choice. Acoustic degradation varied in four noise-vocoding levels (2, 3, 4, and 6 bands). Participants were trained to discriminate between minimal (/Tisch/-FISCH) and identical word pairs (/Tisch/-TISCH) over a period of 3 d, and tDCS(anodal) was applied during the first 20 min of training. Perceptual sensitivity (d') for trained word pairs, and an equal number of untrained word pairs, was tested before and after training. Increases in d' indicate perceptual learning for untrained word pairs, and a combination of item-specific and perceptual learning for trained word pairs. Most notably for the lowest intelligibility level, perceptual learning occurred only when tDCS(anodal) was applied over left IFG. For trained pairs, improved d' was seen on all intelligibility levels regardless of tDCS intervention. Over left IPC, tDCS(anodal) did not modulate learning but instead introduced a response bias during training. Volunteers were more likely to respond "same," potentially indicating enhanced perceptual fusion of degraded auditory with undegraded written input. Our results supply first evidence that neural facilitation of higher-order language areas can induce perceptual learning of severely degraded speech.
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119
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Fiori V, Cipollari S, Caltagirone C, Marangolo P. "If two witches would watch two watches, which witch would watch which watch?" tDCS over the left frontal region modulates tongue twister repetition in healthy subjects. Neuroscience 2013; 256:195-200. [PMID: 24184977 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulates cortical activity in the human brain. In the language domain, it has already been shown that during a naming task tDCS reduces vocal reaction times in healthy individuals and speeds up the recovery process in left brain-damaged aphasic subjects. In this study, we wondered whether tDCS would influence the ability to articulate tongue twisters during a repetition task. Three groups of 10 healthy individuals were asked to repeat a list of tongue twisters in three different stimulation conditions: one group performed the task during anodal tDCS (atDCS) (20 min, 2 mA) over the left frontal region; a second group during cathodal tDCS delivered over the same region; and, in a third group, sham stimulation was applied. Accuracy and vocal reaction times in repeating each tongue twister before, during and 1h after the stimulation were recorded. Participants were more accurate and faster at repeating the stimuli during atDCS than at baseline, while cathodal tDCS significantly reduced their performance in terms of accuracy and reaction times. No significant differences were observed among the three time points during the sham condition. We believe that these data clearly confirm that the left frontal region is critically involved in the process of speech repetition. They are also in line with recent evidence suggesting that frontal tDCS might be used as a therapeutic tool in patients suffering from articulatory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Fiori
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy
| | | | - C Caltagirone
- Università di Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy
| | - P Marangolo
- Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy.
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120
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Lee SY, Cheon HJ, Yoon KJ, Chang WH, Kim YH. Effects of dual transcranial direct current stimulation for aphasia in chronic stroke patients. Ann Rehabil Med 2013; 37:603-10. [PMID: 24233579 PMCID: PMC3825935 DOI: 10.5535/arm.2013.37.5.603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate any additional effect of dual transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) compared with single tDCS in chronic stroke patients with aphasia. METHODS Eleven chronic stroke patients (aged 52.6±13.4 years, nine men) with aphasia were enrolled. Single anodal tDCS was applied over the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and a cathodal electrode was placed over the left buccinator muscle. Dual tDCS was applied as follows: 1) anodal tDCS over the left IFG and cathodal tDCS over the left buccinator muscle and 2) cathodal tDCS over the right IFG and anodal tDCS over the right buccinator muscle. Each tDCS was delivered for 30 minutes at a 2-mA intensity. Speech therapy was provided during the last 15 minutes of the tDCS. Before and after the stimulation, the Korean-Boston Naming Test and a verbal fluency test were performed. RESULTS The dual tDCS produced a significant improvement in the response time for the Korean-Boston Naming Test compared with the baseline assessment, with a significant interaction between the time and type of interventions. Both single and dual tDCS produced a significant improvement in the number of correct responses after stimulation with no significant interaction. No significant changes in the verbal fluency test were observed after single or dual tDCS. CONCLUSION The results conveyed that dual tDCS using anodal tDCS over the left IFG and cathodal tDCS over the right IFG may be more effective than a single anodal tDCS over the left IFG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yeol Lee
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Stroke and Cerebrovascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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121
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Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation temporarily reverses age-associated cognitive decline and functional brain activity changes. J Neurosci 2013; 33:12470-8. [PMID: 23884951 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5743-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising proportion of elderly people worldwide will yield an increased incidence of age-associated cognitive impairments, imposing major burdens on societies. Consequently, growing interest emerged to evaluate new strategies to delay or counteract cognitive decline in aging. Here, we assessed immediate effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (atDCS) on cognition and previously described detrimental changes in brain activity attributable to aging. Twenty healthy elderly adults were assessed in a crossover sham-controlled design using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and concurrent transcranial DCS administered to the left inferior frontal gyrus. Effects on performance and task-related brain activity were evaluated during overt semantic word generation, a task that is negatively affected by advanced age. Task-absent resting-state fMRI (RS-fMRI) assessed atDCS-induced changes at the network level independent of performance. Twenty matched younger adults served as controls. During sham stimulation, task-related fMRI demonstrated that enhanced bilateral prefrontal activity in older adults was associated with reduced performance. RS-fMRI revealed enhanced anterior and reduced posterior functional brain connectivity. atDCS significantly improved performance in older adults up to the level of younger controls; significantly reduced task-related hyperactivity in bilateral prefrontal cortices, the anterior cingulate gyrus, and the precuneus; and induced a more "youth-like" connectivity pattern during RS-fMRI. Our results provide converging evidence from behavioral analysis and two independent functional imaging paradigms that a single session of atDCS can temporarily reverse nonbeneficial effects of aging on cognition and brain activity and connectivity. These findings may translate into novel treatments to ameliorate cognitive decline in normal aging in the future.
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122
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Cattaneo Z, Lega C, Flexas A, Nadal M, Munar E, Cela-Conde CJ. The world can look better: enhancing beauty experience with brain stimulation. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 9:1713-21. [PMID: 24132459 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aesthetic appreciation is part of our everyday life: it is a subjective judgment we make when looking at a painting, a landscape, or--in fact--at another person. Neuroimaging and electrophysiological evidence suggests that the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) plays a critical role in aesthetic judgments. Here, we show that the experience of beauty can be artificially enhanced with brain stimulation. Specifically, we show that aesthetic appreciation of representational paintings and photographs can be increased by applying anodal (excitatory) transcranial direct current stimulation on the left DLPFC. Our results thus show that beauty is in the brain of the beholder, and offer a novel view on the neural networks underlying aesthetic appreciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Cattaneo
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milano, Italy, Brain Connectivity Center, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, Via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy, Evocog Group, Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos (IFISC), Universidad de las Islas Baleares y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Crta Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain, and Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milano, Italy, Brain Connectivity Center, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, Via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy, Evocog Group, Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos (IFISC), Universidad de las Islas Baleares y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Crta Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain, and Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carlotta Lega
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milano, Italy, Brain Connectivity Center, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, Via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy, Evocog Group, Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos (IFISC), Universidad de las Islas Baleares y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Crta Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain, and Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Albert Flexas
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milano, Italy, Brain Connectivity Center, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, Via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy, Evocog Group, Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos (IFISC), Universidad de las Islas Baleares y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Crta Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain, and Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcos Nadal
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milano, Italy, Brain Connectivity Center, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, Via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy, Evocog Group, Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos (IFISC), Universidad de las Islas Baleares y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Crta Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain, and Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milano, Italy, Brain Connectivity Center, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, Via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy, Evocog Group, Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos (IFISC), Universidad de las Islas Baleares y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Crta Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain, and Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Enric Munar
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milano, Italy, Brain Connectivity Center, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, Via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy, Evocog Group, Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos (IFISC), Universidad de las Islas Baleares y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Crta Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain, and Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Camilo J Cela-Conde
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milano, Italy, Brain Connectivity Center, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, Via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy, Evocog Group, Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos (IFISC), Universidad de las Islas Baleares y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Crta Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain, and Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria
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124
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Nozari N, Thompson-Schill SL. More attention when speaking: does it help or does it hurt? Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:2770-80. [PMID: 24012690 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Paying selective attention to a word in a multi-word utterance results in a decreased probability of error on that word (benefit), but an increased probability of error on the other words (cost). We ask whether excitation of the prefrontal cortex helps or hurts this cost. One hypothesis (the resource hypothesis) predicts a decrease in the cost due to the deployment of more attentional resources, while another (the focus hypothesis) predicts even greater costs due to further fine-tuning of selective attention. Our results are more consistent with the focus hypothesis: prefrontal stimulation caused a reliable increase in the benefit and a marginal increase in the cost of selective attention. To ensure that the effects are due to changes to the prefrontal cortex, we provide two checks: We show that the pattern of results is quite different if, instead, the primary motor cortex is stimulated. We also show that the stimulation-related benefits in the verbal task correlate with the stimulation-related benefits in an N-back task, which is known to tap into a prefrontal function. Our results shed light on how selective attention affects language production, and more generally, on how selective attention affects production of a sequence over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazbanou Nozari
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Goddard Labs, 3710 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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125
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Non-invasive brain stimulation (rTMS and tDCS) in patients with aphasia: Mode of action at the cellular level. Brain Res Bull 2013; 98:30-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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126
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Monti A, Ferrucci R, Fumagalli M, Mameli F, Cogiamanian F, Ardolino G, Priori A. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and language. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013; 84:832-42. [PMID: 23138766 PMCID: PMC3717599 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-302825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a non-invasive neuromodulation technique inducing prolonged brain excitability changes and promoting cerebral plasticity, is a promising option for neurorehabilitation. Here, we review progress in research on tDCS and language functions and on the potential role of tDCS in the treatment of post-stroke aphasia. Currently available data suggest that tDCS over language-related brain areas can modulate linguistic abilities in healthy individuals and can improve language performance in patients with aphasia. Whether the results obtained in experimental conditions are functionally important for the quality of life of patients and their caregivers remains unclear. Despite the fact that important variables are yet to be determined, tDCS combined with rehabilitation techniques seems a promising therapeutic option for aphasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Monti
- Centro Interdipartimentale Mente/Cervello (CIMeC), Centro di Riabilitazione Neurocognitiva (CeRiN), Università degli Studi di Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Roberta Ferrucci
- Centro Clinico per la Neurostimolazione, le Neurotecnologie ed i Disordini del Movimento, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Manuela Fumagalli
- Centro Clinico per la Neurostimolazione, le Neurotecnologie ed i Disordini del Movimento, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Mameli
- Centro Clinico per la Neurostimolazione, le Neurotecnologie ed i Disordini del Movimento, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Filippo Cogiamanian
- Centro Clinico per la Neurostimolazione, le Neurotecnologie ed i Disordini del Movimento, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
- U.O. di Neurofisiopatologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ardolino
- Centro Clinico per la Neurostimolazione, le Neurotecnologie ed i Disordini del Movimento, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
- U.O. di Neurofisiopatologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Priori
- Centro Clinico per la Neurostimolazione, le Neurotecnologie ed i Disordini del Movimento, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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127
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Electrode montage dependent effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on semantic fluency. Behav Brain Res 2013; 248:129-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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128
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Murdoch BE, Barwood CHS. Non-invasive brain stimulation: a new frontier in the treatment of neurogenic speech-language disorders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2013; 15:234-244. [PMID: 23244025 DOI: 10.3109/17549507.2012.745605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence to support the use of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for the treatment of acquired speech and language disorders. The aim of the present paper is to review evidence to support the use of these procedures in the treatment of aphasia and dysarthria. Both TMS and tDCS are described in terms of their underlying principles and biophysics and their relative advantages and disadvantages for rehabilitation of acquired neurogenic communication disorders. Several studies have documented positive effects of inhibitory repetitive TMS (rTMS) to right Broca's area homologue on language recovery in non-fluent aphasia post-stroke. Improved language outcomes subsequent to high frequency rTMS applied to the lesioned hemisphere have also been documented. Similarly, therapeutic benefits have also been reported following tDCS, although the findings are less consistent than is the case with rTMS. Improved articulatory function and speech intelligibility has been noted in response to stimulation with excitatory rTMS in Parkinson's disease. It is suggested that the use of brain stimulation techniques in combination with more traditional therapies may represent the most innovative future approach to the treatment of acquired communication disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce E Murdoch
- Centre for Neurogenic Communication Disorders Research, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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129
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Clemens B, Jung S, Zvyagintsev M, Domahs F, Willmes K. Modulating arithmetic fact retrieval: A single-blind, sham-controlled tDCS study with repeated fMRI measurements. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:1279-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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130
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Krause B, Cohen Kadosh R. Can transcranial electrical stimulation improve learning difficulties in atypical brain development? A future possibility for cognitive training. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2013; 6:176-94. [PMID: 23770059 PMCID: PMC4064117 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) can improve cognitive training effects in adults. TES can enhance neuroplasticity from the molecular level to the system level. We discuss the usage of TES with cognitive training in atypically developing children. We discuss the possible cognitive and physical side effects of TES.
Learning difficulties in atypical brain development represent serious obstacles to an individual's future achievements and can have broad societal consequences. Cognitive training can improve learning impairments only to a certain degree. Recent evidence from normal and clinical adult populations suggests that transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), a portable, painless, inexpensive, and relatively safe neuroenhancement tool, applied in conjunction with cognitive training can enhance cognitive intervention outcomes. This includes, for instance, numerical processing, language skills and response inhibition deficits commonly associated with profound learning difficulties and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The current review introduces the functional principles, current applications and promising results, and potential pitfalls of TES. Unfortunately, research in child populations is limited at present. We suggest that TES has considerable promise as a tool for increasing neuroplasticity in atypically developing children and may be an effective adjunct to cognitive training in clinical settings if it proves safe. The efficacy and both short- and long-term effects of TES on the developing brain need to be critically assessed before it can be recommended for clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Krause
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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131
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Thibaut A, Chatelle C, Gosseries O, Laureys S, Bruno MA. La stimulation transcrânienne à courant continu : un nouvel outil de neurostimulation. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2013; 169:108-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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132
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No effects of anodal transcranial direct stimulation on language abilities in early rehabilitation of post-stroke aphasic patients. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2013; 47:414-22. [DOI: 10.5114/ninp.2013.38221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Pereira JB, Junqué C, Bartrés-Faz D, Martí MJ, Sala-Llonch R, Compta Y, Falcón C, Vendrell P, Pascual-Leone Á, Valls-Solé J, Tolosa E. Modulation of verbal fluency networks by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in Parkinson’s disease. Brain Stimul 2013; 6:16-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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134
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Using transcranial electrical stimulation to enhance cognitive functions in the typical and atypical brain. Transl Neurosci 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s13380-013-0104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractTranscranial electrical stimulation (TES) includes methods such as transcranial direct current stimulation, transcranial random noise stimulation, and transcranial alternating current stimulation. These methods provide novel ways of enhancing human cognitive abilities for restorative purposes, or for general cognitive enhancement, by modulating neuronal activity. I discuss here the basic principles behind these methods and provide some illustrations of their efficacy in cognitive enhancement in those with typical and atypical brain function. Next, I outline some future directions for research that are have been largely neglected, such as the issue of individual differences, cognitive side effects, the efficacy of TES for use with healthy elderly populations, children with atypical development, and sports. The results observed thus far with TES as well as its future possibilities have significant implications for both basic and translational neuroscience.
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135
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied over the prefrontal cortex on the improvement of verbal, visuospatial working memory and naming in healthy adults. METHOD Thirty two healthy adults (15 males and 17 females, mean age 37.3±13.0 years) were enrolled in this study. The subjects were divided into four groups randomly. They underwent sham or anodal tDCS over the left or right prefrontal cortex, for 20 minutes at a direct current of 1 mA. Before and immediately after tDCS, the subjects performed the Korean version of the mini-mental state exam (K-MMSE) and stroop test (color/word/interference) for the screening of cognitive function. For working memory and language evaluation, the digit span test (forward/backward), the visuospatial attention test in computer assisted cognitive program (CogPack®) and the Korean-Boston Naming Test (K-BNT) were assessed before tDCS, immediately after tDCS, and 2 weeks after tDCS. RESULTS The stroop test (word/interference), backward digit span test and K-BNT were improved in the left prefrontal tDCS group compared with that of the sham group (p<0.05). The stroop test (interference) and visuospatial attention test were in the right prefrontal tDCS group compared with that of the sham group (p<0.05). Their improvement lasted for 2 weeks after stimulation. CONCLUSION tDCS can induce verbal working memory improvement and naming facilitation by stimulating the left prefrontal cortex. It can also improve the visuospatial working memory by stimulating the right prefrontal cortex. Further studies which are lesion and symptom specific tDCS treatment for rehabilitation of stroke can be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Young Jeon
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea
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136
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Pisoni A, Papagno C, Cattaneo Z. Neural correlates of the semantic interference effect: New evidence from transcranial direct current stimulation. Neuroscience 2012; 223:56-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Vannorsdall TD, Schretlen DJ, Andrejczuk M, Ledoux K, Bosley LV, Weaver JR, Skolasky RL, Gordon B. Altering automatic verbal processes with transcranial direct current stimulation. Front Psychiatry 2012; 3:73. [PMID: 22888321 PMCID: PMC3412390 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Word retrieval during verbal fluency tasks invokes both automatic and controlled cognitive processes. A distinction has been made between the generation of words clusters and switches between such clusters on verbal fluency tasks. Clusters, defined by the reporting of contiguous words that constitute semantic or phonemic subcategories, are thought to reflect relatively automatic processing. In contrast, switching from one subcategory to another is thought to require a more controlled, effortful form of cognitive processing. OBJECTIVE In this single-blind, sham-controlled experiment, we investigated whether anodal and cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can differentially modify controlled or automatic processes that support lexical retrieval, as assessed by clustering and switching on verbal fluency tasks, in 24 healthy right-handed adults. METHODS Participants were randomly assigned to receive 1 mA of either anodal (excitatory) or cathodal (inhibitory) active tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in addition to sham stimulation over the same region in counterbalanced order. Participants engaged in various cognitive activities during the first 23 min of stimulation. Then, during the final segment of each 30-min session, they completed letter- and category-cued word fluency tasks. RESULTS Participants reported more words on category-cued word fluency tasks during anodal than sham stimulation (25.9 vs. 23.0 words; p = 0.055). They also showed a net increase in the number of clustered words during anodal stimulation compared to a net decrease during cathodal stimulation (1.3 vs. -1.5 words; p = 0.038). CONCLUSION tDCS can selectively alter automatic aspects of speeded lexical retrieval in a polarity-dependent fashion during a category-guided fluency task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy D. Vannorsdall
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J. Schretlen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Megan Andrejczuk
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kerry Ledoux
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura V. Bosley
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jacqueline R. Weaver
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard L. Skolasky
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barry Gordon
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
- Cognitive Science Department, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
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138
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Javadi AH, Walsh V. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates declarative memory. Brain Stimul 2012; 5:231-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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139
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Abstract
Both transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can produce lasting aftereffects on cortical function that are thought to be due to the initial stages of synaptic potentiation/depression. They can also interact with processes of normal learning, to increase or decrease the rate of learning and retention. These features have spurred a number of investigators to test whether there is any clinical therapeutic potential for the methods to improve recovery of function after damage to the brain by injury or disease. The only condition where there is sufficient evidence is in certain forms of depression where excitatory rTMS is a recommended treatment protocol; there is insufficient evidence for any other condition. The problem facing investigators is the variety of possible paradigms that can be applied. Particularly for tDCS, only a small range of possible parameters has been tested, even in healthy volunteers; in addition, it is unclear whether stimulation should be applied at the same time as a behavioral therapy or whether stimulation should be applied at rest. Present trials give some evidence that can be used to address these questions, but until they are answered more securely it will be difficult to reach a consensus about "standard" protocols that can then be tested widely in multicenter trials.
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140
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Schulz R, Gerloff C, Hummel FC. Non-invasive brain stimulation in neurological diseases. Neuropharmacology 2012; 64:579-87. [PMID: 22687520 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive brain stimulation has shown its potential to modulate brain plasticity in humans. Endeavour has been made to utilize brain stimulation in neurological diseases to enhance adaptive processes and prevent potential maladaptive ones. In stroke for instance both sensorimotor and higher cognitive impairment, such as aphasia and neglect, has been addressed to facilitate functional recovery. In Parkinson's disease, brain stimulation has been evaluated to improve motor and non-motor symptoms. In the present review we provide an update of the field of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as non-invasive brain stimulation techniques to improve motor and higher cognitive functions in patients suffering from stroke and Parkinson's disease. Rather than attempting to be comprehensive in regard of the reviewed scientific field, this article may be considered as a present day's framework of the application of non-invasive brain stimulation on selected examples of common neurological diseases. At the end we will briefly discuss open controversies and future directions of the field which has to be addressed in upcoming studies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Cognitive Enhancers'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schulz
- Brain Imaging and Neurostimulation (BINS) Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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141
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tDCS of the primary motor cortex improves the detection of semantic dissonance. Neurosci Lett 2012; 518:133-7. [PMID: 22579829 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidences show that the linguistic representation of motor activities induces simulative processes that involve motor neural systems normally engaged in actual execution of movements. However, other researches suggest that the motor cortex is not an integral part of the network for action-word representation but is recruited only to execute tasks that critically require the retrieval of sensorimotor attributes associated with words. In order to enlighten this controversial literature, three groups of healthy participants were submitted to transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) (cathodal, anodal and sham stimulations) of the left primary motor cortex during the execution of a picture recognition task. Results show that cathodal stimulation improves the participants' ability to detect either mismatching motor vs. no motor sentence-drawing associations, while no significant difference has not been reported for compatible associations. The current result is in line with the suggestion that motor regions play a critical role in detecting dissonant outcomes.
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142
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Johansson BB. Multisensory stimulation in stroke rehabilitation. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:60. [PMID: 22509159 PMCID: PMC3321650 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain has a large capacity for automatic simultaneous processing and integration of sensory information. Combining information from different sensory modalities facilitates our ability to detect, discriminate, and recognize sensory stimuli, and learning is often optimal in a multisensory environment. Currently used multisensory stimulation methods in stroke rehabilitation include motor imagery, action observation, training with a mirror or in a virtual environment, and various kinds of music therapy. Non-invasive brain stimulation has showed promising preliminary results in aphasia and neglect. Patient heterogeneity and the interaction of age, gender, genes, and environment are discussed. Randomized controlled longitudinal trials starting earlier post-stroke are needed. The advance in brain network science and neuroimaging enabling longitudinal studies of structural and functional networks are likely to have an important impact on patient selection for specific interventions in future stroke rehabilitation. It is proposed that we should pay more attention to age, gender, and laterality in clinical studies.
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143
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Electrical brain stimulation improves cognitive performance by modulating functional connectivity and task-specific activation. J Neurosci 2012; 32:1859-66. [PMID: 22302824 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4812-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitatory anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (atDCS) can improve human cognitive functions, but neural underpinnings of its mode of action remain elusive. In a cross-over placebo ("sham") controlled study we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate neurofunctional correlates of improved language functions induced by atDCS over a core language area, the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Intrascanner transcranial direct current stimulation-induced changes in overt semantic word generation assessed behavioral modulation; task-related and task-independent (resting-state) fMRI characterized language network changes. Improved word-retrieval during atDCS was paralleled by selectively reduced task-related activation in the left ventral IFG, an area specifically implicated in semantic retrieval processes. Under atDCS, resting-state fMRI revealed increased connectivity of the left IFG and additional major hubs overlapping with the language network. In conclusion, atDCS modulates endogenous low-frequency oscillations in a distributed set of functionally connected brain areas, possibly inducing more efficient processing in critical task-relevant areas and improved behavioral performance.
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144
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Millan MJ, Agid Y, Brüne M, Bullmore ET, Carter CS, Clayton NS, Connor R, Davis S, Deakin B, DeRubeis RJ, Dubois B, Geyer MA, Goodwin GM, Gorwood P, Jay TM, Joëls M, Mansuy IM, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Murphy D, Rolls E, Saletu B, Spedding M, Sweeney J, Whittington M, Young LJ. Cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders: characteristics, causes and the quest for improved therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:141-68. [PMID: 22293568 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 792] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies of psychiatric disorders have traditionally focused on emotional symptoms such as depression, anxiety and hallucinations. However, poorly controlled cognitive deficits are equally prominent and severely compromise quality of life, including social and professional integration. Consequently, intensive efforts are being made to characterize the cellular and cerebral circuits underpinning cognitive function, define the nature and causes of cognitive impairment in psychiatric disorders and identify more effective treatments. Successful development will depend on rigorous validation in animal models as well as in patients, including measures of real-world cognitive functioning. This article critically discusses these issues, highlighting the challenges and opportunities for improving cognition in individuals suffering from psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Institut de Recherche Servier, 78290 Croissy/Seine, France.
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145
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Vines BW, Norton AC, Schlaug G. Non-invasive brain stimulation enhances the effects of melodic intonation therapy. Front Psychol 2011; 2:230. [PMID: 21980313 PMCID: PMC3180169 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has suggested that a fronto-temporal network in the right hemisphere may be responsible for mediating melodic intonation therapy's (MIT) positive effects on speech recovery. We investigated the potential for a non-invasive brain stimulation technique, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), to augment the benefits of MIT in patients with non-fluent aphasia by modulating neural activity in the brain during treatment with MIT. The polarity of the current applied to the scalp determines the effects of tDCS on the underlying tissue: anodal-tDCS increases excitability, whereas cathodal tDCS decreases excitability. We applied anodal-tDCS to the posterior inferior frontal gyrus of the right hemisphere, an area that has been shown both to contribute to singing through the mapping of sounds to articulatory actions and to serve as a key region in the process of recovery from aphasia, particularly in patients with large left hemisphere lesions. The stimulation was applied while patients were treated with MIT by a trained therapist. Six patients with moderate to severe non-fluent aphasia underwent three consecutive days of anodal-tDCS + MIT, and an equivalent series of sham-tDCS + MIT. The two treatment series were separated by 1 week, and the order in which the treatments were administered was randomized. Compared to the effects of sham-tDCS + MIT, anodal-tDCS + MIT led to significant improvements in fluency of speech. These results support the hypothesis that, as the brain seeks to reorganize and compensate for damage to left hemisphere language centers, combining anodal-tDCS with MIT may further recovery from post-stroke aphasia by enhancing activity in a right hemisphere sensorimotor network for articulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley W Vines
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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146
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Peña-Gómez C, Sala-Lonch R, Junqué C, Clemente IC, Vidal D, Bargalló N, Falcón C, Valls-Solé J, Pascual-Leone Á, Bartrés-Faz D. Modulation of large-scale brain networks by transcranial direct current stimulation evidenced by resting-state functional MRI. Brain Stimul 2011; 5:252-263. [PMID: 21962981 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain areas interact mutually to perform particular complex brain functions such as memory or language. Furthermore, under resting-state conditions several spatial patterns have been identified that resemble functional systems involved in cognitive functions. Among these, the default-mode network (DMN), which is consistently deactivated during task periods and is related to a variety of cognitive functions, has attracted most attention. In addition, in resting-state conditions some brain areas engaged in focused attention (such as the anticorrelated network, AN) show a strong negative correlation with DMN; as task demand increases, AN activity rises, and DMN activity falls. OBJECTIVE We combined transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate these brain network dynamics. METHODS Ten healthy young volunteers underwent four blocks of resting-state fMRI (10-minutes), each of them immediately after 20 minutes of sham or active tDCS (2 mA), on two different days. On the first day the anodal electrode was placed over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (part of the AN) with the cathode over the contralateral supraorbital area, and on the second day, the electrode arrangement was reversed (anode right-DLPFC, cathode left-supraorbital). RESULTS After active stimulation, functional network connectivity revealed increased synchrony within the AN components and reduced synchrony in the DMN components. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals a reconfiguration of intrinsic brain activity networks after active tDCS. These effects may help to explain earlier reports of improvements in cognitive functions after anodal-tDCS, where increasing cortical excitability may have facilitated reconfiguration of functional brain networks to address upcoming cognitive demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleofé Peña-Gómez
- Departament de Psiquiatria i Psicobiologia Clínica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Sala-Lonch
- Departament de Psiquiatria i Psicobiologia Clínica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Junqué
- Departament de Psiquiatria i Psicobiologia Clínica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Immaculada C Clemente
- Departament de Psiquiatria i Psicobiologia Clínica, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dídac Vidal
- Departament de Psiquiatria i Psicobiologia Clínica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Bargalló
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Centre de Diagnòstic per la Imatge, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Falcón
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER-BBN, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Valls-Solé
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Laboratori d'Exploracions Neurofuncionals, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació Guttmann-UAB, Badalona, Spain
| | - David Bartrés-Faz
- Departament de Psiquiatria i Psicobiologia Clínica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.
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147
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Schlaug G, Marchina S, Wan CY. The use of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques to facilitate recovery from post-stroke aphasia. Neuropsychol Rev 2011; 21:288-301. [PMID: 21842404 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-011-9181-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aphasia is a common symptom after left hemispheric stroke. Neuroimaging techniques over the last 10-15 years have described two general trends: Patients with small left hemisphere strokes tend to recruit perilesional areas, while patients with large left hemisphere lesions recruit mainly homotopic regions in the right hemisphere. Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have been employed to facilitate recovery by stimulating lesional and contralesional regions. The majority of these brain stimulation studies have attempted to block homotopic regions in the right posterior inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) to affect a presumed disinhibited right IFG (triangular portion). Other studies have used anodal or excitatory tDCS to stimulate the contralesional (right) fronto-temporal region or parts of the intact left IFG and perilesional regions to improve speech-motor output. It remains unclear whether the interhemispheric disinhibition model, which is the basis for motor cortex stimulation studies, also applies to the language system. Future studies could address a number of issues, including: the effect of lesion location on current density distribution, timing of the intervention with regard to stroke onset, whether brain stimulation should be combined with behavioral therapy, and whether multiple brain sites should be stimulated. A better understanding of the predictors of recovery from natural outcome studies would also help to inform study design, and the selection of clinically meaningful outcome measures in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gottfried Schlaug
- Department of Neurology, Neuroimaging and Stroke Recovery Laboratories, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Palmer 127, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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